Binder composition for an electrode of a battery
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- EP · EP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- ALLNEX RESINS (CHINA) CO LTD
- Filing Date
- 2024-06-20
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-27
AI Technical Summary
Lithium ion batteries face challenges with high production costs and environmental concerns due to the use of expensive and environmentally unfriendly solvents in the manufacturing of electrodes.
A binder composition for battery electrodes is developed, utilizing a polymer precursor containing at least one alkoxylated urethane compound with two ethylenically unsaturated groups and a degree of alkoxylation of at least 2, which enhances electrode performance and stability.
The binder composition achieves excellent charge/discharge cycling performance, capacity retention, and rate performance, even at high voltages, by improving electrode-electrolyte interface formation, material integrity, and ion conductivity.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2024100318-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024100318-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024100318-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
BINDER COMPOSITION FOR AN ELECTRODE OF A BATTERYTechnical Field
[0001] The present invention relates to a binder composition for an electrode of a battery, in particular for a positive electrode of a lithium ion battery.Background
[0002] For the last two decades, there has been a growing interest for secondary electrochemical devices. These are indeed used as power supply in various industries such as portable consumer electronics, energy storage and transportation. In that context, lithium ion batteries have become the most popular battery type, in particular for use in electric vehicles, and continue to be the subject of extensive developments. Lithium ion batteries provide best-in-class performance, but remain associated with high production costs and environmental concerns. This is particularly true for the manufacturing of the electrodes comprised in these batteries, and which require the use of expensive and environmentally unfriendly solvents.
[0003] A partial solution is described e.g. in US 2021 / 0143422 Al (Wang et al. ) which discloses a preparation method of a positive electrode material of a lithium battery, comprising mixing a compound containing at least one ethylenically-unsaturated group or a derivative thereof and a Ni-rich oxide of lithium and transition metal to react. Without contesting the technical advantages associated with the solutions known in the art, there is still a need for an electrode material which overcomes at least partially the above-mentioned deficiencies.Summary
[0004] According to one aspect, the present disclosure relates to a binder composition for an electrode of a battery, which comprises a polymer precursor (A) , and wherein the polymer precursor (A) comprises at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) comprising at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups and having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 2.
[0005] According to another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a composition for an electrode of a battery, which comprises a binder composition as described above.
[0006] In still another aspect of the disclosure, it is provided a process of manufacturing an electrode of a battery comprising the steps of:
[0007] a) mixing a binder composition or a composition as described above with an electrode particulate material (B) , thereby forming a mixture;
[0008] b) applying the mixture to a surface of a current collector thereby forming a layer onto the current collector;
[0009] c) optionally, subjecting the layer to a thermal treatment; and
[0010] d) allowing the polymer precursor (A) comprised in the layer to polymerize.
[0011] According to yet another aspect, the present disclosure relates to the use of a polymer precursor (A) as detailed above in a binder composition for an electrode of a battery.Detailed description
[0012] According to a first aspect, the present disclosure relates to a binder composition for an electrode of a battery, which comprises a polymer precursor (A) , and wherein the polymer precursor (A) comprises at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) comprising at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups and having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 2.
[0013] In the context of the present disclosure, it has been surprisingly found that a binder composition as described above is particularly suitable for producing an electrode of a battery provided with excellent charge / discharge cycling performance, excellent capacity retention performance, as well as excellent rate performance at both low rate (5 hour / cycle) and high rate (0.25 hour / cycle) .
[0014] It has advantageously been found that these excellent performance and characteristics are provided even at high voltage (i.e.greater than about 4V) . This is surprising finding considering that higher voltage is known to accelerate the deterioration of batteries performance.
[0015] It is believed that these excellent characteristics and attributes are due in particular to the use of a polymer precursor (A) comprising at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) comprising at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups and having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 2.
[0016] More specifically, it has been surprisingly found that the alkoxylated urethane compound (i) as described above contributes to providing the following benefits: a) positive impact on the electrode-electrolyte interface layer formation; b) improved electrode material integrity; c) improved electrode particulate material structure and morphology stability; d) prevention or at least reduction of unwanted decomposition of electrolytes on the electrode-electrolyte interface; e) prevention or at least reduction of unwanted dissolution of the transition metal ions from the electrode (in particular cathode) material; and f) improved ion conductivity and electrochemical kinetics within the battery. All these benefits are believed to directly result into the excellent performance and characteristics as described above with respect to the corresponding battery.
[0017] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the urethane function (s) of the alkoxylated urethane compound (i) contributes to providing excellent flexibility characteristics to the polymer resulting from the polymer precursor (A) , excellent binding characteristics towards the electrode particulate material, and excellent adhesion of the electrode to the current collector. The alkoxylated part of the urethane compound (i) is believed to advantageously affect and drive the excellent ion conductivity through the electrode electrolyte interface. As for the ethylenically unsaturated groups of the alkoxylated urethane compound (i) , those are believed to advantageously affect the structural integrity of the resulting electrode and the binding characteristics towards the electrode particulate material.
[0018] Still without wishing to be bound by theory, it is further believed that the polymerization reaction product of the polymer precursor (A) forms a layer / coating on at least part of the electrode particulate material (B) surface, thereby forming a barrier against unwanted decomposition of electrolytes on the electrode-electrolyte interface and unwanted dissolution of the transition metal ions from the electrode particulate material (B) . These unwanted phenomenon are known to occur in particular in high voltage batteries, and more in particular in the positive electrode of high voltage batteries.
[0019] Those are particularly surprising and counterintuitive findings considering that the presence of a layer or coating around the at least part of the electrode particulate material (B) surface would logically be assumed to prevent or reduce the electrolyte infiltration and the ion exchange through the electrode, which in turn would be expected to detrimentally affect the ion conductivity and the electrochemical kinetics within the battery.
[0020] As such, the binder composition of the present disclosure is outstandingly suitable for producing an electrode of a battery, in particular a positive electrode of lithium ion battery.
[0021] The binder composition of the present disclosure comprises a polymer precursor (A) which comprises at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) comprising at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups and having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 2.
[0022] Alkoxylated urethane compounds (i) for use herein are not particularly limited, as long as they comprise at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups and have a degree of alkoxylation of at least 2. Suitable alkoxylated urethane compounds (i) for use herein will be easily identified by those skilled in the art in the light of the present disclosure.
[0023] In the context of the present disclosure, the term “alkoxylated urethane compound (i) ” is meant to designate a compound comprising at least one urethane function and further comprising at least one alkoxylation unit (also sometimes referred to as alkylene oxide unit) such as e.g. ethylene oxide (EO) unit or propylene oxide (PO) unit. The term “degree of alkoxylation” denotes the total number of alkoxylation units per molecule. The term “alkoxylation segment” is meant to refer to a segment comprising at least one alkoxylation unit. Typically, an alkoxylation segment comprises either one or several repeating alkoxylation units (sometimes referred to as polyalkylene oxide segment) . The term “monoalkoxylated compound” is meant to refer to a compound (e.g. urethane or polyol compound) comprising only one alkoxylation segment per molecule. Similarly, the term “polyalkoxylated compound” is meant to refer to a compound (e.g. urethane or polyol compound) comprising more than one alkoxylation segments per molecule.
[0024] According to an advantageous aspect, the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) for use herein has a degree of alkoxylation in a range from 2 to 30, from 2 to 25, from 2 to 20, from 3 to 20, from 4 to 20, from 4 to 18, from 4 to 16, from 5 to 15, from 6 to 12, or even from 6 to 10.
[0025] According to another advantageous aspect, the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) for use herein has a degree of alkoxylation in a range from 2 to 30, from 2 to 25, from 2 to 20, from 2 to 18, from 2 to 16, from 2 to 15, from 2 to 12, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 6, or even from 2 to 4.
[0026] In one particular aspect, the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) is a monoalkoxylated urethane compound comprising one alkoxylation segment, and wherein the alkoxylation segment comprises one or more alkoxylation units.
[0027] In another particular aspect, the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) is a polyalkoxylated urethane compound comprising from 2 to 30, from 2 to 25, from 2 to 20, from 2 to 15, from 2 to 10 , from 2 to 8, from 3 to 8, from 3 to 6, or even from 3 to 5 alkoxylation segments, and wherein each alkoxylation segment comprises one or more alkoxylation units.
[0028] According to an advantageous aspect, the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) for use herein comprises at least 3, or even at least 4 ethylenically unsaturated groups.
[0029] Alkoxylated urethane compounds (i) for use herein may be prepared according to methods and techniques well known to those skilled in the art. One exemplary method for preparing suitable alkoxylated urethane compounds (i) is described e.g. in US Pat. No. 6,753, 394 B2 (Weikard et al. ) .
[0030] According to an exemplary aspect, the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) for use in the present disclosure is obtained from the reaction of:
[0031] i.at least one polyisocyanate compound (ii) ; and
[0032] ii. at least one hydroxyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound (iii) having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 1.
[0033] In a typical aspect of the disclosure, the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) for use herein is obtained from a reaction wherein no further hydroxyfunctional compound (s) other than the at least one hydroxyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound (iii) having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 1 are used as co-reactant (s) .
[0034] In an advantageous aspect, the at least one hydroxyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound (ii) for use herein is a partial ester obtained from the reaction of at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (iv) with at least one polyol (v) having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 1.
[0035] In an alternatively advantageous aspect, the at least one hydroxyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound (iii) is a partial ester obtained from the reaction of at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (iv) with a mixture of polyols (v) having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 1.
[0036] Polyols (v) having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 1 may be prepared according to methods well known to those skilled in the art. One exemplary method includes the alkoxylation of (starting) polyols (vi) according to techniques typically used for the production of polyethers.
[0037] According to a typical aspect, the starting polyols (vi) for producing alkoxylated polyols (v) are selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyols, aromatic polyols, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.
[0038] According to an advantageous aspect of the disclosure, the starting polyols (vi) are selected from the group consisting of aliphatic polyols, in particular non-linear aliphatic polyols, more in particular branched aliphatic polyols.
[0039] Exemplary starting polyols (vi) are polyhydric alcohols selected from the group consisting of trimethylolpropane, pentaerythritol, ditrimethylolpropane, dipentaerythritol sorbitol, and any mixtures thereof. In an advantageous aspect of the disclosure, the starting polyol (vi) for producing alkoxylated polyols (v) is selected to be trimethylolpropane.
[0040] Exemplary reaction partners for the starting polyols (vi) include ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, tetrahydrofuran, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. Advantageously, the reaction partners for use in the preparation of polyols (v) having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 1, are selected to be ethylene oxide and propylene oxide.
[0041] According to an advantageous aspect, the at least one polyol (v) for use herein has a degree of alkoxylation of at least 2, at least 3, at least 4, or event at least 5. Advantageously still, the at least one polyol (v) has a degree of alkoxylation in a range from 1 to 15, from 1 to 12, from 1 to 10, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 9, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6, or even from 3 to 5.
[0042] In an advantageous aspect, the at least one polyol (v) for use herein is a monoalkoxylated polyol comprising one alkoxylation segment, and wherein the alkoxylation segment comprises one or more alkoxylation units.
[0043] In an alternatively advantageous aspect, the at least one polyol (v) for use in the present disclosure is a polyalkoxylated polyol comprising from 2 to 30, from 2 to 25, from 2 to 20, from 2 to 15, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 6, or even from 2 to 4 alkoxylation segments, and wherein each alkoxylation segment comprises one or more alkoxylation units.
[0044] More advantageously, the at least one polyol (v) is selected from the group consisting of monoalkoxylated diols comprising one alkoxylation segment, polyalkoxylated diols comprising two alkoxylation segments, polyalkoxylated diols comprising three alkoxylation segments, monoalkoxylated triols comprising one alkoxylation segment, polyalkoxylated triols comprising two alkoxylation segments, polyalkoxylated triols comprising three alkoxylation segments, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.
[0045] In a beneficial aspect, the at least one polyol (v) is a non-linear (aliphatic) polyol, in particular a branched (aliphatic) polyol. More beneficially, the at least one polyol (iv) for use herein is selected from the group consisting of monoalkoxylated trimethylolpropane comprising one alkoxylation segment, polyalkoxylated trimethylolpropane comprising two alkoxylation segments, polyalkoxylated trimethylolpropane comprising three alkoxylation segments, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.
[0046] In a particularly beneficial aspect, the at least one polyol (v) is selected from the group of polyalkoxylated trimethylolpropane comprising three alkoxylation segments, in particular polyethoxylated trimethylolpropane comprising three ethoxylation segments.
[0047] In an advantageous aspect of the disclosure, the at least one hydroxyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound (iii) for use herein comprises at least 2, or even at least 3 ethylenically unsaturated groups.
[0048] The term “alkoxylation” referred to throughout the description is not particularly limited and may be selected from ethoxylation, propoxylation, butoxylation, and any combinations thereof. In a typical aspect, the alkoxylation referred to throughout the description is selected from ethoxylation, propoxylation, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.
[0049] Accordingly, the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) for use herein is advantageously selected from the group of ethoxylated urethane compounds, propoxylated urethane compounds, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. Similarly, the degree of alkoxylation referred to throughout the description is advantageously selected from the group of ethoxylated urethane compounds, propoxylated urethane compounds, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.
[0050] In a particular aspect, the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) comprises one or more alkoxylation segments, wherein the alkoxylation segment (s) comprises more than one alkoxylation unit, and wherein the alkoxylation segment (s) is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene glycol, polypropylene glycol, and combinations or mixtures thereof.
[0051] The term “ethylenically unsaturated groups” referred to throughout the description is meant to designate carbon-carbon double bonds which can undergo radical polymerization under the influence of irradiation. Examples of such groups are (meth) acryloyl, (meth) acrylamide, vinyl, vinylether, allyl, styrenyl, methylstyrenyl, maleyl or fumaryl functional groups. The ethylenically unsaturated groups for use herein are generally chosen from (meth) acryloyl groups and / or allyl groups, preferably they are (meth) acryloyl groups, more preferably acryloyl groups. In the present disclosure, the term “ (meth) acryloyl” is to be understood as to encompass both acryloyl and methacryloyl groups or derivatives as well as mixtures thereof.
[0052] In an exemplary aspect, the ethylenically unsaturated groups for use herein are selected from the group consisting of acrylates groups, methacrylate groups, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. Similarly, the at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (iv) for use herein is typically selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid groups, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.
[0053] Polyisocyanate compounds (ii) for use herein are not particularly limited. Suitable polyisocyanate compounds (ii) for use herein will be easily identified by those skilled in the art in the light of the present disclosure. Polyisocyanate compounds (ii) typically comprise no more than three isocyanate groups. Advantageously, the polyisocyanate compound (ii) is a diisocyanate.
[0054] In a typical aspect, the at least one polyisocyanate compound (ii) is selected from aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates, in particular diisocyanates. Examples of aliphatic and cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates are 1, 6-diisocyanatohexane (HDI) , 1, 1’ -methylene bis [4-isocyanatocyclohexane] (H12MDI) , 5-isocyanato-1-isocyanatomethyl-1, 3, 3-trimethylcyclohexane (isophorone diisocyanate, IPDI) . Aliphatic polyisocyanates containing more than two isocyanate groups are for example the derivatives of above mentioned diisocyanates like 1, 6-diisocyanatohexane biuret and isocyanurate. Examples of aromatic polyisocyanates are 1, 4-diisocyanatobenzene (BDI) , 2, 4-diisocyanatotoluene (TDI) , 1, 1’ -methylene bis [4-isocyanatobenzene] (MDI) , xylilenediisocyanate (XDI) , tetramethylxylilene diisocyanate (TMXDI) , 1, 5-naphtalene diisocyanate (NDI) , tolidine diisocyanate (TODI) and p-phenylene diisocyanate (PPDI) . Advantageous polyisocyanate compounds (i) are isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) and 2, 4-diisocyanatotoluene (TDI) .
[0055] In an advantageous aspect of the disclosure, the at least one polyisocyanate compound (ii) is selected from the group of aliphatic polyisocyanates, in particular cycloaliphatic polyisocyanates, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.
[0056] According to a preferred aspect of the present disclosure, the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) is represented by the following formula (I) : [U1] -O (O) C-N (H) - [D] -N (H) -C (O) O- [U2] (I)
[0057] wherein:
[0058] U1 is the residue of a first hydroxyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound (iii) having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 1;
[0059] D is the residue of a polyisocyanate compound (ii) ;
[0060] U2 is the residue of a second hydroxyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound (iii) having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 1; and
[0061] U1 and U2 may be identical or different.
[0062] According to a typical aspect of the present disclosure, the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) for use herein is (substantially) free of residual isocyanate groups.
[0063] According to an advantageous aspect, the binder composition of the disclosure further comprises a secondary polymeric binding material (C) . Secondary polymeric binding materials (C) for use herein are not particularly limited, as long as they can assist the binding function of the binder composition, in particular towards the electrode particulate material (B) . Suitable secondary polymeric binding materials (C) for use herein will be easily identified by those skilled in the art in the light of the present disclosure. As will be easily apparent to the skilled artisan, the secondary polymeric binding material (C) is in the form of an already polymerized material.
[0064] In an advantageous aspect, the secondary polymeric binding material (C) for use herein is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) , polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) , and any combinations, derivatives or mixtures thereof.
[0065] In a particularly advantageous aspect, the secondary polymeric binding material (C) comprises (or consists of) polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) .
[0066] In the context of the present disclosure, it has been surprisingly found that the specific combination of a secondary polymeric binding material (C) , such as e.g. polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) or polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) , and a polymer precursor (A) as detailed hereinbefore, advantageously impacts the structural stability of the resulting electrode. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the polymerization reaction product of the polymer precursor (A) is able to form intermolecular electrostatic interactions, in particular hydrogen bonds, with a secondary polymeric binding material (C) comprising an electronegative atom bearing a lone pair of electrons such as e.g. a fluoride atom.
[0067] According to an exemplary aspect, the binder composition of the disclosure comprises:
[0068] a) from 2 to 30 wt. %, from 2 to 25 wt. %, from 2 to 20 wt. %, from 3 to 20 wt. %, from 3 to 15 wt. %, from 3 to 10 wt. %, or even from 5 to 10 wt. %of the polymer precursor (A) ; and
[0069] b) from 70 to 98 wt. %, from 75 to 98 wt. %, 80 to 98 wt. %, 80 to 97 wt. %, 85 to 97 wt.%, 90 to 97 wt. %, or even from 90 to 95 wt. %of the secondary polymeric binding material (C) ;
[0070] wherein the wt. %are based on 100 wt. %of the polymer precursor (A) and the secondary polymeric binding material (C) .
[0071] According to the advantageous aspect according to which the binder composition of the disclosure further comprises a secondary polymeric binding material (C) , the polymer precursor (A) may be referred to as a binder additive or a co-binder.
[0072] In a typical aspect, the binder composition of the present disclosure is (substantially) non-aqueous. In the context of the present disclosure, the term “non-aqueous” is meant to indicate that the binder composition comprises no greater than 10 wt. %, no greater than 5 wt. %, no greater than 1 wt. %, no greater than 0.5 wt. %, or even no greater than 0.1 wt. %of water, wherein the wt. %are based on the total weight of the binder composition.
[0073] The binder composition of the present disclosure is outstandingly suitable for producing an electrode of a battery. More advantageously, the binder composition is for (the manufacturing of) a positive electrode of lithium ion battery.
[0074] According to another aspect, the present disclosure is directed to a composition for an electrode of a battery, which comprises a binder composition as described hereinbefore.
[0075] Compositions according to the disclosure may comprise various ingredients and additives that are customary in the art of electrode formulations for batteries. The choice of these additives may vary depending on the type of electrode and properties that are desired. Exemplary additional ingredients include, but are not limited to, solid electrode particulate materials, conductive additives, organic solvents, coupling agents, adhesion promotors, polymerization initiators and crosslinking agents.
[0076] In a typical aspect, the composition of the disclosure further comprises an electrode particulate material (B) . Electrode particulate materials (B) for use herein are not particularly limited. Suitable electrode particulate materials (B) will be easily identified by those skilled in the art in the light of the present disclosure.
[0077] According to a typical aspect, the electrode particulate material (B) is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, silicon-based materials, carbon particulate materials, ceramic materials, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.
[0078] Advantageously, the electrode particulate material (B) for use herein is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides. More advantageously, the electrode particulate material (B) comprises metal oxides selected from the group consisting of lithium oxides, cobalt oxides, manganese oxides, nickel oxides, vanadium oxides, and any combinations or mixtures thereof. Even more advantageously, the electrode particulate material (B) comprises a lithium-derived compound.
[0079] According to an advantageous aspect, the electrode particulate material (B) for use in the present disclosure comprises an active cathode material selected from the group consisting of lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-based oxide (NCM) , lithium-nickel-cobalt-aluminum-based oxide (NCA) , lithium-manganese-based oxide (LMO) , lithium-nickel-manganese-based oxide (LNMO) , lithium-cobalt-based oxide (LCO) , lithium-rich manganese-based oxide (LRMO) and lithium-iron-phosphate-based oxide (LFP) . More advantageously, the electrode particulate material (B) is selected from the group consisting of lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-based oxide (NCM) and lithium-nickel-manganese-based oxide (LNMO) .
[0080] According to a particularly advantageous aspect, the electrode particulate material (B) comprises a nickel oxide of lithium and a transition metal in particular selected from manganese and cobalt.
[0081] In another typical aspect, the composition of the disclosure further comprises a conductive additive. Conductive additives for use herein are not particularly limited. Suitable conductive additives will be easily identified by those skilled in the art in the light of the present disclosure.
[0082] According to a typical aspect, the conductive additive for use herein comprises carbon, in particular particulate carbon and fiber-like carbon. Advantageously, the conductive additive is selected from the group consisting of carbon black, activated carbon, graphite, acetylene black, carbon nanotubes, and any mixtures thereof.
[0083] According to a particularly advantageous aspect, the composition of the present disclosure is (substantially) non-aqueous. In the context of the present disclosure, the term “non-aqueous” is meant to indicate that the composition comprises no greater than 10 wt. %, no greater than 5 wt. %, no greater than 1 wt. %, no greater than 0.5 wt. %, or even no greater than 0.1 wt. %of water, wherein the wt. %are based on the total weight of the composition.
[0084] In still another typical aspect, the composition of the disclosure further comprises an organic solvent. Exemplary organic solvents include, but are not limited to, N-methyl pyrrolidone (NMP) and dimethylformamide (DMF) .
[0085] In a particular aspect, the composition of the disclosure comprises from 0.1 to 10 wt. %, from 0.1 to 8 wt. %, from 0.2 to 8 wt. %, from 0.2 to 6 wt. %, from 0.2 to 5 wt. %, from 0.3 to 5 wt. %, from 0.4 to 4 wt. %, from 0.5 to 4 wt. %, from 0.5 to 3 wt. %, from 0.5 to 2.5 wt. %, or even from 0.6 to 2 wt. %of the polymer precursor (A) , based on the total dry content weight of the composition.
[0086] In another particular aspect, the composition of the disclosure comprises from 1 to 20 wt. %, from 2 to 18 wt. %, from 3 to 16 wt. %, from 3 to 15 wt. %, from 4 to 12 wt. %, from 5 to 12 wt. %, from 5 to 10 wt. %, from 6 to 10 wt. %, from 7 to 10 wt. %, from 8 to 10 wt. %, or even from 9 to 10 wt. %of a secondary polymeric binding material (C) , based on the total dry content weight of the composition.
[0087] The composition of the present disclosure is outstandingly suitable for producing an electrode of a battery. More advantageously, the composition is for (the manufacturing of) a positive electrode of lithium ion battery.
[0088] In still another aspect of the disclosure, it is provided a process of manufacturing an electrode of a battery comprising the steps of:
[0089] a) mixing a binder composition or a composition as described above with an electrode particulate material (B) as detailed above, thereby forming a mixture;
[0090] b) applying the mixture to a surface of a current collector thereby forming a layer onto the current collector;
[0091] c) optionally, subjecting the layer to a thermal treatment; and
[0092] d) allowing the polymer precursor (A) comprised in the layer to polymerize.
[0093] The specific steps of the above-detailed process of manufacturing an electrode of a battery are known per se and can be performed by methods and techniques well known to those skilled in the art of electrode manufacturing.
[0094] In a typical method, a current collector feed roll supplies the electrode current collector. A conventional applicator can mix the various parts of the composition, in particular the electrode particulate material (B) , and apply a thin layer of the resulting mixture to a moving current collector. The application of the layer can be performed by conventional coating techniques such as e.g. knife, gravure, flexography, screen printing, die or extrusion.
[0095] After the layer of the mixture has been applied onto the current collector, the polymer precursor (A) comprised in the layer is allowed to polymerize.
[0096] Optionally, the layer may be subjected to a thermal treatment to facilitate or accelerate the polymerization of the polymer precursor (A) . In a typical aspect, the thermal treatment consists in subjecting the layer to a temperature no greater than 120℃, no greater than 100℃, or even no greater than 80℃, for a period of 24 hours at a pressure of 101325 Pa (1 atm) .
[0097] Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the polymerization of the polymer precursor (A) is supported by a redox reaction happening between the polymer precursor (A) and the electrode particulate material (B) and occurring at the surface of the particles of electrode material. More specifically, it is believed that this redox reaction is able to generate radicals which are then used in a radical polymerization process of the polymer precursor (A) .
[0098] Advantageously, the polymer precursor (A) comprised in the layer is allowed to polymerize without applying any actinic radiation treatment, such as e.g. UV or e-beam irradiation, and without the addition of any polymerization initiators, such as e.g. thermal polymerization initiators or photoinitiators.
[0099] According to one advantageous aspect, the process of manufacturing an electrode of a battery may comprise the step of mixing all the ingredients and additives present in the composition (including the polymer precursor (A) , the electrode particulate material (B) , the optional secondary polymeric binding material (C) , the optional conductive additive, and the optional solvents) according to a one step mixing step (also referred to as a slurry process) .
[0100] According to another advantageous aspect, the process of manufacturing an electrode of a battery may comprise the distinct step of pre-treating at least part of the electrode particulate material (B) with the polymer precursor (A) thereby forming a layer of the polymerization reaction product of the polymer precursor (A) on at least part of the electrode particulate material (B) . According to this two-step process, the pre-treated electrode particulate material (B) is further mixed with the remaining ingredients such es e.g. the optional secondary polymeric binding material (C) , the optional conductive additive, and the optional solvents.
[0101] In the context of the present disclosure, it has been surprisingly found that the two-step process as detailed above and involving the step of pre-treating at least part of the electrode particulate material (B) with the polymer precursor (A) , advantageously enhances the following benefits: a) excellent capacity retention performance; b) excellent rate performance at both low rate and high rate; c) positive impact on the electrode electrolyte interface layer formation; d) improved electrode material integrity; e) improved electrode particulate material structure and morphology stability; f) prevention or at least reduction of unwanted decomposition of electrolytes on the electrode electrolyte interface; g) prevention or at least reduction of unwanted dissolution of the transition metal ions from cathode material; and i) improved ion conductivity and electrochemical kinetics. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the pre-treatment step of the electrode particulate material (B) reinforces the formation of a protective and functional layer / coating on at least part of the electrode particulate material (B) surface, and further imparts a wetting effect to the pre-coated electrode particulate material prior to subsequent mixing with the remaining ingredients of the composition for use in the process of manufacturing an electrode of a battery. All these benefits are believed to advantageously impact the excellent performance and characteristics as described above.
[0102] In an advantageous aspect, the process according to the disclosure is a process of manufacturing a positive electrode of lithium ion battery.
[0103] According to still another aspect of the disclosure, it is provided an electrode comprising a current collector and a polymeric layer adhered to a surface of the current collector, wherein the polymeric layer comprises an electrode particulate material (B) as detailed hereinbefore held in a polymerized matrix, and wherein the polymerized matrix comprises the crosslinked reaction product of the polymerization reaction product of the polymer precursor (A) as detailed hereinbefore.
[0104] According to yet another aspect, the present disclosure relates to an electrode obtained from the process of manufacturing an electrode of a battery as described hereinbefore.
[0105] In an advantageous aspect, the electrode according to the present disclosure is a positive electrode (also referred to as a cathode) of a lithium ion battery.
[0106] In yet another aspect of the disclosure, it is provided a battery comprising an electrode as described hereinbefore.
[0107] Constituting parts and conventional methods for manufacturing a battery are well known to those skilled in the art. As will be easily apparent to the skilled person, a battery will typically comprise a series of electrochemical cells in series or parallel, insulation material, casings, circuitry, connectors and separators.
[0108] In the advantageous aspect according to which the electrode is a positive electrode, the battery of the present disclosure will typically be associated with a negative electrode (also referred to as an anode) .
[0109] Anodes and anode material for use herein are not particularly limited. Suitable anode material for use herein will be easily identified by those skilled in the art in the light of the present disclosure. Typical examples of anode active material include, but are not limited to, (a) silicon (Si) , germanium (Ge) , tin (Sn) , lead (Pb) , antimony (Sb) , phosphorus (P) , bismuth (Bi) , zinc (Zn) , aluminum (Al) , titanium (Ti) , nickel (Ni) , cobalt (Co) , and cadmium (Cd) ; (b) alloys or intermetallic compounds of Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Zn, Al, Ti, Ni, Co, or Cd with other elements; (c) oxides, carbides, nitrides, sulfides, phosphides, selenides, and tellurides of Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Sb, Bi, Zn, Al, Ti, Fe, Ni, Co, V, or Cd, and their mixtures, composites, or lithium-containing composites; (d) salts and hydroxides of Sn; (e) lithium titanate, lithium manganate, lithium aluminate, lithium titanium niobium oxide, lithium-containing titanium oxide, lithium transition metal oxide, ZnCo2O4; (f) carbon or graphite particles (g) pre-lithiated versions thereof; and (h) combinations thereof.
[0110] In an advantageous aspect, the battery according to the disclosure is a lithium ion battery. The battery can be any type of lithium ion battery such as cylindrical, prismatic or pouch-type.
[0111] According to a particularly advantageous aspect, the battery is a high-voltage battery, and has a voltage greater than 2.5, greater than 3.0, greater than 3.5, greater than 4.0, greater than 4.5, or even greater than 5.0 volts. Advantageously still, the battery has a voltage in a range from 2.5 to 10, from 2.5 to 8.0, from 2.5 to 6.0, from 3.0 to 5.0, or even from 3.5 to 5 volts.
[0112] According to yet another aspect, the present disclosure relates to the use of a polymer precursor (A) as detailed hereinbefore in a binder composition for an electrode of a battery. Advantageously, the electrode is a positive electrode of a lithium ion battery.
[0113] The present disclosure further relates to the use of a polymer precursor (A) as detailed hereinbefore for the manufacturing of an electrode, which is advantageously a positive electrode of a lithium ion battery.
[0114] EXAMPLES
[0115] The present disclosure is further illustrated by the following examples. These examples are merely for illustrative purposes only and are not meant to be limiting on the scope of the appended claims.
[0116] Raw materials:
[0117] In the examples, the following raw materials and starting products are used:
[0118] PU-65 is an ethoxylated urethane compound obtained from the reaction of isophorone diisocyanate with trimethylol propane diacrylate comprising 4 ethoxylation units, and which is obtained from Allnex Belgium, Drogenbos.
[0119] PU-61 is an ethoxylated urethane compound obtained from the reaction of isophorone diisocyanate with trimethylol propane diacrylate comprising 11 ethoxylation units, and which is obtained from Allnex Belgium, Drogenbos.
[0120] PU-90 is an ethoxylated urethane compound obtained from the reaction of 2, 4-diisocyanatotoluene with trimethylol propane diacrylate comprising 12 ethoxylation units, and which is obtained from Allnex Belgium, Drogenbos.
[0121] PEGDA is a polyethylene glycol diacrylate having a number average molecular weight Mn of about 600, commercially available from Allnex Belgium under the trade designation 11.
[0122] TMPTA is trimethylolpropane triacrylate, commercially available from Allnex Belgium.
[0123] EO3-TMOA is an ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate comprising 3 ethoxylation units, commercially available from Allnex Belgium under the designation TMPEOTA.
[0124] EO4-TMOA is an ethoxylated trimethylolpropane triacrylate comprising 4 ethoxylation units, commercially available Allnex Belgium under the trade designation
[0125] PVDF is polyvinylidene difluoride, commercially available from Solvay under the trade designation 5130.
[0126] NMP is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, commercially available from Sigma-Aldrich.
[0127] NCM811 is a lithium-nickel-cobalt-manganese-based oxide cathode particulate material, commercially available from Ronbay Technology, China.
[0128] LNMO is a lithium-nickel-manganese-based oxide cathode particulate material, commercially available from Targray, Canada.
[0129] Super P is a conductive carbon black, commercially available from ThermoFisher Scientific.
[0130] Example 1: General one-step preparation of exemplary cathode compositions and cathodes for a battery (Ex. 1 to Ex. 4) and comparative examples (Ex. C1 to Ex. C6) .
[0131] The polymer precursor, which is an ethoxylated urethane diacrylate compound for (Ex. 1 to Ex. 4) or an alternative acrylated compound in comparative examples (Ex. C3 to Ex. C6) , is mixed with the NCM811 (or LNMO) particles, Super P and PVDF in NMP at 21℃ under stirring. For comparative examples Ex. C1 and Ex. C2, no polymer precursor is used. Stirring is maintained for 2 hours before the resulting cathode composition is casted on an aluminum foil acting as a current collector. The coated aluminum foil is then placed in an oven and baked at 110℃ for 8 hours. The dried film is then rolled using a rolling machine resulting in a cathode of a battery.
[0132] At the exception of example Ex. 2, the ratio of NCM811: Super P: PVDF: polymer precursor is 80: 10: 9.25: 0.75. For Ex. 2, the ratio of LNMO: Super P: PVDF: polymer precursor is 80: 10: 8: 2.
[0133] Example 2: General two-step preparation of exemplary cathode compositions and cathodes for a battery.
[0134] The polymer precursor is first mixed with the NCM811 particles in NMP at 21℃ under stirring so as to form a first mixture. The first mixture is then baked at 110℃ for 8 hours and grinded so as to obtain NCM811 particles pre-treated with the polymer precursor. The pre-treated NCM811 particles are then mixed with a second mixture resulting for the mixing of Super P with PVDF in NMP, thereby obtaining a cathode composition which is then casted on an aluminum foil acting as a current collector. The coated aluminum foil is then placed in an oven and baked at 110℃ for 8 hours. The dried film is then rolled using a rolling machine resulting in a cathode of a battery.
[0135] Example 3: Formulation of exemplary cathode compositions (Ex. 1 to Ex. 4) and comparative examples (Ex. C1 to Ex. C6) .
[0136] The exemplary cathode compositions and comparative compositions are presented in Table 1 below. Comparative compositions of Ex. C1 and Ex. C2 do not comprise any polymer precursor. Comparative compositions of Ex. C3 to Ex. C6 use polymer precursors which are not urethane compounds.
[0137] Table 1: Formulation of exemplary cathode compositions (Ex. 1 to Ex. 4) and comparative examples (Ex. C1 to Ex. C6) .
[0138] Table 1 (continued) :
[0139] Example 4: General preparation and testing conditions of batteries.
[0140] The cathodes as obtained above are combined with graphite-based copper foil anodes and manufactured as pouch cell batteries using an electrolyte solution (1M lithium hexafluorophosphate in ethylene carbonate (EC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) in a volume ratio of 1: 1) . The batteries obtained are then tested at a rate of 0.5C (2 hours / cycle) and with a charge / discharge interval of 2.8 to 4.5 V for NCM811-based cathodes or a charge / discharge interval of 3.5 to 5.0 V for LNMO-based cathodes.
[0141] Example 5: Cycling performance.
[0142] The cycling performance of the batteries obtained from the exemplary cathode compositions (Ex. 1 to Ex. 4) and comparative examples (Ex. C1 to Ex. C6) were assessed at various cycle numbers according to the test conditions described hereinbefore. The results are presented in Tables 2 and 3 below.
[0143] Table 2: Cycling performance of the batteries obtained from the exemplary cathode compositions (Ex. 1 to Ex. 2) and comparative examples (Ex. C1 to Ex. C2) .
[0144] As can be seen from the results shown in Table 2 above, the batteries obtained from the cathode compositions according to the present disclosure (Ex. 1 to Ex. 2) are provided with excellent cycling performance, in particular discharge capacity and discharge capacity retention, after a large number of cycles and even at high voltage. In contrast, the batteries obtained from the cathode compositions not according to the present disclosure (Ex. C1 to Ex. C2) are less advantageous.
[0145] As can be seen from the results shown in Table 3 below, the batteries obtained from the cathode compositions according to the present disclosure (Ex. 1 to Ex. 3) are provided with excellent cycling performance, in particular specific capacity and specific capacity retention, after a high number of cycles and even at high voltage. In contrast, the batteries obtained from the cathode compositions not according to the present disclosure (Ex. C1 and Ex. C3 to Ex. C6) are less advantageous as they are deficient at least in terms of specific capacity.
[0146] Table 3: Cycling performance of the batteries obtained from the exemplary cathode compositions (Ex. 1 to Ex. 3) and comparative examples (Ex. C1 and Ex. C3 to Ex. C6) .
[0147] [ND] : not determined.
[0148] Example 5: Inhibition of electrolyte decomposition.
[0149] X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) spectra of C 1s and F 1s after 200 cycles were obtained at the cathode-electrolyte interface (CEI) of the batteries obtained from the exemplary cathode composition of Ex. 1 and comparative example Ex. C1.
[0150] The XPS (C spectrum) graph shows a remarkable reduction of carbonyl containing species at the CEI of the cathode of Ex. 1 when compared to the cathode of Ex. C1. This indicates that a battery obtained from a cathode composition according to the present disclosure (Ex. 1) provides enhanced inhibition of unwanted electrolyte decomposition when compared to a battery obtained from a cathode composition not according to the present disclosure (Ex. C1) .
[0151] The XPS (F spectrum) graph shows a substantially increased content of LiF species at the CEI of the cathode of Ex. 1 when compared to the cathode of Ex. C1. This indicates that a battery obtained from a cathode composition according to the present disclosure (Ex. 1) provides a more electrochemically stable CEI layer when compared to a battery obtained from a cathode composition not according to the present disclosure (Ex. C1) . Those beneficial characteristics are believed to advantageously impact the overall cycling performance.
[0152] Example 6: Reduction of transition metal dissolution.
[0153] Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) analysis after 1000 cycles were performed for the batteries obtained from the exemplary cathode composition of Ex. 1 and comparative example Ex. C1.
[0154] The ICP-OES analysis clearly shows a remarkable reduction of transition metal dissolution in the battery obtained from the cathode of Ex. 1 when compared to the battery obtained from the cathode of Ex. C1 (based on graphite anode side) . This indicates that a battery obtained from a cathode composition according to the present disclosure (Ex. 1) provides enhanced prevention of unwanted dissolution of the transition metal ions from the cathode material when compared to a battery obtained from a cathode composition not according to the present disclosure (Ex. C1) . This beneficial characteristic is believed to advantageously impact the overall cycling performance.
[0155] Example 7: Improved electrochemical kinetics.
[0156] A voltage polarization measurement was performed for the batteries obtained from the exemplary cathode composition of Ex. 2 and comparative example Ex. C2.
[0157] The voltage polarization analysis clearly shows a remarkable reduction of charge / discharge voltage polarization at half capacity in the battery obtained from the cathode of Ex. 2 when compared to the battery obtained from the cathode of Ex. C2. This indicates that a battery obtained from a cathode composition according to the present disclosure (Ex. 2) provides improved electrochemical kinetics and improved Li ion conductivity when compared to a battery obtained from a cathode composition not according to the present disclosure (Ex. C2) . This beneficial characteristic is believed to advantageously impact the overall cycling performance.
[0158] Example 8: Improved electrochemical stability.
[0159] Cyclic voltammetry measurements (dQ / dV curves) after 1 cycle, 300 cycles, 600 cycles and 900 cycles were performed for the batteries obtained from the exemplary cathode composition of Ex. 1 and comparative example Ex. C1.
[0160] The dQ / dV curves clearly show substantially reduced shifts of oxidation and reduction peaks after 1, 300, 600 and 900 cycles in the battery obtained from the cathode of Ex. 1, when compared to the battery obtained from the cathode of Ex. C1. This indicates that a battery obtained from a cathode composition according to the present disclosure (Ex. 1) provides improved electrochemical stability when compared to a battery obtained from a cathode composition not according to the present disclosure (Ex. C1) . This beneficial characteristic is believed to advantageously impact the overall cycling performance.
[0161] Example 9: Improved structural integrity of the cathode particulate material.
[0162] Focused ion beam Scanning Electron Microscopy (FIB-SEM) images of the cathode particulate material used in the batteries obtained from the exemplary cathode composition of Ex. 1 and comparative example Ex. C1, after 200 cycles at 4.5 V were obtained.
[0163] The SEM images clearly show a remarkable reduction of cracks in the cathode particulate material used in the battery obtained from the cathode of Ex. 1, when compared to the electrode particulate material used in the battery obtained from the cathode of Ex. C1. This indicates that a battery obtained from a cathode composition according to the present disclosure (Ex. 1) provides improved structural integrity of the cathode particulate material (even at the high voltage of 4.5 V) when compared to a battery obtained from a cathode composition not according to the present disclosure (Ex. C1) . This beneficial characteristic is believed to advantageously impact the overall cycling performance.
[0164] Example 10: Improved particle structure of the cathode particulate material.
[0165] Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images of the cathode particulate material used in the batteries obtained from the exemplary cathode composition of Ex. 1 and comparative example Ex. C1, after 200 cycles at 4.5 V were obtained.
[0166] The SEM images clearly show a remarkable reduction of fractured particles of the cathode material in the cathode used in the battery obtained from the cathode of Ex. 1, when compared to the cathode used in the battery obtained from the cathode of Ex. C1. This indicates that a battery obtained from a cathode composition according to the present disclosure (Ex. 1) provides improved particle structure of the cathode particulate material (even at the high voltage of 4.5 V) when compared to a battery obtained from a cathode composition not according to the present disclosure (Ex. C1) . This beneficial characteristic is believed to advantageously impact the overall cycling performance.
Claims
1.A binder composition for an electrode of a battery, which comprises a polymer precursor (A) , and wherein the polymer precursor (A) comprises at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) comprising at least two ethylenically unsaturated groups and having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 2.2.A binder composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) has a degree of alkoxylation in a range from 2 to 30, from 2 to 25, from 2 to 20, from 3 to 20, from 4 to 20, from 4 to 18, from 4 to 16, from 5 to 15, from 6 to 12, or even from 6 to 10.3.A binder composition according to any one of claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) is a polyalkoxylated urethane compound comprising from 2 to 30, from 2 to 25, from 2 to 20, from 2 to 15, from 2 to 10 , from 2 to 8, from 3 to 8, from 3 to 6, or even from 3 to 5 alkoxylation segments, and wherein each alkoxylation segment comprises one or more alkoxylation units.4.A binder composition according any one of the preceding claims, wherein the at least one alkoxylated urethane compound (i) is obtained from the reaction of:i. at least one polyisocyanate compound (ii) ; andii. at least one hydroxyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound (iii) having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 1.5.A binder composition according to claim 4, wherein the at least one hydroxyfunctional ethylenically unsaturated compound (iii) is a partial ester obtained from the reaction of at least one ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid (iv) with at least one polyol (v) having a degree of alkoxylation of at least 1.6.A binder composition according to claim 5, wherein the at least one polyol (v) has a degree of alkoxylation in a range from 1 to 15, from 1 to 12, from 1 to 10, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 9, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6, or even from 3 to 5.7.A binder composition according to any one of claim 5 or 6, wherein the at least one polyol (v) is a polyalkoxylated polyol comprising from 2 to 30, from 2 to 25, from 2 to 20, from 2 to 15, from 2 to 10, from 2 to 8, from 2 to 6, or even from 2 to 4 alkoxylation segments, and wherein each alkoxylation segment comprises one or more alkoxylation units.8.A binder composition according to any one claims 5 to 7, wherein the at least one polyol (v) is selected from the group consisting of monoalkoxylated diols comprising one alkoxylation segment, polyalkoxylated diols comprising two alkoxylation segments, polyalkoxylated diols comprising three alkoxylation segments, monoalkoxylated triols comprising one alkoxylation segment, polyalkoxylated triols comprising two alkoxylation segments, polyalkoxylated triols comprising three alkoxylation segments, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.9.A binder composition according to any one claims 5 to 8, wherein the at least one polyol (v) is selected from the group of polyalkoxylated trimethylolpropane comprising three alkoxylation segments, in particular polyethoxylated trimethylolpropane comprising three ethoxylation segments.10.A binder composition according to any one of the preceding claims, which further comprises a secondary polymeric binding material (C) .11.A binder composition according to claim 10, wherein the secondary polymeric binding material (C) is selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene difluoride (PVDF) , polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) , and any combinations, derivatives or mixtures thereof.12.A composition for an electrode of a battery, which comprises a binder composition according to any one of claims 1 to 11.13.A composition according to claim 12, which further comprises an electrode particulate material (B) .14.A composition according to claim 13, wherein the electrode particulate material (B) is selected from the group consisting of metal oxides, silicon-based materials, carbon particulate materials, ceramic materials, and any combinations or mixtures thereof.15.A process of manufacturing an electrode of a battery comprising the steps of:a) mixing a binder composition according to any one of claims 1 to 11 or a composition according to claim 12 with an electrode particulate material (B) as detailed in any one of claim 13 or 14, thereby forming a mixture;b) applying the mixture to a surface of a current collector thereby forming a layer onto the current collector;c) optionally, subjecting the layer to a thermal treatment; andd) allowing the polymer precursor (A) comprised in the layer to polymerize.16.A process according to claim 15, which comprises the step of pre-treating at least part of the electrode particulate material (B) with the polymer precursor (A) thereby forming a layer of the polymerization reaction product of the polymer precursor (A) on at least part of the electrode particulate material (B) .17.An electrode comprising a current collector and a polymeric layer adhered to a surface of the current collector, wherein the polymeric layer comprises an electrode particulate material (B) as detailed in any one of claim 13 or 14 held in a polymerized matrix, and wherein the polymerized matrix comprises the crosslinked reaction product of the polymerization reaction product of the polymer precursor (A) as detailed in any one of claims 1 to 9.18.Use of a polymer precursor (A) as detailed in any one of claims 1 to 9 in a binder composition for an electrode of a battery.