Method, apparatus and computer program

Abstract

An apparatus, such as a UE: receives S504, from a core network entity, such as an AMF / SMF, a protocol data unit (PDU) set quality of service (QoS) parameter and a QoS rule; maps S505 at least one uplink PDU that belongs to a PDU set to a QoS flow based on the rule, wherein the parameter is associated with the flow; and causes transmission S506 of an uplink PDU that belongs to the set on the flow using the parameter associated with the flow. PDUs not belonging to the PDU set may be mapped to a second QoS flow and transmitted thereon S507. An apparatus, such as an AMF / SMF, receives S503, from a core network entity such as a PCF, a PDU set QoS parameter and provides the parameter and a QoS rule to the UE. A further method, possibly at the UE, comprises receiving a PDU with information related to a PDU set (S610, Figure 6), and determining based thereon a QoS rule for uplink PDU set QoS (S611, Figure 6). An apparatus, such as a RAN, inserts information related to a PDU set into a PDU (S609, Figure 6), and provides this to the UE.

Description

Field The present application relates to a method, apparatus, and computer program for a wireless communication system. Background A communication system may be a facility that enables communication sessions between two or more entities such as user terminals, base stations / access points and / or other nodes by providing carriers between the various entities involved in the communications path. A communication system may be provided, for example, by means of a communication network and one or more compatible communication devices. The communication sessions may comprise, for example, communication of data for carrying communications such as voice, electronic mail (email), text message, multimedia and / or content data and so on. Non-limiting examples of services provided comprise two-way or multi-way calls, data communication or multimedia services and access to a data network system, such as the Internet. Summary According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: means configured to perform: receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule; mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to a protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule, wherein the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter is associated with the quality of service flow; and causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow. In an example, the means are further configured to perform: receiving, from a core network entity, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and the at least one quality of service rule In an example, the means are further configured to perform: mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that does not belong to the protocol data unit set to a second quality of service flow; and causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that does not belong to the protocol data unit set on the second quality of service flow. In an example, the protocol data unit set quality of service parameters are applicable to a group of protocol data units that form the protocol data unit set. In an example, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter comprises at least one of the following: a protocol data unit set error rate, a protocol data unit set delay budget, or a protocol data unit set integrated handling indicator. In an example, one of: the apparatus is for a user equipment, the apparatus is comprised in the user equipment, the apparatus is the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: means configured to perform: receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter; and providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule. In an example, the means configured to perform the receiving comprises: receiving a policy and charging control rule comprising the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter. In an example, the means are further configured to perform: determining a quality of service flow based on the received at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter, wherein the at least one quality of service rule provided to the user equipment is associated with the quality of service flow. In examples, one of: the apparatus is for a core network entity, the apparatus is comprised in the core network entity, the apparatus is the core network entity. In examples, the core network entity is a session management function. According to an aspect, there is provided a method comprising: receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule; mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to a protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule, wherein the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter is associated with the quality of service flow; and causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow. In an example, the method comprises: receiving, from a core network entity, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and the at least one quality of service rule In an example, the method comprises: mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that does not belong to the protocol data unit set to a second quality of service flow; and causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that does not belong to the protocol data unit set on the second quality of service flow. In an example, the protocol data unit set quality of service parameters are applicable to a group of protocol data units that form the protocol data unit set. In an example, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter comprises at least one of the following: a protocol data unit set error rate, a protocol data unit set delay budget, or a protocol data unit set integrated handling indicator. In an example, the method is performed by a user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided a method comprising: receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter; and providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule. In an example, the receiving comprises: receiving a policy and charging control rule comprising the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter. In an example, the method comprises: determining a quality of service flow based on the received at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter, wherein the at least one quality of service rule provided to the user equipment is associated with the quality of service flow. In examples, the method is performed by a core network entity. In examples, the core network entity is a session management function. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform: receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule; mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to a protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule, wherein the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter is associated with the quality of service flow; and causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow. In an example, the apparatus is caused to perform: receiving, from a core network entity, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and the at least one quality of service rule In an example, the apparatus is caused to perform: mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that does not belong to the protocol data unit set to a second quality of service flow; and causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that does not belong to the protocol data unit set on the second quality of service flow. In an example, the protocol data unit set quality of service parameters are applicable to a group of protocol data units that form the protocol data unit set. In an example, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter comprises at least one of the following: a protocol data unit set error rate, a protocol data unit set delay budget, or a protocol data unit set integrated handling indicator. In an example, one of: the apparatus is for a user equipment, the apparatus is comprised in the user equipment, the apparatus is the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform: receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter; and providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule. In an example, the receiving comprises: receiving a policy and charging control rule comprising the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter. In an example, the apparatus is caused to perform: determining a quality of service flow based on the received at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter, wherein the at least one quality of service rule provided to the user equipment is associated with the quality of service flow. In examples, one of: the apparatus is for a core network entity, the apparatus is comprised in the core network entity, the apparatus is the core network entity. In examples, the core network entity is a session management function. According to an aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule; mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to a protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule, wherein the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter is associated with the quality of service flow; and causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow. According to an aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter; and providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: circuitry configured to perform: receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule; circuitry configured to perform: mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to a protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule, wherein the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter is associated with the quality of service flow; and circuitry configured to perform: causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: circuitry configured to perform: receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter; and circuitry configured to perform providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: means configured to perform: receiving at least one protocol data unit with information related to a protocol data unit set; determining, based on the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set, at least one quality of service rule for uplink protocol data unit set quality of service. In an example, the means are further configured to perform: determining that at least one uplink protocol data unit to be transmitted belongs to a protocol data unit set; mapping the at least one uplink protocol data unit belonging to the protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule; and causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit belonging to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using protocol data unit set quality of service. In an example, the means are further configured to perform: providing, to a core network entity, an indication of support for protocol data unit set reflective quality of service. In an example, the information related to the protocol data unit set identifies the at least one protocol data unit as belonging to the protocol data unit set. In an example, one of: the apparatus is for a user equipment, the apparatus is comprised in the user equipment, the apparatus is the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: means configured to perform: inserting information related to a protocol data unit set into at least one protocol data unit; and providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set. In an example, one of: the apparatus is for a network entity, the apparatus is comprised in the network entity, the apparatus is the network entity. According to an aspect, there is provided a method comprising: receiving at least one protocol data unit with information related to a protocol data unit set; determining, based on the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set, at least one quality of service rule for uplink protocol data unit set quality of service. In an example, the method comprises: determining that at least one uplink protocol data unit to be transmitted belongs to a protocol data unit set; mapping the at least one uplink protocol data unit belonging to the protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule; and causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit belonging to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using protocol data unit set quality of service. In an example, the method comprises: providing, to a core network entity, an indication of support for protocol data unit set reflective quality of service. In an example, the information related to the protocol data unit set identifies the at least one protocol data unit as belonging to the protocol data unit set. In an example, the method is performed by a user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided a method comprising: inserting information related to a protocol data unit set into at least one protocol data unit; and providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set. In an example, the method is performed by a network entity. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform: receiving at least one protocol data unit with information related to a protocol data unit set; determining, based on the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set, at least one quality of service rule for uplink protocol data unit set quality of service. In an example, the apparatus is caused to perform: determining that at least one uplink protocol data unit to be transmitted belongs to a protocol data unit set; mapping the at least one uplink protocol data unit belonging to the protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule; and causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit belonging to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using protocol data unit set quality of service. In an example, the apparatus is caused to perform: providing, to a core network entity, an indication of support for protocol data unit set reflective quality of service. In an example, the information related to the protocol data unit set identifies the at least one protocol data unit as belonging to the protocol data unit set. In an example, one of: the apparatus is for a user equipment, the apparatus is comprised in the user equipment, the apparatus is the user equipment. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to perform: inserting information related to a protocol data unit set into at least one protocol data unit; and providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set. In an example, one of: the apparatus is for a network entity, the apparatus is comprised in the network entity, the apparatus is the network entity. According to an aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: receiving at least one protocol data unit with information related to a protocol data unit set; determining, based on the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set, at least one quality of service rule for uplink protocol data unit set quality of service. According to an aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following: inserting information related to a protocol data unit set into at least one protocol data unit; and providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: circuitry configured to perform: receiving at least one protocol data unit with information related to a protocol data unit set; and circuitry configured to perform: determining, based on the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set, at least one quality of service rule for uplink protocol data unit set quality of service. According to an aspect, there is provided an apparatus comprising: circuitry configured to perform: inserting information related to a protocol data unit set into at least one protocol data unit; and circuitry configured to perform: providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set. A computer product stored on a medium may cause an apparatus to perform the methods as described herein. A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions, that, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform the methods as described herein. An electronic device may comprise apparatus as described herein. In the above, various aspects have been described. It should be appreciated that further aspects may be provided by the combination of any two or more of the various aspects described above. Various other aspects and further embodiments are also described in the following detailed description and in the attached claims. According to some aspects, there is provided the subject matter of the independent claims. Some further aspects are defined in the dependent claims. The embodiments that do not fall under the scope of the claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding the disclosure. List of abbreviations: AF:         Application Function AMF:       Access and Mobility Management Function AN:        Access Network BS:         Base Station CN:        Core Network DL:         Downlink eNB:      eNodeB gNB:      gNodeB GPRS:      General packet radio service GTP:       GPRS tunnelling protocol HoT:         Industrial Internet of Things LTE:        Long Term Evolution NEF:       Network Exposure Function NG-RAN: Next Generation Radio Access Network NF:         Network Function NR:        New Radio NRF:       Network Repository Function NW:       Network MS:         Mobile Station PCC:        Policy and charging control PCF        Policy Control Function PDU:        Protocol data unit PER: Packet error rate PSIHI: PDU set integrated handling indicator PSDB: PDU set delay budget PSER: PDU set error rate PLMN: Public Land Mobile Network QoS: Quality of service RAN: Radio Access Network RTCP: Real time control protocol RTP: Real time protocol RF: Radio Frequency SMF: Session Management Function UE: User Equipment UDR: Unified Data Repository UDM: Unified Data Management UL: Uplink UPF: User Plane Function XR: Extended reality 3GPP: 3rd Generation Partnership Project 5G: 5th Generation 5GC: 5G Core network 5G-AN: 5G Radio Access Network 5GS: 5G System Description of Figures Embodiments will now be described, by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying Figures in which: Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a 5G system; Figure 2 shows a schematic representation of a control apparatus; Figure 3 shows a schematic representation of a terminal; Figure 4 shows a schematic representation of a 5GS architecture for PDU set handling for extended reality; Figure 5 shows an example signalling diagram between a user equipment and network entities for PDU set QoS handling; Figure 6 shows an example signalling diagram between a user equipment and network entities for reflective QoS PDU set QoS handling; Figure 7 shows an example method flow diagram performed by an apparatus; Figure 8 shows an example method flow diagram performed by an apparatus; Figure 9 shows an example method flow diagram performed by an apparatus; Figure 10 shows an example method flow diagram performed by an apparatus; and Figure 11 shows a schematic representation of a non-volatile memory medium storing instructions which when executed by a processor allow a processor to perform one or more of the steps of the method of any of Figures 7 to 10. Detailed description Before explaining in detail some examples of the present disclosure, certain general principles of a wireless communication system and mobile communication devices are briefly explained with reference to Figures 1 to 3 to assist in understanding the technology underlying the described examples. In a wireless communication system 100, such as that shown in Figure 1, communication devices / terminals or user apparatuses, and / or user equipments (UE), and / or machine-type communication devices 102 (all such terms used interchangeably herein) are provided wireless access via at least one base station (not shown) or similar wireless transmitting and / or receiving node or point. A communication device is provided with an appropriate signal receiving and transmitting apparatus for enabling communications, for example enabling access to a communication network or communications directly with other devices. The communication device may access a carrier provided by a station or access point, and transmit and / or receive communications on the carrier. In the following, certain examples are explained with reference to mobile communication devices capable of communication via a wireless communication system and mobile communication systems serving such mobile communication devices. Before explaining in detail the examples of the disclosure, certain general principles of a mobile communication system, access systems thereof, and mobile communication devices are briefly explained with reference to Figures 1, 2 and 3 to assist in understanding the technology underlying the described examples. Figure 1 shows a schematic representation of a wireless communication system 100. The wireless communication system 100 comprises one more devices 102 such as user equipments (UEs), or terminals. The wireless communication system 100 also comprises a 5G system (5GS), as shown in Figure. The 5GS comprises a 5G radio access network (5G-RAN) 106, a 5G core network (5GC) 104 comprising one or more network functions (NF), one or more application functions (AFs) 108, and one or more data networks (DNs) 110. The 5G-RAN 106 may comprise one or more gNodeB (gNB) distributed unit (DU) functions connected to one or more gNodeB (gNB) centralized unit (CU) functions. The 5GC 104 comprises an access management function (AMF) 112, a session management function (SMF) 114, an authentication server function (AUSF) 116, a user data management (UDM) 118, a user plane function (UPF) 120, a network exposure function (NEF) 122 and / or other NFs. Some of the examples as shown below may be applicable to 3GPP 5G standards. However, some examples may also be applicable to 5G-advanced, 4G, 3G and other 3GPP standards. In a wireless communication system 100, such as that shown in Figure 1, mobile communication devices / terminals or user apparatuses, and / or user equipments (UE), and / or machine-type communication devices are provided with wireless access via at least one base station or similar wireless transmitting and / or receiving node or point. The terminal is provided with an appropriate signal receiving and transmitting apparatus for enabling communications, for example enabling access to a communication network or communications directly with other devices. The communication device may access a carrier provided by a base station or access point, and transmit and / or receive communications on the carrier. Figure 2 illustrates an example of a control apparatus 200. The control apparatus 200 may be for controlling a function of one or more network entities / network functions, such as the entities of the 5G-RAN or the 5GC as illustrated on Figure 1. The control apparatus 200 comprises at least one random access memory (RAM) 211a, at least one read only memory (ROM) 211b, at least one processor 212, 213 and an input / output interface 214. The at least one processor 212, 213 is coupled to the RAM 211a and the ROM 211b. The at least one processor 212, 213 may be configured to execute an appropriate software code 215. The software code 215 may for example allow to perform one or more steps to perform one or more of the present aspects or examples. The software code 215 may be stored in the ROM 211b. The control apparatus 200 may be interconnected with another control apparatus 200 controlling another entity / function of the 5G-AN or the 5GC. In some examples, each function of the 5G-AN or the 5GC comprises a control apparatus 200. In alternative examples, two or more functions of the 5G-AN or the 5GC may share a control apparatus. The control apparatus 200 may comprise one or more circuits, or circuitry (not shown) which may be configured to perform one or more of the present aspects or examples. Figure 3 illustrates an example of a terminal 300, such as the terminal illustrated in Figure 1. The terminal 300 may be provided by any device capable of sending and receiving radio signals and may alternatively be referred to as aa user equipment, a mobile station (MS) or mobile device such as a mobile phone or what is known as a ’smart phone’, a computer provided with a wireless interface card or other wireless interface facility (e.g., USB dongle), a personal data assistant (PDA) or a tablet provided with wireless communication capabilities, a machine-type communications (MTC) device, a Cellular Internet of things (CloT) device or any combinations of these or the like. Use of any such terminology for a terminal, for example use of the term ‘user equipment’ is meant to refer to any and all of the above enumerated alternative expressions. The terminal 300 may provide, for example, communication of data for carrying communications. The communications may be one or more of voice, electronic mail (email), text message, multimedia, data, machine data and so on. The terminal 300 may receive signals over an air or radio interface 307 via appropriate apparatus for receiving and may transmit signals via appropriate apparatus for transmitting radio signals. In Figure 3, a transceiver apparatus is designated schematically by block 306. The transceiver apparatus 306 may be provided for example by means of a radio part and associated antenna arrangement. The antenna arrangement may be arranged internally or externally to the mobile device. The terminal 300 may be provided with at least one processor 301, at least one memory ROM 302a, at least one RAM 302b and other possible components 303 for use in software and hardware aided execution of tasks it is designed to perform, including control of access to and communications with access systems and other communication devices. The at least one processor 301 is coupled to the RAM 302b and the ROM 302a. The at least one processor 301 may be configured to execute an appropriate software code 308. The software code 308 may for example allow to perform one or more of the present aspects. The software code 308 may be stored in the ROM 302a. The terminal 300 may comprise one or more circuits, or circuitry (not shown) which may be configured to perform one or more of the present aspects or examples. The processor, storage and other relevant control apparatus may be provided on an appropriate circuit board and / or in chipsets. This feature is denoted by reference 304. The device may optionally have a user interface such as keypad 305, touch sensitive screen or pad, combinations thereof or the like. Optionally one or more of a display, a speaker and a microphone may be provided depending on the type of the device. To support extended Reality (XR) in 3GPP networks, there has been studies for mechanisms for integrated and differentiated protocol data unit (PDU) set handling (e.g. as described in TS23.700-60, Key issues 4 and 5). Normative work to standardize PDU Set handling is currently being investigated (e.g. as documented in 3GPP TS23.501, TS23.502 and TS23.503. A PDU set comprises at least one PDU. Each PDU in the PDU set carrying the payload of one unit of information generated at the application level. In some examples, a PDU set comprises a group of PDUs. For example, a unit of information may be a video frame or video slice for XR services. In 5G, a PDU session is used to provide end-to-end user plane connectivity between the UE and a specific data network (DN) through a UPF. A PDU session supports one or more QoS flows and there is a one-to-one mapping between QoS flow and QoS profile. A QoS flow is associated with QoS requirements as specified by QoS parameters and QoS characteristics. A PDU set QoS contains parameters which are defined as in, for example, TS23.501 v. 18.1.0 section 5.7. PDU set QoS parameters are used to support PDU set based QoS handling in the NG-RAN. A QoS flow may be enabled with PDU set based QoS handling (e.g. as described in TS23.501 vs 18.1.0 clause 5.37.5). For such QoS flows, PDU set QoS Parameters (e.g. see TS 23.501 vs 18.1.0 clause 5.7.7) are determined by a PCF and provided by a SMF to an NG-RAN, as part of a QoS profile. PDU set QoS parameters are the QoS parameters applicable to a group of PDUs associated with / comprised in a PDU set. For downlink XR traffic, it has been agreed in 3GPP to support the detection of PDU sets by a PDU session anchor (PSA) UPF and subsequent marking by a UPF of downlink GPRS tunnelling protocol user plane (GTP-ll) packets are sent to the NG-RAN. Integrated and differentiated handling is performed in the NG-RAN according to ‘new’ QoS parameters that are applicable to the group of PDlls that form a PDU Set. These parameters are PDU Set Error Rate (PSER), PDU Set Delay Budget (PSDB) and a PDU Set Integrated Handling Indicator (PSIHI). The PSIHI indicates whether all PDUs in a PDU set are needed by the application for it to process the application layer information at all. An AF may send a request to an NEF / PCF providing values for the PDU set QoS parameters and protocol description information indicating the application protocol, header (e.g., real-time protocol (RTP)Zsecure real-time transport protocol (SRTP)) and payload type (e.g. H.264) used by the service data flow sent on the downlink to the UPF. RTP is used to transport audio, video, and media traffic in realtime. The RTP header is used end to end (e.g. application client to application server). GTP-U is a tunnelling protocol used within 3GPP networks (e.g. 5G networks). The GTP-U header is used for transporting data within the core network, between the CN and RAN, and within the RAN. This information may be in addition to the internet protocol (IP) and transport (e.g. UDP or TCP) layer service data flow identification information and quality of service (QoS) requirements. Example QoS requirements include a maximum or guaranteed bitrate, requested by the AF. If a PCF authorizes the AF request, the PCF incorporates the AF information in a policy and charging control (PCC) rule to be sent to the SMF. Alternatively, the PDU set QoS parameters and protocol description may be statically configured in the 5GS. An SMF may determine a QoS Flow for XR traffic service data flow, and then send the ‘new’ PDU set QoS parameters to the RAN and the protocol description information to the PSA UPF. The PSA UPF uses the protocol description information and implementation specific rules to detect the real-time protocol (RTP)Zsecure realtime transport protocol (SRTP) header and payload of downlink PDUs. Following this, the PSA UPF determines PDU sets and extracts PDU set information. Alternatively, PSA UPF implementation specific procedures can be used for identifying PDU sets even if the UPF does not receive specific protocol description information (e.g., for proprietary application protocols other than RTP). The overall process for the networkside of the mechanism is shown in Figure 4. Another relevant concept of 5G communications is reflective QoS. In reflective QoS, QoS is applied in the downlink, and then a UE will reply using the same QoS in the uplink. The UE determines the QoS applied on the downlink traffic, and applies the same to the uplink traffic. 5G systems support the following three PDU session types to cover different potential use cases, which include: IP PDU session (e.g. IPv4 PDU Session, IPv6 PDU Session, Dual-Stack IPv4v6), ethernet PDU session, and unstructured PDU session. Reflective QoS enables the UE to map UL user plane traffic to QoS flows without SMF provided QoS rules and the UE applies for IP PDU Session and Ethernet PDU Session. This is achieved by creating UE derived QoS rules, in the UE, based on the received DL traffic. It is possible to apply reflective QoS and non-reflective QoS concurrently within the same PDU session. Reflective QoS is enabled on a per-packet basis, and is indicated by the UPF setting a reflective QoS indication (RQI) bit in the encapsulation header next to the QoS flow identifier (QFI). This is set in the GTP header, as an extension header, used on the N3 and N9 reference points. Figure 4 shows a schematic representation of a 5GS architecture for PDU set handling for extended reality. Similar to Figure 1, there is provided a UE 402, an NG-RAN 404, an SMF 414, a UPF 420, an AF 408, and a PCF 430. The AF 408 provides PDU set QoS parameters and protocol description information to the PCF 430. The AF 408 also provides RTP / SRTP PDU header and payload information to the UPF 420. PDU set QoS parameters are QoS attributes / parameters that are applied (or are applicable) to PDUs that belong to a PDU set. The PCF 430 provides a PCC rule to the SMF 414. The PCC rule comprises the information received from the AF 408. The SMF 414 provides PDU set information, marking information and protocol description information to the UPF 420. The SMF 414 provides a QoS profile with PDU set QoS parameters to the NG RAN 406. The UPF 420 provides a GTP-U header with PDU set information to the NG RAN 406. Using the received information, the NG RAN 406 is able to determine PDU set integrated and differentiated handling. ‘PDU set information’ sent to the NG-RAN 406 in the GTP-U header comprises at least one of the following: PDU Set Sequence Number, indication of end PDU of the PDU set, PDU sequence number within a PDU set, PDU set size in bytes, PDU set importance which identifies the relative importance of a PDU set compared to other PDU set(s) within a QoS flow. ‘PDU set importance’ is a GTP-U parameter provided by the UPF that differentiates PDU sets according to the type of application / media layer payload / attributes represented. For example, a different importance value may be given to an PDU carrying an l-frame versus a P-frame. The NG-RAN may use the PDU set importance within a QoS flow for PDU set level packet discarding in presence of congestion. In some systems, PDU set based QoS is supported on the downlink. An SMF instructs a PSA UPF to perform PDU set marking and may provide, to the PSA UPF, protocol description information indicating the header, extension header (e.g., RTP / SRTP) and payload type (e.g. H.264) used by the service data flow. The protocol description may be received in the PCC rule, based on information provided by the AF or by PCF local policies (as seen in Figure 4). In this way, PDU set based QoS for both the uplink and the downlink are enforced by the RAN. As show in Figure 4, PDU Set QoS parameters are sent to the NG-RAN in the QoS Profile. This restricts the enforcement of uplink PDU Set QoS to the lower layers in the RAN (e.g. MAC layer) where scheduling may be adjusted according to the delay being incurred by a PDU Set based on information provided by the UE (e.g. in buffer status reports (BSR)). As the enforcement of PDU sets is performed on the network-side, this does not allow the UE to autonomously enforce PDU Set QoS. For example, by discarding PDU sets determined to have lower PDU set importance at times of congestion. One or more of the following examples aims to address one or more of the problems identified above. In examples, there is provided an apparatus (e.g. a user equipment) which is configured for receiving, from a core network entity (e.g. an SMF), information comprising at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter, and at least one quality of service rule. The apparatus then uses the information to map protocol data units that belong to a protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow, and cause a transmission of uplink protocol data units on the quality of service flow using protocol data unit set quality of service. In some examples, there is the enablement of PDU set QoS enforcement in the UE for uplink traffic. In some examples, PDU set QoS parameters are provided with QoS rules, sent by a 5GS, to a UE. When an SMF sets up a QoS flow for PDU set QoS, the SMF includes, in QoS rules, PDU set QoS parameters. The PDU set QoS parameters being sent to the SMF in PCC rules provided by a PCF. The PCF may receive those PDU set QoS parameters from an AF, or they may be locally configured in the PCF. This allows a UE to enforce PDU set QoS (e.g. PSER, PSDB and PSIHI) without real-time scheduling interactions with the RAN. For example, a UE may use a PSER when performing PDU set discard, based on PDU set importance, to ensure that PDU set discarding does not result in a PDU set error rate that exceeds the PSER. In some examples, reflective PDU set QoS is utilised by a UE. When enabled by the 5GS, PDUs are mapped to a QoS Flow (without receiving specific rules from the SMF) based on the reception of downlink PDUs at a UE, for which PDU set QoS processing has been performed. This includes the following cases. In a first example, when two QoS flows are used for application traffic on the downlink, there is a first QoS flow for PDUs that belong to a PDU set and a second QoS flow for PDUs that do not belong to a PDU set. A UE performing UL PDU set processing performs a corresponding mapping for UL PDUs. The UE maps UL PDUs that belong to a PDU set to the same QoS flow (e.g. the first QoS flow) used for downlink PDUs that belong to a PDU set. The UE also maps UL PDUs that do not belong to a PDU set to the same QoS flow (e.g. the second QoS flow) used for downlink PDUs that do not belong to a PDU set. In a second example, when two QoS flows are used for application traffic on the downlink, one QoS flow for PDUs that belong to a PDU set and a second QoS flow for PDUs that do not belong to a PDU Set, a UE that is not performing UL PDU set processing, maps all UL PDUs to the QoS flow used for downlink PDUs that do not belong to a PDU set (e.g. the second QoS flow). In a third example, when one QoS flow is used on the DL for both PDUs that belong to a PDU set and for PDUs that do not belong to a PDU set, a UE performing UL PDU set processing performs a corresponding mapping of UL PDUs to the same QoS flow. To allow a UE to perform reflective PDU set QoS processing (as described above), the PDU set information received at the RAN is mapped to fields in the service data adaptation protocol (SDAP), packet data convergence protocol (PDCP), or radio link control (RLC) layer header, and is sent to the UE by the RAN. Figure 5 shows an example signalling diagram between a user equipment and network entities for PDU set QoS handling. At S501, an AF provides a request message with PDU set QoS parameters to an NEF. The request message is for QoS, wherein the request comprises the PDU set QoS parameters. The message may be an ‘Nnef_AFsession_WithQoS_Create’, or any other suitable message. The PDU set QoS parameters comprises at least one of the following: i) protocol data unit set error rate, ii) protocol data unit set delay budget, iii) protocol data unit set integrated handling indicator. The AF may determine and provide the PDU set QoS parameter values (i.e. values for PSER, PSDB, PSIHI) based on requirements of the respective application. In some examples, the PDU set QoS parameters comprises a (single) PDU set QoS parameters. In other examples, the PDU set QoS parameters comprises a plurality of the PDU set QoS parameters. At S502, the NEF receives the request message and determines to accept the request. The NEF then determines a PCF. The NEF provides a message with the PDU set QoS parameters to the PCF. The message may be an ‘Npcf_PolicyAuthorization_Create’, or any other suitable message. At S503, the PCF authorizes the request and triggers a PDU session modification. The PCF provides a message with the PDU set QoS parameters to an SMF. The message may be an ‘Npcf_SMPolicyControl’, or any other suitable message. The message may comprise a PCC rule. At S504, the SMF determines at least one QoS flow. The SMF retrieves QoS information received in the PCC rule and determines whether an existing QoS flow could be used (e.g. a QoS flow that matches the QoS parameters in the PCC rule). If a suitable QoS flow is not available, then the SMF will configure a new / further QoS flow. The SMF provides information comprising the PDU set QoS parameters to a UE by sending a message to the UE via the AMF and RAN. The information also comprises at least one QoS rule. The at least one QoS rule is associated with the at the least one QoS flow determined by the SMF. The information may be comprised in a message, such as a non-access stratum (NAS) message. For example, the PDU set QoS parameters may be provided with QoS rules N1 container. In other examples, any other suitable message type is used. S503 and S504 together form a PDU session modification. At S505, the UE uses the received information to map PDUs that belong to a PDU set to a QoS flow in order to provide PDU Set QoS. The UE may map an UL PDU that belongs to a PDU set to a QoS flow based on the at least one QoS rule, wherein the PDU set QoS parameter is associated with the QoS flow. The UE may also use the received information to map PDUs that do not belong to a PDU set to a further QoS flow. In some examples, the QoS flow and the further QoS flow are different. In other examples, the QoS flow and the further QoS flow are the same. In this way, the UE is performing UL PDU set processing using the QoS Rules (which are associated with the PDU set QoS parameters) to map QoS flows. Said another way, the UE uses the PDU set QoS parameters and QoS rules to determine PDU set QoS handling in order to map: i) PDUs that belong to PDU Sets, and ii) PDUs that do not belong to PDU sets, to one or more QoS flows and apply PDU set QoS. At S506, PDUs are provided on the QoS flow for PDUs belonging to the PDU set. In this way, for uplink, the UE causes a transmission of PDUs belonging to the PUD set to the network on the QoS flow using the PDU set QoS parameter associated with the QoS flow. At S507, PDUs are provided on the further QoS flow for PDUs not belonging to the PDU set. In this way, for uplink, the UE causes a transmission of PDUs not belonging to the PDU set to the network on the further QoS flow. The PDUs may be transmitted towards a UPF. In some examples, the QoS flow and the further QoS flow are different. For example, the QoS flow may apply PDU set QoS, while the further QoS flow may apply QoS without PDU set QoS enhancements. Figure 6 shows an example signalling diagram between a user equipment and network entities for reflective QoS PDU set QoS handling. At S600, a UE indicates to the network (e.g. an AMF / SMF) support for reflective QoS and support for reflective PDU set QoS. The UE may provide the indication of support at PDU session establishment. The indication of support for PDU set reflective QoS is an ability to perform the following operations at the UE. It is an ability for determining a QoS rule for uplink protocol data unit set quality of service based on one or more PDUs received in the downlink that include information related to a PDU set. At S601, an AF provides a request message with PDU set QoS parameters to an NEF. The request message is for QoS, wherein the request comprises the PDU set QoS parameters. The message may be an ‘Nnef_AFsession_WithQoS_Create’, or any other suitable message. The PDU set QoS parameters comprises at least one of the following: i) protocol data unit set error rate, ii) protocol data unit set delay budget, iii) protocol data unit set integrated handling indicator. In some examples, the PDU set QoS parameters comprises a (single) PDU set QoS parameters. In other examples, the PDU set QoS parameters comprises a plurality of the PDU set QoS parameters. The NEF receives the request message and determines to accept the request. The NEF then determines a PCF. The NEF provides a message with the PDU set QoS parameters to the PCF. The message may be an ‘Npcf_PolicyAuthorization_Create’, or any other suitable message. At S602, the PCF authorizes the request and triggers a PDU session modification. The PCF provides a message with the PDU set QoS parameters to an SMF. The message may be an ‘Npcf_SMPolicyControl’, or any other suitable message. The message may comprise a PCC rule. At S603, the SMF determines at least one QoS flow. The SMF provides a Session Management (SM) container to a UE allocating resources for the at least one QoS flow. The container is sent to the UE via the AMF and RAN. At S604, the SMF provides a QoS profile to a RAN and indicates that the UE supports reflective PDU set QoS. At S605, the SMF provides, to a UPF, at least one of the following: packet detection rules, forwarding action rules, QoS enforcement rules, for mapping DL PDUs to QoS flows used for PDU set QoS. The SMF may also provide protocol information associated with an XR media flow. It should be understood that the XR media flow is an example only. In other examples, any suitable flow may replace the XR media flow. At S606, downlink (DL) PDUs are received from an XR application server. At S607, the UPF determines PDU sets and maps the DL PDUs to the at least one QoS flow. This may comprise the UPF mapping the DL PDUs to QoS flows used for PDU set QoS. At S608, the UPF provides the PDUs to the RAN. This may include PDUs that belong to a PDU Set. The PDUs may provide PDU set information to the RAN via GTP-U header extension fields. In this way, DL XR media is provided to the RAN on the at least one QoS flow, wherein the RAN is aware of the PDU set information of the PDU. At S609, when reflective QoS is used, the RAN inserts PDU set information in a header of each PDU. The header may be, for example, the SDAP, PDCP or RLC header. For example, the RAN may provide an ID, indicating that the PDU belongs to a PDU set, so that the UE will know to map corresponding UL packets to the same QoS flow (e.g. the PDlls of the same PDU set will be mapped to the same QoS flow). In another example, a flag is sent, from the RAN to the UE, indicating that the PDU belongs to a PDU set (and hence the QoS flow is to be used for PDU sets). In another example, the RAN provides the PDU set information that the RAN receives from the UPF, via a GTP-U header, indicating properties of the PDU set. At S610, the PDU (or PDUs) with the PDU set information in the header is provided to a UE. The PDU set information in the header may, in some examples, be the same as the PDU set information provided by the UPF to the RAN in the GTP-U header (see S607). In other examples, the PDU set information is different to the PDU set information provided by the UPF to the RAN. At S611, the UE determines on which QoS flow the DL PDU(s) are received on. Based on i) the QoS flow on which the DL PDU set PDUs are received, and ii) the header information, the UE determines QoS rules for mapping UL PDU set PDUs. At S612, UL XR media is received at the UE. In other examples, the UL XR media is generated at the UE. At S613, the UE determines PDU sets for the UL XR media PDUs and maps the PDUs to at least one QoS flow based on the QoS rules determined S611. At S614, the UE causes a transmission of UL PDUs on QoS flows supporting PDU set QoS, to the network. For example, the UL PDUs may be transmitted to the UPF. In some examples, some of the signalling performed in Figure 5 and some of the signalling of Figure 6 may be performed in combination. Furthermore, one or more of the steps of Figure 5 and / or Figure 6 may be performed in a different order or may not be performed. One or more of the examples above have the advantage of enabling PDU set QoS enforcement in the UE for uplink traffic. This allows the UE to enforce PDU Set QoS (e.g. PSER, PSDB and / or PSIHI) without real-time scheduling interactions with the RAN. The UE is able to autonomously enforce PDU set QoS by, for example, discarding PDU sets that the UE determines to have a ‘lower’ PDU set importance at times of congestion, without a local configuration of PDU set QoS in the UE. In that example, by discarding certain PDU sets, delays and latency in the system are reduced. Furthermore, reflective QoS for reflective PDU set QoS is enabled at the UE for uplink. Thus, reflective PDU set QoS has the advantage of reduced signalling between the UE and the network for QoS configurations. Figure 7 shows an example method flow performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may be for a UE. The apparatus may be comprised in a UE. The apparatus may be a UE. In other examples, a terminal is provided instead of the UE, or another mobile device. In S701, the method comprises receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule. In S703, the method comprises mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to a protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule, wherein the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter is associated with the quality of service flow. In S705, the method comprises causing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow. Figure 8 shows an example method flow performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may be for a core network entity. The apparatus may be comprised in a core network entity. The apparatus may be a core network entity. The core network entity may be a network function, such as a session management function. In S801, the method comprises receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter. In S803, the method comprises providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule. Figure 9 shows an example method flow performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may be for a UE. The apparatus may be comprised in a UE. The apparatus may be a UE. In other examples, a terminal is provided instead of the UE, or another mobile device. In S901, the method comprises receiving at least one protocol data unit with information related to a protocol data unit set. In S903, the method comprises determining, based on the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set, at least one quality of service rule for uplink protocol data unit set quality of service. Figure 10 shows an example method flow performed by an apparatus. The apparatus may be for a network entity. The apparatus may be comprised in a network entity. The apparatus may be a network entity. The network entity may be a RAN, or RAN entity, in some examples. In S1001, the method comprises inserting information related to a protocol data unit set into at least one protocol data unit. In S1003, the method comprises providing, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set. Figure 11 shows a schematic representation of non-volatile memory media 1100a (e.g. computer disc (CD) or digital versatile disc (DVD)) and 1100b (e.g. universal serial bus (USB) memory stick) storing instructions and / or parameters 1102 which when executed by a processor allow the processor to perform one or more of the steps of the methods of any of Figures 7 to 10. It is noted that while the above describes example embodiments, there are several variations and modifications which may be made to the disclosed solution without departing from the scope of the present invention. The examples may thus vary within the scope of the attached claims. In general, some embodiments may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. For example, some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device, although embodiments are not limited thereto. While various embodiments may be illustrated and described as block diagrams, flow charts, or using some other pictorial representation, it is well understood that these blocks, apparatus, systems, techniques or methods described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof. The examples may be implemented by computer software stored in a memory and executable by at least one data processor of the involved entities or by hardware, or by a combination of software and hardware. Further in this regard it should be noted that any procedures may represent program steps, or interconnected logic circuits, blocks and functions, or a combination of program steps and logic circuits, blocks and functions. The software may be stored on such physical media as memory chips, or memory blocks implemented within the processor, magnetic media such as hard disk or floppy disks, and optical media such as for example DVD and the data variants thereof, CD. The term “non-transitory”, as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e. tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g. RAM vs ROM). As used herein, “at least one of the following: ” and “at least one of: ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and”, or “or”, mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all of the elements. As used herein, the term “means for”, or “means configured to perform” (or similar) may be any means that are suitable for performing the feature. The “means” may be configured to perform one or more of the functions and / or method steps previously described. For example, the “means” may include one or more of: at least one processor, at least one memory, transceiver circuitry, antenna circuitry, etc. It should be understood that these are provided as non-limiting examples. The memory may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment and may be implemented using any suitable data storage technology, such as semiconductor-based memory devices, magnetic memory devices and systems, optical memory devices and systems, fixed memory and removable memory. The data processors may be of any type suitable to the local technical environment, and may include one or more of general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), gate level circuits and processors based on multi core processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. Alternatively, or additionally some examples may be implemented using circuitry. The circuitry may be configured to perform one or more of the functions and / or method steps previously described. That circuitry may be provided in the base station and / or in the communications device. As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analogue and / or digital circuitry); (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as: (i) a combination of analogue and / or digital hardware circuit(s) with software / firmware and (ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as the communications device or base station to perform the various functions previously described; and (c) hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor(s) or a portion of a microprocessor(s), that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation. This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example integrated device. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in a server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device. The foregoing description has provided by way of exemplary and non-limiting examples a full and informative description of some embodiments. However, various modifications and adaptations may become apparent to those skilled in the relevant arts in view of the foregoing description, when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and the appended claims. However, all such and similar modifications of the teachings will still fall within the scope as defined in the appended claims.

Claims

1. An apparatus comprising:means configured to perform:receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule;mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to a protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule, wherein the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter is associated with the quality of service flow; andcausing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow.

2. The apparatus according to claim 1, wherein the means are further configured to perform:mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that does not belong to the protocol data unit set to a second quality of service flow; andcausing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that does not belong to the protocol data unit set on the second quality of service flow.

3. The apparatus according to claim 1 or claim 2, wherein the protocol data unit set quality of service parameters are applicable to a group of protocol data units that form the protocol data unit set.

4. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter comprises at least one of the following: a protocol data unit set error rate, a protocol data unit set delay budget, or a protocol data unit set integrated handling indicator.

5. The apparatus according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein one of: the apparatus is for a user equipment, the apparatus is comprised in the user equipment, the apparatus is the user equipment.

6. An apparatus comprising:means configured to perform:receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter; andproviding, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule.

7. The apparatus according to claim 6, wherein the means are further configured to perform the receiving the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter viareceiving a policy and charging control rule comprising the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter.

8. The apparatus according to claim 6 or claim 7, wherein the means are further configured to perform:determining a quality of service flow based on the received at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter,wherein the at least one quality of service rule provided to the user equipment is associated with the quality of service flow.

9. A method comprising:receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule;mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to a protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule, wherein the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter is associated with the quality of service flow; andcausing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow.

10. A method comprising:receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter; andproviding, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule.

11. A computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following:receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule;mapping at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to a protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule, wherein the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter is associated with the quality of service flow; andcausing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit that belongs to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow using the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter associated with the quality of service flow.

12. A computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following:receiving, from a core network entity, at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter; andproviding, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit set quality of service parameter and at least one quality of service rule.

13. An apparatus comprising:means configured to perform:receiving at least one protocol data unit with information related to a protocol data unit set;determining, based on the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set, at least one quality of service rule for uplink protocol data unit set quality of service.

14. The apparatus according to claim 13, wherein the means are further configuredto perform:determining that at least one uplink protocol data unit to be transmitted belongs to a protocol data unit set;mapping the at least one uplink protocol data unit belonging to the protocol data unit set to a quality of service flow based on the at least one quality of service rule; andcausing transmission of the at least one uplink protocol data unit belonging to the protocol data unit set on the quality of service flow according to protocol data unit set quality of service.

15. The apparatus according to claim 13 or claim 14, wherein the means are further configured to perform:providing, to a core network entity, an indication of support for protocol data unit set reflective quality of service.

16. The apparatus according to any of claims 13 to 15, wherein the information related to the protocol data unit set identifies the at least one protocol data unit as belonging to the protocol data unit set.

17. An apparatus comprising:means configured to perform:inserting information related to a protocol data unit set into at least one protocol data unit; andproviding, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set.

18. A method comprising:receiving at least one protocol data unit with information related to a protocol data unit set;determining, based on the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set, at least one quality of service rule for uplink protocol data unit set quality of service.

19. A method comprising:inserting information related to a protocol data unit set into at least one protocol data unit; andproviding, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set.

20. A computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an 5 apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following:receiving at least one protocol data unit with information related to a protocol data unit set;determining, based on the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set, at least one quality of service rule for uplink io protocol data unit set quality of service.

21. A computer program comprising instructions, which when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus to perform at least the following:inserting information related to a protocol data unit set into at least one protocol 15 data unit; andproviding, to a user equipment, the at least one protocol data unit with the information related to the protocol data unit set.

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