Handling of enhanced error vector magnitude and adjacent channel leakage power ratio

Abstract

A network node, such as a gNB, determines an adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR) requirement relaxation for a UE and transmits, to the UE, first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation

Description

FIELD

[0001] Various examples of this disclosure relate to a method, apparatus, system and computer program and in particular but not exclusively to an artificial intelligence enhanced communication system. BACKGROUND

[0002] A communication network can be seen as a facility that enables communications between two or more communication devices or provides communication devices access to a data network. A mobile or wireless communication network is one example of a communication network. A communication device may be provided with a service by an application server.

[0003] Such communication networks operate in accordance with standards, such as those provided by 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) or ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute). Examples of standards provided by 3GPP are the so-called 3GPP standards for cellular technology generations, such as 3GPP standards for 3G technology, 4G technology, 5G technology, 6G technology, and forwards. SUMMARY

[0004] According to some aspects, there is provided the subject-matter of the independent claims. Some embodiments are defined in the dependent claims. The scope of protection sought for various embodiments of the invention is set out by the independent claims. The embodiments, examples and features, if any, described in this specification that do not fall under the scope of the independent claims are to be interpreted as examples useful for understanding various embodiments of the invention.

[0005] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: receive from a network node a first information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and transmit, to the network node, at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received first information.

[0006] According to a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus comprising at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus to: determine a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment; and transmit, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[0007] According to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method comprising receiving, from a network node, a first information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and transmitting, to the network node, at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received first information.

[0008] According to a fourth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method, comprising means for determining a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment; and transmitting, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[0009] According to a fifth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for receiving, from a network node, a first information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and means for transmitting, to the network node, at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received first information.

[0010] According to a sixth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus comprising means for determining a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment; and means for transmitting, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[0011] According to a seventh aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon a set of computer readable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause an apparatus to receive from a network node a first information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and transmit, to the network node, at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received first information.

[0012] According to eighth aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon a set of computer readable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause an apparatus to determine a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment; and transmit, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0013] Some examples will now be described, by way of non-limiting and illustrative example only, with reference to the accompanying FIGURES in which:

[0014] FIGURE 1 illustrates an example of end-to-end learned communication link in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention;

[0015] FIGURE 2 illustrates an example of a communication system in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention;

[0016] FIGURE 3 illustrates an example apparatus capable of supporting at least some embodiments of the present invention;

[0017] FIGURE 4 illustrates a signaling of a method in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention;

[0018] FIGURE 5 illustrates a flow graph in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention;

[0019] FIGURE 6 illustrates a signaling of a method in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention;

[0020] FIGURE 7 a signaling of a method in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention;

[0021] FIGURE 8 illustrates a flow graph in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention;

[0022] FIGURE 9 illustrates a flow graph in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention;

[0023] FIGURE 10 illustrates a flow graph in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention; and

[0024] FIGURE 11 illustrates a flow graph in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTIONS

[0025] Principles of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.

[0026] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which this disclosure belongs.

[0027] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment,’' “an embodiment,” “an example embodiment,” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether explicitly described or not.

[0028] It shall be understood that although the terms “first,” “second” and the like may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any of and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.

[0029] As used herein, “at least one of the following: ” and “at least one of ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or”, mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.

[0030] As used herein, unless stated explicitly, performing a step “in response to A” does not indicate that the step is performed immediately after “A” occurs and one or more intervening steps may be included.

[0031] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising”, “has”, “having”, “includes” and / or “including”, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.

[0032] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as New Radio (NR), Long Term Evolution (LTE), LTE-Advanced (LTE-A), Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA), High-Speed Packet Access (HSPA), Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G), the second generation (2G), 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G), the fourth generation (4G), 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.

[0033] As used herein, the term “network node” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device or a user equipment accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network node may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP), for example, a node B (NodeB or NB), an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB), an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB), a Remote Radio Unit (RRU), a radio header (RH), a remote radio head (RRH), a relay, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) or non-ground network node such as a satellite network node, a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellite, an aircraft network node, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. In some example embodiments, radio access network (RAN) split architecture comprises a Centralized Unit (CU) and a Distributed Unit (DU) at an IAB donor node. An IAB node comprises a Mobile Terminal (IAB-MT) part that behaves like a UE toward the parent node, and a DU part of an IAB node behaves like a base station toward the next-hop IAB node.

[0034] The term “user equipment” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a user equipment (UE) may also be referred to as a communication device, a terminal device, a Subscriber Station (SS), a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS), or an Access Terminal (AT). The user equipment may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA), portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE), laptop-mounted equipment (LME), USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE), an Internet of Things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD), a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery), an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts), a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. The terminal device may also correspond to a Mobile Termination (MT) part of an IAB node (e.g., a relay node). In the following description, the terms “terminal device”, “communication device”, “terminal”, “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.

[0035] As used herein, the term “resource,” “transmission resource,” “resource block,” “physical resource block” (PRB), “uplink resource,” or “downlink resource” may refer to any resource for performing a communication, for example, a communication between a user equipment and a network node, such as a resource in time domain, a resource in frequency domain, a resource in space domain, a resource in code domain, or any other resource enabling a communication, and the like. In the following, unless explicitly stated, a resource in both frequency domain and time domain will be used as an example of a transmission resource for describing some example embodiments of the present disclosure. It is noted that example embodiments of the present disclosure are equally applicable to other resources in other domains.

[0036] With development of advanced artificial intelligence (AI) and / or machine learning (ML) technologies and their applying for an enhanced wireless communication system, handling of enhanced error vector magnitude (EVM) and adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR) utilizing AI and / or ML technologies becomes necessary.

[0037] Current 3GPP standard specification TS 38.101-1 vl8.5.0, section 6.4.21, specifying EVM technology is copied as below. It helps to understand how EVM is specified in current release of standard specification. TS 38.101-1 EVM 6.4.2.1 Error Vector Magnitude The Error Vector Magnitude is a measure of the difference between the reference -waveform and the measured waveform. This difference is called the error vector. Before calculating the EVM the measured waveform is corrected by the sample timing offset and RFfrequency offset. Then the carrier leakage shall be removed from the measured waveform before calculating the EVM. The measured -waveform is further equalised using the channel estimates subjected to the EVM equaliser spectrum flatness requirement specified in clause 6.4.2.4. For DFT-s-OFDM waveforms, the EVM result is defined after the front-end FFT and IDFT as the square root of the ratio of the mean error vector power to the mean reference power expressed as a %. For CP-OFDM waveforms, the EVM result is defined after the front-end FFT as the square root of the ratio of the mean error vector power to the mean reference power expressed as a %. The basic EVM measurement interval in the time domain is one preamble sequence for the PRACH and one slot for PUCCH and PUSCH in the time domain. The EVM measurement interval is reduced by any symbols that contains an allowable power transient in the measurement interval, as defined in clause 6.3.3. The RMS average of the basic EVM measurements over 10 subframes for the average EVM case, and over 60 subframes for the reference signal EVM case, for the different modulation schemes shall not exceed the values specified in Table 6.4.2.1-1 for the parameters defined in Table 6.4.2.1-2. For EVM evaluation purposes, all 13 PRACH preamble formats and all 5 PUCCHformats are considered to have the same EVMrequirement as QPSK modulated. Table 6.4.2.1-1: Requirements for Error Vector Magnitude Parameter Unit Average EVM Level Pi / 2-BPSK % 30 QPSK % 17.5 16 QAM % 12.5 64 QAM % 8 256 QAM % 3.5 Table 6.4.2.1-2: Parameters for Error Vector Magnitude Parameter Unit Level UE Output Power dBm 3 Table 6.3.1-1 UE Output Power for 256 QAM dBm 3 Table 6.3.1-1 । lOdB Operating conditions Normal conditions

[0038] Current 3GPP standard specification TS 38.101-1 vl8.5.0, section 6.5.2.1 and section 6.5.2.4.1 specifying ACLR technology is copied as below. It helps to understand how ACLR is specified in current release of standard specification. TS 38.101-1 6.5.2.1 General The Out of band emissions are unwanted emissions immediately outside the assigned channel bandwidth resulting from the modulation process and non-linearity in the transmitter but excluding spurious emissions. This out of band emission limit is specified in terms of a spectrum emission mask and an adjacent channel leakage power ratio. To improve measurement accuracy, sensitivity and efficiency, the resolution bandwidth may be smaller than the measurement bandwidth. When the resolution bandwidth is smaller than the measurement bandwidth, the result should be integrated over the measurement bandwidth in order to obtain the equivalent noise bandwidth of the measurement bandwidth. 6.5.2.4.1 NR ACLR NR Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio (NRACLR) is the ratio of the filtered mean power centred on the assigned NR channel frequency to the filtered mean power centred on an adjacent NR channel frequency at nominal channel spacing. The assigned NR channel power and adjacent NR channel power are measured with rectangular filters with measurement bandwidths specified in Table 6.5.2.4.1-1. If the measured adjacent channel power is greater than 50 dBm then the NRACLR shall be higher than the value specified in Table 6.5.2.4.1-2. Table 6.5.2.4.1-1: NRACLR measurement bandwidth Channel bandwidth (MHz) 5,10,15,20,25,30,35,40,45,50 60,70,80,90,100 REF_SCS (kHz) 15 30 NRACLR measurement handwidth (MHz) MB W=REF_SCS*(12*Nrb+1) / 1000 NOTE: “Nrb" in the formula is the maximum transmission bandwidth configuration as defined in Table 5.3.2-1. Table 6.5.2.4.1-2: NRACLR requirement Power class 1 Power class 1.5 Power class 2 Power class 3 NRACLR 37 dB 31 dB 31 dB 30 dB NOTE 1: Void

[0039] FIGURE 1 illustrates an end-to-end learned communication link in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention.

[0040] In an example embodiment, the end-to-end learned communication link utilizes advanced artificial intelligence (AI) and / or machine learning (ML) technologies. Learned constellation function (128) allows wireless link to communicate without additional pilots, or reference signals. For example, asymmetric constellation shape can be used by an AI neural receiver to detect distorted symbols and bits. CNN function (110) may be used to modify slightly oversampled transmit waveform in a manner that reduces out-of-band emissions when fed through a nonlinear power amplifier (PA). Gray blocks of CNN function (110), DeepRx function (126), and Learned constellation function (128) can be trained jointly. DeepRx function (126) may be an artificial intelligence (AI) neural receiver or called machine learning based receiver.

[0041] In an example, after producing a transmit waveform, effects of nonlinear distortion and radio multipath channel are then included in a received signal matrix representing the number of data-carrying subcarriers and the number of OFDM symbols per slot. The received matrix is then turned into a real-valued array and fed to a DeepRx-type receiver for estimating received bits jointly over the whole slot. Zero subcarriers stemming from transmission side oversampling are discarded before DeepRx input. Moreover, since there are no DMRS or pilot symbols in a signal, no raw channel estimate can be calculated and provided. Studies have provided solutions involving a separate optimization of out of band emission and EVM, furthermore involving a slightly nonlinearity in PA for avoiding high out of band emission. However, the known approach only considers a static neural network for mitigating out-of-band emissions. There might be issue for cases with high ACER at UE.

[0042] In an example, adjacent channel leakage ratio (ACLR) is influenced by the third-order harmonics generated by radio frequency (RF) devices. Managing ACLR is crucial for maintaining signal integrity and compliance with regulatory standards. Standard DPD techniques are limited by 3GPP-defined EVM thresholds, which restricts flexibility in handling higher EVM scenarios and optimizing throughput and efficiency. Typically, reducing EVM also reduces ACLR. However, before the PA is fully saturated, clipped signal parts cause significantly more ACLR than EVM.

[0043] Studies have shown that constellation shaping and joint training using a Reinforcement Learning (RL) scheme can alleviate ACLR and Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR) issues while allowing higher EVM. However, the lengthy training process with extensive pilot signals is impractical for UEs constantly moving in and out of gNB cells.

[0044] In an example embodiment, EVM and ACLR are both influenced by nonlinearity of a transmitter's front-end components. In theory, the larger the nonlinearity, the larger the EVM and ACLR. So, one does not influence the other, since they are both caused by the same source. Additionally, EVM is also a measure of distortion caused by radio channel on a receiver side. In an example, advanced channel estimation techniques, such as DeepRX, enable higher modulation orders (like 256QAM) without needing the stringent 3% EVM criteria specified in the current 3GPP standard. In an example, a 3% EVM will not result in a ACLR violation in current 3GPP specifications. In an example, upwards of 17% EVM is allowed in some modulation schemes and the ACLR is still under maximum allowed standard specification.

[0045] Thus, the current 6G development trajectory does not adequately accommodate transceivers that operate with higher EVM thresholds, thus limits potential throughput and efficiency benefits of advanced neural receivers. Standard DPD techniques are constrained by 3GPP-defined EVM limits, hence restricts operational flexibility and efficiency gains in high EVM scenarios.

[0046] This invention addresses RL training process problem by providing a dynamic system that can seamlessly adapt to higher EVM transmissions and ensuring optimal performance and utilization of neural receiver capabilities. In the dynamic system, a signaling procedure is introduced to enable advanced receivers to dynamically determine an EVM target allowed for transmitters, thus mitigate limitations of current DPD techniques.

[0047] In an example embodiment, the gNB is allowed to configure the EVM target for the UE based on real-time EVM calculations from radio channel. This dynamic approach permits the UE to adjust its digital predistortion (DPD) to meet the EVM target for the UE set by the gNB instead of the strict 3GPP value. This is aimed at relaxing the strict requirements for EVM and ACLR when Neural Receivers with strong post-distortion compensation capabilities are used. The term of EVM target allowed for the UE can be exchangeable with the term of EVM allowance, or EVM allowed value, or EVM threshold allowed for the UE, or the maximum EVM level allowed for the UE, or the like.

[0048] In an example, improvements in four aspects are provided by this invention as followings: - Development of Signaling Protocol: A robust signaling protocol is developed to facilitate communication between gNB and UE. This protocol includes messages for reporting to the UE about EVM target allowed for the UE, and with feedback loops for continuous optimization. - DPD Algorithm Enhancement: The DPD algorithm in the UE is enhanced to support dynamic adjustments based on the EVM target set by the gNB for the UE. This may involve integrating AI / ML techniques to improve adaptability and performance. System Integration: The signaling protocol and enhanced DPD algorithm are integrated into existing network infrastructure, ensuring seamless operation with minimal disruptions. - Performance Monitoring: The system continuously monitors performance metrics such as EVM, ACLR, and signal quality. This data is used to refine the DPD algorithm and improve overall system efficiency.

[0049] FIGURE 2 illustrates an example of a communication system in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. This communication system includes base stations 230, 235 in communication with UEs, such as UE 210. Two radio links connect base station 230 with UE 210. The radio links may be bidirectional, comprising an uplink, UL, to convey information from UE 210 toward base station 230, and a downlink, DL, to convey information from the base station 230 toward UE 210. A cellular communication system may comprise hundreds or thousands of base stations, of which only two are illustrated in FIGURE 2 for the sake of clarity of the illustration. The base stations may be distributed in that they comprise a centralized unit, CU, and one or more distributed unit, DU. A base station is an example of a network node.

[0050] Base station 230 is further coupled communicatively with core network node 240, which may comprise, for example, an evolved packet core, EPC, mobility management entity, MME, a home subscriber server, HSS, a unified data repository, UDR, a call session control function, CSCF, or an access and mobility management function, AMF. The core network node 240 may be coupled with further core network nodes, and with a network 250, which may comprise the Internet or a corporate network, for example. The system may communicate with further networks via network 250. Examples of the further core network nodes, which are not illustrated in FIGURE 2 for the sake of clarity, include gateways and subscriber information repositories. Core network nodes may be virtualized in the sense that they may run as software modules on computing substrates, such that more than one virtualized network node may run on a same physical computing substrate. The network may be configured to function in accordance with a suitable cellular standard such as long term evolution, LTE, fifth generation, 5G, which is also known as New Radio, NR, or sixth generation, 6G standards as defined by the 3rd generation partnership project, 3GPP, or onwards generation of standards. To obtain interoperation, UEs attaching to the network are configured to support a same standard as the network.

[0051] Base station 230 controls, in the example of FIGURE 2, beams 230A and 230B, of which UE 210 is in the situation illustrated in FIGURE 2 reachable by both beams 230A and 230B, and base station 235 controls, in the example of FIGURE 2, beams 235A and 23 5B. The number of beams, may be in excess of what is illustrated in FIGURE 2. It is also possible that a base station has a single beam. A mobility event may comprise a switch from one beam to another beam of the same cell, or a switch from one cell to another cell. To support mobility procedures, UEs, including UE 210, are configured to conduct mobility measurements to measure signal strengths of adjacent beams and / or cells, and report results of these measurements to the network, which may then take a decision concerning a mobility event, such as a beam change or a cell switch.

[0052] UEs may be in one of plural different RRC states with respect to the network. In detail, an idle state UE has no RRC connection to the network and is not registered to any particular cell. In a connected state, the UE has an active RRC connection with the network, the cell to which the UE belongs is known and a cell level temporary identity for the device, C-RNTI, is used to identify the UE in the network. In 5G networks, a further inactive state is defined, where the UE has a suspended RRC connection with the network.

[0053] For 6G, the network is expected to cater to a higher connection density, enhanced user experience, higher peak data throughput as well as lower latency. New bands in the 7-15GHz frequency range have been identified for 6G operation. The lower bands of this spectrum range will in all likelihood have similar characteristics as frequency range 1 of NR. As a result, the UEs as well as base stations of 6G are also envisaged to use architectures where transmission beams are associated with wide but directional antenna radiation patterns with high number of transmission beams especially at the network side. Network deployments for 6G are expected to use the same site grid as the existing 5G mid-band deployments as network operators will capitalize on the existing network infrastructure already in place in urban macro sites.

[0054] FIGURE 3 illustrates an example apparatus capable of supporting at least some embodiments of the present invention. Illustrated is device 300, which may comprise, for example, a mobile communication device such as UE 210 of FIGURE 2. In applicable parts, FIGURE 3 may also illustrate a base station. Comprised in device 300 is processor 310, which may comprise, for example, a single- or multi-core processor wherein a single-core processor comprises one processing core and a multi-core processor comprises more than one processing core. Processor 310 may comprise, in general, a control device. Processor 210 may comprise more than one processor. When processor 310 comprises more than one processor, device 300 may be a distributed device wherein processing of tasks takes place in more than one physical unit. Processor 310 may be a control device. A processing core may comprise, for example, a Cortex-A8 processing core manufactured by ARM Holdings or a Zen processing core designed by Advanced Micro Devices Corporation. A processing core or processor may be, or may comprise, at least one qubit. Processor 310 may comprise at least one Qualcomm Snapdragon and / or Intel Atom processor. Processor 310 may comprise at least one application-specific integrated circuit, ASIC. Processor 310 may comprise at least one field-programmable gate array, FPGA. Processor 310, optionally together with memory and computer instructions, may be means for performing method steps in device 300, such as determining, initiating, entering, transmitting, adjusting, checking, decoding and performing. Processor 310 may be configured, at least in part by computer instructions, to perform actions.

[0055] A processor may comprise circuitry, or be constituted as circuitry or circuitries, the circuitry or circuitries being configured to perform phases of methods in accordance with embodiments described herein. As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following: (a) hardware-only circuit implementations, such as implementations in only analogue and / or digital circuitry, and (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as, as applicable: (i) a combination of analogue and / or digital hardware circuit(s) with software / firmware and (ii) any portions of hardware processor(s) with software (including digital signal processor(s)), software, and memory(ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a UE, or base station, to perform various functions) and (c) hardware circuit(s) and or processor(s), such as a microprocessor s) or a portion of a microprocessors), that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.

[0056] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.

[0057] Device 300 may comprise memory 320. Memory 320 may comprise at least one RAM chip. Memory 320 may be a computer readable medium. Memory 320 may comprise solid-state, magnetic, optical and / or holographic memory, for example. Memory 320 may be at least in part accessible to processor 310. Memory 320 may be at least in part comprised in processor 310. Memory 320 may be means for storing information. Memory 320 may comprise computer instructions that processor 310 is configured to execute. When computer instructions configured to cause processor 310 to perform certain actions are stored in memory 320, and device 300 overall is configured to run under the direction of processor 310 using computer instructions from memory 320, processor 310 and / or its at least one processing core may be considered to be configured to perform said certain actions. Memory 320 may be at least in part external to device 300 but accessible to device 300. Memory 320 may be transitory or non-transitoiy. The term “non-transitory”, as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (that is, tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (for example, RAM vs. ROM).

[0058] Device 300 may comprise a transmitter 330. Device 300 may comprise a receiver 340. Transmitter 330 and receiver 340 may be configured to transmit and receive, respectively, information in accordance with at least one cellular or non-cellular standard. Transmitter 330 may comprise more than one transmitter. Receiver 340 may comprise more than one receiver. Transmitter 330 and / or receiver 340 may be configured to operate in accordance with global system for mobile communication, GSM, wideband code division multiple access, WCDMA, long term evolution, LTE, 5G, 6G, onwards generation, wireless local area network, WLAN, Ethernet and / or worldwide interoperability for microwave access, WiMAX, standards, for example.

[0059] Device 300 may comprise a near-field communication, NFC, transceiver 350. NFC transceiver 350 may support at least one NFC technology, such as NFC, Bluetooth, Wibree or similar technologies.

[0060] Device 300 may comprise user interface, UI, 360. UI 360 may comprise at least one of a display, a keyboard, a touchscreen, a vibrator arranged to signal to a user by causing device 300 to vibrate, a speaker or a microphone. A user may be able to operate device 300 via UI 360, for example to accept incoming telephone calls, to originate telephone calls or video calls, to browse the Internet, to manage digital files stored in memory 320 or on a cloud accessible via transmitter 330 and receiver 340, or via NFC transceiver 350, and / or to play games.

[0061] Device 300 may comprise or be arranged to accept a user identity module 370. User identity module 370 may comprise, for example, a subscriber identity module, SIM, card installable in device 300. A user identity module 370 may comprise information identifying a subscription of a user of device 300. A user identity module 370 may comprise cryptographic information usable to verify the identity of a user of device 300 and / or to facilitate encryption of communicated information and billing of the user of device 300 for communication effected via device 300.

[0062] Processor 310 may be furnished with a transmitter arranged to output information from processor 310, via electrical leads internal to device 300, to other devices comprised in device 300. Such a transmitter may comprise a serial bus transmitter arranged to, for example, output information via at least one electrical lead to memory 320 for storage therein. Alternatively to a serial bus, the transmitter may comprise a parallel bus transmitter. Likewise processor 310 may comprise a receiver arranged to receive information in processor 310, via electrical leads internal to device 300, from other devices comprised in device 300. Such a receiver may comprise a serial bus receiver arranged to, for example, receive information via at least one electrical lead from receiver 340 for processing in processor 310. Alternatively to a serial bus, the receiver may comprise a parallel bus receiver.

[0063] Device 300 may comprise further devices not illustrated in FIGURE 3. For example, where device 300 comprises a smartphone, it may comprise at least one digital camera. Some devices 300 may comprise a back-facing camera and a front-facing camera, wherein the back-facing camera may be intended for digital photography and the frontfacing camera for video telephony. Device 300 may comprise a fingerprint sensor arranged to authenticate, at least in part, a user of device 300. In some embodiments, device 300 lacks at least one device described above. For example, some devices 300 may lack a NFC transceiver 350 and / or user identity module 370.

[0064] Processor 310, memory 320, transmitter 330, receiver 340, NFC transceiver 350, UI 360 and / or user identity module 370 may be interconnected by electrical leads internal to device 300 in a multitude of different ways. For example, each of the aforementioned devices may be separately connected to a master bus internal to device 300, to allow for the devices to exchange information. However, as the skilled person will appreciate, this is only one example and depending on the embodiment various ways of interconnecting at least two of the aforementioned devices may be selected without departing from the scope of the present invention.

[0065] FIGURE 4 illustrates signalling in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. On the vertical axes are disposed, on the left, a UE, and on the right, a network node, for example a base station or a gNB. Time advances from the top toward the bottom.

[0066] In phase 402, the network node determines a first information of an error vector magnitude (EVM) target allowed for a user equipment to transmit signals. The network node may comprise one or more artificial intelligence (AI) neural receivers being capable of handling higher EVM threshold than one or more normal receivers, for example, non-AI neural receivers. The first information of the EVM target allowed for the UE to transmit signals comprises an EVM target allowed for the UE to transmit signals. The EVM target may be determined by the network node based at least in part on an EVM threshold with which the one or more AI receivers of the network node are capable of handling EVM, and channel EVM estimated by the network node. The EVM threshold is a maximum EVM that the one or more AI neural receivers of the network node are capable of handling.

[0067] EVM at the network node side is a combined effect of power amplifier (PA) and radio channel. To accurately adjust transmission parameters of the UE, it is preferred to separate two contributions of the PA effect and the radio channel at the network node side. In an example, the total allowed EVM of the gNB, namely, EVMtotat, is the same as the EVM threshold with which the one or more AI receivers of the network node being capable of handling EVM. The radio channel effect is reflected by the channel EVM, namely, EVMchannei, which may be estimated by using the uplink demodulation reference signal (DMRS). The EVM target that the UE is allowed to transmit signals, can be calculated by subtracting the channel EVM from the total allowed EVM of the network node.

[0068] In an example embodiment, the EVM target that the UE is allowed to transmit may be calculated by using at least one DMRS signal as follows: where: • Sk is the known reference symbol for the k-th subcarrier. • Rk is the received symbol for the k-th subcarrier. • N is the number of subcarriers used for the measurement.

[0069] In an example, total EVM is given as a sum of both the channel EVM and the PA EVM. EVMtotai &EVMpA + EVMchannei

[0070] In an example, the EVM of the UE PA distortion is the same as the EVM target allowed for a user equipment to transmit signals, namely, EVMPA. It can then be determined by the network node knowing the total EVM it can post process and the EVM caused by the radio channel gives the value of the EVM distortion allowed at the UE as: EVMPA ~ EVMtotai EVMchannei

[0071] In an example, the EVM target may be derived from the EVM distortion allowed at the UE. Some margin could be applied between the EVM target and the EVM distortion allowed at the UE, and / or a value of the EVM target could be mapped to a nearest lower encodable value of the EVM distortion allowed at the UE. In an example, the EVM target for the UE may be transmitted via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[0072] In phase 404, the network node transmits to the user equipment (UE) the first information of the EVM target for the UE. The network node may further transmit its AI capabilities to the UE in a same or a different message as the first information of the EVM target for the UE.

[0073] In phase 406, upon receiving the first information of the EVM target for the UE, the UE can dynamically adjust one or more digital predistortion (DPD) settings based at least in part on the received first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment. The UE may further reduce adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, based at least in part on the received first information of the EVM target allowed for the UE. In an example, when the UE adjusts the DPD to the configured EVM target, the ACLR is also reduced at the DPD. By meeting the EVM target, the UE ensures that the PA operates within the limits not of the optimal transmitter but instead what the receiver is capable of receiving. Thus, by adjusting DPD to control EVM, the UE can be more energy efficient. High PA non-linearity is typically required for ACLR to become a significant issue. Therefore, controlling EVM effectively addresses potential ACLR concerns.

[0074] In phase 408, the UE may transmit at least one signal at a EVM level, ensuring that signal quality and network efficiency can be maintained. The EVM level is an actual EVM that the UE is used to transmit the at least one signal. The EVM level at which the UE transmits the at least one signal is equal to or less than the EVM target allowed for the UE.

[0075] In phase 410-424, the UE continuously updates or optimizes its DPD algorithm comprising DPD settings based on real-time feedback to ensure improved performance. Such updates may for example include increasing or decreasing the EVM level in response to increasing or decreasing reported EVM target and / or increases or reductions in ACLR.

[0076] The embodiment as described in Figure 4 can obtain following benefits: Improved Signal Integrity: By dynamically adjusting the DPD settings, the system ensures that transmitted signals maintain high integrity, even at higher EVM levels. - Enhanced Power Efficiency: Optimizing transmission parameters based on real-time feedback reduces power consumption, benefiting both mobile and fixed devices. - Increased Network Capacity: Efficient management of transmission power and modulation schemes allows the network to support more users without additional infrastructure. - Flexibility and Scalability: The system is adaptable to various network configurations and scalable to future technological advancements.

[0077] FIGURE 5 illustrates a flow graph in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. In this embodiment, ACLR requirement can be further reduced if it is known that there are no other users allocated to frequencies adjacent to frequencies allocated to the user equipment. FIGURE 5 shows an example on how a gNB determines a relaxation of ACLR requirement for a downlink transmission. The gNB can use its knowledge of allocated physical resource blocks (PRBs) for different UEs and relax ACLR requirements if adjacent PRBs on the lower and upper edges of a spectrum are available.

[0078] In phase 502, the gNB schedules PRBs for downlink transmissions for the user equipment.

[0079] In phase 504, the gNB checks whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks (PRBs) adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the downlink transmissions for the user equipment.

[0080] In phase 506, in response to no other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment, gNB determines that ACLR requirement can be relaxed. In phase 508, in response to other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment, gNB maintains ACLR requirement without relaxation.

[0081] In phase 509, the gNB schedules further PRBs for downlink transmission for the user equipment. In phase 510, in response to ACLR requirements having been relaxed, gNB further checks whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks (PRBs) adjacent to the further PRBs scheduled for the user equipment.

[0082] In phase 512, in response to at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to the further PRBs scheduled for the user equipment, gNB determines cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation. In phase 514, in response to no other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to the further PRBs scheduled for the user equipment, gNB determines that ACLR requirement relaxation can be maintained.

[0083] The scheduling of further PRBs at 509 may be performed at any time prior to phase 510, for example the PRBs and further PRBs may be scheduled jointly and for example in part comprise same PRBs. In some embodiments, the ACLR requirement is relaxed or maintained at phases 506 or 508 only for the PRBs scheduled at phase 502, such that for further scheduling of PRBs, the process returns to phase 502.

[0084] FIGURE 6 illustrates signalling in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. In this embodiment, a relaxation of ACLR requirement for uplink transmissions is provided as an example. In uplink direction, a decision to relax ACLR requirements depends on whether there are other UEs that are scheduled on physical resource blocks (PRBs) adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment. As this knowledge is only available at network side, signaling from gNB is needed to inform the UE about the possibility to further relax ACLR requirement.

[0085] In phase 602, the gNB checks whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks (PRBs) adjacent to PRBs scheduled for uplink transmissions for the user equipment. In response to no other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment, gNB determines that ACLR requirement can be relaxed for uplink transmissions.

[0086] In phase 604, the gNB reports, to the user equipment, a first information of EVM target allowed for the user equipment to transmit at least one signal, and a second information of ACLR requirement relaxation. The second information indicates a relaxation of the ACLR requirement for uplink transmissions to relax the ACLR requirement by the user equipment. In an example, the first information and the second information may be transmitted in a same or a different message.

[0087] In phase 606, the user equipment transmits, to the network node and using the scheduled PRBs, at least one signal with a EVM level based on the received first information of EVM target allowed for the user equipment, and with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received second information of ACLR requirement relaxation.

[0088] In phase 608, in response to ACLR requirements having been relaxed, the gNB continuously checks whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks (PRBs) adjacent to further PRBs scheduled for the user equipment. In response to at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to further PRBs scheduled for the user equipment, the gNB determines cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

[0089] In phase 610, the gNB reports an updated first information of EVM target allowed for the user equipment and a third information for cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation. The third information indicates a cancellation of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment to cancel the ACLR requirement. In an example, a value of the updated first information of EVM target allowed for the user equipment may be same as or different than a value of the first information in phase 604.

[0090] In phase 612, the user equipment transmits, to the network node and using the further scheduled PRBs, at least one signal with a EVM level based on the received updated first information of EVM target allowed for the user equipment, and with a normal ACLR requirement based on the received third information. The normal ACLR requirement can be named as non-relaxed-ACLR requirement as well.

[0091] FIGURE 7 illustrates signalling in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. In this embodiment, a relaxation of ACLR requirement for uplink transmissions is provided as another example.

[0092] In phase 702, the gNB checks whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks (PRBs) adjacent to PRBs scheduled for uplink transmissions for the user equipment. In response to no other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment, gNB determines that ACLR requirement can be relaxed for uplink transmissions.

[0093] In phase 704, the gNB reports, to the user equipment, a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation. The first information indicates a relaxation of the ACLR requirement for uplink transmissions to relax the ACLR requirement by the user equipment.

[0094] In phase 706, the user equipment transmits, to the network node and using the scheduled PRBs, at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received first information of ACLR requirement relaxation.

[0095] In phase 708, in response to ACLR requirements having been relaxed, the gNB continuously checks whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks (PRBs) adjacent to further PRBs scheduled for the user equipment. In response to at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to further PRBs scheduled for the user equipment, the gNB determines cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

[0096] In phase 710, the gNB reports a second information for cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation. The second information indicates a cancellation of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment to cancel the ACLR requirement.

[0097] In phase 712, the user equipment transmits, to the network node and using the further scheduled PRBs, at least one signal with a normal ACLR requirement based on the received third information. The normal ACLR requirement can be named as non-relaxed-ACLR requirement as well.

[0098] FIGURE 8 is a flow graph of a method in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. The phases of the illustrated method may be performed in UE 210, or in a control device configured to control the functioning thereof, when installed therein.

[0099] Phase 802 comprises determining, receiving, by a user equipment, from a network node, a first information of an error vector magnitude, EVM, target allowed for the user equipment to transmit at lease one signal. Phase 804 comprises adjusting, by the user equipment, one or more digital predistortion, DPD, settings based at least in part on the received first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment. Phase 806 comprises transmitting, by the user equipment, to the network node, at least one signal at an EVM level based at least in part on the adjusted DPD settings.

[00100] With respect to the method of FIGURE 8, the method may further include wherein the first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment comprises an EVM target for the user equipment, and wherein the EVM target for the user equipment is determined by the network node based at least in part on an EVM threshold with which one or more receivers of the network node are capable of handling EVM and channel EVM estimated by the network node.

[00101] With respect to the method of FIGURE 8, the method may further include wherein the EVM threshold is a maximum EVM that the one or more receivers of the network node are capable of handling; the EVM target is a maximum EVM that the user equipment is allowed to use; and the EVM level is an actual EVM that the user equipment is used to transmit the signal, and the EVM level is equal to or less than the EVM target.

[00102] With respect to the method of FIGURE 8, the method may further include wherein the one or more receivers comprise one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00103] With respect to the method of FIGURE 8, the method may further include wherein the EVM target allowed for the user equipment is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00104] With respect to the method of FIGURE 8, the method may further include reducing adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, based at least in part on the received information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment.

[00105] With respect to the method of FIGURE 8, the method may further include receiving, from the network node, a second information indicating an ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment, and transmitting, to the network node, the at least one signal further with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the second information.

[00106] With respect to the method of FIGURE 8, the method may further include receiving, from the network node, a third information indicating cancellation of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment, and transmitting, to the network node, the at least one signal further with a non-relaxed ACLR requirement based on the third information. The non-relaxed ACLR requirement may be called as a normal ACLR requirement without ACLR relaxation.

[00107] FIGURE 9 is a flow graph of a method in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. The phases of the illustrated method may be performed in a network node, for example in a base station, or in a control device configured to control the functioning thereof, when installed therein.

[00108] Phase 902 comprises determining, by a network node, a first information of an error vector magnitude, EVM, target allowed for a user equipment. Phase 904 comprises transmitting, by the network node, to the user equipment, the first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment. Phase 906 comprises receiving, by the network node, from the user equipment, at least one signal transmitted at an EVM level, wherein the EVM level is dependent at least in part on the transmitted first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment.

[00109] With respect to the method of FIGURE 9, the method may further include decoding the at least one signal and compensating for the EVM level.

[00110] With respect to the method of FIGURE 9, the method may further include wherein the first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment comprises an EVM target allowed for the user equipment, and wherein the EVM target allowed for the user equipment is determined based at least in part on an EVM threshold with which one or more receivers of the network node are capable of handling EVM and channel EVM estimated by the network node.

[00111] With respect to the method of FIGURE 9, the method may further include wherein the EVM target allowed for the user equipment is determined based on subtracting the channel EVM estimated by the network node from the EVM threshold with which the one or more receivers of the network node are capable of handling the EVM.

[00112] With respect to the method of FIGURE 9, the method may further include wherein the EVM threshold is a maximum EVM that the one or more receivers of the network node are capable of handling; the EVM target is a maximum EVM that the user equipment is allowed to use; and the EVM level is an actual EVM that the user equipment is used to transmit the signal; and the EVM level is equal to or less than the EVM target.

[00113] With respect to the method of FIGURE 9, the method may further include wherein the one or more receivers of the network node comprise one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00114] With respect to the method of FIGURE 9, the method may further include wherein the channel EVM is estimated by the network node based on one or more uplink demodulation reference signal, DMRS.

[00115] With respect to the method of FIGURE 9, the method may further include wherein the first information of the EVM target is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00116] With respect to the method of FIGURE 9, the method may further include transmitting a second information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment, wherein the second information comprises an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

[00117] With respect to the method of FIGURE 9, the method may further include transmitting, from the network node, a third information indicating cancellation of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[00118] FIGURE 10 is a flow graph of a method in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. The phases of the illustrated method may be performed in UE 210, or in a control device configured to control the functioning thereof, when installed therein.

[00119] Phase 1002 comprises receiving, by a user equipment, from a network node, a first information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the user equipment. Phase 1004 comprises transmitting at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received first information.

[00120] With respect to the method of FIGURE 10, the method may further include wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not.

[00121] With respect to the method of FIGURE 10, the method may further include wherein the first information dependent on whether at least a further UE is scheduled to transmit, at least in part simultaneously with the UE, in resources adjacent in frequency to the at least one signal.

[00122] With respect to the method of FIGURE 10, the method may further include wherein the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00123] With respect to the method of FIGURE 10, the method may further include: after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed, receiving a second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

[00124] With respect to the method of FIGURE 10, the method may further include: wherein the second information dependent on whether at least a further user equipment is scheduled to transmit to the network node, at least in part simultaneously with the apparatus, in resources adjacent in frequency to the at least one signal.

[00125] With respect to the method of FIGURE 10, the method may further include wherein the second information of the ACER requirement relaxation cancellation for the user equipment is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00126] FIGURE 11 is a flow graph of a method in accordance with at least some embodiments of the present invention. The phases of the illustrated method may be performed in a network node, for example in a base station, or in a control device configured to control the functioning thereof, when installed therein.

[00127] Phase 1102 comprises determining, by a network node, a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment. Phase 1104 comprises transmitting, by the network node, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[00128] With respect to the method of FIGURE 11, the method may further include receiving, from the user equipment, at least one signal with relaxed ACLR requirement based on the first information.

[00129] With respect to the method of FIGURE 11, the method may further include decoding the at least one signal and compensating for the EVM level at the network node.

[00130] With respect to the method of FIGURE 11, the method may further include wherein the information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not.

[00131] With respect to the method of FIGURE 11, the method may further include checking whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks, PRBs, adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; in response to no other user equipment scheduled on adjacent PRBs, determining the information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment to comprise information that the ACLR requirement can be relaxed.

[00132] With respect to the method of FIGURE 11, the method may further include after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed: checking whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks, PRBs, adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; and in response to at least one other user equipment scheduled on adjacent PRBs, determining a second information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment, wherein the second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

[00133] With respect to the method of FIGURE 11, the method may further include wherein the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00134] With respect to the method of FIGURE 11, the method may further include wherein the second information of the indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00135] With respect to the method of FIGURE 11, the method may further include the network node comprises one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00136] Some examples will now be described, based on the description and figures provided herein.

[00137] Example 1. An apparatus including: means for determining a first information of an error vector magnitude, EVM, target allowed for a user equipment; means for transmitting, to the user equipment, the first information of the EVM target for the user equipment; and means for receiving, from the user equipment, at least one signal transmitted at an EVM level, wherein the EVM level is dependent at least in part on the transmitted first information of the EVM target for the user equipment.

[00138] Example 2. The apparatus of Example 1, wherein the first information of the EVM target allowed for the apparatus comprises an EVM target allowed for the apparatus, and wherein the EVM target allowed for the apparatus is determined by the network node based at least in part on an EVM threshold with which one or more receivers of the network node are capable of handling EVM, and channel EVM estimated by the network node.

[00139] Example 3. The apparatus of Example 2, wherein the EVM threshold is a maximum EVM that the one or more receivers of the network node are capable of handling; the EVM target is a maximum EVM that the apparatus is allowed to use; and the EVM level is an actual EVM used by the apparatus to transmit the signal, and the EVM level is equal to or less than the EVM target.

[00140] Example 4. The apparatus of any one of Examples 2-3, wherein the one or more receivers comprise one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00141] Example 5. The apparatus of any one of Examples 1-4, wherein the EVM target allowed for the apparatus is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00142] Example 6. The apparatus of any one of Examples 1-5, further including means for reducing adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, based at least in part on the received first information of the EVM target allowed for the apparatus.

[00143] Example 7. The apparatus of any one of Examples 1-5, further including means for receiving, from the network node, a second information indicating an ACLR requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and means for transmitting, to the network node, the at least one signal further with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the second information.

[00144] Example 8. The apparatus of Example 1, further including means for receiving, from the network node, a third information indicating cancellation of ACLR requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and means for transmitting, to the network node, the at least one signal further with a non-relaxed ACLR requirement based on the third information.

[00145] Example 9. The apparatus of any one of Examples 1-8, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user equipment, or the apparatus is the user equipment.

[00146] Example 10. The apparatus of any one of Examples 1-9, wherein the network node is a gNB comprising one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00147] Example 11. An apparatus including: means for determining a first information of an error vector magnitude, EVM, target allowed for a user equipment; means for transmitting, to the user equipment, the first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment; and means for receiving, from the user equipment, a signal transmitted at an EVM level, wherein the EVM level is dependent at least in part on the transmitted first information of the EVM allowed target for the user equipment.

[00148] Example 12. The apparatus of Example 11, further comprising: means for decoding the at least one signal and compensating for the EVM level.

[00149] Example 13. The apparatus of any one of Examples 11-12, wherein the first information of the EVM target for the user equipment comprises an EVM target allowed for the user equipment, and wherein the EVM target allowed for the user equipment is determined based at least in part on an EVM threshold with which one or more receivers of the apparatus are capable of handling EVM, and channel EVM estimated by the apparatus.

[00150] Example 14. The apparatus of Example 13, wherein the EVM target allowed for the user equipment is determined based on subtracting the channel EVM estimated by the apparatus from the EVM threshold with which the one or more receivers of the apparatus are capable of handling the EVM.

[00151] Example 15. The apparatus of any one of Examples 13-14, wherein the EVM threshold is a maximum EVM that the one or more receivers of the apparatus are capable of handling; the EVM target is a maximum EVM that the user equipment is allowed to use; and the EVM level is an actual EVM that the user equipment is used to transmit the signal; and the EVM level is equal to or less than the EVM target.

[00152] Example 16. The apparatus of any one of Examples 13-15, wherein the one or more receivers of the apparatus comprise one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00153] Example 17. The apparatus of any one of Examples 13-16, wherein the channel EVM is estimated by the apparatus based on one or more uplink demodulation reference signal, DMRS.

[00154] Example 18. The apparatus of any one of Examples 11-17, wherein the first information of the EVM target is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00155] Example 19. The apparatus of any one of Examples 11-18, further including: means for transmitting a second information of ACER requirement relaxation for the user equipment, wherein the second information comprises an indication of relaxing the ACLR requirement.

[00156] Example 20. The apparatus of Example 19, further comprising: means for transmitting, from the network node, a third information indicating cancellation of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[00157] Example 21. The apparatus of one of Examples 11-20, wherein: the apparatus is comprised in a network node, or the apparatus is the network node; wherein the network node is a gNB.

[00158] Example 22. A method including: receiving, by a user equipment, from a network node, a first information of an error vector magnitude, EVM, target allowed for the user equipment; adjusting, by the user equipment, one or more digital predistortion, DPD, settings based at least in part on the received first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment; and transmitting, by the user equipment, to the network node, at least one signal at an EVM level based at least in part on the adjusted DPD settings.

[00159] Example 23. The method of Example 22, wherein the first information of the EVM target allowed for the apparatus comprises an EVM target allowed for the apparatus, and wherein the EVM target allowed for the apparatus is determined by the network node based at least in part on an EVM threshold with which one or more receivers of the network node are capable of handling EVM and channel EVM estimated by the network node.

[00160] Example 24. The method of Example 23, wherein the EVM threshold is a maximum EVM that the one or more receivers of the network node are capable of handling; the EVM target is a maximum EVM that the apparatus is allowed to use; and the EVM level is an actual EVM used by the apparatus to transmit the at least one signal, and the EVM level is equal to or less than the EVM target.

[00161] Example 25. The method of any one of Examples 23-24, wherein the one or more receivers comprise one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00162] Example 26. The method of any one of Examples 22-25, wherein the EVM target allowed for the apparatus is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00163] Example 27. The method of any one of Examples 22-26, further include reducing adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, based at least in part on the received first information of the EVM target allowed for the apparatus.

[00164] Example 28. The method of any one of Examples 22-26, further includes: receiving, from the network node, a second information indicating an ACLR requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and transmitting, to the network node, the at least one signal further with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the second information.

[00165] Example 29. The method of Example 28, further includes: receiving, from the network node, a third information indicating cancellation of ACLR requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and transmitting, to the network node, the at least one signal further with a non-relaxed ACLR requirement based on the third information.

[00166] Example 30. The method of any one of Examples 22-29, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user equipment, or the apparatus is the user equipment.

[00167] Example 31. The method of any one of Examples 22-30, wherein the network node is a gNB comprising one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00168] Example 32. A method including: determining a first information of an error vector magnitude, EVM, target allowed for a user equipment; transmitting, to the user equipment, the first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment; receiving, from the user equipment, at least one signal transmitted at an EVM level, wherein the EVM level is dependent at least in part on the transmitted first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment.

[00169] Example 33. The method of Example 32, further includes: decoding the at least one signal and compensating for the EVM level.

[00170] Example 34. The method of any one of Examples 32-33, wherein the first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment comprises an EVM target allowed for the user equipment, and wherein the EVM target allowed for the user equipment is determined based at least in part on an EVM threshold with which one or more receivers of the apparatus are capable of handling EVM and channel EVM estimated by the apparatus.

[00171] Example 35. The method of Example 34, wherein the EVM target allowed for the user equipment is determined based on subtracting the channel EVM estimated by the apparatus from the EVM threshold with which the one or more receivers of the apparatus are capable of handling the EVM.

[00172] Example 36. The method of any one of Examples 34-35, wherein the EVM threshold is a maximum EVM that the one or more receivers of the apparatus are capable of handling; the EVM target is a maximum EVM that the user equipment is allowed to use; and the EVM level is an actual EVM that the user equipment is used to transmit the at least one signal; and the EVM level is equal to or less than the EVM target.

[00173] Example 37. The method of any one of Examples 34-36, wherein the one or more receivers of the apparatus comprise one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00174] Example 38. The method of any one of Examples 34-37, wherein the channel EVM is estimated by the apparatus based on one or more uplink demodulation reference signal, DMRS.

[00175] Example 39. The method of any one of Examples 32-38, wherein the first information of the EVM target is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00176] Example 40. The method of any one of Examples 32-39, further including: transmitting a second information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment, wherein the second information comprises an indication of relaxing the ACLR requirement.

[00177] Example 41. The method of Example 40, further including: transmitting, from the network node, a third information indicating cancellation of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[00178] Example 42. The method of one of Examples 31-41, wherein: the apparatus is comprised in a network node, or the apparatus is the network node; wherein the network node is a gNB.

[00179] Example 43. An apparatus including: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to determine a first information of an error vector magnitude, EVM, target allowed for a user equipment; transmit, to the user equipment, the first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment; receive, from the user equipment, at least one signal transmitted at an EVM level, wherein the EVM level is dependent at least in part on the transmitted first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment.

[00180] Example 44. The apparatus of Example 43, wherein the first information of the EVM target allowed for the apparatus comprises an EVM target allowed for the apparatus, and wherein the EVM target allowed for the apparatus is determined by the network node based at least in part on an EVM threshold with which one or more receivers of the network node are capable of handling EVM and channel EVM estimated by the network node.

[00181] Example 45. The apparatus of Example 44, wherein the EVM threshold is a maximum EVM that the one or more receivers of the network node are capable of handling; the EVM target is a maximum EVM that the apparatus is allowed to use; and the EVM level is an actual EVM used by the apparatus to transmit the signal, and the EVM level is equal to or less than the EVM target.

[00182] Example 46. The apparatus of any one of Examples 44-45, wherein the one or more receivers comprise one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00183] Example 47. The apparatus of any one of Examples 43-46, wherein the EVM target allowed for the apparatus is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00184] Example 48. The apparatus of any one of Examples 43-47, wherein the apparatus is further caused to reduce adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, based at least in part on the received first information of the EVM target allowed for the apparatus.

[00185] Example 49. The apparatus of any one of Examples 43-47, wherein the apparatus is further caused to receive, from the network node, a second information indicating an ACLR requirement relaxation for the apparatus; transmit, to the network node, the signal further with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the second information.

[00186] Example 50. The apparatus of Example 43, wherein the apparatus is further caused to receive, from the network node, a third information indicating cancellation of ACLR requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and transmit, to the network node, the at least one signal further with a non-relaxed ACLR requirement based on the third information.

[00187] Example 51. The apparatus of any one of Examples 43-50, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user equipment, or the apparatus is the user equipment.

[00188] Example 52. The apparatus of any one of Examples 43-51, wherein the network node is a gNB comprising one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00189] Example 53. An apparatus including: at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: determine a first information of an error vector magnitude, EVM, target allowed for a user equipment; transmit, to the user equipment, the first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment; receive, from the user equipment, at least one signal transmitted at an EVM level, wherein the EVM level is dependent at least in part on the transmitted first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment.

[00190] Example 54. The apparatus of Example 53, wherein the apparatus is further caused to decode the signal and compensating for the EVM level.

[00191] Example 55. The apparatus of any one of Examples 53-54, wherein the first information of the EVM target allowed for the user equipment comprises an EVM target allowed for the user equipment, and wherein the EVM target allowed for the user equipment is determined based at least in part on an EVM threshold with which one or more receivers of the apparatus are capable of handling EVM and channel EVM estimated by the apparatus.

[00192] Example 56. The apparatus of Example 55, wherein the EVM target allowed for the user equipment is determined based on subtracting the channel EVM estimated by the apparatus from the EVM threshold with which the one or more receivers of the apparatus are capable of handling the EVM.

[00193] Example 57. The apparatus of any one of Examples 55-56, wherein the EVM threshold is a maximum EVM that the one or more receivers of the apparatus are capable of handling; the EVM target is a maximum EVM that the user equipment is allowed to use; and the EVM level is an actual EVM that the user equipment is used to transmit the signal; and the EVM level is equal to or less than the EVM target.

[00194] Example 58. The apparatus of any one of Examples 55-57, wherein the one or more receivers of the apparatus comprise one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00195] Example 59. The apparatus of any one of Examples 55-58, wherein the channel EVM is estimated by the apparatus based on one or more uplink demodulation reference signal, DMRS.

[00196] Example 60. The apparatus of any one of Examples 53-59, wherein the first information of the EVM target is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00197] Example 61. The apparatus of any one of Examples 53-60, wherein the apparatus is further caused to transmit a second information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment, wherein the second information comprises an indication of relaxing the ACLR requirement.

[00198] Example 62. The apparatus of Example 61, wherein the apparatus is further caused to transmit, from the network node, a third information indicating cancellation of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[00199] Example 63. The apparatus of one of Examples 53-62, wherein: the apparatus is comprised in a network node, or the apparatus is the network node; wherein the network node is a gNB.

[00200] Example 64. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon a set of computer readable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause an apparatus to determine a first information of an error vector magnitude, EVM, target allowed for a user equipment; transmit, to the user equipment, the first information of the EVM target for the user equipment; and receive, from the user equipment, at least one signal transmitted at an EVM level, wherein the EVM level is dependent at least in part on the transmitted first information of the EVM target for the user equipment.

[00201] Example 64. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon a set of computer readable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause an apparatus to determine a first information of an error vector magnitude, EVM, target allowed for a user equipment; transmit, to the user equipment, the first information of the EVM target for the user equipment; and receive, from the user equipment, at least one signal transmitted at an EVM level, wherein the EVM level is dependent at least in part on the transmitted first information of the EVM target for the user equipment.

[00202] Example 65. An apparatus including: means for receiving, from a network node, a first information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and means for transmitting at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received first information.

[00203] Example 66. The apparatus of Example 65, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not.

[00204] Example 67. The apparatus of any Examples 65-66, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation dependent on whether at least a further user equipment is scheduled to transmit to the network node, at least in part simultaneously with the apparatus, in resources adjacent in frequency to the at least one signal.

[00205] Example 68. The apparatus of any one of Examples 65-67, wherein the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the apparatus is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00206] Example 69. The apparatus of any Examples of 65-68, further comprising means for, after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed, receiving a second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

[00207] Example 70. The apparatus of Example 69, wherein the second information of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation dependent on whether at least a further user equipment is scheduled to transmit to the network node, at least in part simultaneously with the apparatus, in resources adjacent in frequency to the at least one signal.

[00208] Example 71. The apparatus of Example 70, wherein the second information of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00209] Example 72. The apparatus of any one of Examples 65-71, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user equipment, or the apparatus is the user equipment.

[00210] Example 73. An apparatus including: means for determining a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment; and means for transmitting, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[00211] Example 74. The apparatus Example 73, further including: means for receiving at least one signal with relaxed ACLR requirement based on the first information; and means for decoding the signal and compensating for the EVM level.

[00212] Example 75. The apparatus of any one of Examples 73-74, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not.

[00213] Example 76. The apparatus of any one of Examples 73-75, further including: means for checking whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks, PRBs, adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; in response to no other user equipment scheduled on adjacent PRBs, wherein means for determining the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment comprises means for determining the ACLR requirement can be relaxed.

[00214] Example 77. The apparatus of any one of Examples 73-76, wherein the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00215] Example 78. The apparatus of Example 76, further including: means for, after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed: checking whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to further PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; and in response to at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to the further PRBs, determining a second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

[00216] Example 79. The apparatus of Example 78, wherein the second information of the indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00217] Example 80. The apparatus of any one of Examples 73-79, wherein the apparatus comprises one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers, and wherein the apparatus is comprised in a network node, or the apparatus is the network node; wherein the network node is a gNB.

[00218] Example 81. A method including: receiving, by a user equipment, from a network node, a first information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the user equipment; and transmitting at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received first information.

[00219] Example 82. The method of Example 81, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not.

[00220] Example 83. The method of any Examples 81 -82, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation dependent on whether at least a further user equipment is scheduled to transmit to the network node, at least in part simultaneously with the apparatus, in resources adjacent in frequency to the at least one signal.

[00221] Example 84. The method of any one of Examples 81-83, wherein the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the apparatus is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00222] Example 85. The method of Example of 82, further comprising: after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed, receive a second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

[00223] Example 86. The method of Example 85, wherein the second information of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation dependent on whether at least a further user equipment is scheduled to transmit to the network node, at least in part simultaneously with the apparatus, in resources adjacent in frequency to the at least one signal.

[00224] Example 87. The method of any one of Examples 85-86, wherein the second information of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00225] Example 88. The method of any one of Examples 81-87, wherein the network node is a gNB comprising one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00226] Example 89. A method including: determining a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment; and transmitting, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[00227] Example 90. The method of Example 89, further including: receiving at least one signal with relaxed ACLR requirement based on the first information; and decoding the at least one signal and compensating for the EVM level.

[00228] Example 91. The method of any one of Examples 89-90, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not.

[00229] Example 92. The method of any one of Examples 89-91, further including: checking whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks, PRBs, adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; in response to no other user equipment scheduled on adjacent PRBs, wherein determining the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment comprises determining the ACLR requirement can be relaxed.

[00230] Example 93. The method of any one of Examples 89-92, wherein the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00231] Example 94. The method of Examples 92, further including: after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed: checking whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; and in response to at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to the further PRBs, determining a second information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment, wherein the second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

[00232] Example 95. The method of Example 94, wherein the second information of the indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00233] Example 96. The method of any one of Examples 89-95, wherein the network node comprises one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers, and the network node is a base station, or a gNB, or an apparatus in the gNB.

[00234] Example 97. An apparatus comprising: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from a network node, a first information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and transmit at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received first information.

[00235] Example 98. The apparatus of Example 97, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not.

[00236] Example 99. The apparatus of any one of Examples 97-98, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation dependent on whether at least a further user equipment is scheduled to transmit to the network node, at least in part simultaneously with the apparatus, in resources adjacent in frequency to the at least one signal.

[00237] Example 100. The apparatus of any one of Examples 97-99, wherein the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the apparatus is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00238] Example 101. The apparatus of Example of 100, wherein the apparatus is further caused to: after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed, receive a second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

[00239] Example 102. The apparatus of Example 101, wherein the second information of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation dependent on whether at least a further user equipment is scheduled to transmit to the network node, at least in part simultaneously with the apparatus, in resources adjacent in frequency to the at least one signal.

[00240] Example 103. The apparatus of any one of Examples 101-102, wherein the second information of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00241] Example 104. The apparatus of any one of Examples 97-103, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user equipment, or the apparatus is the user equipment, and wherein the network node is a gNB comprising one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers.

[00242] Example 105. An apparatus including: at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to: determine a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment; and transmit, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[00243] Example 106. The apparatus Example 105, wherein the apparatus is further caused to receive at least one signal with relaxed ACLR requirement based on the first information; and decode the at least one signal and compensating for the EVM level.

[00244] Example 107. The apparatus of any one of Examples 105-106, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not.

[00245] Example 108. The apparatus of any one of Examples 105-107, wherein the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00246] Example 109. The apparatus of Example 107, wherein the apparatus is further caused to check whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks, PRBs, adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; in response to no other user equipment scheduled on adjacent PRBs, wherein determining the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment comprises determining the ACLR requirement can be relaxed.

[00247] Example 110. The apparatus of Examples 108, wherein the apparatus is further caused to: after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed: check whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; and in response to at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to the further PRBs, determine a second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

[00248] Example 111. The apparatus of any one of Example 110, wherein the second information of the indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

[00249] Example 112. The apparatus of any one of Examples 105-111, wherein the apparatus comprises one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers; and wherein the apparatus is comprised in a network node, or the apparatus is the network node; wherein the network node is a base station or a gNB.

[00250] Example 113. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon a set of computer readable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause an apparatus to receive, from a network node, an information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the apparatus; and transmit at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received information.

[00251] Example 114. A non-transitory computer readable medium having stored thereon a set of computer readable instructions that, when executed by at least one processor, cause an apparatus to determine a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment; and transmit, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

[00252] It is to be understood that the embodiments of the invention disclosed are not limited to the particular structures, process steps, or materials disclosed herein, but are extended to equivalents thereof as would be recognized by those ordinarily skilled in the relevant arts. It should also be understood that terminology employed herein is used for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting.

[00253] Reference throughout this specification to one embodiment or an embodiment means that a particular feature, structure, or characteristic described in connection with the embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Thus, appearances of the phrases “in one embodiment” or “in an embodiment” in various places throughout this specification are not necessarily all referring to the same embodiment. Where reference is made to a numerical value using a term such as, for example, about or substantially, the exact numerical value is also disclosed.

[00254] As used herein, a plurality of items, structural elements, compositional elements, and / or materials may be presented in a common list for convenience. However, these lists should be construed as though each member of the list is individually identified as a separate and unique member. Thus, no individual member of such list should be construed as a de facto equivalent of any other member of the same list solely based on their presentation in a common group without indications to the contrary. In addition, various embodiments and example of the present invention may be referred to herein along with alternatives for the various components thereof. It is understood that such embodiments, examples, and alternatives are not to be construed as de facto equivalents of one another, but are to be considered as separate and autonomous representations of the present invention.

[00255] Furthermore, the described features, structures, or characteristics may be combined in any suitable manner in one or more embodiments. In the preceding description, numerous specific details are provided, such as examples of lengths, widths, shapes, etc., to provide a thorough understanding of embodiments of the invention. One skilled in the relevant art will recognize, however, that the invention can be practiced without one or more of the specific details, or with other methods, components, materials, etc. In other instances, well-known structures, materials, or operations are not shown or described in detail to avoid obscuring aspects of the invention.

[00256] While the forgoing examples are illustrative of the principles of the present invention in one or more particular applications, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that numerous modifications in form, usage and details of implementation can be made without the exercise of inventive faculty, and without departing from the principles and concepts of the invention. Accordingly, it is not intended that the invention be limited, except as by the claims set forth below.

[00257] The verbs “to comprise” and “to include” are used in this document as open limitations that neither exclude nor require the existence of also un-recited features. The features recited in depending claims are mutually freely combinable unless otherwise explicitly stated. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the use of "a" or "an", that is, a singular form, throughout this document does not exclude a plurality.

[00258] As used herein, “at least one of the following: ” and “at least one of ” and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements are joined by “and” or “or”, mean at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements. ACRONYMS LIST 5

[00259] ACLR - Adjacent Channel Leakage power Ratio

[00260] EVM - Error Vector Magnitude

[00261] DMRS - Demodulation Reference Signal

[00262] DPD - Digital Predistortion

[00263] PAPR - Peak-to-Average Power Ratio 10

[00264] RL - Reinforced Learning

[00265] UE - User Equipment

[00266] UL - Uplink

Claims

1. An apparatus, comprising:means for receiving, from a network node, a first information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the apparatus; andmeans for transmitting, to the network node, at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received first information.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not.

3. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation dependent on whether at least a further user equipment is scheduled to transmit to the network node, at least in part simultaneously with the apparatus, in resources adjacent in frequency to the at least one signal.

4. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the apparatus is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

5. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-4, further comprising means for, after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed, receiving a second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the second information of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation dependent on whether at least a further user equipment is scheduled to transmit to the network node, at least in part simultaneously with the apparatus, in resources adjacent in frequency to the at least one signal.

7. The apparatus of any one of claims 5-6, wherein the second information of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation is received via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

8. The apparatus of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the apparatus is comprised in a user equipment, or the apparatus is the user equipment.

9. An apparatus, comprising:means for determining a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment; andmeans for transmitting, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

10. The apparatus of claim 9, further comprising:means for receiving at least one signal with relaxed ACLR requirement based on the first information; andmeans for decoding the at least one signal and compensating for an EVM level.

11. The apparatus of any one of claims 9-10, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not.

12. The apparatus of any one of claim 9-11, further comprising:means for checking whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks, PRBs, adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; andin response to no other user equipment scheduled on adjacent PRBs, wherein means for determining the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment comprises means for determining the ACLR requirement can be relaxed.

13. The apparatus of claim 12, further comprising:after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed:means for checking whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to further PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; andin response to at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to the further PRBs, determining a second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

14. The apparatus of any one of claims 9-13, wherein the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment is transmitted to the user equipment via signaling of one of radio resource control, media access control layer control element, or downlink control information.

15. The apparatus of any one of claims 9-14, wherein the apparatus comprises one or more artificial intelligence neural receivers; and wherein the apparatus is comprised in a network node, or the apparatus is the network node; wherein the network node is a gNB.

16. A method, comprising:receiving, by a user equipment, from a network node, a first information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the user equipment; andtransmitting, to the network node, at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received first information.

17. The method of claim 16, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not; and wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation dependent on whether at least a further user equipment is scheduled to transmit to the network node, at least in part simultaneously with the apparatus, in resources adjacent in frequency to the at least one signal.

18. The method of any one of claims 16-17, further comprising: after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed, receiving a second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

19. A method, comprising:determining, by a network node, a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment; andtransmitting, by the network node, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment.

20. The method of claim 19, further comprising:receiving at least one signal with relaxed ACLR requirement based on the first information; anddecoding, by the network node, the at least one signal and compensating for the EVM level.

21. The method of any one of claims 19-20, wherein the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation comprises information on whether ACLR requirement can be relaxed or not.

22. The method of any one of claim 19-21, further comprising:checking whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks, PRBs, adjacent to PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; andin response to no other user equipment scheduled on adjacent PRBs, wherein means for determining the first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment comprises means for determining the ACLR requirement can be relaxed.

23. The method of claim 22, further comprising:after the ACLR requirement has been relaxed:checking whether there is at least one other user equipment scheduled on physical resource blocks, PRBs, adjacent to further PRBs scheduled for the user equipment; andin response to at least one other user equipment scheduled on PRBs adjacent to the further PRBs, determining a second information of ACLR requirement relaxation for the user equipment, wherein the second information comprising an indication of cancelling the ACLR requirement relaxation.

24. An apparatus, comprising:at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:receive, from a network node, an information of adjacent channel leakage power ratio, ACLR, requirement relaxation for the apparatus; andtransmit, to the network node, at least one signal with a relaxed ACLR requirement based on the received information.

25. An apparatus, comprising:5 at least one processor, and at least one memory storing instructions that, whenexecuted by the at least one processor, cause the apparatus at least to:determine a first information of ACLR requirement relaxation for a user equipment; andtransmit, to the user equipment, the first information of the ACLR requirement10 relaxation for the user equipment.

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