Anaerobic energy determination device

Abstract

The invention relates to a method for calculating the change in the anaerobic energy balance ΔW(t) of an athlete over a time interval ∆t. The method comprises the following steps: determining the power output P(t) of the athlete during the time interval ∆t; determining the athlete's critical power CP(t) at time t, calculated from historical power output data P(t) collected during the athlete's sporting activities; and calculating the change in the anaerobic energy balance ΔW(t) according to the formula: ∆W(t) = (CP(t) - P(t)) × v(t) × ∆t, where v(t) is the energy flux rate. Abstract figure: Figure 2

Description

Title of the invention: Device for determining anaerobic energy technical field

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of wearable technologies and IoT (Internet of Things) devices for monitoring sports performance. More specifically, it concerns a method and an integrated system for measuring and determining anaerobic energy in real time, adapted to remote devices such as smartwatches and bicycle computers, using an advanced measurement method to, for example, allow athletes to manage their efforts in order to optimize their athletic performance. State of the art

[0002] In the field of sports and athletic performance monitoring, the ability to determine anaerobic energy can be crucial for athletes' performance and training strategies. Current systems allow for the monitoring of various physiological and mechanical parameters, but do not provide a real-time determination of anaerobic energy based on dynamic calculations that take into account both short, intense efforts and longer, lower-intensity efforts.

[0003] Existing solutions attempt to integrate power and heart rate measurements but do not offer an in-depth analysis of instantaneous anaerobic energy status, which requires a personalized and adaptable approach based on real-time performance conditions. Current devices often remain limited in their ability to adjust energy models according to instantaneous variations in performance or fatigue.

[0004] However, despite advances in measuring athletic performance, challenges remain in terms of accuracy, real-time response, and customization of energy models to suit the specific needs and physiological conditions of each athlete. Current methods do not always allow athletes to accurately optimize their determination of anaerobic energy during prolonged or intense athletic activities.

[0005] The present invention therefore aims to overcome these limitations by providing an innovative model for calculating the anaerobic energy of an athlete.

[0006] The other objectives, features, and advantages of this invention will be more clearly defined in the detailed description and illustrations that follow. Summary

[0007] To achieve this objective, according to one embodiment, a method is provided for calculating a variation AW(t) of the anaerobic energy balance W'(t) of an athlete over a duration A t, the method comprises the following steps: i. determination of a power developed P(t) by the athlete during the duration At; ii. determination of a critical power CP(t) of the athlete at time t calculated from the historical data of power developed P(t) collected during the athlete's sporting activities; iii. Calculation of the variation of the anaerobic energy balance AW(t) according to the formula: [Math 1] = (CP(t)-P(t)) xv(t)x At with v(t) an energy flux rate.

[0008] A precise estimation of the instantaneous variation in energy balance allows for optimized management of the athlete's effort based on their instantaneous energy capacity. Indeed, this helps prevent exhaustion by adapting the effort to the available energy reserves.

[0009] Advantageously, the power developed P(t) is measured in real time using power sensors connected to an IoT device, such as a smartphone, a smartwatch or a bicycle computer.

[0010] Preferably, the critical power CP(t) is calculated from historical power data P(t) collected during the athlete's previous sporting activities, using the three-parameter Morton W'(t)-CP(t) model.

[0011] Preferably, the energy flux rate v(t) is defined by a mathematical function depending on time t, the anaerobic energy reserve W, the anaerobic energy balance W'(t), and the critical power CP(t).

[0012] Without the present invention, it would be difficult for an athlete to have a precise value of his available anaerobic energy at a time t in order to best manage his efforts.

[0013] Indeed, current methods do not always allow for adjusting energy models to account for instantaneous variations in performance or fatigue. Current devices often remain limited in their ability to provide a real-time determination of anaerobic energy based on dynamic calculations that take into account both short and long efforts.

[0014] In fact, existing solutions attempt to integrate power and heart rate measurements without, however, offering an in-depth analysis of instantaneous anaerobic energy status. This requires a personalized and adaptable approach depending on the real-time performance conditions, which the present invention makes possible thanks to an innovative model for calculating an athlete's anaerobic energy.

[0015] According to one embodiment, the invention also includes a measuring device configured to allow the calculation of the variation of the anaerobic energy balance AW(t) of an athlete over a duration A t, the device comprising a power sensor configured to determine the power developed P(t) by the athlete during the duration A t.

[0016] The device also includes a calculation unit configured to determine the critical power CP(t) of the athlete at time t from the historical data of power developed P(t) collected during the athlete's sporting activities and to calculate the variation of the anaerobic energy balance AW(t) according to the following relationship: [Math 2] ÙW(t) = (CP(t)-P(t)) *v(t)X att with v(t) the energy flux rate. Brief description of the figures

[0017] The aims, objects, features and advantages of the invention will become clearer from the detailed description of an embodiment thereof, which is illustrated by the following accompanying drawings in which:

[0018] [Fig-1] The [Fig. 1] represents an example of a graphical representation of the anaerobic energy balance W'(t) of an athlete as a function of time.

[0019] [Fig.2] Fig.2 represents a schematic example of the device.

[0020] The drawings are given by way of example and are not limiting of the invention. They constitute schematic representations of principle intended to facilitate understanding of the invention and are not necessarily to scale with practical applications. Detailed Description

[0021] Before beginning a detailed review of embodiments of the invention, optional features which may possibly be used in association or alternatively are stated below.

[0022] According to an example, the energy flux rate v(t) corresponds to the rate of replenishment of the anaerobic energy balance W'(t).

[0023] This example corresponds to a configuration in which P(t) < CP(t), meaning that the power output P(t) by the athlete is less than the critical power CP(t), in other words, that the athlete is in the phase of Energy recovery. In this configuration, recovery is optimal during periods of low intensity, thus maximizing the duration of the athlete's performance.

[0024] According to one embodiment, the refilling rate can be expressed according to the following formula: [Math 3] ii J d ( cp£t)-p(t)\2\ repletion^ ) ^0 \ CP / t) / / with the replenishment coefficient for short or long efforts &NL the non-linear replenishment rate the power developed by the athlete at time t and recovered by the loT device either directly via a power sensor, or calculated using a theoretical model CP(t) 'a Critical power of the athlete on short or long efforts at time t calculated from the W'(t)-CP(t) model with three parameters of Morton applied to the history of power data collected during the athlete's sporting activities py the anaerobic energy reserve of the athlete on short or long efforts at time t calculated from the W'(t)-CP(t) model with three parameters of Morton applied to the history of power data collected during the athlete's sporting activities.

[0025] According to an alternative example, the energy flux rate v(t) corresponds to the rate of depletion of the anaerobic energy balance W'(t). This alternative example corresponds to a configuration in which P(t) > CP(t), that is, the power output P(t) by the athlete is greater than the critical power CP(t), in other words, the athlete is in a phase of energy depletion. This allows for a precise estimation of energy depletion, such as during intense efforts, and thus helps the athlete to modulate the intensity of their effort to avoid rapid depletion that could lead to premature performance.

[0026] According to one example, the power developed P(t) by the athlete is measured in real time by a power sensor.

[0027] This allows for a direct and reliable measurement of actual effort, thereby increasing the accuracy of the energy model. This method ensures optimal responsiveness, as the data is instantly available, allowing for immediate adjustments to training or competition strategies based on the athlete's current performance.

[0028] According to an alternative example, the power developed P(t) is calculated using a theoretical model.

[0029] This method is particularly useful when the athlete does not have access to a real-time power meter or in environments where live data collection is difficult. It allows for predictive estimation of effort based on historical data and simulations. Although slightly less responsive than real-time measurement, this approach offers the advantage of enabling in-depth analysis of past performance to refine long-term training strategies.

[0030] According to an example, the step of determining the critical power CP(t), the fatigue due to the efforts previously made during the sporting activity is taken into account.

[0031] This allows the athlete's energy management to be adapted according to accumulated fatigue, thus improving the endurance strategy. Indeed, by modeling the impact of fatigue, rest and activity phases are optimized to maintain high performance over time.

[0032] According to an example, in the step of calculating the critical power CP(t), the altitude z at which the athlete is located is taken into account.

[0033] This allows for adjustment of critical power by taking into account the impact of altitude, which can decrease respiratory capacity and affect performance. Thus, considering altitude allows for more precise adaptation to environmental conditions, thereby avoiding the risk of overestimating the athlete's capabilities at altitude.

[0034] According to one example, the method includes a step of determining the athlete's overall anaerobic energy balance Wbal(t) from the following steps: i. calculation of the anaerobic energy balance W'court (t) for short efforts of higher intensity; ii. calculation of the anaerobic energy balance W'long(t) for long efforts of lower intensity; iii. determination of the overall anaerobic energy balance W 'bal (t) corresponding to the minimum value between the anaerobic energy balance of short efforts and the anaerobic energy balance of long efforts.

[0035] With W'short(t), which represents the energy balance specific to short efforts of high intensity, characterized by a rapid consumption of anaerobic energy and with W'long(t), which corresponds to the energy balance of long efforts, where the intensity is moderate and the depletion of anaerobic energy is more progressive.

[0036] This allows for a more nuanced assessment of available energy depending on the type of effort. Knowledge of the overall anaerobic energy balance allows The athlete must not exceed their critical energy limits, whether performing rapid energy-consuming efforts or longer efforts at moderate intensity.

[0037] According to one example, the method includes a step of dynamically updating the anaerobic energy balance in real time by updating the critical power CP(t) according to the instantaneous power output measurements P(t) and / or the athlete's heart rate.

[0038] This update mode allows continuous adaptation of the energy model to the instantaneous physiological conditions of the athlete, and provides the athlete with personalized and optimized real-time information, thus enabling him to extend the effort effectively without risking exhaustion.

[0039] According to one example, the measurement of short-term fatigue is carried out by applying a sigmoid function so as to model the reduction in power due to fatigue, as a function of the immediate intensity and duration of the effort.

[0040] According to one example, over short periods, preferably less than 30 seconds, comparisons of the athlete's maximum power outputs are carried out to assess the immediate impact of fatigue on his performance.

[0041] According to one example, the method includes a step of periodic recalibration of the power profile based on performance in competition or during supervised training.

[0042] According to one example, the updates of the values ​​of CP(t) and W'(t) are automated by software which receives and integrates data from sensors in real time.

[0043] According to one example, the athlete's nutritional data are also taken into account in order to refine the estimates of fatigue.

[0044] According to one example, the device includes a heart rate monitor configured to measure the athlete's heart rate in real time so as to integrate the heart rate into the calculation of the determination of the critical power CP(t).

[0045] This allows for a complete assessment of the athlete's physiological condition during exercise. Indeed, the simultaneous measurement of heart rate and power output provides a more comprehensive view of the physiological impact of the effort, crucial for precise adjustments to the fatigue model.

[0046] According to one example, the device includes a communication module configured to transmit data to an external application so as to allow storage and better analysis of the data in order to exploit it more efficiently.

[0047] This allows for centralized management and in-depth analysis of the collected data, facilitating the optimization of training and recovery strategies. Indeed, the long-term data storage and analysis capacity allows for a better understanding of trends and the specific needs of each athlete.

[0048] According to one example, the device includes at least one altimeter configured to measure the altitude z at which the athlete 2 is located at time t in order to allow an update of the critical power CP(t).

[0049] According to one example, the device includes at least one additional sensor configured to measure at least one of the following physiological parameters: body temperature and oxygen level, in order to refine the calculations of the anaerobic energy balance.

[0050] This allows for a more complete analysis of the athlete's physiological state. Indeed, these additional parameters can influence performance and must be integrated for more accurate modeling.

[0051] According to one example, the device includes a graphical interface component configured to display information translating the anaerobic energy balance and integrating with one of the following media: a connected watch, a smartphone and a bicycle computer.

[0052] This allows for immediate and accessible visualization of critical measurements for the athlete and the coach.

[0053] Indeed, the graphical interface facilitates the interpretation of data and the rapid adaptation of training strategies, essential for optimizing performance and energy management in real-world situations.

[0054] It is specified within the framework of the invention that the energy balance W'(t) is understood to mean the instantaneous anaerobic energy level of the athlete at time t.

[0055] It is specified within the scope of the invention that the variation of the energy balance A Whak is understood to be the variation between two instantaneous energy levels W'(t). To avoid any confusion, it is important to clearly distinguish between W'bal(t) and W'(t):

[0056] W'(t) represents the instantaneous anaerobic energy balance at a time t, that is- that is, the anaerobic energy available to the athlete at that precise moment. This variable is dynamic and changes according to the effort exerted by the athlete and the recovery periods.

[0057] W'bal(t), for its part, designates the overall anaerobic energy balance, which corresponds to the minimum value between the energy balance of short efforts (W'bal_short(t)) and that of long efforts (W'bal_long(t)). This approach provides an overview of the athlete's energy state, taking into account the diversity of efforts exerted, whether intense and short-duration or moderate and long-duration.

[0058] This distinction is crucial for understanding the operation of the anaerobic energy model proposed by the invention. W'(t) refers to the energy available at at a given instant, while W'bal(t) reflects the overall state of anaerobic energy over a given period, taking into account different types of effort.

[0059] The dynamic updating of the anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t) in real time is a fundamental aspect of the proposed model. This update allows the estimation of available energy to be constantly adapted according to the effort exerted by the athlete and environmental or physiological conditions. It is performed by the continuous integration of new data from power, heart rate, or other physiological sensors.

[0060] According to one embodiment, the calculation of the variation in the anaerobic energy balance AW(t) is based on the critical power CP(t) and output power P(t) parameters. When P(t) exceeds CP(t), the athlete consumes their anaerobic energy, resulting in a depletion of the energy balance W'bal(t). Conversely, when P(t) is less than CP(t), anaerobic energy is replenished, increasing the energy balance W'bal(t).

[0061] According to one embodiment, the anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t) is continuously updated, thus allowing the effort strategy to be adjusted according to the remaining energy. This dynamic approach is essential to avoid a complete depletion of anaerobic energy, which could lead to a sudden drop in the athlete's performance.

[0062] Furthermore, the updated W'bal(t) also takes into account short and long efforts separately. Short efforts, of higher intensity, lead to a rapid depletion of anaerobic energy, while long efforts, of lower intensity, consume energy more gradually. These two types of effort are managed simultaneously in the calculation of W'bal(t), thus allowing for precise and personalized energy management based on the characteristics of each sporting activity.

[0063] By integrating instantaneous sensor measurements and taking into account replenishment and depletion phases, the dynamic update model offers increased accuracy in managing anaerobic energy balance. This allows the athlete to prolong their efforts while avoiding premature depletion of their energy resources.

[0064] Advantageously, short efforts refer to periods of intense activity lasting less than 30 seconds. These efforts are generally characterized by sprints or sudden accelerations where the intensity is close to or equal to the athlete's maximum power output (Pmax). For example, a typical short effort could be sustained between 5 and 30 seconds, preferably between five and fifteen seconds.

[0065] Preferably, prolonged efforts are defined as moderate or sustained efforts lasting more than thirty seconds and potentially up to several minutes. These efforts are often encountered during endurance activities, such as continuous climbs or long-distance running. The intensity of these efforts remains below maximum power output, but is high enough to cause a progressive depletion of anaerobic energy.

[0066] Higher intensity may be understood as an intensity close to or above 90% of the athlete's maximum power Pmax 2. Higher intensity efforts generally include attacks, sprints or other phases of explosive effort requiring rapid consumption of anaerobic energy.

[0067] The term "lower intensity" can be understood as referring to a moderate intensity, generally less than 70% of the critical power CP(t). This type of effort is characteristic of periods of active recovery or prolonged low-intensity efforts, such as brisk walking or light training.

[0068] In the context of the present invention, the energy reserve W corresponds to the total anaerobic energy reserve of the athlete 2, that is to say, the energy balance at the initial time t=0, before exertion. This will mainly be a fixed value linked, for example, to the exercise and specific to the athlete.

[0069] In other words, within the framework of this invention, the energy reserve W designates the total amount of anaerobic energy at time t=0, before an effort. W'(t) represents the amount of anaerobic energy available at time t, and AW(t) is the change in this energy.

[0070] The present invention relates to a method for calculating the change in the anaerobic energy balance AW(t) of an athlete 2 over a duration At, as well as an associated measuring device 1. This method is particularly suited to endurance athletes such as cyclists, runners, and triathletes, and aims to optimize their performance by enabling a precise determination of their anaerobic energy. The method uses real-time data and advanced algorithms to provide a detailed analysis of the power output of athlete 2, their critical power CP(t), and the change in their anaerobic energy balance AW(t).

[0071] Preferably, the invention relates to a device 1 using integrated sensors configured to continuously measure power and other data such as the heart rate of the athlete 2. The collected data are then processed by specific algorithms that calculate in real time the variation of the anaerobic energy balance AW(t). These algorithms take into account not only instantaneous performance data, but also variations in accumulated fatigue and environmental conditions, such as altitude, to provide an accurate estimate of critical power (CP) and the variation of the anaerobic energy balance AW(t).

[0072] Advantageously, as illustrated in [Fig. 2] and by way of example, this will be a portable device configured for integration into common equipment such as smartphones, smartwatches, or bicycle computers. This allows athletes to receive real-time information on their energy status and immediately adjust their efforts accordingly. As for the method, it thus makes it possible to optimize training and competition strategies by providing a precise and personalized determination of anaerobic energy, contributing to improved athletic performance.

[0073] The present invention proposes an innovative method for calculating the variation of the anaerobic energy balance AW(t) of an athlete 2 over a duration At. This method is characterized by a series of steps aimed at determining the power developed by the athlete 2, calculating the critical power, and estimating the variation of anaerobic energy using advanced mathematical formulas.

[0074] According to one embodiment, the power P(t) developed by athlete 2 is measured in real time by a power sensor 11. The power sensor 11 is configured to capture the instantaneous power variations of athlete 2 with high precision. The collected data is advantageously transmitted continuously to a computing unit 12, which analyzes it to determine the power P(t) at each instant t during the duration of the effort At.

[0075] Preferably, the power sensor 11 is configured for integration into wearable devices such as smartwatches, cycling computers, or other sports equipment like a crankset or wheel, in the case where the athlete 2 is a cyclist. This configuration allows for uninterrupted data collection and real-time analysis of the athlete's performance. These devices use advanced technologies to ensure accurate and reliable measurement, even under varying environmental conditions.

[0076] According to one example, the critical power CP(t) of athlete 2 is determined from historical power output data P(t) collected during past sporting activities. This calculation is based on Morton's three-parameter W'-CP model. The W'(t)-CP(t) model is a mathematical tool used to estimate the anaerobic capacity of an athlete 2 as well as their critical power, by combining historical performance data to estimate these parameters. It allows for the optimization of training and real-time effort management through a better understanding of anaerobic energy reserves and maximum sustainable power. By taking into account both anaerobic energy W' and power Critical CP, and variations in effort, this model proves particularly useful for predicting performance in endurance competitions.

[0077] Morton's three-parameter W'-CP model is based on two main concepts: W', which represents the amount of available anaerobic energy, and CP (Critical Power), which is the maximum power that athlete 2 can sustain for an extended period without depleting their energy reserves. The third parameter, often Pmax (maximum power), is used to calculate the maximum power that athlete 2 can produce during short periods of intense effort.

[0078] According to one embodiment, the critical power CP(t) is influenced by several factors:

[0079] According to one embodiment, the critical power CP(t) is also adjusted according to external conditions, such as altitude z. A decrease in the critical power CP(t) is observed when athlete 2 is operating at a high altitude, due to reduced muscle oxygenation. This factor is modeled by the function h(z), which applies a correction to CP(t) to account for the impact of altitude.

[0080] Parameters such as heart rate or oxygen levels measured by integrated sensors can also influence the update of CP(t). These measurements provide a more precise assessment of the athlete's physiological state, thus enabling real-time adjustments to optimize anaerobic energy management.

[0081] By continuously adjusting the critical power CP(t), the model allows for finer management of effort, ensuring that athlete 2 can prolong their effort without risking premature depletion of their energy reserves. This dynamic updating mechanism is crucial for maintaining optimal performance throughout physical activity.

[0082] This model makes it possible to estimate the duration for which an athlete 2 can maintain an effort intensity above their critical power before completely depleting their anaerobic reserves. By incorporating variations related to short, intense efforts as well as long, moderate efforts, it offers a precise approach for adapting training and competition strategies. The model also takes into account environmental conditions and accumulated fatigue, allowing for real-time estimation using IoT devices such as smartwatches and power meters.

[0083] In the case of the present invention, the calculation algorithm can take into account several factors, including the fatigue accumulated by athlete 2 over time and environmental conditions such as the altitude z at which athlete 2 is located at time t.

[0084] The critical power CP(t) is calculated using a complex mathematical model that integrates these different variables to provide an accurate and dynamic estimate. Preferably, this model is based on advanced research in physiology and sports science, allowing for customization and adaptation of the calculations to the specific needs of each athlete.

[0085] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the variation of the anaerobic energy balance AW(t) is calculated from the power developed P(t) and the critical power CP(t) according to the following relation: [Math 4] A = (CP i (t)-P(t))xv(t) x A t With v(t) the energy flux rate. This rate can correspond either to the rate of replenishment of the anaerobic energy balance W', or to the rate of depletion, depending on the power developed by the athlete 2 relative to his critical power.

[0086] The rate of replenishment and the rate of depletion of the anaerobic energy balance are key parameters in modeling the management of an athlete's effort 2. They allow us to quantify the recovery or consumption of anaerobic energy as a function of the intensity of the effort relative to the critical power.

[0087] In other words, the replenishment rate is a parameter describing the rate at which athlete 2 recovers anaerobic energy when the power output is less than the critical power (P(t) < CP(t)). The replenishment rate, denoted vrep(t), depends on the difference between the energy reserve W' and the current energy balance W'bal(t), and is modulated by factors such as accumulated fatigue and the physiological characteristics of athlete 2. The replenishment rate follows a non-linear function to reflect the complexity of energy recovery, notably with the parameter aNL (non-linear replenishment rate) which allows this recovery to be adjusted according to the variation between the critical power and the instantaneous power.

[0088] As for the depletion rate, it is the parameter that describes the speed at which athlete 2 recovers anaerobic energy when the power output exceeds the critical power (P(t) > CP(t)). Anaerobic energy is then consumed, leading to a depletion of the energy balance W'(t). This process is described by the depletion rate, denoted vdep(t), which depends on the maximum sustainable power (Pmax) and the duration for which this power is maintained before total exhaustion (TTEi). The model also takes into account the sprint constant rsi, which influences the rate at which anaerobic energy is consumed during short, intense efforts.

[0089] These two rates play an essential role in the dynamic management of effort and allow performance to be optimized by adjusting training strategies according to the instantaneous energy state of the athlete 2.

[0090] Advantageously, the energy flux rate v(t) is adjusted in real time according to the athlete's performance conditions. For example, when the power output P(t) is less than the critical power CP(t), the energy flux rate v(t) is then equal to the replenishment rate vrep(t) so as to allow estimation of the rate at which anaerobic energy is recovered. Conversely, when P(t) exceeds CP(t), the depletion rate is used to calculate the rate at which anaerobic energy is consumed.

[0091] The replenishment rate vrep(t) is calculated according to the following relationship: [Math 5] vrep(t) ~ v0X [ IV' aNL\ CP(t) ) / with vO the replenishment coefficient for short or long efforts and aNL the non-linear replenishment rate.

[0092] In other words, the replenishment rate vrép(t) describes the rate at which the athlete's anaerobic energy is replenished when they are developing a power output lower than their critical power output CP(t). This rate is modulated by several parameters, notably vO₂, which is determined based on the duration and intensity of short or long efforts, and aNL, which is a correction factor applied to vrép(t) to reflect the complex physiological behaviors related to energy recovery.

[0093] The non-linear replenishment rate aNL is a correction factor that adjusts the replenishment rate based on the difference between the critical power CP(t) and the actual power P(t). It is a non-linear correction because the replenishment of anaerobic energy does not follow a strictly proportional behavior to the effort produced. This factor is determined empirically through trials, based on the physiological characteristics of the athlete, and it allows for a more accurate modeling of the variability of energy recovery.

[0094] Thus, vrép(t) and aNL are two distinct concepts: vrép(t) is the rate of replenishment, while aNL is a correction coefficient that modifies this rate to reflect more complex physiological phenomena.

[0095] According to a preferred embodiment, the replenishment rate vrép(t) is between 0.1 and 0.6, preferably between 0.3 and 0.4, and preferably equal to 0.35, as this value corresponded well to the experimental data obtained consistently, regardless of the individual. This rate was determined empirically and allows for a reliable modeling of the rate of anaerobic energy replenishment.

[0096] In the publication "Intramuscular determinants of the ability to recover work capacity above critical power", Skiba, Froncioni, Fulford, Clarke, Vanhatalo & Jones (European Journal of Applied Physiology, 2015), which introduces the original W'bal model, there is no concept of nonlinear repletion. This concept was created specifically for the present invention to account for the fact that energy repletion is not linear, particularly because the oxidation of lactates produced during intense exercise is more efficient at moderate intensity levels than at complete rest. The nonlinear factor aNL thus allows for precise modulation of the repletion rate based on the difference between critical power CP(t) and actual power P(t).

[0097] The depletion rate vdep(t) is calculated according to the following relationship: [Math 6] yi ( M = 1 With TTEj(P ( t ) ) which corresponds to the exhaustion time v dep c ' of the athlete when maintaining the power P(t). £max is the practical duration for which the athlete 2 can maintain the maximum power Pmax, usually 5 seconds.

[0098] Pmax is the maximum power of the athlete calculated from the W'-CP model with 3 parameters of Morton applied to the history of power data collected during the sporting activities of athlete 2.

[0099] is the sprint constant over short or long efforts.

[0100] According to one embodiment, short maximal efforts or short efforts of higher intensity, typically less than 2 minutes, primarily involve the use of anaerobic energy processes, i.e., without oxidation. Two main anaerobic metabolic processes are involved: the phosphagen system and the anaerobic glycolytic system. The former, used for very short and intense efforts lasting a few seconds, relies on the use of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) already stored in the muscles and creatine phosphate (CP), and is generally triggered during sprints. The latter, used for efforts lasting from 10 seconds to 2 minutes, relies on the breakdown of glucose and glycogen into pyruvate, followed by its conversion to lactate, in order to rapidly produce ATP.These two systems are modeled within the framework of the short energy system (i=short), where the critical power CPshort and the anaerobic capacity W'short are recalculated from the values ​​of CP and W' determined according to the three-parameter Morton model. More precisely, CPshort is defined as the maximum power developable by athlete 2 over two minutes, and W'short(t) is calculated over a duration ranging from one second to two minutes, by fixing CP = CPshort.

[0101] Beyond two minutes, aerobic systems become predominant for energy production. These systems produce energy from four main sources: glucose via glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, lactates oxidized to pyruvate, lipids (fatty acids) via 3-oxidation, and proteins, in the event of a deficiency of the other sources. These oxygen-dependent aerobic energy systems are particularly efficient for long-duration efforts of moderate to low intensity. They thus ensure sustained energy production over prolonged periods. These systems are modeled using the long energy system (i=long), where the values ​​of CP_long and W'iong are recalculated from the same CP and W' parameters derived from the three-parameter Morton model.

[0102] According to one embodiment, the method also includes a step of dynamically updating the anaerobic energy balance W' in real time. This update is performed by continuously adjusting the critical power CP(t) based on instantaneous measurements of power output P(t) and / or the athlete's heart rate 2. This approach allows for precise and reactive management of anaerobic energy, thus optimizing the athlete's performance and recovery.

[0103] As illustrated in [Fig. 1] and by way of example, the anaerobic energy balance W'(t) of an athlete 2 is graphically represented as a function of time. This graph shows the variations in the anaerobic energy balance W'(t) during the different phases of physical exertion of athlete 2. The curve indicates how the anaerobic energy balance W'(t) fluctuates, with periods of depletion and replenishment depending on the intensity of the effort exerted. A critical point, called a "breakthrough," is reached when the anaerobic energy balance W'(t) becomes less than or equal to zero, indicating that the model has underestimated the runner's performance. This situation necessitates an update of the model parameters to prevent the anaerobic energy balance W'(t) from falling below zero, thus ensuring optimal management of anaerobic energy.

[0104] According to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the method and device 1 take into account the actual impact of short, intense efforts on the depletion of the anaerobic energy balance W'(t). This model offers an improved approach by integrating variations in critical power CP(t) and taking into account altitude and the accumulated fatigue of athlete 2. Advantageously, this model makes it possible to dynamically and accurately estimate athlete 2's maximum capacity to sustain prolonged or intense efforts, based on algorithms that continuously adjust the parameters according to actual performance conditions and athlete 2's historical data.

[0105] According to one embodiment, the anaerobic energy balance W'bal,court (t) for short, high-intensity efforts is calculated by taking into account power peaks over short durations. For these efforts, the model considers the rapid depletion of the anaerobic energy reserve due to high intensities over brief periods. The formula used makes it possible to accurately measure anaerobic energy consumption during sprints or sudden accelerations, thus providing a clear view of the impact of these efforts on the overall energy balance W'bal (t).

[0106] W'bal,court(t) can be calculated according to the relation: [Math 7] ™b a i cmrt (t) = min( W' court , W balmurt (t - 1) + AW court (t) )

[0107] For prolonged efforts of lower intensity, the anaerobic energy balance W'bal,long(t) is determined using power values ​​over extended durations. Preferably, this method takes into account the athlete's ability to maintain moderate effort over extended periods, thus allowing for the measurement of the progressive depletion of anaerobic energy. This approach provides an accurate assessment of energy consumption during long-distance races or endurance training, where endurance management is crucial.

[0108] W'bal,long(t) can be calculated according to the relation: [Math 8] W ha4w ( t) = min( w' loiig , W balloi Jt- 1) + AW long (t) )

[0109] According to one embodiment, the overall anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t) is determined as the minimum value between the anaerobic energy balance of short efforts W'bal,short(t) and that of long efforts W'bal,long(t). This holistic approach makes it possible to provide a complete and balanced estimate of the athlete's energy state, taking into account the dynamics of both intense and prolonged efforts.

[0110] The overall anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t) can thus be calculated according to the formula: [Math 9] W ha / t) =min(w' ha i lov (t),

[0111] Advantageously, this calculation method allows for the integration of various performance and fatigue conditions, thus providing a comprehensive and accurate view of the energy available to athlete 2. This allows for better planning of training and competition strategies, taking into account the strengths and weaknesses of athlete 2 in different types of efforts.

[0112] According to a preferred embodiment, the calculation of the overall anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t) incorporates advanced algorithms to track the evolution of this balance in real time, taking into account energy replenishment and depletion during recovery and exertion phases.

[0113] This approach makes it possible to provide a complete assessment of the energy status of athlete 2, taking into account the combined impact of intense short-duration efforts and prolonged lower-intensity efforts.

[0114] W'bal,court(t) corresponds to the anaerobic energy balance of short efforts of higher intensity, where the rapid consumption of anaerobic energy is most marked.

[0115] By taking the minimum value between these two balances, the model makes it possible to capture the situation where athlete 2 has exhausted his energy reserves in one of the two categories of effort, while taking into account the variability of the types of effort performed during the activity.

[0116] This approach is particularly useful in endurance sports where athlete 2 faces alternating periods of intense sprints (short efforts) and prolonged phases of moderate effort (long efforts). By continuously assessing energy reserves in these two categories of effort, athlete 2 can adjust their pace to avoid complete depletion of their anaerobic energy.

[0117] The dynamic updating of the overall anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t) in real time, combined with critical power data CP(t) and developed power P(t), allows for optimization of athlete 2's performance. This ensures that athlete 2 maintains a balance between intense and moderate efforts, thus prolonging the duration of the effort before reaching a state of critical fatigue.

[0118] Advantageously, the method includes a step of dynamically updating the critical power CP(t) of athlete 2 in real time. This update is performed taking into account instantaneous measurements of the power output P(t) and the heart rate of athlete 2.

[0119] Preferably, the measuring device 1 is equipped with sensors for collecting this data in real time. The power and heart rate data are then analyzed by an algorithm that continuously adjusts the critical power CP(t) to reflect the current performance conditions of the athlete 2.

[0120] Advantageously, the real-time updating of CP(t) makes it possible to take into account the fatigue accumulated during the sporting activity as well as variations in the physiological state of athlete 2. For example, if athlete 2 begins to show signs of fatigue, the model will adjust CP(t) to reflect this decrease in capacity performance, thus enabling more precise and responsive management of anaerobic energy.

[0121] The dynamic updating of critical power CP(t) and anaerobic energy balance W'(t) is based on instantaneous measurements of power output P(t) and physiological parameters such as heart rate, as well as environmental data such as altitude. This real-time update allows for adjustments to expected performance and ensures that the athlete's energy reserves are properly managed throughout the physical activity.

[0122] Advantageously, the critical power CP(t) is a dynamic indicator of the maximum intensity that the athlete 2 can maintain over a prolonged period without depleting their anaerobic reserves. In order to account for long-term accumulated fatigue due to previous exertion during the sporting activity, as well as the impact of environmental conditions such as altitude, CP(t) is adjusted in real time. This adjustment is modeled by the function f(workload, z), which allows these new conditions to be reflected. The critical power CP(t) is thus adjusted according to accumulated fatigue and altitude using sensors that continuously measure the power output P(t), heart rate, and other relevant physiological data (such as blood oxygen levels).

[0123] The critical power CPi(t) at time t is defined by the following relation: [Math 10] CP fa) = CP fa = 0, z = 0) xf(workload, z) Where f(workload, z) is a function modeling the combined impact of accumulated fatigue g(workload) and altitude h(z) Where f(z, WOrkload) is a mathematical function that can take the following form: [Math 11] f (workload, z) = g(workload) x Ifa)

[0124] The function g(workload) models the impact of fatigue as a function of the workload accumulated by the athlete. This function can be expressed according to the following formula: [Math 12] g^workload^ & fatigue j A\7PP i^CP ^fatigue the maximum critical power loss ratio due to fatigue (generally varying between 0.1 and 0.3) a, Ô and n are mathematical coefficients parameterizing the sigmoid function workload(t) the workload at time t, for which several expressions can be found in the scientific literature (notably the Training Stress Score)

[0125] According to a particular embodiment, the anaerobic energy balance W'(t) is adjusted in real time according to the effort exerted by athlete 2 and the updated critical power CP(t). When the power output P(t) exceeds CP(t), athlete 2 consumes their anaerobic reserves, resulting in a rapid depletion of W'(t). Conversely, when P(t) is less than CP(t), the energy balance W'(t) increases, reflecting the replenishment of anaerobic energy. This update is continuous, allowing for fine-tuning of the effort.

[0126] The real-time update algorithm integrates these measurements in order to adjust both CP(t) and W'(t) according to the instantaneous physiological conditions of athlete 2. This allows for personalized and optimal energy management, adapted to the current situation of athlete 2. This mechanism helps to prevent the complete depletion of energy reserves and to prolong the duration of the effort before athlete 2 reaches a critical fatigue threshold.

[0127] In summary, the dynamic updating of CP(t) and W'(t) is a key process in real-time athletic performance management. It allows athlete 2 to adjust their effort according to available energy reserves, while taking into account fatigue and environmental conditions, in order to optimize their training or competition strategy.

[0128] According to a preferred embodiment, the measuring device 1 also includes sensors for measuring environmental variables such as altitude z and / or temperature. This data is integrated into the model to adjust the critical power CP(t) and the energy flux rate v(t), thus providing an even more accurate estimate of the variation in anaerobic energy balance.

[0129] For example, at high altitudes, the critical power CP(t) may be reduced to take account of the decrease in available oxygen, which affects the performance of athlete 2. Similarly, extreme temperatures may also influence the ability of athlete 2 to maintain an intense effort, requiring an adjustment of the critical power CP(t) and the energy flux rate v(t).

[0130] The calculation of the critical power h(z) taking into account the altitude z can then take the following form: [Math 13] h(z) = CPt(z) = CPi(z = 0km) x (1.0025-0.027z-0.0157z2 + 0.0016z3)

[0131] Taking environmental conditions into account, particularly altitude z, is essential for accurately adjusting the critical power CP(t) and the anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t) in real time. When athlete 2 is at a higher altitude, the decrease in oxygen availability leads to a decrease performance, particularly with regard to the ability to maintain intense effort over long periods.

[0132] As altitude increases, the respiratory capacity of athlete 2 decreases, thus reducing the critical power CP(t). To model this effect, the function h(z) is used to adjust CP(t) as a function of altitude.

[0133] This correction takes into account the negative effects of altitude on athletic performance, ensuring a more accurate estimation of critical power CP(t) at different altitudes. By applying this update in real time, athlete 2 can better adapt their effort to the decline in their abilities.

[0134] Similarly, the overall anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t) is adjusted according to altitude. At high altitude, available anaerobic energy decreases, requiring an adjustment of W'bal(t) to reflect this decrease. This avoids overestimating athlete 2's ability to sustain intense efforts and risking premature depletion of their energy reserves.

[0135] By dynamically adjusting CP(t) and W'bal(t) according to altitude, the model ensures optimized effort management, even in challenging environmental conditions. This mechanism is particularly useful for athletes competing in mountainous environments, where altitude variations can significantly impact performance. By taking these variations into account, athlete 2 is able to better manage their effort, avoid phases of rapid exhaustion, and adjust their intensity more intelligently based on their reduced physiological capabilities.

[0136] Advantageously, device 1 is configured to transmit the collected data to an external application via a communication module. This functionality allows for more in-depth data storage and analysis, thereby facilitating the efficient use of information to improve training and competition strategies.

[0137] The communication module can use wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, or FANT+ (a low-energy wireless communication protocol used particularly in sports equipment and IoT devices). This integration allows data to be synchronized with performance management platforms or dedicated mobile applications. This provides real-time visualization of athlete 2's performance and enables post-activity analysis for comprehensive and detailed feedback. Device 1 preferably integrates a communication module that allows the collected data to be synchronized with external applications, such as performance management platforms or dedicated mobile applications. This real-time synchronization ensures accurate monitoring of athlete 2's efforts and facilitates analysis. Post-activity data is used to refine training and recovery strategies. This also allows Athlete 2 and their coach to access information on power output P(t), anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t), and critical power CP(t) directly from an intuitive graphical interface. Once transmitted, the data can be stored and analyzed over the long term in external applications. This allows for the evaluation of Athlete 2's performance across multiple training sessions or competitions. These analyses provide key insights for adjusting training programs based on Athlete 2's progress or specific needs.

[0138] Advantageously, the communication module also allows the energy management algorithm to be updated based on the latest data collected, thus optimizing future performance forecasts.

[0139] Synchronization with external applications thus ensures more centralized and efficient management of collected data, facilitating the planning of specific training sessions and proactive management of recovery. This interconnectivity also improves the visualization of athlete 2's performance and the sharing of results with other stakeholders, such as coaches, physiotherapists, or performance analysts.

[0140] According to one embodiment, the measuring device 1 is configured to allow the calculation of the variation of the anaerobic energy balance AW(t) of an athlete 2 over a duration At. The device 1 includes a power sensor 11 configured to determine the power developed P(t) by the athlete during the duration At.

[0141] Preferably, the device 1 comprises a calculation unit 12 configured to determine the critical power CP(t) of the athlete 2 at time t from historical power output data P(t) collected during the athlete's sporting activities. In one embodiment, the calculation unit 12 is also configured to calculate the change in anaerobic energy balance AW(t).

[0142] Device 1 also includes additional sensors that allow for even more precise calculations of the anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t). These sensors can measure additional physiological parameters such as body temperature and blood oxygen levels, thus providing a more complete view of the physiological state of athlete 2 during exercise.

[0143] Athlete 2's body temperature can have a direct impact on their performance, particularly on their ability to sustain intense effort over a prolonged period. As body temperature rises, fatigue sets in more quickly, requiring adjustments in the management of energy balance W'bal(t). By measuring body temperature in real time, the model can adjust anaerobic energy consumption to reflect the athlete's current physiological conditions 2, thus preventing premature exhaustion.

[0144] Blood oxygen levels are another key parameter influencing athletic performance. A drop in oxygen levels can indicate exhaustion or respiratory difficulties, especially at altitude. By incorporating this measurement into the model, the critical power CP(t) and the anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t) can be adjusted to account for this reduction in respiratory capacity. This helps prevent excessive exertion when oxygen levels are insufficient to sustain the effort.

[0145] These additional sensors provide a more precise measurement of athlete 2's physiological parameters, allowing the model to better predict when athlete 2 is at risk of depleting their energy reserves. Integrating this data improves real-time effort management and helps prevent performance declines related to physiological or environmental factors.

[0146] By incorporating these sensors into device 1, athlete 2 benefits from a more complete analysis of his energy state, which allows him to adjust his effort more precisely according to his energy reserves and his current physical condition.

[0147] According to a preferred embodiment, the device 1 includes a heart rate monitor configured to measure the heart rate of athlete 2 in real time. This measurement is integrated into the calculation of the determination of the critical power CP(t), allowing a precise and dynamic evaluation of the performance capabilities of athlete 2.

[0148] Device 1 is advantageously equipped with a communication module configured to transmit data to an external application. This transmission enables efficient storage and in-depth analysis of the data, thus facilitating the use of the collected information to optimize training and competition strategies.

[0149] Preferably, the communication module uses wireless technologies such as Wi-Fi or Bluetooth to synchronize data with performance management platforms or dedicated mobile applications. This synchronization provides real-time visualization of athlete 2's performance and comprehensive, detailed feedback.

[0150] According to one embodiment, the device 1 includes at least one altimeter configured to measure the altitude at which the athlete 2 is located at time t. This information is used to update the critical power CP(t), taking into account the variations in performance due to altitude, and thus offering increased accuracy in the calculations of the anaerobic energy balance.

[0151] Preferably, the device 1 includes at least one additional sensor configured to measure physiological parameters such as body temperature and / or oxygen saturation. These additional measurements allow for more precise calculations of the anaerobic energy balance, providing a more comprehensive and accurate analysis of the athlete's performance conditions.

[0152] The measuring device advantageously includes a graphical interface component 13 configured to display information relating to the anaerobic energy balance. This interface can be integrated into devices such as smartwatches, smartphones, or bicycle computers, providing convenient, real-time visualization of performance data.

[0153] The graphical interface component 13 allows, for example, athletes 2 to monitor their performance and receive real-time alerts, thus facilitating proactive management of their anaerobic energy and optimization of their training and competition strategies.

[0154] The device includes a graphical interface component 13 configured to display real-time information on anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t), critical power CP(t), and other physiological parameters such as heart rate or body temperature. This interface is integrated into devices such as smartwatches, smartphones, or bicycle computers, providing accessible and immediate visualization of critical data for the athlete.

[0155] The graphical interface 13 provides a visual representation of athlete 2's energy status, highlighting the amount of remaining anaerobic energy in real time. This information is essential for athlete 2 to adjust their effort according to their available reserves, avoiding complete depletion of their energy resources. A color code or visual indicators can also be used to signal to athlete 2 when they are approaching a critical energy depletion threshold.

[0156] Preferably, in addition to the energy balance, the interface displays the current critical power CP(t), updated according to environmental and physiological conditions. This data allows the athlete to understand the levels of effort they can maintain without risking rapid depletion of their anaerobic energy.

[0157] The graphical interface 13 can also send real-time alerts when certain thresholds are reached, such as a significant drop in energy balance W'bal(t) or excessive variation in heart rate. These notifications allow the athlete 2 to react quickly and adjust their effort to maintain optimal performance while avoiding premature fatigue.

[0158] By providing a clear and intuitive visualization of energy performance information, the graphical interface 13 facilitates proactive management of the effort for the athlete 2. The data can be viewed at any time during the exercise, thus providing valuable assistance in maximizing the effectiveness of training or competition.

[0159] The measurement method and device offer precise determination of anaerobic energy, customization and adaptability to the needs of athletes, and an intuitive user interface enabling real-time performance monitoring. Integration with external applications facilitates data analysis to optimize training and competition strategies. These technologies benefit professional and amateur athletes in competition, personalized training, rehabilitation, endurance sports, and fitness programs by improving performance and optimizing fatigue and recovery management.

[0160] The present invention is not limited to the examples described above. Many other embodiments are possible, for example by combining features described above, without departing from the scope of the invention.

[0161] List of variables and parameters W: initial anaerobic energy reserve at the start of the effort (in Joules or kJ). W'(t): amount of anaerobic energy available at time t (in Joules or kJ). AW(t): change in the anaerobic energy balance between two times t (in Joules or kJ). i: index to distinguish short or long efforts, used to specify the variables associated with these efforts. W'i(t): anaerobic energy reserve specific to short or long effort at a time t (in Joules or kJ). Dt: time interval used in the calculations (in seconds). P(t): power developed by the athlete at time t (in Watts). CP(t): critical power of the athlete at time t, calculated from historical power data (in Watts). CPi(t): specific critical power for short or long efforts at a time t (in Watts). v(t): rate of energy flux at a time t, which can correspond to the rate of replenishment or depletion of anaerobic energy (in s-1). z: altitude at which the athlete is at a time t (in meters), which influences the critical power CP(t). W'bai(t): global anaerobic energy balance at a time t, corresponding to the minimum value between the energy balances of short and long efforts (in Joules or kJ). W'bai,i(t): balance of anaerobic energy specific to short or long efforts at a time t (in Joules or kJ). vij0: initial replenishment coefficient for short or long efforts, used to modulate the replenishment rate (unitless). oni (sigma_nl): non-linear coefficient modifying the rate of replenishment or depletion according to physiological conditions (unitless). TTEi(P(t)): time to exhaustion for an athlete maintaining a power P(t), based on the available energy reserve (in seconds). Pmax: maximum power of the athlete, calculated from the W'-CP model (in Watts), rsi: sprint constant used to model the duration for which an athlete can maintain a short or long effort (in seconds). "fatigueCP: critical power loss ratio due to accumulated fatigue, used to model the impact of fatigue (unitless, generally between 0.1 and 0.3). "fatigueW': maximum anaerobic energy reserve loss ratio due to accumulated fatigue (unitless, generally between 0.1 and 0.3)." vOi: replenishment or depletion coefficient aNL: non-linear replenishment rate. TTEi(P(t)): exhaustion time rsi: sprint constant.

[0162] List of specific functions vréP,i(t): function of the replenishment rate for short or long efforts. vdépi(t): function of the depletion rate for short or long efforts g(workload): function modeling the impact of accumulated fatigue (workload) h(z): function modeling the impact of altitude z on critical power and available energy.

[0163] Digital references

[0164] 1: Device 11: Power sensor 12: Unit of calculation 13: Graphical Interface 2: Athlete

Claims

Demands

1. Method for calculating a variation AW(t) of the anaerobic energy balance W'(t) of an athlete (2) over a duration A t, method characterized in that it comprises the following steps: - real-time acquisition of a power developed P(t) by the athlete (2) during the duration A t, the power developed P(t) by the athlete (2) being measured in real time by a power sensor (11); - determination of a critical power CP(t) of the athlete (2) at time t calculated from the historical data of power developed P(t) collected during the sporting activities of the athlete (2), - calculation of the variation of the anaerobic energy balance AW(t) according to the formula: AW(t)= (CP(t) xv(t) x A t with v(t) an energy flux rate.

2. A method according to the preceding claim in which the energy flux rate v(t) corresponds to a replenishment rate of the anaerobic energy balance W'(t).

3. A method according to claim 1 wherein the energy flux rate v(t) corresponds to a depletion rate of the anaerobic energy balance W'(t).

4. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein, in the step of determining the critical power CP(t), fatigue due to previous efforts during the sporting activity is taken into account.

5. A method according to any one of the preceding claims wherein, in the step of calculating the critical power CP(t), the altitude z at which the athlete (2) is located is taken into account.

6. A method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the overall anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t) of the athlete (2) is determined from the following steps: - calculation of the anaerobic energy balance for short efforts of higher intensity W'short(t); - calculation of the anaerobic energy balance for long efforts of lower intensity W'long(t); - determination of the overall anaerobic energy balance W'bal(t) corresponding to the minimum value between the anaerobic energy balance of short efforts and the anaerobic energy balance of long efforts.

7. A method according to any one of the preceding claims comprising a step of dynamically updating the anaerobic energy balance W'(t) in real time by updating the critical power CP(t) according to the instantaneous power output measurements P(t) and / or the athlete's heart rate (2).

8. A measuring device (1) configured to allow calculation of the variation AW(t) of the anaerobic energy balance W'(t) of an athlete (2) over a duration A t, the device (1) includes a power sensor (11) configured to determine the power developed P(t) by the athlete (2) during the duration A t; device (1) characterized in that it includes a calculation unit (12) configured to determine the critical power CP(t) of the athlete (2) at time t from the historical data of power developed P(t) collected during the sporting activities of the athlete (2) and to calculate the variation of the anaerobic energy balance AW(t) according to the formula: AW(t) = (CP(t)-P(t))xv(t)x At with v(t) an energy flux rate.

9. Device (1) according to the preceding claim, comprising a heart rate monitor configured to measure in real time the heart rate of the athlete (2) so as to integrate the heart rate into the calculation of the determination of the critical power CP(t).

10. Device (1) according to any one of the two preceding claims, comprising a communication module configured to transmit data to an external application so as to allow storage and better analysis of the data in order to exploit it more efficiently.

11. Device (1) according to any one of the three preceding claims comprising at least one altimeter configured to measure the altitude at which the athlete (2) is located at time t in order to allow an update of the critical power CP(t).

12. Device (1) according to any one of the four preceding claims comprising at least one additional sensor configured to measure at least one of the following physiological parameters: body temperature and oxygen level, in order to refine the calculations of the anaerobic energy balance.

13. Device (1) according to any one of the five preceding claims comprising a graphical interface component (13) configured to display information translating the anaerobic energy balance and integrated into one of the following media: a smartwatch, a smartphone and a bicycle computer.

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