Methods and systems for neural stimulation via visual stimulation

Abstract

To provide systems and methods that can provide stimulation signals, including visual, auditory and peripheral nerve stimulation signals, to induce synchronized neural oscillations in the brain of a subject.SOLUTION: A system 100 can include eyeglasses, a photodiode positioned to detect ambient light, light sources, and an input device. The system can include a neural stimulation system that retrieves a profile and selects a light pattern having a fixed parameter and a variable parameter. The neural stimulation system can set a value of the variable parameter of the light pattern, construct an output signal, and then provide the output signal to the light sources to direct light towards the fovea.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This disclosure is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, including U.S. Patent No. 6,201,625, entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL STIMULATION VIA VISUAL STIMULATION," filed on November 17, 2016; U.S. Patent No. 6,201,625, entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL STIMULATION VIA VISUAL STIMULATION," filed on December 8, 2016; U.S. Patent No. 6,201,625, entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL STIMULATION VIA AUDITORY STIMULATION," filed on November 17, 2016; U.S. Patent No. 6,201,625, entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL STIMULATION VIA AUDITORY STIMULATION," filed on December 8, 2016; U.S. Patent No. 6,201,625, entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL STIMULATION VIA PERIPHERAL NERVE STIMULATION," filed on November 17, 2016; Patent document 5, entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL STIMULATION VIA VISUAL AND AUDITORY STIMULATION," filed on December 8, 2016; patent document 6, entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL STIMULATION VIA VISUAL AND AUDITORY STIMULATION," filed on November 17, 2016; patent document 7, entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL STIMULATION VIA VISUAL AND AUDITORY STIMULATIONS," filed on December 8, 2016; patent document 8, entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR NEURAL STIMULATION VIA VISUAL AND AUDITORY STIMULATIONS," filed on November 17, 2016; patent document 9, entitled "METHODS AND SYSTEMS OF SENSING FOR NEURAL STIMULATION," filed on November 17, 2016; patent document 10, entitled "SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PROVIDING ASSESSMENTS FOR NEURAL STIMULATION," filed on November 17, 2016; NEURALThis disclosure claims the benefit of and priority to U.S. Patent No. 6,299,495, entitled "Methods and Systems of Dosing for Neural Stimulation," filed November 17, 2016, and U.S. Patent No. 6,299,495, entitled "Methods and Systems of Dosing for Neural Stimulation," filed November 17, 2016, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein in their entireties for all purposes. Field of the Disclosure The present disclosure generally relates to methods and systems for neural stimulation. In particular, the methods and systems of the present disclosure can provide stimulation signals, including visual, auditory, and peripheral nerve stimulation signals, to induce synchronized neural oscillations in a subject's brain. [Background technology]

[0002] Neural oscillations occur in humans or animals and involve periodic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Nervous tissue can generate oscillatory activity through mechanisms within individual neurons or through interactions between neurons. Oscillations can also appear as oscillations in membrane potential or periodic patterns of action potentials, which can lead to oscillatory activation of postsynaptic neurons. The synchronized activity of a group of neurons can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed by electroencephalography ("EEG"). Neural oscillations can be characterized by their frequency, amplitude, and phase. Neural oscillations can give rise to electrical impulses that form brain waves. These signal characteristics can be observed from neural recordings using time-frequency analysis. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0003] [Patent Document 1] U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 423,452 [Patent Document 2] U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 431,698 [Patent Document 3] U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 423,569 [Patent Document 4] U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 431,702 [Patent Document 5] U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 423,517 [Patent Document 6] U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 431,720 [Patent Document 7] U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 423,598 [Patent Document 8] U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 431,725 [Patent Document 9] U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 423,557 [Patent Document 10] U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 423,536 [Patent Document 11] U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 423,532 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] The systems and methods of the present disclosure are directed to neural stimulation via visual stimulation. Visual stimulation, including visual signals, can affect the frequency of neural oscillations. Visual stimulation can induce electroencephalographic effects or stimulation through regulated visual input. Visual stimulation can modulate, control, or otherwise manage the frequency of neural oscillations to have a beneficial effect on one or more cognitive states or functions of the brain or immune system, while mitigating or preventing adverse consequences to the cognitive state or function. For example, the systems and methods of the present technology can treat, prevent, prevent, or otherwise affect Alzheimer's disease.

[0005] External signals, such as light pulses, can be observed or perceived by the brain. The brain can observe or perceive light pulses through a process of transduction in which specific light-sensing cells receive the light pulses and transmit electrons or information to the brain via the optic nerve. In response to the observation and perception of the light pulses, the brain can adjust, manage, or control the frequency of neural oscillations. This stimulation can result in repeated activation of parts of the brain known to process input, such as the visual cortex. For example, light pulses generated at a predetermined frequency and sensed by visual means via the direct or peripheral vision can induce neural activity in the brain, resulting in a predetermined or resulting frequency of neural oscillations. The frequency of the neural oscillations can be influenced by or correspond to the frequency of the light pulses. Thus, the disclosed systems and methods can produce brainwave entrainment (or neural entrainment) using external visual stimuli, such as light pulses emitted at a predetermined frequency, to synchronize electrical activity within a population of neurons based on the frequency of the light pulses. Brain synchrony (or neural synchrony) can be observed based on the total frequency of oscillations generated by synchronized electrical activity in an ensemble of cortical neurons.

[0006] At least one embodiment is directed to a system for neurostimulation via visual stimulation. The system may include or refer to a neurostimulation system or a visual neurostimulation system. The neurostimulation system may include, interface with, or otherwise communicate with a light generation module, a light adjustment module, a module for filtering undesirable frequencies, a profile manager, a side effect management module, or a feedback monitor. The neurostimulation system may include, interface with, or otherwise communicate with a visual signaling component, a filtering component, or a feedback component.

[0007] At least one embodiment is directed to a method of neural stimulation via visual stimulation. The method can include a neural stimulation system that identifies a visual signal to provide. The neural stimulation system can generate and transmit the identified visual signal. The neural stimulation system can receive or determine feedback related to neural activity, physiological activity, environmental parameters, or device parameters. The neural stimulation system can manage, control, or adjust the visual signal based on the feedback.

[0008] The systems and methods of the present disclosure are directed to neural stimulation via auditory stimulation. For example, the systems and methods of the present disclosure can use auditory stimulation to affect the frequency of neural oscillations. The auditory stimulation can induce electroencephalographic effects or stimulation through regulated auditory input. The auditory stimulation can modulate, control, or otherwise manage the frequency of neural oscillations to have a beneficial effect on one or more cognitive states or functions of the brain or immune system, while mitigating or preventing adverse consequences to the cognitive state or function. For example, the systems and methods of the present technology can treat, prevent, prevent, or otherwise affect Alzheimer's disease.

[0009] External signals, such as audio signals, can be observed or perceived by the brain. The brain can observe or perceive audio signals through a process of transduction in which specific sound-sensing cells receive the audio signal and transmit electrons or information to the brain via cochlear cells or nerves. In response to the perception of an audio signal, the brain can adjust, manage, or control the frequency of neural oscillations. This stimulation can result in repeated activation of parts of the brain known to process input, such as the auditory cortex. For example, an audio signal having a predetermined modulation frequency and sensed by the auditory cortex via cochlear means can induce neural activity in the brain, causing a predetermined or resulting frequency of neural oscillations. The frequency of the neural oscillations can be affected by or correspond to the modulation frequency of the audio signal. Thus, the disclosed systems and methods can perform neural stimulation via auditory stimulation. The disclosed systems and methods can effect brainwave entrainment (also called neural entrainment or brain entrainment) using external auditory stimulation, such as an audio signal forming acoustic pulses emitted at a predetermined modulation frequency to synchronize electrical activity among a population of neurons based on the modulation frequency of the audio signal. EEG entrainment is observable based on the total frequency of oscillations produced by synchronized electrical activity in an ensemble of cortical neurons that an auditory pulse can modulate to synchronize with the frequency of the auditory pulse.

[0010] At least one embodiment is directed to a system for neurostimulation via auditory stimulation. The system may include or refer to a neurostimulation system. The neurostimulation system may include, interface with, or otherwise communicate with a sound generation module, a sound conditioning module, a module for filtering undesirable frequencies, a profile manager, a side effect management module, or a feedback monitor. The neurostimulation system may include, interface with, or otherwise communicate with an audio signaling component, a filtering component, or a feedback component.

[0011] At least one embodiment is directed to a method for performing neural stimulation via auditory stimulation. The method can include a neural stimulation system that identifies an audio signal to provide. The neural stimulation system can generate and transmit the identified audio signal. The neural stimulation system can receive or determine feedback related to neural activity, physiological activity, environmental parameters, or device parameters. The neural stimulation system can manage, control, or adjust the audio signal based on the feedback.

[0012] The systems and methods of the present disclosure are directed to nerve stimulation via peripheral nerve stimulation. Peripheral nerve stimulation can include stimulation of nerves in the peripheral nervous system. Peripheral nerve stimulation can include stimulation of nerves that are around the brain or away from the brain. Peripheral nerve stimulation can include stimulation of nerves that may be part of, associated with, or connected to the spinal cord. Peripheral nerve stimulation can modulate, control, or otherwise manage the frequency of neural oscillations to provide beneficial effects to one or more cognitive states or functions of the brain while mitigating or preventing adverse consequences to those states or functions. For example, the systems and methods of the present technology can treat, prevent, prevent, or otherwise affect Alzheimer's disease.

[0013] Peripheral nerve stimulation can involve the controlled delivery of electrical current (e.g., electrical discharge) to peripheral parts of the body through the skin (e.g., transcutaneous electrical stimulation, "TENS"), which can cause or induce electrical activity in target nerves of the peripheral nervous system, such as sensory nerves. In response, the sensory nerves and peripheral nervous system send signals to the central nervous system and the brain. The brain can adjust, manage, or control the frequency of neural oscillations in response to peripheral nerve stimulation. For example, peripheral nerve stimulation having a predetermined frequency (e.g., the frequency of the underlying electrical current or a modulation frequency at which the amplitude of the current is modulated) can induce neural activity in the brain to cause a predetermined or desired frequency of neural oscillations. The frequency of the neural oscillations can be based on or correspond to the modulation frequency of the peripheral nerve stimulation. Thus, the disclosed systems and methods can use peripheral nerve stimulation, such as electrical currents applied to or throughout the peripheral nervous system at a predetermined frequency or based on feedback to synchronize electrical activity among a population of neurons based on the frequency of the stimulation, to create or induce neural oscillations, sometimes associated with electroencephalographic entrainment (also called neural entrainment or cerebral entrainment). Electroencephalographic entrainment can be observed based on the total frequency of oscillations produced by synchronized electrical activity in an ensemble of cortical neurons, and peripheral nerve stimulation pulses can be adjusted in frequency to synchronize with the oscillations.

[0014] At least one embodiment is directed to a system for inducing neural oscillations via peripheral nerve stimulation. The system may include or refer to a peripheral nerve stimulation system (e.g., a peripheral nerve stimulation system). The peripheral nerve stimulation system may include, interface with, or otherwise communicate with a neural stimulation generation module, a neural stimulation adjustment module, a side effect management module, or a feedback monitor. The peripheral nerve stimulation system may include, interface with, or otherwise communicate with a neural stimulation generation component, a shielding component, a feedback component, or a neural stimulation amplification component.

[0015] At least one embodiment is directed to a method for inducing neural oscillations via peripheral nerve stimulation. The method can include a peripheral nerve stimulation system generating a control signal indicating an instruction to generate the neural stimulation. The neural stimulation system can generate and output the neural stimulation based on the control signal. The neural stimulation system can receive or determine feedback related to neural activity, physiological activity, environmental parameters, or device parameters. The neural stimulation system can manage, control, or modify the stimulation parameters based on the feedback. The neural stimulation system can modify the control signal based on the stimulation parameters to modify the neural stimulation based on the feedback.

[0016] The systems and methods of the present disclosure are directed to neural stimulation via multiple modalities of stimulation, including, for example, visual signals or stimuli, audio signals or stimuli, and peripheral nerve signals or stimuli. The multiple modalities of stimulation can induce electroencephalographic effects or stimulation. The multiple modalities of stimulation can modulate, control, or otherwise influence the frequency of neural oscillations to produce beneficial effects on one or more cognitive conditions, cognitive functions, the immune system, or inflammation, while mitigating or preventing adverse consequences to cognitive conditions or functions. For example, the systems and methods of the present technology can treat, prevent, prevent, or otherwise affect Alzheimer's disease.

[0017] Stimuli of multiple modalities, such as light and sound pulses, can be observed or perceived by the brain. The brain can observe or perceive light pulses through a process of transduction in which specific light-sensing cells receive the light pulses and transmit electrons or information to the brain via the optic nerve. The brain can adjust, manage, or control the frequency of neural oscillations in response to the observation and perception of the light pulses. This stimulation can result in repeated activation of parts of the brain known to process input, such as the visual cortex. For example, light pulses generated at a predetermined frequency and perceived by visual means via the direct or peripheral visual field can induce neural activity in the brain, causing a predetermined or resulting frequency of neural oscillations.

[0018] The brain can observe or perceive sound signals through a process of transduction in which specific sound-sensing cells receive the sound signal and transmit electrons or information to the brain via cochlear cells or nerves. The brain can adjust, manage, or control the frequency of neural oscillations in response to the perception of the sound signal. This stimulation can result in repeated activation of parts of the brain known to process input, such as the auditory cortex. For example, a sound signal having a predetermined modulation frequency and sensed by the auditory cortex via cochlear means can induce neural activity in the brain, causing a predetermined or resulting frequency of neural oscillations.

[0019] The frequency of neural oscillations may be affected by or correspond to the frequency of light or sound pulses. Thus, the disclosed systems and methods can produce brainwave entrainment (or neural entrainment) using multi-modality stimulation, such as light or sound pulses emitted at predetermined frequencies, to synchronize electrical activity among a population of neurons based on multi-modality stimulation or multiple frequencies. Brain entrainment (or neural entrainment) can be observed based on the total frequency of oscillations produced by synchronized electrical activity in an ensemble of cortical neurons.

[0020] At least one embodiment is directed to a system for neural stimulation via at least a combination of visual, auditory, and peripheral nerve stimulation. The system may include or refer to a neural stimulation system. The neural stimulation system may include, interface with, or otherwise communicate with a stimulus generation module, a stimulus adjustment module, a module for filtering undesirable frequencies, a profile manager, a side effect management module, or a feedback monitor. The neural stimulation system may include, interface with, or otherwise communicate with a signaling component, a filtering component, or a feedback component.

[0021] At least one embodiment is directed to a method for neural stimulation via visual and auditory stimuli. The method can include a neural stimulation system that identifies a signal to provide. The neural stimulation system can generate and transmit the identified signal. The neural stimulation system can receive or determine feedback related to neural activity, physiological activity, environmental parameters, or device parameters. The neural stimulation system can manage, control, or adjust the signal based on the feedback.

[0022] The disclosed systems and methods relate to selecting administration parameters of stimulation signals to induce synchronized neural oscillations in a subject's brain. Stimulation of multiple modalities (e.g., visual, auditory, among others) can induce electroencephalographic effects or stimulation. The various stimuli can modulate, control, or otherwise manage the frequency of neural oscillations to produce beneficial effects on one or more cognitive states or functions of the brain or immune system, while mitigating or preventing adverse consequences to those states or functions.

[0023] Stimuli of multiple modalities, such as light pulses, sound pulses, and other stimulating signals, can be observed or perceived by the brain. The brain can observe or perceive light pulses through a process of transduction in which specific light-sensing cells receive the light pulses and transmit electrons or information to the brain via the optic nerve. The brain can adjust, manage, or control the frequency of neural oscillations in response to the observation and perception of the stimulating signal. This stimulation can result in repeated activation of parts of the brain known to process input, such as the visual cortex. For example, light pulses generated at a predetermined frequency and perceived by visual means via the direct or peripheral visual field can induce neural activity in the brain, causing a predetermined or resulting frequency of neural oscillations.

[0024] The brain can observe or perceive auditory (or sound) signals through a process of transduction in which specific sound-sensing cells receive sound signals and transmit electrons or information to the brain via cochlear cells or nerves. The brain can regulate, manage, or control the frequency of neural oscillations in response to the perception of sound signals. This stimulation can result in repeated activation of parts of the brain known to process input, such as the auditory cortex. For example, sound signals having a predetermined modulation frequency and sensed by the auditory cortex via cochlear means can induce neural activity in the brain, causing a predetermined or resulting frequency of neural oscillations. The brain can also observe or perceive various other stimuli through other mechanisms (e.g., deep brain, olfactory, tactile, etc.) that can produce neural oscillations in the brain at specific frequencies based on the stimulation signal.

[0025] The frequency of neural oscillations can be influenced by or correspond to the frequency of a stimulation signal, such as a light or sound pulse. Thus, the disclosed systems and methods can produce brainwave entrainment (or neural entrainment) using multi-modality stimulation, such as light or sound pulses emitted at predetermined frequencies, to synchronize electrical activity among a population of neurons based on multi-modality stimulation or multiple frequencies. Brain entrainment (or neural entrainment) can be observed based on the total frequency of oscillations produced by synchronized electrical activity in an ensemble of cortical neurons.

[0026] The frequency of neural oscillations, as well as other factors that may be related to the effectiveness of a treatment, can be influenced by a variety of factors that may be specific to the subject. Subjects with certain characteristics (e.g., age, sex, handedness, cognitive function, psychiatric illness, etc.) may respond differently to stimulation signals based on these or other characteristics, traits, or habits. In addition, other non-specific factors, such as the stimulation method, the subject's attention level, the time of day the treatment is administered, and various factors related to the subject's diet (e.g., blood sugar, caffeine intake, nicotine intake, etc.), state of mind, physical, and / or mental state, may also affect the effectiveness of the treatment. These and other factors may also indirectly affect the quality of treatment by affecting the subject's compliance with the treatment regimen, by increasing or decreasing unpleasant or undesirable side effects, or by administering a treatment that the subject otherwise cannot tolerate.

[0027] In addition to the subject-specific factors described above, other factors may also affect the effectiveness of treatment for a particular subject. Parameters associated with the stimulation signal may increase or decrease the effectiveness of treatment for a particular subject. Such parameters may generally be referred to as administration parameters. For example, a subject may respond differently to treatment based on administration parameters such as the rescue modality (or combination of modalities) of the stimulation signal, the duration of the stimulation signal, the intensity of the stimulation signal, and the brain region targeted by the stimulation signal. Monitoring the condition of a subject in real time (e.g., during the course of stimulation treatment) and over longer periods (e.g., days, weeks, months, or years) can provide information that can be used to adjust the treatment regimen to make the treatment more effective and / or more tolerable for the individual subject. In some examples, treatment may be adjusted based on some of the subject-specific factors described above.

[0028] At least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a system for selecting administration parameters of a stimulation signal to induce synchronized neural oscillations in a subject's brain. The system may include or refer to a neurostimulation system. The neurostimulation system may include, interface with, or otherwise communicate with a administration management module, an undesirable frequency filtering module, a profile manager, a side effect management module, or a feedback monitor. The neurostimulation system may include, interface with, or otherwise communicate with a signaling component, a filtering component, or a feedback component.

[0029] At least one embodiment is directed to a method for selecting administration parameters of a stimulation signal to induce synchronized neural oscillations in a subject's brain. The method can be implemented by a neurostimulation system that can determine anthropomorphic parameters and identify a signal to provide. The neurostimulation system can generate and transmit the identified signal. The neurostimulation system can receive or determine feedback related to neural activity, physiological activity, environmental parameters, or device parameters. The neurostimulation system can manage, control, or adjust the signal based on the feedback.

[0030] The disclosed systems and methods relate to providing assessments of neural stimulation in a subject in response to external stimuli. The external stimuli can adjust, control, or otherwise manage the frequency of neural oscillations in the brain. When the neural oscillations in the brain are entrained to a particular frequency, there can be beneficial effects on the cognitive state or cognitive function of the brain, while mitigating or preventing adverse effects on the cognitive state or cognitive function. A cognitive assessment can be performed on the subject to determine whether the application of external stimuli entrains the subject's brain to a particular frequency and affects the brain's cognitive state or cognitive function.

[0031] Cognitive and physiological assessments may be performed on a subject to determine what type of external stimulus should be applied to the subject's nervous system. Some types of external stimulus may not be effective in entraining the brain's neural oscillations to a specific frequency. For example, applying auditory stimuli to a subject with severe hearing loss may not result in entraining the brain's neural oscillations to a specific frequency because the brain's auditory system cannot pick up external stimuli due to the hearing loss. Based on the results of the cognitive and physiological assessments, the type of external stimulus to be applied to the subject's nervous system may be identified.

[0032] Neural oscillations may be induced in a subject's brain by applying external stimuli to the subject's nervous system. The external stimuli may be transmitted to the subject's visual system using visual stimuli, the subject's auditory system using auditory stimuli, or via peripheral nerve stimulation. Neural oscillations in the subject's brain may be monitored using electroencephalography (EEG) devices, electrooculography (EOG) devices, and magnetoencephalography (MEG) devices. Various other signs and indicators of the subject (e.g., attention, physiological function, etc.) may also be monitored. After applying external stimuli to the subject's nervous system, additional cognitive and physiological assessments may be conducted repeatedly over time to determine whether the external stimuli were effective in entraining the subject's brain to specific frequencies and improving the brain's cognitive state or function.

[0033] At least one embodiment is directed to a system for providing an assessment of a subject's neural stimulation in response to an external stimulus. The system may include an assessment implementation module, a subject assessment monitor, a subject physiological monitor, a stimulus generator module, a neural oscillation module, an assessment application device, a stimulus output device, and a measurement device. The assessment implementation module can send control signals to the assessment application device. The control signals can specify the type of assessment, the duration of the assessment, and / or one or more characteristics or parameters of the assessment stimulus (e.g., intensity, color, pulse frequency, signal frequency, etc.). Using the control signals, the assessment application device can provide the assessment to the subject. The subject assessment monitor can measure the subject's task response to the provided assessment via one or more of the measurement devices. The subject physiological monitor can measure the subject's physiological response via one or more of the measurement devices while the assessment is being provided. The stimulus generator can send control signals to the stimulus output device to apply the stimulus to the subject. The neural oscillation monitor can measure the subject's neural response to the stimulus via one or more of the measurement devices. Using feedback data from the subject's assessment monitor, the subject's physiological monitor, and / or the neural oscillation monitor, the assessment implementation module can modify the control signal sent to the assessment application device and modify the assessment given to the subject. Using feedback data from the subject's assessment monitor, the subject's physiological monitor, and / or the neural oscillation monitor, the stimulus generator module can modify the control signal sent to the stimulator output device and modify the stimulus applied to the subject.

[0034] At least one embodiment is directed to a method of providing an assessment of a subject's neural stimulation in response to a stimulus. A cognitive assessment system can send a control signal to an assessment application device. The control signal can specify a type of assessment, a duration of the assessment, and / or an intensity of the stimulus for the assessment. Using the control signal, the cognitive assessment system can provide the assessment to the subject. The cognitive assessment system can measure, via a measurement device, the subject's task response to the provided assessment. The cognitive assessment system can measure, via the measurement device, the subject's physiological response while the assessment is provided. The cognitive assessment system can send a control signal to a stimulus output device to apply the stimulus to the subject. The cognitive assessment system can measure, via the measurement device, the subject's neural response to the stimulus. Using feedback data, the cognitive assessment system can modify the control signal sent to the assessment application device and modify the assessment provided to the subject. Using the feedback data, the cognitive assessment system can modify the control signal sent to the stimulus output device and modify the stimulus applied to the subject.

[0035] The systems and methods of the present disclosure are directed to stimulus sensing. An external stimulus may adjust, control, or otherwise manage the frequency of neural oscillations in the brain. When the neural oscillations in the brain are entrained to a particular frequency, there may be a beneficial effect on the cognitive state or function of the brain, while mitigating or preventing adverse effects on the cognitive state or function. To ensure that the neural oscillations in the brain are entrained to a particular frequency, the external stimulus may be adjusted, modified, or altered based on measurements of the neural oscillations in the brain as well as other physiological characteristics of the subject.

[0036] External stimuli may be applied to a subject's nervous system to induce neural oscillations in the subject's brain. The external stimuli may be delivered to the subject's nervous system via the subject's visual system using visual stimuli, the subject's auditory system using auditory stimuli, or peripheral nerve stimulation. Electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) readings may be used to monitor neural oscillations in the subject's brain. Various other signs and indicators of the subject (e.g., attention, physiological function, etc.) may also be monitored during application of the external stimuli. These measurements may then be used to adjust, modify, or alter the external stimuli to ensure that neural oscillations are entrained to the specified frequency. The measurements may be used to determine whether the subject is receiving the external stimuli.

[0037] At least one embodiment is directed to a system for stimulus sensing. The system may include a neural oscillation monitor, a subject attention monitor, a subject physiological monitor, a stimulus generator module, a stimulus control module, a simulated response module, a stimulus generation policy, a sensor log, a multiple stimulus synchronization module, one or more stimulus output devices, and one or more measurement devices. The stimulus generator module can generate stimulus control signals for the one or more stimulus output devices to convert into external stimuli applied to the subject. The stimulus control module can adjust the stimulus control signals based on the stimulus generation policy. The simulated response module can determine a simulated response to the external stimulus. The neural oscillation monitor can use one or more measurement devices to monitor the subject's neural oscillations. The subject attention monitor can use one or more measurement devices to monitor whether the subject is attentive while the external stimulus is applied. The subject physiological monitor can use one or more measurement devices to monitor the subject's physiological state while the external stimulus is applied. The sensor log can store the subject's neural oscillations, attention, and physiological state.

[0038] At least one embodiment is directed to a method of stimulus sensing. The neural stimulation sensing system can generate a stimulus control signal for a stimulus output device for conversion into an external stimulus for application to a subject. The neural stimulation sensing system can adjust the stimulus control signal based on a stimulus generation policy. The neural stimulation sensing system can determine a simulated response to the external stimulus. The neural stimulation sensing system can use one or more measurement devices to monitor the subject's neural oscillations, to monitor whether the subject is attentive while the external stimulus is being applied, and to monitor the subject's physiological state while the external stimulus is being applied. The neural stimulation sensing system can store the subject's neural oscillations, attention, and physiological state.

[0039] At least one embodiment is directed to a system for sensing neural oscillations induced by external stimuli. The neural stimulation sensing system may include a stimulus generator module, a stimulus output device, a first measurement device, a second measurement device, a simulated response module, a neural oscillation monitor, and a stimulus control module. The stimulus generator module may generate a stimulus control signal. The stimulus output device may convert the stimulus control signal into an external stimulus and apply the external stimulus to a subject. The first measurement device may measure the output external stimulus and environmental noise from the stimulus output device and relay the measurements to the simulated response module. The simulated response module may generate simulated neural oscillations of the subject based on the output external stimulus and environmental noise and relay the simulated neural oscillations to the neural oscillation monitor. The second measurement device may measure the neural oscillations of the subject and relay the measurements to the neural oscillation monitor. The neural oscillation monitor may receive measurements from the second measurement device and receive the simulated neural oscillations from the simulated response module. The neural oscillation monitor may identify artifacts from the received measurements and simulated neural oscillations and relay the measurements to the stimulus control module. The stimulation control module can determine adjustments to the external stimulation based on the artifacts identified by the neural oscillation monitor and the stimulation generation policy, and the stimulation generator module can adjust the stimulation control signal based on the adjustments determined by the stimulation control module.

[0040] At least one aspect is directed to a method for sensing neural oscillations induced by an external stimulus. A neural stimulation sensing system can generate a stimulation control signal. The neural stimulation sensing system can convert the stimulation control signal into an external stimulus and apply the external stimulus to a subject. The neural stimulation sensing system can measure the output external stimulus and environmental noise. The neural stimulation sensing system can generate simulated neural oscillations of the subject based on the output external stimulus and environmental noise. The neural stimulation sensing system can measure the neural oscillations of the subject. The neural stimulation sensing system can identify artifacts from the received measurements and the simulated neural oscillations. The neural stimulation sensing system can determine an adjustment to the external stimulus based on the artifact and the stimulus generation policy. The neural stimulation sensing system can adjust the stimulation control signal based on the determined adjustment.

[0041] At least one embodiment is directed to a system for monitoring a subject's attention during application of external stimuli to induce neural oscillations. The neural stimulation sensing system may include a stimulus generator module, a stimulus output device, a first measurement device, a second measurement device, a subject attention monitor, and a stimulus control module. The stimulus generator module may generate a stimulus control signal. The stimulus output device may convert the stimulus control signal into an external stimulus and apply the external stimulus to the subject. The first measurement device may measure the output external stimulus from the stimulus output device and environmental noise and relay the measurements to the subject attention monitor. The second measurement device may monitor the subject and relay the measurements to the subject attention monitor. The subject attention monitor may determine whether the subject is attentive based on the subject monitoring and relay the determination to the stimulus control module. The stimulus control module may determine an adjustment to the external stimulus based on the determination of the subject attention monitor and a stimulus generation policy. The stimulus generator module may adjust the stimulus control signal based on the adjustment determined by the stimulus control module.

[0042] At least one embodiment is directed to a method for monitoring a subject's attentiveness during application of an external stimulus to induce neural oscillations. A neural stimulation sensing system can generate a stimulus control signal. The neural stimulation sensing system can convert the stimulus control signal into an external stimulus and apply the external stimulus to the subject. The neural stimulation sensing system can measure an output external stimulus from a stimulus output device and environmental noise. The neural stimulation sensing system can monitor the subject. The neural stimulation system can determine whether the subject is attentive based on the monitoring of the subject. The neural stimulation system can determine an adjustment to the external stimulus based on the determination and a stimulus generation policy. The neural stimulation system can adjust the stimulus control signal based on the determined adjustment.

[0043] At least one embodiment is directed to a system for monitoring a physiological state of a subject during application of external stimuli to induce neural oscillations. The neural stimulation sensing system may include a stimulus generator module, a stimulus output device, a first measurement device, a second measurement device, a subject's physiological monitor, and a stimulus control module. The stimulus generator module may generate a stimulus control signal. The stimulus output device may convert the stimulus control signal into an external stimulus and apply the external stimulus to the subject. The first measurement device may measure the output external stimulus from the stimulus output device and environmental noise and relay the measurements to the subject's attention monitor. The second measurement device may monitor the subject and relay the measurements to the subject's attention monitor. The subject's attention monitor may identify the subject's physiological state based on the monitoring of the subject and relay the determination to the stimulus control module. The stimulus control module may determine adjustments to the external stimuli based on the physiological state identified by the subject's physiological monitor and a stimulus generation policy. The stimulus generator module may adjust the stimulus control signal based on the adjustments determined by the stimulus control module.

[0044] At least one embodiment is directed to a method for monitoring a physiological state of a subject during application of an external stimulus to induce neural oscillations. A neural stimulation sensing system can generate a stimulation control signal. The neural stimulation sensing system can convert the stimulation control signal into an external stimulus and apply the external stimulus to the subject. The neural stimulation sensing system can measure an output external stimulus from a stimulation output device and environmental noise. The neural stimulation sensing system can monitor the subject. The neural stimulation system can identify a physiological state of the subject based on the monitoring of the subject. The neural stimulation system can determine an adjustment to the external stimulus based on the identified physiological state and a stimulation generation policy. The neural stimulation system can adjust the stimulation control signal based on the determined adjustment.

[0045] At least one embodiment is directed to a system for synchronizing multiple stimuli to induce neural oscillations. The neural stimulation sensing system may include a stimulus generator module, a stimulus output device, a first measurement device, a second measurement device, a simulated response module, a neural oscillation monitor, a stimulus control module, and a multiple-stimulus synchronization module. The stimulus generator module may generate multiple stimulus waveforms. The stimulus output device may convert the multiple stimulus waveforms into multiple external stimuli and apply the multiple external stimuli to a subject. The first measurement device may measure the multiple external stimuli and environmental noise output from the stimulus output device and relay the measurements to the simulated response module. The simulated response module may generate simulated neural oscillations of the subject based on the output external stimuli and environmental noise and relay the simulated neural oscillations to the neural oscillation monitor. The second measurement device may measure the neural oscillations of the subject and relay the measurements to the neural oscillation monitor. The neural oscillation monitor may receive measurements from the second measurement device and the simulated neural oscillations from the simulated response module. The neural oscillation monitor may identify artifacts from the received measurements and simulated neural oscillations and relay the measurements to the multiple-stimulus synchronization module. The multiple stimulation synchronization module can identify a phase difference between neural oscillation measurements. The stimulation control module can determine adjustments to the external stimulation based on the artifacts identified by the neural oscillation monitor, the phase difference between neural oscillation measurements, and the stimulation generation policy. The stimulation generator module can adjust the multiple waveforms based on the adjustments determined by the stimulation control module.

[0046] At least one aspect is directed to a method for synchronizing multiple stimuli to induce neural oscillations. The neural stimulation sensing system can generate multiple stimulus control signals. The neural stimulation sensing system can convert the multiple stimulus control signals into multiple external stimuli and apply the multiple external stimuli to a subject. The neural stimulation sensing system can measure the output external stimuli and environmental noise. The neural stimulation sensing system can generate simulated neural oscillations of the subject based on the output external stimuli and the environmental noise. The neural stimulation sensing system can measure the neural oscillations of the subject. The neural stimulation sensing system can identify artifacts from the received measurements and the simulated neural oscillations. The neural stimulation sensing system can identify a phase difference between the neural oscillation measurements. The neural stimulation sensing system can determine an adjustment to the external stimuli based on the artifacts, the identified phase difference, and the stimulus generation policy. The neural stimulation sensing system can adjust the stimulus control signals based on the determined adjustments.

[0047] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a system for treating cognitive impairment in a subject. The system may include eyeglasses. The eyeglasses may be formed from a wire frame. The system may include a photodiode. The photodiode may be coupled to the wire frame and positioned to detect an ambient light level between the wire frame and the subject's fovea. The system may include multiple light sources. The multiple light sources may be coupled to the wire frame and positioned to direct light toward the subject's fovea. The system may include a profile manager executed by a neurostimulation system including a processor. The profile manager may retrieve a profile corresponding to an identifier of the subject based on the lookup. The profile manager may select a light pattern having fixed parameters and variable parameters based on the profile. The system may include a light adjustment module executed by the neurostimulation system. The light adjustment module may set a value for the variable parameter based on applying a policy associated with the profile using the ambient light level. The system may include a light generation module executed by the neurostimulation system. The light generation module may construct an output signal based on the light pattern, the fixed parameter, and the variable parameter set by the ambient level. A light-generating module implemented by the neurostimulation system may provide output signals to a plurality of light sources for directing light into the fovea of ​​the subject in accordance with the constructed output signal.

[0048] In some embodiments, the system can administer an agent to the subject before, simultaneously with, or after application of the stimulus. The agent can be a monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody can be aducanumab.

[0049] In some embodiments, the method includes administering to the subject an agent before, simultaneously with, or after the application of the stimulus. The agent can be a monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody can be aducanumab.

[0050] In some embodiments, the fixed parameter may correspond to a stimulation frequency and the variable parameter may correspond to an intensity level. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of light sources may be positioned to direct light within 15 degrees of the subject's fossa. In some embodiments, the feedback monitor may track movement of the subject's fossa via a feedback sensor. In some embodiments, the light adjustment module may adjust at least one of the plurality of light sources to direct light within 15 degrees of the subject's fossa in response to movement of the subject's fossa.

[0051] In some embodiments, the feedback monitor may measure the physiological condition using a feedback sensor. In some embodiments, the side effect management module may receive the measured physiological condition from the feedback monitor. The side effect management module may generate an instruction to adjust the variable parameter to a second value. The side effect management module may send the instruction to the light adjustment module. In some embodiments, the light adjustment module may receive the instruction from the side effect management module. The light adjustment module may determine a second value for the variable parameter of the light pattern.

[0052] In some embodiments, the feedback monitor may measure the subject's heart rate using a pulse rate monitor. In some embodiments, the side effect management module may receive the heart rate measured by the feedback monitor. The side effect management module may compare the heart rate to a threshold. The side effect management module may determine that the heart rate exceeds the threshold based on the comparison. In response to determining that the heart rate exceeds the threshold, the side effect management module may adjust the variable parameter to a second value to reduce the intensity of the light. In some embodiments, the light adjustment module may receive the second value of the variable parameter. In some embodiments, the light adjustment module may provide a second output signal to cause the multiple light sources to direct light at a lower intensity corresponding to the second value.

[0053] In some embodiments, the feedback monitor may measure the subject's heart rate using a pulse rate monitor. The feedback monitor may measure brain wave activity using an electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor. In some embodiments, the side effect management module may receive the heart rate measured by the feedback monitor. The side effect management module may receive the brain wave activity measured by the EEG sensor. The side effect management module may determine that the heart rate is below a first threshold. The side effect management module may determine that the brain wave activity is below a second threshold. In response to determining that the heart rate is below the first threshold and the brain wave activity is below the second threshold, the side effect management module may adjust the variable parameter to a second threshold to increase the intensity of the light. In some embodiments, the light adjustment module may receive a second value for the variable parameter. The light adjustment module may provide a second output signal to cause the multiple light sources to direct light at an increased intensity corresponding to the second value. In some embodiments, the cognitive impairment may include Alzheimer's disease.

[0054] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a system for treating cognitive impairment in a subject. The system may include eyeglasses. The system may include a sensor. The sensor may be coupled to a portion of the eyeglasses and configured to detect an ambient light level between the portion of the eyeglasses and the subject's fovea. The system may include multiple light sources. The multiple light sources may be coupled to the eyeglasses and configured to direct light toward the subject's fovea. The system may include a neurostimulation system including a processor. The neurostimulation system may retrieve a profile corresponding to the subject's identifier based on the lookup. The neurostimulation system may select a light pattern having fixed parameters and variable parameters based on the profile. The neurostimulation system may set a value for the variable parameter based on applying a policy associated with the profile using the ambient light level. The neurostimulation system may construct an output signal based on the light pattern, the fixed parameters, and the variable parameter set by the ambient level. The neurostimulation system may provide output signals to the multiple light sources to direct light toward the subject's fovea in accordance with the constructed output signal.

[0055] In some embodiments, the system can administer an agent to the subject before, simultaneously with, or after application of the stimulus. The agent can be a monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody can be aducanumab.

[0056] In some embodiments, the fixed parameter may correspond to a stimulation frequency, and the variable parameter may correspond to an intensity level. In some embodiments, at least one of the multiple light sources may be positioned to direct light within 15 degrees of the subject's fossa. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may track movement of the subject's fossa via a feedback sensor. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may adjust at least one of the multiple light sources to direct light within 15 degrees of the subject's fossa in response to movement of the subject's fossa.

[0057] In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may measure the physiological condition using a feedback sensor. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may receive the measured physiological condition from a feedback monitor. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may generate an instruction to adjust the variable parameter to a second value. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may transmit the instruction to the light adjustment module. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may determine a second value for the variable parameter of the light pattern.

[0058] In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may measure the subject's heart rate using a pulse rate monitor. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may compare the heart rate to a threshold. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may determine that the heart rate exceeds the threshold based on the comparison. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may adjust the variable parameter to a second value to reduce the intensity of the light in response to determining that the heart rate exceeds the threshold. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may provide a second output signal to cause the multiple light sources to direct light at a lower intensity corresponding to the second value.

[0059] In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may measure the subject's heart rate using a pulse rate monitor. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may measure brain wave activity using an electroencephalogram (EEG) sensor. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may determine that the heart rate is below a first threshold. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may determine that the brain wave activity is below a second threshold. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may adjust a variable parameter to a second threshold to increase the intensity of the light in response to determining that the heart rate is below the first threshold and the brain wave activity is below the second threshold. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may provide a second output signal to cause the multiple light sources to direct light at an increased intensity corresponding to a second value. In some embodiments, the cognitive impairment may include Alzheimer's disease.

[0060] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a system for treating cognitive impairment in a subject. The system may include eyeglasses. The system may include a sensor. The sensor may be coupled to a portion of the eyeglasses and configured to detect an ambient light level between the portion of the eyeglasses and the subject's fovea. The system may include multiple light sources. The multiple light sources may be coupled to the eyeglasses and configured to direct light toward the subject's fovea. The system may include one or more processors. The one or more processors may execute one or more programs to treat a subject in need of treatment for a brain disorder. The one or more programs may include instructions for conducting a treatment session. The treatment session may include identifying a profile corresponding to an identifier of the subject. The treatment session may include selecting a light pattern having fixed parameters and variable parameters based on the profile. The treatment session may include setting a value for the variable parameter based on applying a policy associated with the profile using ambient light levels. The treatment session may include constructing an output signal based on the light pattern, the fixed parameters, and the variable parameters set by the ambient light level. The treatment session may include providing output signals to multiple light sources to direct light into the subject's fovea in accordance with the constructed output signals.

[0061] In some embodiments, the treatment session includes administering an agent to the subject before, simultaneously with, or after application of the stimulus. The agent can be a monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody can be aducanumab.

[0062] In some embodiments, the fixed parameter may correspond to a stimulation frequency, and the variable parameter may correspond to an intensity level. In some embodiments, at least one of the multiple light sources may be positioned to direct light within 15 degrees of the subject's fossa. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include tracking movement of the subject's fossa via a feedback sensor. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include adjusting at least one of the multiple light sources in response to movement of the subject's fossa to direct light within 15 degrees of the subject's fossa.

[0063] In some embodiments, the treatment session may include measuring a physiological condition using a feedback sensor. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include comparing a heart rate to a threshold value. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include determining, based on the comparison, that the heart rate exceeds the threshold value. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include, in response to determining that the heart rate exceeds the threshold value, adjusting a variable parameter to a second value to reduce the intensity of the light. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include providing a second output signal to cause the multiple light sources to direct light at a lower intensity corresponding to the second value.

[0064] At least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method for treating cognitive impairment in a subject. The method may include administering stimulation to the subject using a system. The system may include eyeglasses. The eyeglasses may be formed from a wire frame. The system may include a photodiode. The photodiode may be coupled to the wire frame and positioned to detect an ambient light level between the wire frame and the subject's fovea. The system may include multiple light sources. The multiple light sources may be coupled to the wire frame and positioned to direct light toward the subject's fovea. The system may include an input device. The input device may receive an identifier for the subject. The system may include a profile manager executed by a neurostimulation system including a processor. The profile manager may retrieve a profile corresponding to the identifier of the subject based on the lookup. The profile manager may select a light pattern having fixed parameters and variable parameters based on the profile. The system may include a light adjustment module executed by the neurostimulation system. The light adjustment module may set a value for the variable parameter based on applying a policy associated with the profile using ambient light levels. The system may include a light generation module executed by the neurostimulation system. The light-generating module may construct an output signal based on the light pattern, fixed parameters, and variable parameters set by ambient levels. The light-generating module may provide output signals to a plurality of light sources to direct light to the fovea of ​​the subject in accordance with the constructed output signal. In some embodiments, the cognitive impairment may include Alzheimer's disease.

[0065] In some embodiments, the method includes administering to the subject an agent before, simultaneously with, or after the application of the stimulus. The agent can be a monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody can be aducanumab.

[0066] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a system for treating cognitive impairment in a subject. The system may include a feedback monitor executed by at least one processor of the neurostimulation system. The feedback monitor may receive an indication of an ambient audio signal detected by a microphone. The system may include a profile manager executed by the neurostimulation system. The profile manager may receive an identifier of the subject and select an audio signal from a profile corresponding to the identifier, the audio signal including fixed and variable parameters. The system may include an audio generation module executed by the neurostimulation system. The audio generation module may set the variable parameters to a first value based on the variable parameters. The system may include an audio generation module executed by the neurostimulation system. The audio generation module may generate an output signal based on the first values ​​of the fixed and variable parameters and provide the output signal to a speaker such that the speaker provides audio to the subject. The feedback monitor may measure a physiological state of the subject during a first time interval via a feedback sensor. The system may include an audio adjustment module executed by the neurostimulation system. The audio adjustment module may adjust the variable parameters to a second value. The sound generation module may generate a second output signal based on second values ​​of the fixed parameter and the variable parameter and provide the output signal to the speaker such that the speaker provides the modified sound to the subject.

[0067] In some embodiments, the system can administer an agent to the subject before, simultaneously with, or after application of the stimulus. The agent can be a monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody can be aducanumab.

[0068] In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may determine a level of attentiveness based on the physiological state measured by the feedback monitor for a second time interval after the first time interval. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may compare the level of attentiveness to a threshold. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may determine, based on the comparison, that the level of attentiveness does not meet the threshold. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may adjust the variable parameter to a third value greater than the second value in response to the level of attentiveness not meeting the threshold.

[0069] In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may determine a second physiological condition measured by the feedback monitor during a second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may adjust the variable parameter to a third value less than the second value. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may determine the second physiological condition measured by the feedback monitor during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may overlay an audio signal on the output signal based on the second physiological condition.

[0070] In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may detect a second physiological condition measured by the feedback monitor during a second time interval. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may, in response to the detection, overlay an audio signal on the output signal based on the second physiological condition. The audio signal may indicate a duration remaining in a therapy session for treating cognitive impairment.

[0071] In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may detect a second physiological condition measured by the feedback monitor during a second time interval. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may use a policy to select a pre-recorded audio signal based on the second physiological condition. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may overlay the pre-recorded audio signal on the output signal based on the second physiological condition in response to the detection. The audio signal may indicate a duration remaining in a therapy session for treating cognitive impairment. In some embodiments, the cognitive impairment may include Alzheimer's disease.

[0072] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a system for treating cognitive impairment in a subject. The system may include a microphone, a speaker, a feedback sensor, and a neurostimulation system. The neurostimulation system may include at least one processor and may be coupled to the microphone and the speaker. The neurostimulation system may receive an indication of an ambient audio signal detected by the microphone. The neurostimulation system may receive an identifier for the subject. The neurostimulation system may select an audio signal from a profile corresponding to the identifier, the audio signal including a fixed parameter and a variable parameter. The neurostimulation system may set the variable parameter to a first value based on the variable parameter. The neurostimulation system may generate an output signal based on the fixed parameter and the first value of the variable parameter. The neurostimulation system may provide the output signal to a speaker such that the speaker provides audio to the subject. The neurostimulation system may measure a physiological state of the subject during a first time interval via the feedback sensor. The neurostimulation system may adjust the variable parameter to a second value. The neurostimulation system may generate a second output signal based on second values ​​of the fixed parameter and the variable parameter and provide the output signal to the speaker such that the speaker provides a modified sound to the subject.

[0073] In some embodiments, the system can administer an agent to the subject before, simultaneously with, or after application of the stimulus. The agent can be a monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody can be aducanumab.

[0074] In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may determine a level of attentiveness based on the physiological state measured by the feedback monitor for a second time interval after the first time interval. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may compare the level of attentiveness to a threshold. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may determine, based on the comparison, that the level of attentiveness does not meet the threshold. In some embodiments, the neurostimulation system may adjust the variable parameter to a third value greater than the second value in response to the level of attentiveness not meeting the threshold.

[0075] In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may determine a second physiological condition measured by the feedback monitor during a second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may adjust the variable parameter to a third value less than the second value. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may determine the second physiological condition measured by the feedback monitor during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may overlay an audio signal on the output signal based on the second physiological condition.

[0076] In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may detect a second physiological condition measured by the feedback monitor during a second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may, in response to the detection, superimpose an audio signal on the output signal based on the second physiological condition. The audio signal may indicate a duration remaining in a therapy session for treating cognitive impairment.

[0077] In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may detect a second physiological condition measured by the feedback monitor during a second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may use a policy to select a pre-recorded audio signal based on the second physiological condition. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation system may overlay the pre-recorded audio signal on the output signal based on the second physiological condition in response to the detection. The audio signal may indicate a duration remaining in a therapy session for treating cognitive impairment. In some embodiments, the cognitive impairment may include Alzheimer's disease.

[0078] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a system for treating cognitive impairment in a subject. The system may include a microphone, a speaker, a feedback sensor, and one or more processors. The one or more processors may execute one or more programs to treat a subject in need of treatment for a brain disease. The one or more programs may include instructions for conducting a therapy session. The therapy session may include receiving an indication of an ambient audio signal detected by the microphone. The therapy session may include receiving an identifier of the subject. The therapy session may include selecting an audio signal including fixed parameters and variable parameters from a profile corresponding to the identifier. The therapy session may include providing an output signal to a speaker such that the speaker provides audio to the subject. The therapy session may include measuring a physiological state of the subject during a first time interval via the feedback sensor. The therapy session may include adjusting the variable parameter to a second value. The therapy session may include generating a second output signal based on the second values ​​of the fixed parameters and the variable parameters, and providing the output signal to the speaker such that the speaker provides the modified audio to the subject.

[0079] In some embodiments, the treatment session includes administering an agent to the subject before, simultaneously with, or after application of the stimulus. The agent can be a monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody can be aducanumab.

[0080] In some embodiments, the treatment session may include determining a level of attention based on the physiological state measured at a second time interval after the first time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include comparing the level of attention to a threshold. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include determining, based on the comparison, that the level of attention does not meet the threshold. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include adjusting the variable parameter to a third value greater than the second value in response to the level of attention not meeting the threshold.

[0081] In some embodiments, the treatment session may include determining a second physiological condition measured during a second time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include adjusting the variable parameter to a third value less than the second value. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include determining the second physiological condition measured during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include overlaying an audio signal on the output signal based on the second physiological condition.

[0082] In some embodiments, the treatment session may include detecting a second physiological condition measured during a second time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include, in response to the detection, overlaying an audio signal onto the output signal based on the second physiological condition. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include detecting a second physiological condition measured during a second time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include, in response to the detection, overlaying an audio signal onto the output signal based on the second physiological condition. The audio signal may indicate a duration remaining in the treatment session for treating cognitive impairment. In some embodiments, the cognitive impairment may include Alzheimer's disease.

[0083] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a method for treating cognitive impairment in a subject. The method may include administering stimulation to the subject using a system. The system may include a microphone, a speaker, a feedback sensor, and a neurostimulation system. The neurostimulation system may include at least one processor and may be coupled to the microphone and the speaker. The neurostimulation system may receive an indication of an ambient audio signal detected by the microphone. The neurostimulation system may receive an identifier for the subject. The neurostimulation system may select an audio signal from a profile corresponding to the identifier, the audio signal including a fixed parameter and a variable parameter. The neurostimulation system may set the variable parameter to a first value based on the variable parameter. The neurostimulation system may generate an output signal based on the fixed parameter and the first value of the variable parameter. The neurostimulation system may provide the output signal to a speaker such that the speaker provides audio to the subject. The neurostimulation system may measure a physiological state of the subject during a first time interval via the feedback sensor. The neurostimulation system may adjust the variable parameter to a second value. The neurostimulation system may generate a second output signal based on second values ​​of the fixed parameter and the variable parameter and provide the output signal to the speaker such that the speaker provides the modified sound to the subject. In some embodiments, the cognitive impairment may include Alzheimer's disease.

[0084] In some embodiments, the method includes administering to the subject an agent before, simultaneously with, or after the application of the stimulus. The agent can be a monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody can be aducanumab.

[0085] At least one embodiment is directed to a system for treating cognitive impairment in a subject. The system may include a light source and a speaker. The system may include a visual signaling component executed by a visual neurostimulation system. The visual signaling component may provide a visual stimulus having a first value of a first parameter via the light source. The system may include an audio signaling component executed by an auditory neurostimulation system. The audio signaling component may provide an audio stimulus having a second value of a second parameter via the speaker. The system may include a stimulus orchestration component executed by a neurostimulation orchestration system. The stimulus orchestration component may select one of the visual or audio stimuli to be varied based on a policy during a first time interval. The stimulus orchestration component may select the other of the visual or audio stimuli to be kept constant during the first time interval based on the policy. The stimulus orchestration component may also provide a command to the visual neurostimulation system or the auditory neurostimulation system corresponding to the selected one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be altered to cause the visual or auditory neurostimulation system to alter one of the visual or auditory stimuli.

[0086] In some embodiments, the system can administer an agent to the subject before, simultaneously with, or after application of the stimulus. The agent can be a monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody can be aducanumab.

[0087] In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select the other of the visual or auditory stimuli to be changed based on the policy for a second time interval after the first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select the other of the visual or auditory stimuli to remain constant based on the policy for the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may provide instructions to the visual or auditory neural stimulation system corresponding to the selected one of the visual or auditory stimuli to change during the second time interval to cause the one of the visual or auditory neural stimulation system to change the one of the visual or auditory stimuli during the second time interval.

[0088] In some embodiments, the system may include a feedback monitor. The feedback monitor may detect a physiological state of the subject during a first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied during the first time interval using a policy and based on the detected physiological state.

[0089] In some embodiments, the system may include a feedback monitor. The feedback monitor may detect a physiological state of the subject during a first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may, in response to detecting the physiological state, select another of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied during a second time interval after the first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select the other of the visual or auditory stimuli to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may provide instructions to a visual or auditory neural stimulation system corresponding to the selected one of the visual or auditory stimuli to vary during the second time interval, to cause the one of the visual or auditory neural stimulation system to vary the one of the visual or auditory stimuli during the second time interval.

[0090] In some embodiments, the system may include a microphone. The microphone may detect an ambient sound level. In some embodiments, the system may include a photodiode. The photodiode may detect an ambient light level. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied during the first time interval based on the ambient sound level and the ambient light level.

[0091] In some embodiments, the system may include an electrode. The electrode may provide peripheral nerve stimulation to the subject. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select one of the visual stimulation, the auditory stimulation, or the peripheral nerve stimulation to be varied during the second time interval based on the policy.

[0092] In some embodiments, the visual stimulus is selected to vary during a first time interval. In some embodiments, the system may include electrodes. The electrodes may provide peripheral nerve stimulation to the subject during the first time interval. In some embodiments, the system may include a feedback monitor. The feedback monitor may detect a physiological condition of the subject during the first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may, in response to detecting the physiological condition, select one of the auditory stimulus or the peripheral nerve stimulation to be varied during a second time interval after the first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select the visual stimulus to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may instruct a visual neural stimulation system to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may instruct an auditory neural stimulation system to be varied during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may instruct an electrode to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the cognitive impairment may include Alzheimer's disease.

[0093] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a system for treating cognitive impairment in a subject. The system may include a visual neurostimulation system. The visual neurostimulation system may provide visual stimuli having a first value of a first parameter via an optical output source. The system may include an auditory neurostimulation system. The auditory neurostimulation system may provide auditory stimuli having a second value of a second parameter via an audio output source. The system may include a neurostimulation orchestration system. The neurostimulation orchestration system may select one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied based on a policy during a first time interval. The neurostimulation orchestration system may select the other of the visual or auditory stimuli to be kept constant based on the policy during the first time interval. The neurostimulation orchestration system may provide instructions to the visual or auditory neurostimulation system corresponding to the selected one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied, to cause the one of the visual or auditory neurostimulation system to vary the one of the visual or auditory stimuli.

[0094] In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select the other of the visual or auditory stimuli to be changed based on the policy for a second time interval after the first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select the other of the visual or auditory stimuli to remain constant based on the policy for the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may provide instructions to the visual or auditory neural stimulation system corresponding to the selected one of the visual or auditory stimuli to change during the second time interval to cause the one of the visual or auditory neural stimulation system to change the one of the visual or auditory stimuli during the second time interval.

[0095] In some embodiments, the system may include a feedback monitor. The feedback monitor may detect a physiological state of the subject during a first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied during the first time interval using a policy and based on the detected physiological state.

[0096] In some embodiments, the system may include a feedback monitor. The feedback monitor may detect a physiological state of the subject during a first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may, in response to detecting the physiological state, select another of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied during a second time interval after the first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select the other of the visual or auditory stimuli to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may provide instructions to a visual or auditory neural stimulation system corresponding to the selected one of the visual or auditory stimuli to vary during the second time interval, to cause the one of the visual or auditory neural stimulation system to vary the one of the visual or auditory stimuli during the second time interval.

[0097] In some embodiments, the system may include a microphone. The microphone may detect an ambient sound level. In some embodiments, the system may include a photodiode. The photodiode may detect an ambient light level. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied during the first time interval based on the ambient sound level and the ambient light level.

[0098] In some embodiments, the system may include an electrode. The electrode may provide peripheral nerve stimulation to the subject. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select one of the visual stimulation, the auditory stimulation, or the peripheral nerve stimulation to be varied during the second time interval based on the policy.

[0099] In some embodiments, the visual stimulus is selected to vary during a first time interval. In some embodiments, the system may include electrodes. The electrodes may provide peripheral nerve stimulation to the subject during the first time interval. In some embodiments, the system may include a feedback monitor. The feedback monitor may detect a physiological condition of the subject during the first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may, in response to detecting the physiological condition, select one of the auditory stimulus or the peripheral nerve stimulation to be varied during a second time interval after the first time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may select the visual stimulus to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may instruct a visual neural stimulation system to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may instruct an auditory neural stimulation system to be varied during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the neural stimulation orchestration system may instruct an electrode to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the cognitive impairment may include Alzheimer's disease.

[0100] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a system for treating cognitive dysfunction in a subject. The system may include a visual neurostimulation system, an auditory neurostimulation system, a neurostimulation orchestration system, an optical output source, an audio output source, and one or more processors. The one or more processors may execute one or more programs to treat a subject in need of treatment for a brain disease. The one or more programs may include instructions for conducting a therapeutic session. The therapeutic session may include providing a visual stimulus having a first value of a first parameter via the optical output source. The therapeutic session may include providing an audio stimulus having a second value of a second parameter via the audio output source. The therapeutic session may include selecting one of the visual or audio stimuli to be varied based on a policy during a first time interval. The therapeutic session may include selecting the other of the visual or audio stimuli to be kept constant during a first time interval based on a policy. The treatment session may include providing a command to the visual neurostimulation system or the auditory neurostimulation system corresponding to a selected one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be altered to cause the visual or auditory neurostimulation system to alter one of the visual or auditory stimuli.

[0101] In some embodiments, the treatment session may include selecting the other of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied based on the policy during a second time interval after the first time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include selecting the other of the visual or auditory stimuli to remain constant based on the policy during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include providing instructions to the visual or auditory neurostimulation system corresponding to the selected one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied during the second time interval to cause the one of the visual or auditory neurostimulation system to vary the one of the visual or auditory stimuli during the second time interval.

[0102] In some embodiments, the treatment session may include detecting a physiological condition of the subject during a first time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include selecting one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied during the first time interval using a policy and based on the detected physiological condition.

[0103] In some embodiments, the treatment session may include detecting a physiological condition of the subject during a first time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include selecting, in response to the detection of the physiological condition, another of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied during a second time interval after the first time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include selecting the other of the visual or auditory stimuli to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include providing instructions to the visual or auditory neurostimulation system corresponding to the selected one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied during the second time interval, to cause the one of the visual or auditory neurostimulation system to vary the one of the visual or auditory stimuli during the second time interval.

[0104] In some embodiments, the treatment session may include detecting an ambient sound level. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include detecting an ambient light level. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include selecting one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be varied during a first time interval based on the ambient sound level and the ambient light level. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include providing peripheral nerve stimulation to the subject via electrodes. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include selecting one of the visual, auditory, or peripheral nerve stimulation to be varied during a second time interval based on a policy.

[0105] In some embodiments, the visual stimulus is selected to vary during a first time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include providing peripheral nerve stimulation to the subject during the first time interval via electrodes. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include detecting a physiological condition of the subject during the first time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include selecting one of the auditory stimulus or the peripheral nerve stimulus to be varied during a second time interval after the first time interval in response to detecting the physiological condition. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include selecting the visual stimulus to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include instructing a visual neurostimulation system to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include instructing an auditory neurostimulation system to be varied during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the treatment session may include instructing an electrode to remain constant during the second time interval. In some embodiments, the cognitive impairment may include Alzheimer's disease.

[0106] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a method for treating cognitive impairment in a subject. The method may include administering a stimulus to the subject using a system. The system may include a light source and a speaker. The system may include a visual signaling component executed by a visual neurostimulation system. The visual signaling component may provide a visual stimulus having a first value of a first parameter via the light source. The system may include an audio signaling component executed by an auditory neurostimulation system. The audio signaling component may provide an audio stimulus having a second value of a second parameter via the speaker. The system may include a stimulus orchestration component executed by a neurostimulation orchestration system. The stimulus orchestration component may select one of the visual or audio stimuli to be varied based on a policy during a first time interval. The stimulus orchestration component may select the other of the visual or audio stimuli to remain constant during the first time interval based on the policy. The stimulus orchestration component may also provide a command to the visual neurostimulation system or the auditory neurostimulation system corresponding to the selected one of the visual or auditory stimuli to be altered to cause the visual or auditory neurostimulation system or the auditory neurostimulation system to alter one of the visual or auditory stimuli.

[0107] In some embodiments, the cognitive impairment may include Alzheimer's disease.

[0108] In some embodiments, the method includes administering to the subject an agent before, simultaneously with, or after the application of the stimulus. The agent can be a monoclonal antibody. The monoclonal antibody can be aducanumab.

[0109] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a method for evaluating neural responses to various stimulation modalities for a subject. The method may include sequentially applying a plurality of first neural stimuli to the subject. Each of the first neural stimuli may be defined by a predetermined amplitude. The neural stimuli associated with the different modalities may include an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, and a peripheral nerve stimulation modality. The method may include sensing a first electroencephalogram (EEG) response to each of the first neural stimuli while applying the first neural stimuli to the subject. The method may include generating a corresponding first simulated EEG response to the first neural stimuli based on the first neural stimuli. The method may include comparing each of the first EEG responses to each of the corresponding first simulated responses to determine whether the first EEG response is indicative of a specific neural activity response of the subject. The method may include selecting a first neural stimulation candidate associated with an EEG response associated with a specific neural activity response of the subject based on the comparison. The method may include applying a plurality of second neural stimulations to the subject for the first neural stimulation candidate, the second neural stimulations having varying amplitude values. The method may include sensing a second EEG response of the subject while applying each second neural stimulation to the subject. The method may include generating a corresponding second simulated EEG response to the second neural stimulation based on each second neural stimulation. The method may include comparing each second EEG response with each corresponding second simulated response to determine whether the second EEG response is indicative of a specific neural activity response of the subject. The method may include selecting a therapeutic amplitude of a therapeutic neural stimulation corresponding to the second neural stimulation associated with the specific neural response based on the comparison. The method may include applying the therapeutic neural stimulation to the subject using the therapeutic amplitude.

[0110] In some embodiments, the method may include sensing an attentional response of the subject by performing one or more of eye tracking of the subject's eyes, monitoring the subject's heart rate, or monitoring at least one orientation of the subject's head or body, and using the attentional response to determine whether a particular neural activity response is indicated. In some embodiments, generating each simulated response may include maintaining a model of the subject based on past response data of one or more subjects. The past response data may be relevant previous physiological responses using corresponding neural stimulation. The model may be based on at least one of an age parameter, a height parameter, a weight parameter, or a heart rate parameter of the subject.

[0111] In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of first neurostimulations may include simultaneously applying multiple modalities. In some embodiments, at least one of the plurality of first neurostimulations may include simultaneously applying multiple modalities. In some embodiments, the method may include applying multiple therapeutic neurostimulations by varying treatment parameters of each therapeutic neurostimulation.

[0112] In some embodiments, the treatment parameter may be a duty cycle. In some embodiments, the duty cycle of each of the plurality of therapeutic neurostimulation modalities may be 50 percent or less. In some embodiments, the therapeutic neurostimulation modality may be an auditory stimulation modality, and the treatment parameter may be pitch. In some embodiments, the therapeutic neurostimulation modality may be a visual stimulation modality, and the treatment parameter may include at least one of color or image selection. In some embodiments, the therapeutic neurostimulation modality may be a peripheral nerve stimulation modality, and the treatment parameter may be position.

[0113] At least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a system for assessing neural responses to various stimulation modalities for a subject. The system may include one or more processors coupled to a memory device. The memory device may store instructions. When executed by the one or more processors, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to sequentially apply a plurality of first neural stimuli to the subject. Each of the first neural stimuli may be defined by a predetermined amplitude. The different modalities of the neural stimuli may include an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, and a peripheral nerve stimulation modality. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to sense a first electroencephalogram (EEG) response to each corresponding first neural stimuli while applying each first neural stimuli to the subject. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to generate a corresponding first simulated EEG response to the first neural stimuli based on each first neural stimuli. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to compare each first EEG response with a corresponding first simulated response to determine whether the first EEG response indicates a specific neural activity response of the subject. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to select a first neural stimulation candidate associated with an EEG response associated with the specific neural activity response of the subject based on the comparison. For the first neural stimulation candidate, the instructions may also cause the one or more processors to apply multiple second neural stimuli to the subject, the second neural stimuli having varying amplitude values. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to sense a second EEG response of the subject while applying each second neural stimuli to the subject. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to generate a corresponding second simulated EEG response to the second neural stimuli based on each second neural stimuli. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to compare each second EEG response to a corresponding second simulated EEG response to determine whether the second EEG response is indicative of a particular neural activity response of the subject.The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to select, based on the comparison, a treatment amplitude for the therapeutic neurostimulation that corresponds to the second neurostimulation associated with the particular neural response. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to apply the therapeutic neurostimulation to the subject using the treatment amplitude.

[0114] In some embodiments, the one or more processors may sense an attentional response of the subject by performing one or more of eye tracking of the subject's eyes, monitoring the subject's heart rate, or monitoring at least one orientation of the subject's head or body, and using the attentional response to determine whether a particular neural activity response is indicated. In some embodiments, the one or more processors may generate each simulated response by maintaining a model for the subject based on past response data of the one or more subjects, the past response data being an associated previous physiological response with the corresponding neural stimulation, and the model being based on at least one of an age parameter, a height parameter, a weight parameter, or a heart rate parameter of the subject. In some embodiments, the one or more processors may apply at least one of the plurality of first neural stimulations by simultaneously applying multiple modalities.

[0115] In some embodiments, the one or more processors may apply the multiple therapeutic neurostimulations by varying a treatment parameter of each therapeutic neurostimulation. In some embodiments, the treatment parameter may be a duty cycle. In some embodiments, the duty cycle of each of the multiple therapeutic neurostimulations may be 50 percent or less. In some embodiments, the therapeutic neurostimulation modality may be an auditory stimulation modality, and the treatment parameter may be pitch. In some embodiments, the therapeutic neurostimulation modality may be a visual stimulation modality, and the treatment parameter may include at least one of color or image selection. In some embodiments, the therapeutic neurostimulation modality may be a peripheral nerve stimulation modality, and the treatment parameter may be position.

[0116] At least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a non-transitory computer-readable medium for evaluating neural responses to various stimulation modalities for a subject. The non-transitory computer-readable medium may store instructions. When executed by one or more processors, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to sequentially apply a plurality of first neural stimuli to the subject. Each of the first neural stimuli may be defined by a predetermined amplitude. Each of the neural stimuli associated with the different modalities may include an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, and a peripheral nerve stimulation modality. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to sense a first electroencephalogram (EEG) response to each corresponding first neural stimuli while applying each first neural stimuli to the subject. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to generate a corresponding first simulated EEG response to the first neural stimuli based on each first neural stimuli. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to compare each first EEG response with a corresponding first simulated response to determine whether the first EEG response indicates a specific neural activity response of the subject. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to select a first neural stimulation candidate associated with an EEG response associated with the specific neural activity response of the subject based on the comparison. For the first neural stimulation candidate, the instructions may also cause the one or more processors to apply multiple second neural stimuli to the subject, the second neural stimuli having varying amplitude values. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to sense a second EEG response of the subject while applying each second neural stimuli to the subject. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to generate a corresponding second simulated EEG response to the second neural stimuli based on each second neural stimuli. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to compare each second EEG response to a corresponding second simulated EEG response to determine whether the second EEG response is indicative of a particular neural activity response of the subject.The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to select, based on the comparison, a treatment amplitude for the therapeutic neurostimulation that corresponds to the second neurostimulation associated with the particular neural response. The instructions may also cause the one or more processors to apply the therapeutic neurostimulation to the subject using the treatment amplitude.

[0117] In some embodiments, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to sense an attentional response of the subject by performing one or more of eye tracking of the subject's eyes, monitoring the subject's heart rate, or monitoring at least one orientation of the subject's head or body, and using the attentional response to determine whether a particular neural activity response is indicated. In some embodiments, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to generate each simulated response by maintaining a model of the subject based on past response data of the one or more subjects. The past response data may be an associated previous physiological response with the corresponding neural stimulation. The model may be based on at least one of an age parameter, a height parameter, a weight parameter, or a heart rate parameter of the subject.

[0118] In some embodiments, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to apply multiple therapeutic neurostimulations by varying a therapy parameter of each therapeutic neurostimulation. In some embodiments, the therapy parameter may be a duty cycle. In some embodiments, the duty cycle of each of the multiple therapeutic neurostimulations may be 50 percent or less. In some embodiments, the therapeutic neurostimulation modality may be an auditory stimulation modality and the therapy parameter may be pitch. In some embodiments, the therapeutic neurostimulation modality may be a visual stimulation modality and the therapy parameter may include at least one of color or image selection. In some embodiments, the therapeutic neurostimulation modality may be a peripheral nerve stimulation modality and the therapy parameter may be position.

[0119] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a method for generating a treatment regimen based on a comparison of assessments for various stimulation modalities. For each of an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, and a peripheral nerve stimulation modality, the method may include performing steps. The steps may include providing a first assessment to the subject. The steps may include determining a first task response of the subject based on the first assessment. The steps may include applying a first neural stimulation to the subject. The steps may include providing a second assessment to the subject after applying the first neural stimulation. The steps may include determining a second task response of the subject based on the second assessment. The steps may include comparing the second task response to the first task response to determine whether the second task response indicates a specific neural activity task response of the subject. The steps may include selecting a candidate stimulation modality from the auditory stimulation modality, the visual stimulation modality, and the peripheral nerve stimulation modality based on a comparison of the first task response and the second task response. The steps may include using the candidate stimulation modalities to generate a treatment regimen for the subject.

[0120] In some embodiments, the first and second assessments may each include at least one of an N-back task, a serial reaction time test, a visual coordination test, a voluntary movement test, or a force production test. In some embodiments, selecting the candidate stimulation modalities may include selecting a modality associated with at least one of the greatest increase in score on the second assessment or the highest score on the second assessment. In some embodiments, selecting the candidate stimulation modalities may include selecting at least one modality associated with at least one of an increase in score on the second assessment greater than an increase threshold or a score on the second assessment greater than a second score threshold. In some embodiments, the first neurostimulation of each modality may be provided at the same predetermined frequency.

[0121] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a system for generating a treatment regimen based on a comparison of assessments for various stimulation modalities. The system may include one or more processors coupled to a memory device. The memory device may store instructions. When executed by the one or more processors, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to perform steps for each of an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, and a peripheral nerve stimulation modality. The steps may include providing a first assessment to the subject. The steps may include determining a first task response of the subject based on the first assessment. The steps may include applying a first neural stimulation to the subject. The steps may include providing a second assessment to the subject after applying the first neural stimulation. The steps may include determining a second task response of the subject based on the second assessment. The steps may include comparing the second task response to the first task response to determine whether the second task response is indicative of a particular neural activity task response of the subject. The steps may include selecting candidate stimulation modalities from an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, and a peripheral nerve stimulation modality based on a comparison of the first task response and the second task response. The steps may include generating a treatment regimen for the subject using the candidate stimulation modalities.

[0122] In some embodiments, the first and second assessments may each include at least one of an N-back task, a serial reaction time test, a visual coordination test, a voluntary movement test, or a force production test. In some embodiments, selecting the candidate stimulation modalities may include selecting a modality associated with at least one of the greatest increase in score on the second assessment or the highest score on the second assessment. In some embodiments, selecting the candidate stimulation modalities may include selecting at least one modality associated with at least one of an increase in score on the second assessment greater than an increase threshold or a score on the second assessment greater than a second score threshold. In some embodiments, the first neurostimulation of each modality may be provided at the same predetermined frequency.

[0123] At least one embodiment of the present disclosure is directed to a non-transitory computer-readable medium for generating a treatment regimen based on a comparison of assessments for various stimulation modalities. The non-transitory computer-readable medium may store instructions. When executed by one or more processors, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to perform steps for each of an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, and a peripheral nerve stimulation modality. The steps may include providing a first assessment to the subject. The steps may include determining a first task response of the subject based on the first assessment. The steps may include applying a first neural stimulation to the subject. The steps may include providing a second assessment to the subject after applying the first neural stimulation. The steps may include determining a second task response of the subject based on the second assessment. The steps may include comparing the second task response to the first task response to determine whether the second task response is indicative of a particular neural activity task response of the subject. The steps may include selecting candidate stimulation modalities from an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, and a peripheral nerve stimulation modality based on a comparison of the first task response and the second task response. The steps may include generating a treatment regimen for the subject using the candidate stimulation modalities.

[0124] In some embodiments, the first and second assessments may each include at least one of an N-back task, a serial reaction time test, a visual coordination test, a voluntary movement test, or a force production test. In some embodiments, selecting the candidate stimulation modalities may include selecting a modality associated with at least one of the greatest increase in score on the second assessment or the highest score on the second assessment. In some embodiments, selecting the candidate stimulation modalities may include selecting at least one modality associated with at least one of an increase in score on the second assessment greater than an increase threshold or a score on the second assessment greater than a second score threshold. In some embodiments, the first neurostimulation of each modality may be provided at the same predetermined frequency.

[0125] At least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method of conducting a treatment session. The method may include selecting a frequency at which to deliver a first neural stimulation having a first stimulation modality, a second neural stimulation having a second stimulation modality, and a third neural stimulation having a second stimulation modality. The method may include delivering the first neural stimulation to the subject as a plurality of first pulses at the frequency during a duration. The method may include delivering the second neural stimulation to the subject as a plurality of second pulses at the frequency during a first portion of the duration. The plurality of second pulses may be offset from the plurality of first pulses by a first offset. The method may include terminating the second neural stimulation. The method may include delivering a third neural stimulation to the subject as a plurality of third pulses at the frequency during a second portion of the duration after terminating the second neural stimulation. The plurality of third pulses may be offset from the plurality of first pulses by a second offset different from the first offset. The third neural stimulation and the second neural stimulation may have the same stimulation modality.

[0126] In some embodiments, the first offset and the second offset may be selected as a random value greater than 0 and a time constant equal to the inverse of the frequency, respectively. In some embodiments, the first stimulation modality may be one of an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, or a peripheral nerve stimulation modality. The second stimulation modality may be another of an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, or a peripheral nerve stimulation modality. In some embodiments, a pulse width of the plurality of first pulses may be different from a pulse width of at least one of the plurality of second pulses or the plurality of third pulses.

[0127] At least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a system. The system may include one or more processors coupled to a memory device. The memory device may store instructions. When executed by the one or more processors, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to select a frequency at which to deliver a first neural stimulation having a first stimulation modality, a second neural stimulation having a second stimulation modality, and a third neural stimulation having a second stimulation modality. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to deliver the first neural stimulation to the subject as a plurality of first pulses at the frequency during a duration. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to deliver the second neural stimulation to the subject as a plurality of second pulses at the frequency during a first portion of the duration. The plurality of second pulses may be offset from the plurality of first pulses by a first offset. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to terminate the second neural stimulation. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to administer a third neural stimulation to the subject as a plurality of third pulses at a frequency during a second portion of the duration after terminating the second neural stimulation. The plurality of third pulses may be offset from the plurality of first pulses by a second offset different from the first offset. The third neural stimulation and the second neural stimulation may have the same stimulation modality.

[0128] In some embodiments, the first offset and the second offset may be selected as a random value greater than 0 and a time constant equal to the inverse of the frequency, respectively. In some embodiments, the first stimulation modality may be one of an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, or a peripheral nerve stimulation modality. The second stimulation modality may be another of an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, or a peripheral nerve stimulation modality. In some embodiments, a pulse width of the plurality of first pulses may be different from a pulse width of at least one of the plurality of second pulses or the plurality of third pulses.

[0129] At least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a non-transitory computer-readable medium for conducting a therapy session. The non-transitory computer-readable medium may store instructions. When executed by one or more processors, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to select a frequency at which to deliver a first neural stimulation having a first stimulation modality, a second neural stimulation having a second stimulation modality, and a third neural stimulation having a second stimulation modality. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to deliver the first neural stimulation to the subject as a plurality of first pulses at the frequency during a duration. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to deliver the second neural stimulation to the subject as a plurality of second pulses at the frequency during a first portion of the duration. The plurality of second pulses may be offset from the plurality of first pulses by a first offset. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to terminate the second neural stimulation. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to administer a third neural stimulation to the subject as a plurality of third pulses at a frequency during a second portion of the duration after terminating the second neural stimulation. The plurality of third pulses may be offset from the plurality of first pulses by a second offset different from the first offset. The third neural stimulation and the second neural stimulation may have the same stimulation modality.

[0130] In some embodiments, the first offset and the second offset may be selected as a random value greater than 0 and a time constant equal to the inverse of the frequency, respectively. In some embodiments, the first stimulation modality may be one of an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, or a peripheral nerve stimulation modality. The second stimulation modality may be another of an auditory stimulation modality, a visual stimulation modality, or a peripheral nerve stimulation modality. In some embodiments, a pulse width of the plurality of first pulses may be different from a pulse width of at least one of the plurality of second pulses or the plurality of third pulses.

[0131] At least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a method for countering distractions during neural stimulation. The method may include applying a first neural stimulation to a subject. The method may include applying a plurality of first counter-distraction measures at a plurality of first time points during the first neural stimulation. The plurality of first counter-distraction measures may include at least one of an audible alert or a visual alert. The method may include measuring, during the first neural stimulation, an attention parameter including at least one of the subject's gaze direction, head position, heart rate, or respiratory rate. The method may include comparing the attention parameter with a corresponding first threshold to identify distractions and corresponding periods of distraction. The method may include determining whether each first counter-distraction measure is effective by comparing a change in the attention parameter before and after the distraction measure with a corresponding second threshold. The method may include including the distraction prevention measures in the plurality of second distraction prevention measures in response to determining that the first distraction prevention measures are effective. The method may include selecting a plurality of second time points that are closer to the respective times of distraction than the plurality of first time points. The method may include applying a second neurostimulation to the subject while applying the plurality of second distraction prevention measures at the plurality of second time points.

[0132] In some embodiments, the method may include increasing the number of distractions in response to identifying each distraction. In some embodiments, the method may include resetting the number of distractions after each effective first distraction prevention measure. In some embodiments, the method may include ranking the plurality of first distraction prevention measures based on the magnitude of the corresponding number of distractions. In some embodiments, the first neural stimulation may include at least one of auditory stimulation, visual stimulation, or peripheral nerve stimulation.

[0133] At least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a system for countering distractions during neural stimulation. The system may include one or more processors coupled to a memory device. The memory device may store instructions. When executed by the one or more processors, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to apply a first neural stimulation to a subject. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to apply a plurality of first distraction prevention measures at a plurality of first time points during the first neural stimulation. The plurality of first distraction prevention measures may include at least one of an audible alert or a visual alert. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to measure an attention parameter during the first neural stimulation, the attention parameter including at least one of the subject's gaze direction, head position, heart rate, or respiratory rate. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to compare the attention parameter to a corresponding first threshold value to identify a distraction and a corresponding time period of distraction. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to determine whether each first distraction prevention measure is effective by comparing a change in the attention parameter before and after each distraction prevention measure to a second threshold. In response to determining that the first distraction prevention measure is effective, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to include the distraction prevention measure in the plurality of second distraction prevention measures. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to select a plurality of second time points that are closer to each distraction time than the plurality of first time points. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to apply a second neural stimulation to the subject while applying the plurality of second distraction prevention measures at the plurality of second time points.

[0134] In some embodiments, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to increase the number of distractions in response to identifying each distraction. In some embodiments, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to reset the number of distractions after each effective first distraction prevention action. In some embodiments, the instructions may also cause the one or more processors to rank the plurality of first distraction prevention actions based on the magnitude of the corresponding number of distractions. In some embodiments, the first neural stimulation may include at least one of an auditory stimulation, a visual stimulation, or a peripheral nerve stimulation.

[0135] At least one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a non-transitory computer-readable medium for countering distractions during neural stimulation. The non-transitory computer-readable medium may store instructions. When executed by one or more processors, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to apply a first neural stimulation to a subject. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to apply a plurality of first distraction prevention measures at a plurality of first time points during the first neural stimulation. The plurality of first distraction prevention measures may include at least one of an audible alert or a visual alert. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to measure an attention parameter during the first neural stimulation, the attention parameter including at least one of the subject's gaze direction, head position, heart rate, or respiratory rate. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to compare the attention parameter with a corresponding first threshold to identify a distraction and a corresponding time of distraction. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to determine whether each first distraction prevention measure is effective by comparing a change in the attention parameter before and after each distraction prevention measure to a second threshold. In response to determining that the first distraction prevention measure is effective, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to include the distraction prevention measure in the plurality of second distraction prevention measures. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to select a plurality of second time points that are closer to each distraction time than the plurality of first time points. The instructions may cause the one or more processors to apply a second neural stimulation to the subject while applying the plurality of second distraction prevention measures at the plurality of second time points.

[0136] In some embodiments, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to increase the number of distractions in response to identifying each distraction. In some embodiments, the instructions may cause the one or more processors to reset the number of distractions after each effective first distraction prevention action. In some embodiments, the instructions may also cause the one or more processors to rank the plurality of first distraction prevention actions based on the magnitude of the corresponding number of distractions. In some embodiments, the first neural stimulation may include at least one of an auditory stimulation, a visual stimulation, or a peripheral nerve stimulation. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0137] The details of one or more embodiments of the subject matter described in this specification are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, aspects, and advantages of the subject matter will be apparent from the description, drawings, and claims. [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for implementing visual brain entrainment according to one embodiment. [Figure 2A] 1 illustrates a visual signal for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 2B] 1 illustrates a visual signal for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 2C] 1 illustrates a visual signal for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 2D] 1 illustrates a visual signal for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 2E] 1 illustrates a visual signal for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 2F] 1 illustrates a visual signal for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 3A] 1 illustrates a field of view to which a visual signal may be sent for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 3B] 1 illustrates a field of view to which a visual signal may be sent for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 3C] 1 illustrates a field of view to which a visual signal may be sent for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 4A] 1 illustrates a device configured to send visual signals for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 4B] 1 illustrates a device configured to send visual signals for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 4C] 1 illustrates a device configured to send visual signals for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 5A] 1 illustrates a device configured to send visual signals for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 5B] 1 illustrates a device configured to send visual signals for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 5C] 1 illustrates a device configured to send visual signals for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 5D] 1 illustrates a device configured to send visual signals for visual brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 6A] 1 illustrates a device configured to receive feedback to promote visual brain entrainment in accordance with some embodiments. [Figure 6B] 1 illustrates a device configured to receive feedback to promote visual brain entrainment in accordance with some embodiments. [Figure 7A] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a computing device useful in connection with the systems and methods described herein. [Figure 7B] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an embodiment of a computing device useful in connection with the systems and methods described herein. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a method for implementing visual brain entrainment according to one embodiment. [Figure 9] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for inducing neural oscillations via auditory stimulation according to one embodiment. [Figure 10A] 1 illustrates an example of an audio signal and the type of modulation on the audio signal used to induce neural oscillations via auditory stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10B] 1 illustrates an example of an audio signal and the type of modulation on the audio signal used to induce neural oscillations via auditory stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10C] 1 illustrates an example of an audio signal and the type of modulation on the audio signal used to induce neural oscillations via auditory stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10D] 1 illustrates an example of an audio signal and the type of modulation on the audio signal used to induce neural oscillations via auditory stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10E] 1 illustrates an example of an audio signal and the type of modulation on the audio signal used to induce neural oscillations via auditory stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10F] 1 illustrates an example of an audio signal and the type of modulation on the audio signal used to induce neural oscillations via auditory stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10G] 1 illustrates an example of an audio signal and the type of modulation on the audio signal used to induce neural oscillations via auditory stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10H] 1 illustrates an example of an audio signal and the type of modulation on the audio signal used to induce neural oscillations via auditory stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10I] 1 illustrates an example of an audio signal and the type of modulation on the audio signal used to induce neural oscillations via auditory stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 11A] 1 illustrates an audio signal generated using binaural beats, according to one embodiment. [Figure 11B] 1 illustrates an acoustic pulse comprising isochronic tones, according to one embodiment. [Figure 11C] 1 illustrates an example audio signal with a modulation technique that includes an audio filter, according to one embodiment. [Figure 12A] 1 illustrates a system architecture for auditory brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 12B] 1 illustrates a system architecture for auditory brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 12C] 1 illustrates a system architecture for auditory brain entrainment according to some embodiments. [Figure 13] 1 illustrates a system architecture for room-based auditory brain entrainment, according to one embodiment. [Figure 14] 1 illustrates a device configured to receive feedback to promote auditory brain entrainment in accordance with some embodiments. [Figure 15] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a method for implementing visual brain entrainment according to one embodiment. [Figure 16] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for inducing neural oscillations via peripheral nerve stimulation according to one embodiment. [Figure 17A] 1 illustrates types of peripheral nerve stimulation and modulation to peripheral nerve stimulation used to induce neural oscillations via peripheral nerve stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 17B] 1 illustrates types of peripheral nerve stimulation and modulation to peripheral nerve stimulation used to induce neural oscillations via peripheral nerve stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 17C] 1 illustrates types of peripheral nerve stimulation and modulation to peripheral nerve stimulation used to induce neural oscillations via peripheral nerve stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 17D] 1 illustrates types of peripheral nerve stimulation and modulation to peripheral nerve stimulation used to induce neural oscillations via peripheral nerve stimulation, according to some embodiments. [Figure 18A] 1 illustrates a system for peripheral nerve stimulation according to some embodiments. [Figure 18B]1 illustrates a system for peripheral nerve stimulation according to some embodiments. [Figure 18C] 1 illustrates a system for peripheral nerve stimulation according to some embodiments. [Figure 19] 1 illustrates a control scheme for synchronized peripheral nerve stimulation with multiple devices, according to some embodiments. [Figure 20] FIG. 1 illustrates a process flow diagram for peripheral nerve stimulation to induce and control neural oscillations, according to one embodiment. [Figure 21A] 1 illustrates a device configured to deliver peripheral nerve stimulation to a targeted body part of a subject, according to some embodiments. [Figure 21B] 1 illustrates a device configured to deliver peripheral nerve stimulation to a targeted body part of a subject, according to some embodiments. [Figure 21C] 1 illustrates a device configured to deliver peripheral nerve stimulation to a targeted body part of a subject, according to some embodiments. [Figure 21D] 1 illustrates a device configured to deliver peripheral nerve stimulation to a targeted body part of a subject, according to some embodiments. [Figure 22] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a method for performing peripheral nerve stimulation according to one embodiment. [Figure 23A] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for neural stimulation via multiple stimulation modalities, according to one embodiment. [Figure 23B] FIG. 1 depicts waveforms used for neural stimulation via multiple stimulation modalities, according to one embodiment. [Figure 24A] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system for neural stimulation via visual and auditory stimuli, according to one embodiment. [Figure 24B] FIG. 1 depicts waveforms used for neural stimulation via visual and auditory stimuli, according to one embodiment. [Figure 25] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a method for neural stimulation via visual and auditory stimuli, according to one embodiment. [Figure 26] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for selecting administration parameters of a stimulation signal to induce synchronized neural oscillations in a subject's brain, according to one embodiment. [Figure 27] FIG. 27 is a block diagram of a subject profile that may be included in the system shown in FIG. 26, according to one embodiment. [Figure 28] 1 is a graphical representation of adjusting a treatment session based on feedback collected during the treatment session. [Figure 29A] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a method for selecting administration parameters of a stimulation signal to induce synchronized neural oscillations in the brain of a subject, according to one embodiment. [Figure 29B] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a method for conducting a therapy session according to one embodiment. [Figure 29C] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a method for combating distraction while applying neurostimulation, according to one embodiment. [Figure 30] FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an environment for modifying an external stimulus to an assessment task based on a response by a subject, for the systems and methods described herein. [Figure 31] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for providing an assessment for neurostimulation, according to one embodiment. [Figure 32] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for providing an assessment of a subject's neurostimulation in response to the stimulation, according to one embodiment. [Figure 33] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram depicting a method for providing an assessment of a subject's neurostimulation in response to the stimulation. [Figure 34] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram depicting a method for providing an assessment of a subject's neurostimulation in response to the stimulation. [Figure 35A] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram depicting a method for providing an assessment of a subject's neurostimulation in response to repetitive stimulation. [Figure 35B] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram depicting a method for creating a treatment regimen based on a comparison of assessments for various stimulation modalities. [Figure 36]FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an environment for adjusting external stimuli to induce neural oscillations based on measurements of a subject for the systems and methods described herein. [Figure 37] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for neural stimulation sensing, according to one embodiment. [Figure 38] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for sensing neural oscillations evoked by external stimuli, according to one embodiment. [Figure 39] 1 is a graph depicting frequency domain measurements of neural stimulation under various conditions, according to one embodiment. [Figure 40] 1 illustrates an EEG device for measuring neural activity in the brain, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 41] 1 illustrates an MEG device for measuring neural activity in the brain, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 42] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for monitoring a subject's attention during application of external stimuli to induce neural oscillations, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 43] FIG. 1 is a block diagram depicting an environment for adjusting external stimuli to induce neural oscillations based on a subject's attention for the systems and methods described herein. [Figure 44] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for monitoring a subject's physiology during application of external stimuli to induce neural oscillations, according to an exemplary embodiment. [Figure 45] FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for synchronizing multiple stimuli to induce neural oscillations, according to one embodiment. [Figure 46A] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for sensing neural oscillations induced by an external stimulus and a subject's attention during application of the external stimulus, according to one embodiment. [Figure 46B] FIG. 1 is a flow diagram of a method for assessing neural responses to various stimulation modalities in a subject, according to one embodiment. [Figure 47] 1 illustrates an exemplary combination stimulation system. [Figure 48] Rendering of the controller for the combinatorial stimulation system. [Figure 49] An overview of the study design and patient enrollment process.

[0138] The features and advantages of this solution will become apparent from the detailed description set forth below when taken in conjunction with the drawings in which like reference numerals generally refer to similar elements and in which: DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0139] For purposes of interpreting the description of the various embodiments below, the following descriptions of the specification paragraphs and their respective contents may be useful: Paragraph A describes neural stimulation via visual stimulation, according to some embodiments. Paragraph B describes systems and devices configured to perform neural stimulation via visual stimulation, according to some embodiments. Section C describes computing environments that may be useful in implementing the embodiments described herein. Paragraph D describes a method for performing neural stimulation via visual stimulation, according to one embodiment. Paragraph E describes NSS operation using frames, according to one embodiment. Paragraph F describes NSS operation with a virtual reality headset, according to one embodiment. Paragraph G describes NSS operation with a tablet, according to one embodiment. Paragraph H describes neural stimulation via auditory stimulation, according to some embodiments. Section I describes systems and devices for neural stimulation via auditory stimulation, according to some embodiments. Paragraph J describes a method for neural stimulation via auditory stimulation, according to one embodiment. Paragraph K describes how the neurostimulation system, according to some embodiments, can operate with headphones. Paragraph L describes inducing neural oscillations via peripheral nerve stimulation, according to some embodiments. Paragraph M describes systems and devices configured to induce neural oscillations via peripheral nerve stimulation, according to some embodiments. Paragraph N describes a method for inducing neural oscillations via peripheral nerve stimulation, according to one embodiment. Paragraph O describes neural stimulation via multiple forms of stimulation, according to one embodiment. Paragraph P describes neurostimulation via a combination of auditory and visual stimuli, according to one embodiment. Paragraph Q describes a method for neural stimulation via a combination of auditory and visual stimuli, according to one embodiment. Paragraph R describes, according to one embodiment, selecting administration parameters of a stimulation signal to induce synchronized neural oscillations in a subject's brain. Paragraph S describes a system for selecting administration parameters of a stimulation signal to induce synchronized neural oscillations in a subject's brain, according to one embodiment. Paragraph T describes a subject profile, according to one embodiment, which can be used to store subject-specific data. Paragraph U describes, according to one embodiment, creating an individualized treatment regimen for a subject. Section V describes techniques for creating and utilizing predictive models to develop treatment regimens for subjects, according to one embodiment. Paragraph W describes techniques for promoting subject compliance with a treatment regimen, according to one embodiment. Paragraph X describes an open loop therapy technique, according to one embodiment. Paragraph Y describes a closed-loop therapy technique, according to one embodiment. Paragraph Z describes a method, according to one embodiment, for selecting administration parameters of a stimulation signal to induce synchronized neural oscillations in a subject's brain. Paragraph AA describes an environment for modifying external stimuli based on feedback from a subject performing an assessment task, according to one embodiment. Paragraph BB provides an overview of a system for performing assessments to measure the effectiveness of stimulation, according to one embodiment. Paragraph CC describes a module for performing an assessment of a subject or applying a stimulus to a subject in a system for performing an assessment to measure the effect of a stimulus, according to one embodiment. Paragraph DD describes a module for measuring data from a subject while administering an assessment in a system for administering an assessment to measure the effect of a stimulus, in one embodiment. Paragraph EE describes a module for modifying the assessment or stimulus in response to feedback in a system for performing assessments to measure the effectiveness of a stimulus, according to one embodiment. Paragraph FF describes a method for performing an assessment to measure the effect of a stimulation, according to one embodiment. Paragraph GG describes a system for adjusting external stimuli to induce neural oscillations based on measurements in a subject, according to one embodiment. Paragraph HH describes a system for nerve stimulation sensing, according to one embodiment. Paragraph II describes, in one embodiment, adjusting stimulation to further entrain neural oscillations to a target frequency. Paragraph JJ describes a measurement device for measuring neural oscillations, according to one embodiment. Paragraph KK describes a system for monitoring a subject's attention during application of external stimuli to induce neural oscillations, according to one embodiment. Paragraph LL describes a system for monitoring a subject's physiology during application of external stimuli to induce neural oscillations, according to one embodiment. Paragraph MM describes a system for synchronizing multiple stimuli during application of external stimuli to induce neural oscillations, according to one embodiment. Paragraph NN describes how to adjust external stimuli to induce neural oscillations based on measurements in subjects.

[0140] A. Visual stimulation via neural stimulation The disclosed systems and methods are directed to controlling the frequency of neural oscillations using visual signals. Visual stimulation can modulate, control, or otherwise influence the frequency of neural oscillations to provide beneficial effects on one or more cognitive states or functions of the brain or the immune system, while mitigating or preventing adverse consequences to cognitive states or functions. Visual stimulation can induce electroencephalographic entrainment, which can have beneficial effects on one or more cognitive states, functions, the immune system, or inflammation. In some cases, visual stimulation can induce localized effects, such as in the visual cortex and associated regions. Electroencephalographic entrainment can treat disorders, illnesses, diseases, disabilities, injuries, or other problems associated with cognitive functions, functions, the immune system, or inflammation.

[0141] Neural oscillations occur in humans or animals and involve periodic or repetitive neural activity in the central nervous system. Neural tissue can generate oscillatory activity through mechanisms within individual neurons or through interactions between neurons. Oscillations can also manifest as oscillations in membrane potentials or periodic patterns of action potentials, which can lead to oscillatory activation of postsynaptic neurons. Synchronized activity of neuronal populations can give rise to macroscopic oscillations, which can be observed, for example, by electroencephalography ("EEG"), magnetoencephalography ("MEG"), functional magnetic resonance imaging ("fMRI"), or electrocorticography ("ECoG"). Neural oscillations can be characterized by their frequency, amplitude, and phase. These signal properties can be observed from neural recordings using time-frequency analysis.

[0142] For example, EEG can measure oscillatory activity in populations of neurons, and the measured oscillatory activity can be classified into frequency bands as follows: delta activity corresponds to the 1-4 Hz frequency range; theta activity corresponds to the 4-8 Hz frequency range; alpha activity corresponds to the 8-12 Hz frequency range; beta activity corresponds to the 13-30 Hz frequency range; and gamma activity corresponds to the 30-60 Hz frequency range.

[0143] The frequency and presence or activity of neural oscillations are associated with cognitive states or functions, such as information transfer, perception, motor control, and memory. The frequency of neural oscillations may vary depending on the cognitive state or function. Furthermore, specific frequencies of neural oscillations may have beneficial or detrimental effects on one or more cognitive states or functions. However, it may be difficult to synchronize neural oscillations using external stimuli to provide such beneficial effects or to reduce or prevent such detrimental effects.

[0144] Brainwave entrainment (e.g., neural entrainment or brain entrainment) occurs when an external stimulus of a specific frequency is perceived by the brain and causes neural activity in the brain that results in neurons oscillating at a frequency corresponding to the specific frequency of the external stimulus. Thus, brain entrainment can refer to synchronizing neural oscillations in the brain using an external stimulus so that the neural oscillations occur at a frequency corresponding to the specific frequency of the external stimulus.

[0145] The disclosed systems and methods can provide external visual stimuli to achieve brain entrainment. For example, external signals, such as light pulses or high-contrast visual patterns, can be perceived by the brain. The brain can adjust, manage, or control the frequency of neural oscillations in response to the observation and perception of the light pulses. Light pulses generated at a predetermined frequency and sensed by visual means via direct or peripheral vision can initiate neural activity in the brain to induce brainwave entrainment. The frequency of neural oscillations can be at least partially influenced by the frequency of the light pulses. The brain can respond to visual stimuli in the sensory cortex, while higher-level cognitive functions may gate or inhibit some entrained areas. Thus, the disclosed systems and methods can achieve brainwave entrainment using external visual stimuli, such as light pulses emitted at a predetermined frequency, to synchronize electrical activity among a group of neurons based on the frequency of the light pulses. Entrainment of one or more parts or regions of the brain can be observed based on the total frequency of oscillations generated by synchronous electrical activity in an ensemble of cortical neurons. The frequency of the light pulses can induce or modulate this synchronous electrical activity in an ensemble of cortical neurons that oscillate at a frequency corresponding to the frequency of the light pulses.

[0146] 1 is a block diagram illustrating a system for implementing visual brain entrainment according to one embodiment. The system (100) may include a neurostimulation system ("NSS") (105). The NSS (105) may be referred to as a visual NSS (105) or simply as an NSS (105). In overview, the NSS (105) may include, access, interface with, or otherwise communicate with one or more of a light generation module (110), a light adjustment module (115), an undesired frequency filtering module (120), a profile manager (125), a side effect management module (130), a feedback monitor (135), a data repository (140), a visual signaling component (150), a filtering component (155), or a feedback component (160). The light generation module (110), the light adjustment module (115), the undesired frequency filtering module (120), the profile manager (125), the side effect management module (130), the feedback monitor (135), the visual signaling component (150), the filtering component (155), or the feedback component (160) may each include at least one processing unit or other logic circuit, such as a programmable logic array engine or a module configured to communicate with the database repository (140). The light generation module (110), the light adjustment module (115), the undesired frequency filtering module (120), the profile manager (125), the side effect management module (130), the feedback monitor (135), the visual signaling component (150), the filtering component (155), or the feedback component (160) may be separate components, a single component, or part of the NSS (105). The system (100) and its components, such as the NSS (105), may include hardware elements such as one or more processors, logic devices, or circuits.System (100) and its components, such as NSS (105), may include one or more of the hardware or interface components depicted in system (700) of Figures 7A and 7B. For example, the components of system (100) may include or execute one or more processors (721), access memory devices (728), or memories (722), and may communicate via a network interface (718).

[0147] Further, and referring to FIG. 1 , in more detail, the NSS (105) may include at least one light-generating module (110). The light-generating module (110) may be designed and constructed to interface with the visual signaling component (150) to provide instructions and otherwise cause or prompt the generation of a visual signal, such as a light pulse or a light flash, having one or more predetermined parameters. The light-generating module (110) may include hardware or software for receiving and processing instructions or data packets from one or more modules or components of the NSS (105). The light-generating module (110) may generate instructions to cause the visual signaling component (150) to generate a visual signal. The light-generating module (110) may control or enable the visual signaling component (150) to generate a visual signal having one or more predetermined parameters. The light-generating module (110) may be communicatively coupled to the visual signaling component (150). The light-generating module (110) can communicate with the visual signaling component (150) via a circuit, a wire, a data port, a network port, a power line, a ground, an electrical contact, or a pin. The light-generating module (110) can wirelessly communicate with the visual signaling component (150) using one or more wireless protocols, such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, Zigbee, Z-Wave, IEEE 802.11, WIFI, 3G, 4G, LTE, Near Field Communication (NFC), or other short-, medium-, or long-range communication protocols. The light-generating module (110) can include or have access to a network interface (718) for wireless or wired communication with the visual signaling component (150).

[0148] The light-generating module (110) can interface with, control, or otherwise manage various types of visual signaling components (150) to cause the visual signaling components (150) to generate, block, control, or otherwise provide a visual signal having one or more predetermined parameters. The light-generating module (110) can include a driver configured to drive a light source of the visual signaling component (150). For example, the light source can include a light-emitting diode ("LED"), and the light-generating module (110) can include an LED driver, chip, microcontroller, operational amplifier, transistor, resistor, or diode configured to drive the LED light source by providing electrical power or power having specific voltage and current characteristics. In some embodiments, the light-generating module (110) can instruct the visual signaling component (150) to produce a visual signal including a light wave (200), as depicted in FIG. 2A . The light wave (200) can include or be made from an electromagnetic wave. Light wave electromagnetic waves can have amplitudes and paths that are orthogonal to each other, as depicted by the amplitude of the electric field (205) versus the amplitude of the magnetic field (210) versus time. Light waves (200) can have wavelengths (215). Light waves can also have frequencies. The product of the wavelength (215) and frequency can be the speed of the light wave. For example, the speed of a light wave can be approximately 299,792,458 meters per second in a vacuum.

[0149] The light-generating module (110) can instruct the visual signaling component (150) to generate light waves having one or more predetermined wavelengths or intensities. The wavelengths of the light waves can correspond to the visible spectrum, the ultraviolet spectrum, the infrared spectrum, or some other wavelength of light. For example, the wavelengths of light waves within the visible spectrum can range from 390 to 700 nanometers ("nm"). Within the visible spectrum, the light-generating module (110) can also specify one or more wavelengths corresponding to one or more colors. For example, the light-generating module (110) can instruct the visual signaling component (150) to generate a visual signal including one or more light waves having one or more wavelengths corresponding to one or more of ultraviolet (e.g., 10-380 nm); violet (e.g., 380-450 nm), blue (e.g., 450-495 nm), green (e.g., 495-570 nm), yellow (e.g., 570-590 nm), orange (e.g., 590-620 nm), red (e.g., 620-750 nm), or infrared (e.g., 750-1,000,000 nm). The wavelengths can range from 10 nm to 100 micrometers. In some embodiments, the wavelengths can range from 380 to 750 nm.

[0150] The light-generating module (110) can be configured to provide a visual signal including a light pulse. The light-generating module (110) can instruct or otherwise cause the visual signal transmission component (150) to generate a light pulse. A light pulse can refer to a burst of light waves. For example, FIG. 2B illustrates a burst of light waves. A large amount of light waves can refer to a burst of electric field (250) generated by the light waves. A burst of electric field (250) can be referred to as a light pulse or a flash of light. For example, a light source that is intermittently turned on and off can generate a burst, flash, or pulse of light.

[0151] 2C illustrates pulses of light (235a-c), according to one embodiment. The light pulses (235a-c) can be illustrated via a graph in a frequency spectrum, where the Y-axis represents the frequency of the light wave (e.g., the speed of the light wave divided by the wavelength) and the X-axis represents time. A visual signal is generated by F a and F a For example, the NSS (105) can modulate light waves at frequencies different from F. a The NSS (105) can modulate light waves between frequencies in the visible spectrum, such as 100 Hz, ...

[0152] In some cases, the frequency of the light wave used to generate the light pulse is F a In some embodiments, each of the three pulses (235a-c) has the same frequency F a The lightwave may include a lightwave having the following structure:

[0153] The width of each of the light pulses (e.g., the duration of the burst of light waves) may correspond to a pulse width (230a). The pulse width (230a) may refer to the length or duration of the burst. The pulse width (230a) may be measured in units of time or distance. In some embodiments, the pulses (235a-c) may have light waves with different frequencies from each other. In some embodiments, the pulses (235a-c) may have different pulse widths (230a) from each other, as illustrated in FIG. 2D. For example, pulse (235d) in FIG. 2D may have pulse width (230a), while second pulse (235e) has second pulse width (230b) that is greater than first pulse width (230a). Third pulse (235f) may have third pulse width (230c) that is less than second pulse width (230b). The third pulse width (230c) can also be less than the first pulse width (230a). The pulse widths (230a-c) of the pulses (235d-f) of the pulse train can vary, but the light-generating module (110) can maintain a constant pulse repetition interval (240) of the pulse train.

[0154] The pulses (235a-c) can form a pulse train having a pulse repetition interval (240). The pulse repetition interval (240) can be quantified using units of time. The pulse repetition interval (240) can be based on the frequency of the pulses in the pulse train (201). The frequency of the pulses in the pulse train (201) can be referred to as a modulation frequency. For example, the light-generating module (110) can provide the pulse train (201) using a predetermined frequency corresponding to gamma radiation, such as 40 Hz. To do so, the light-generating module (110) can determine the pulse repetition interval (240) by taking the inverse of (or inversely proportional to) the frequency (e.g., 1 divided by the predetermined frequency of the pulse train). For example, the light-generating module (110) can obtain the inverse of 40 Hz by dividing 1 by 40 Hz to determine the pulse repetition interval (240) as 0.025 seconds. The pulse repetition interval (240) can remain constant throughout the pulse train. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition interval (240) can vary throughout the pulse train or from one pulse train to the next. In some embodiments, the number of pulses transmitted per second can be constant while the pulse repetition interval (240) varies.

[0155] In some embodiments, the light-generating module 110 can generate light pulses with different light wave frequencies. For example, the light-generating module 110 can generate up-chirp pulses, in which the light wave frequency of the light pulse increases from the beginning of the pulse to the end of the pulse, as shown in FIG. 2E. For example, the light wave frequency at the beginning of the pulse 235g is F a The frequency of the light wave in the pulse (235g) can be F a From F b and then increases to F at the end of the pulse. c Therefore, the frequency of the light wave used to generate the pulse (235g) can be increased to a maximum of F a From F cThe frequency can range from F to . The frequency can increase linearly, exponentially, or based on some other rate or curve. The light-generating module 110 can generate down-chirp pulses, as shown in FIG. 2F, in which the frequency of the light wave in the light pulse decreases from the beginning of the pulse to the end of the pulse. For example, the frequency of the light wave at the beginning of pulse 235j is F d The frequency of the light wave in the pulse (235j) can be F d From F e and then increases to F at the end of the pulse. f Therefore, the frequency of the light wave used to generate the pulse (235j) can be reduced to a minimum of F d From F f The frequency may decrease linearly, exponentially, or according to some other rate or curve.

[0156] The visual signaling component (150) can be designed and constructed to generate light pulses in response to commands from the light-generating module (110). The commands can include parameters of the light pulses, such as the frequency or wavelength of the light waves, the intensity of the pulses, the duration, the frequency of the pulse train, the pulse repetition interval, or the duration of the pulse train (e.g., the number of pulses in a pulse train, or the length of time to transmit a pulse train having a predetermined frequency). The light pulses can be sensed, observed, or otherwise identified by the brain through visual means, such as the eye. The light pulses can be transmitted to the eye directly or via peripheral vision.

[0157] FIG. 3A illustrates a horizontal direct field of view (310) and a horizontal peripheral field of view. FIG. 3B illustrates a vertical direct field of view (320) and a vertical peripheral field of view (325). FIG. 3C illustrates the extent of direct and peripheral field of view, including the relative distances at which visual signals may be perceived in various fields of view. The visual signaling component (150) can include a light source (305). The light source (305) can be positioned to transmit light pulses into the direct field of view (310 or 320) of the person's eye. The NSS (105) can be configured to transmit light pulses into the direct field of view (310 or 320) to promote brain entrainment when the person pays significant attention to the light pulses. The level of attention can be quantitatively measured in the brain directly, indirectly through the person's eye movements, or by activity feedback (e.g., mouse tracking).

[0158] The light source (305) can be positioned to transmit light pulses into the peripheral vision (315 or 325) of the person's eye. For example, the NSS (105) can transmit light pulses into the peripheral vision (315 or 325) so that these light pulses are less distracting to a person who may be performing other tasks such as reading, walking, driving, etc. Thus, the NSS (105) can provide subtle ongoing visual stimulation by transmitting light pulses through the peripheral vision.

[0159] In some embodiments, the light source (305) is head-mounted, while in other embodiments, the light source (305) may be held by the subject's hand, placed on a stand, suspended from the ceiling, connected to a chair, or otherwise positioned to direct light into the subject's direct or peripheral visual field. For example, a chair or externally supported system can contain or position the light source (305) to provide visual input while maintaining a fixed / pre-specified relationship between the subject's visual field and the visual stimulus. The system can provide an immersive experience. For example, the system can include an opaque or partially opaque dome containing the light source. The dome can be positioned over the subject's head while the subject is sitting or reclining in a chair. The dome can cover a portion of the subject's visual field, thereby reducing external distractions and promoting entrainment of brain regions.

[0160] The light source (305) can include any type of light source or light-emitting device. The light source can include a coherent light source, such as a laser. The light source (305) can include an LED, an organic LED, a fluorescent light source, an incandescent light, or any other light-emitting device. The light source can include a lamp, a light bulb, or one or more light-emitting diodes of various colors (e.g., white, red, green, blue). In some embodiments, the light source can include a semiconductor light-emitting device, such as a light-emitting diode of any spectral or wavelength range. In some embodiments, the light source (305) includes a broadband lamp or broadband light source. In some embodiments, the light source includes a black light. In some embodiments, the light source (305) includes a hollow cathode lamp, a fluorescent tube light source, a neon lamp, an argon lamp, a plasma lamp, a xenon flash lamp, a mercury lamp, a metal halide lamp, or a sulfur lamp. In some embodiments, the light source (305) includes a laser or a laser diode. In some embodiments, the light source (305) includes an OLED, a PHOLED, a QD LED, or any other variation of a light source that utilizes organic materials. In some embodiments, the light source (305) includes a monochromatic light source. In some embodiments, the light source (305) comprises a polychromatic light source. In some embodiments, the light source (305) comprises a light source that emits light partially in the ultraviolet spectral range. In some embodiments, the light source (305) comprises a device, product, or material that emits light partially in the visible spectral range. In some embodiments, the light source (305) comprises a device, product, or material that emits or emits light partially in the infrared spectral range. In some embodiments, the light source (305) comprises a device, product, or material that emits or emits light partially in the visible spectral range. In some embodiments, the light source (305) comprises a light guide, optical fiber, or light guide through which light is emitted from the light source.

[0161] In some embodiments, the light source (305) includes one or more mirrors for reflecting or redirecting light. For example, the mirrors can reflect or redirect light toward the direct field of view (310 or 320) or the peripheral field of view (315 or 325). The light source (305) can include or interact with a microelectromechanical device ("MEMS"). The light source (305) can include or interact with a digital light projector ("DLP"). In some embodiments, the light source (305) can include ambient light or sunlight. The ambient light or sunlight can be focused and directed by one or more optical lenses into the direct field of view or the peripheral field of view. The ambient light or sunlight can be directed by one or more mirrors into the directed field of view or the peripheral field of view. When the light source is ambient light, the ambient light is not positioned, but can enter the eye through the direct field of view or the peripheral field of view. In some embodiments, the light source (305) can be positioned to direct light pulses into the direct field of view or the peripheral field of view. For example, one or more light sources (305) may be mounted, coupled, mechanically coupled, or otherwise provided with a frame (400), as illustrated in Figure 4A. In some embodiments, the visual signaling component (150) may include a frame (400). Further details of the operation of the NSS (105) in cooperation with a frame (400) including one or more light sources (305) are provided in Section E below.

[0162] Thus, the light source can include any type of light source, such as an optical light source, a mechanical light source, or a chemical light source. The light source can include any reflective or opaque material or object that can generate, emit, or reflect an oscillating pattern of light, such as a fan rotating in front of a light or bubble. In some embodiments, the light source can include an optical illusion, which is an invisible physiological phenomenon inside the eye (e.g., pressing on the eyeball), or a chemical product applied to the eye.

[0163] B. Systems and devices configured for neural stimulation via visual stimulation Referring now to FIG. 4A , the frame (400) can be designed and constructed to rest or be placed on a person's head. The frame (400) can be configured to be worn by a person. The frame (400) can be designed and constructed to remain in place. The frame (400) can be configured to be worn and remain in place when a person sits, stands, walks, runs, or lies down. A light source (305) can be configured on the frame (400) to project light pulses to the person's eye in these various positions. In some embodiments, the light source (305) can be configured to project light pulses to the person's eye when the person's eyelids are closed, such that the light pulses pass through the eyelids to be sensed by the retina. The frame (400) can include a bridge (420). The frame (400) can include one or more eye wires (415) connected to the bridge (420). The bridge (420) can be positioned between the eye wires (415). The frame (400) can include one or more temples extending from one or more eye wires (415). In some embodiments, the eye wires (415) can include or hold lenses (425). In some embodiments, the eye wires (415) can include or hold solid material (425) or a cover (425). The solid material or cover (425) can be a lens that is transparent, translucent, opaque, or completely blocks external light.

[0164] The frames (400) may be referred to as glasses or eyeglasses. The frames (400) may be made from a variety of materials, including, for example, metal, alloy, aluminum, plastic, rubber, steel, or any other material that provides sufficient structural support for the light sources (305) and that can be positioned on a subject or user. Eyeglasses or frames (400) may refer to any structure configured to house or hold one or more light sources (305) and be placed or positioned on a subject such that the light sources (305) can direct light toward the subject's fossa or eye.

[0165] One or more light sources (305) can be positioned on or adjacent to the eye wire (415), lens or other solid material (425), or bridge (420). For example, the light source (305) can be positioned at the center of the eye wire (415) on the solid material (425) to transmit light pulses directly into the visual field. In some embodiments, the light source (305) can be positioned at the corner of the eye wire (415), such as at the corner of the eye wire (415) connected to the temple (410), to transmit light pulses into the peripheral visual field. The lens or solid material (425) can provide visibility through the frame (400). The lens or solid material (425) can provide full or limited visibility. The lens or solid material (425) can be tinted, opaque, or switchable. For example, a user or subject can change or replace the lens or solid material (425) (e.g., for a different prescription lens or a different color or tint level). The NSS (105) can change or replace lenses or solid materials (425) (e.g., electrochromic displays or liquid crystal displays). The NSS (105) can switch or change lenses or solid materials (425) to increase or decrease the contrast ratio between the visual stimulus signal provided by the light source (305) and the ambient light. The NSS (105) can switch or change lenses or solid materials (425) to improve adherence, such as by increasing visibility, so that the subject is more aware of their surroundings.

[0166] In some cases, a diffuser element can be added between the light source (305) and the subject's eye or socket to create a more uniform light distribution. The diffuser can help spread out the light from the light source (305), thereby softening the visual stimulus signal to the subject.

[0167] The NSS (105) can perform visual brain entrainment via one eye or both eyes. For example, the NSS (105) can direct light pulses to one eye or both eyes. The NSS (105) can interface with a visual signaling component (150) including a frame (400) and two eye wires (415). However, the visual signaling component (150) may include a single light source (305) configured and arranged to direct light pulses to a first eye. The visual signaling component (150) can further include a light blocking component that prevents or blocks light pulses generated from the light source (305) from entering a second eye. The visual signaling component (150) can block or prevent light from entering the second eye during the brain entrainment process.

[0168] In some embodiments, the visual signaling component (150) can alternatively transmit or direct light pulses to a first eye and a second eye. The visual signaling component (150) can direct light pulses to the first eye for a first time interval. The visual signaling component (150) can direct light pulses to the second eye for a second time interval. The first time interval and the second time interval can be the same time interval, overlapping time intervals, mutually exclusive time intervals, or subsequent time intervals.

[0169] 4B illustrates a frame (400) including a set of shutters (435) capable of blocking at least a portion of light entering through the eye wire (415). The set of shutters (435) can intermittently block ambient light or sunlight entering through the eye wire (415). The set of shutters (435) can open to allow light to enter through the eye wire (415) and close to at least partially block light entering through the eye wire (415). Further details of the operation of the NSS (105) in cooperation with a frame (400) including one or more shutters (430) are provided in paragraph E below.

[0170] The set of shutters (435) can include one or more shutters (430) that are opened and closed by one or more actuators. The shutters (430) can be formed from one or more materials. The shutters (430) can include one or more materials. The shutters (430) can include or be formed from a material that can at least partially block or attenuate light.

[0171] The frame (400) can include one or more actuators configured to at least partially open and close the shutters (435) or sets of individual shutters (430). The frame (400) can include one or more types of actuators for opening and closing the shutters (435). For example, the actuators can include mechanically driven actuators. The actuators can include magnetically driven actuators. The actuators can include pneumatic actuators. The actuators can include hydraulic actuators. The actuators can include piezoelectric actuators. The actuators can include microelectromechanical systems ("MEMS").

[0172] The set of shutters (435) can include one or more shutters (430) that are opened and closed via electrical or chemical techniques. For example, the shutters (430) or the set of shutters (435) can be formed from one or more chemicals. The shutters (430) or the set of shutters (435) can include one or more chemicals. The shutters (430) or the set of shutters (435) can include or be formed from a material that can at least partially block or attenuate light.

[0173] For example, the shutter 430 or set of shutters 435 may include a photochromic lens configured to filter, attenuate, or block light. The photochromic lens may automatically darken upon exposure to sunlight. The photochromic lens may include molecules configured to darken the lens. The molecules may be activated by light waves, such as ultraviolet light or other wavelengths of light. Thus, the photochromic molecules can be configured to darken the lens in response to predetermined wavelengths of light.

[0174] The shutter (430) or set of shutters (435) can include electrochromic glass or electrochromic plastic, which can change from light to dark (e.g., from transparent to opaque) in response to a voltage or current. Electrochromic glass or electrochromic plastic can include a metal oxide coating deposited on the glass or plastic, multiple layers, and lithium ions that migrate between two electrodes between the glass-lightening layer or the glass-darkening layer.

[0175] The shutter (430) or set of shutters (435) can include a micro-shutter. A micro-shutter can include a small window measuring 100 by 200 microns. The micro-shutters can be arranged in a waffle-like grid on the eye frame (415). Individual micro-shutters can be opened and closed by an actuator. The actuator can include a magnetic arm that passes by the micro-shutter to open and close it. Opening a micro-shutter allows light to enter through the eye frame (415), while a closed micro-shutter can block, attenuate, or filter the light.

[0176] The NSS (105) can drive an actuator to open and close one or more shutters (430) or sets of shutters (435) at a predetermined frequency, such as 40 Hz. By opening and closing the shutters (430) at the predetermined frequency, the shutters (430) allow flashes of light to pass through the eye wire (415) at the predetermined frequency. Thus, a frame (400) including a set of shutters (435) may not include or use a separate light source coupled to the frame (400), such as the light source (305) coupled to the frame (400) depicted in FIG. 4A.

[0177] In some embodiments, as depicted in FIG. 4C , the visual signal transmission component (150) or the light source (305) may refer to or be included in a virtual reality headset (401). For example, the virtual reality headset (401) may be designed and configured to receive the light source (305). The light source (305) may include a computing device with a display, such as a smartphone or mobile communication device. The virtual reality headset (401) may include a cover (440) that opens to receive the light source (305). The cover (440) may close to lock or hold the light source (305) in place. When closed, the cover (440) and the case (450) and (445) may form an enclosure for the light source (305). This enclosure may provide an immersive experience that minimizes or eliminates unwanted visual clutter. The virtual reality headset may provide an environment for maximizing brainwave entrainment. The virtual reality headset may provide an augmented reality experience. In some embodiments, the light source (305) can form an image on another surface (e.g., a heads-up display that overlays a flickering object or an augmentation of reality onto a screen) such that the image is reflected off the surface and toward the subject's eyes. Further details of the operation of the NSS (105) in conjunction with the virtual reality headset (401) are provided below in paragraph B.

[0178] The virtual reality headset (401) includes straps (455) and (460) configured to secure the virtual reality headset (401) to a person's head. The virtual reality headset (401) can be secured by the straps (455) and (460) to minimize movement of the headset (401) when worn during physical activity, such as walking or running. The virtual reality headset (401) can include a skull cap formed from (460) or (455).

[0179] The feedback sensor (605) can include electrodes, dry electrodes, gel electrodes, saline-soaked electrodes, or adhesive-based electrodes.

[0180] 5A-5D illustrate embodiments of a visual signal component (150) that may include a tablet computing device (500) or other computing device (500) having a display screen (305) as a light source (305). The visual signal component (150) may transmit a light pulse, light flash, or pattern via the display screen (305) or the light source (305).

[0181] FIG. 5A illustrates a light-transmitting display screen (305) or light source (305). The light source (305) can transmit light including wavelengths within the visible spectrum. The NSS (105) can instruct the visual signal component (150) to transmit light through the light source (305). The NSS (105) can instruct the visual signal component (150) to transmit light flashes or light pulses having a predetermined pulse rate interval. For example, FIG. 5B illustrates a light source (305) that is turned off or disabled so that the light source emits no light or a minimal or reduced amount of light. The visual signal component (150) can cause the tablet computing device (500) to enable (e.g., FIG. 5A) and disable (e.g., FIG. 5B) the light source (305) so that the light flashes have a predetermined frequency, such as 40 Hz. The visual signal component (150) can toggle or switch the light source (305) between two or more states to generate flashes or pulses of light at a predetermined frequency.

[0182] In some embodiments, the light-generating module (110) can instruct or cause the visual signal component (150) to display a light pattern via the display device (305) or light source (305), as depicted in FIGS. 5C and 5D. The light-generating module (110) can cause the visual signal component (150) to flash, toggle, or switch between two or more states to generate flashes of light or light pulses. The pattern can include, for example, alternating checkerboard patterns (510) and (515). The pattern can include symbols, features, or images that can be toggled or adjusted from one state to another. For example, the color of a feature or text relative to a background color can be reversed to cause a switch between a first state (510) and a second state (515). Reversing the foreground and background at a predetermined frequency can generate light pulses by indicating a visual change that can facilitate modulation or management of neural oscillation frequency. Further details of the operation of the NSS (105) in relation to the tablet (5001) are provided in paragraph G below.

[0183] In some embodiments, the light-generating module (110) can direct or cause the visual signal component (150) to flicker, toggle, or switch between images configured to stimulate specific or predetermined portions of the brain or specific cortex. The presentation, format, color, movement, or other aspects of the light or image-based stimuli can direct which cerebral cortex or cortices are recruited to process the stimuli. The visual signal component (150) can stimulate separate portions of the cortex by adjusting the presentation of stimuli to target-specific or general regions of interest. The relative position in the visual field, the color of the input, or the movement and speed of the light stimuli can direct which areas of the cortex are stimulated.

[0184] For example, the brain may include at least two parts that process predetermined types of visual stimuli: the primary visual cortex on the left side of the brain and the calcarine sulcus on the right side of the brain. Each of these two parts has one or more sub-parts that process predetermined types of visual stimuli. For example, the calcarine sulcus may include a sub-part called area V5, which may contain neurons that respond strongly to motion but may not attend to stationary objects. A subject with damage to area V5 may be motion blind but have otherwise normal vision. In another example, the primary visual cortex may include a sub-part called area V4, which may contain neurons specialized for color perception. A subject with damage to area V4 may also be color blind and perceive objects only at the level of light and shade. In another example, the primary visual cortex may include a sub-part called area V1, which contains neurons that respond strongly to contrast edges and help separate images into distinct objects.

[0185] Thus, the light-generating module (110) can instruct or cause the visual signal component (150) to generate a type of still image or video, or to generate flickering or toggling between images configured to stimulate specific or predetermined portions of the brain or a particular cortex. For example, the light-generating module (110) can instruct or cause the visual signal component (150) to generate an image of a human face to stimulate the fusiform face region, thereby promoting brain entrainment for subjects with prosopagnosia or aprosopagnosia. The light-generating module (110) can instruct or cause the visual signal component (150) to generate a flashing face image to target this region of the subject's brain. In another example, the light-generating module (110) can instruct the visual signal component (150) to generate an image containing edges or lines to stimulate neurons in the primary visual cortex that respond strongly to contrasting edges.

[0186] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can access, interface with, or otherwise communicate with at least one light adjustment module (115). The light adjustment module (115) can be designed and configured to measure or verify environmental variables (e.g., light intensity, timing, incident light, ambient light, eyelid status, etc.) to adjust parameters associated with the visual signal, such as frequency, amplitude, wavelength, intensity pattern, or other parameters of the visual signal. The light adjustment module (115) can automatically alter the parameters of the visual signal based on profile information or feedback. The light adjustment module (115) can receive feedback information from a feedback monitor (135). The light adjustment module (115) can receive instructions or information from a side effect management module (130). The light adjustment module (115) can receive profile information from a profile manager (125).

[0187] The NSS (105) can include, access, interface with, or otherwise communicate with at least one unwanted frequency filtering module (120). The unwanted frequency filtering module (120) can be designed and configured to block, mitigate, reduce, or otherwise filter out frequencies of the visual signal that are undesirable to prevent or reduce such frequencies from being perceived by the brain. The unwanted frequency filtering module (120) can interface with, command, control, or otherwise communicate with the filtering component (155) to block, mitigate, or otherwise reduce the effect of unwanted frequencies on neural oscillations via the filtering component (155).

[0188] The NSS (105) can include, access, interface with, or otherwise communicate with at least a profile manager (125). The profile manager (125) can be designed and configured to store, update, retrieve, or otherwise manage information about one or more subjects related to visual brain entrainment. The profile information can include, for example, past treatment information, past brain entrainment information, medication information, light wave parameters, feedback, physiological information, environmental information, or other data related to the brain entrainment system and method.

[0189] The NSS (105) can access, interface with, or otherwise communicate with at least one side effect management module (130). The side effect management module (130) can be designed and configured to provide information to the light adjustment module (115) or the light generation module (110) to modify one or more parameters of the visual signal to reduce side effects, which can include, for example, nausea, migraines, fatigue, seizures, eye strain, or vision loss.

[0190] The side effect management module 130 can instruct components of the NSS 105 to modify or change parameters of the visual signal. The side effect management module 130 can be configured with predetermined thresholds to reduce side effects. For example, the side effect management module 130 can be configured with a maximum duration of a pulse train, a maximum intensity of light waves, a maximum amplitude, a maximum duty cycle of a pulse train (e.g., pulse width multiplied by the frequency of the pulse train), and a maximum number of processes for entraining brain waves over a period of time (e.g., 1 hour, 2 hours, 12 hours, or 24 hours).

[0191] The side effect management module 130 can cause a change in a parameter of the visual signal in response to the feedback information. The side effect management module 130 can receive feedback from a feedback monitor 135. The side effect management module 130 can determine to adjust the parameter of the visual signal based on the feedback. The side effect management module 130 can compare the feedback to a threshold value to adjust the parameter of the visual signal.

[0192] The side effect management module (130) can be configured with or can include a policy engine that applies policies or rules to the current visual signal and feedback to determine adjustments to the visual signal. For example, if the feedback indicates that the patient receiving the visual signal has a heart rate or pulse rate above a threshold, the side effect management module (130) can turn off the pulse train until the pulse rate stabilizes below the threshold or below a second threshold that is lower than the threshold.

[0193] The NSS (105) can include, access, interface with, or otherwise communicate with at least one feedback monitor (135). The feedback monitor can be designed and configured to receive feedback information from a feedback component (160). The feedback component (160) can include, for example, a feedback sensor (605), such as a temperature sensor, a heart rate or pulse rate monitor, a physiological sensor, an ambient light sensor, an ambient temperature sensor, sleep status via actigraphy, a blood pressure monitor, a respiratory rate monitor, an electroencephalography sensor, an EEG probe, an electro-oculography ("EOG") probe configured to measure corneal retinal standing potentials present between the front and back of a human eye, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a motion detector, a proximity sensor, a camera, a microphone, or a light receiver.

[0194] In some embodiments, the computing device 500 may include a feedback component 160 or a feedback sensor 605, as depicted in Figures 5C and 5D. For example, the feedback sensor on the tablet 500 may include a front-facing camera capable of capturing an image of a person looking at the light source 305.

[0195] 6A depicts one or more feedback sensors (605) disposed on the frame (400). In some embodiments, the frame (400) can include one or more feedback sensors (605) disposed on a portion of the frame, such as a portion of the bridge (420) or eye wire (415). The feedback sensors (605) can be provided with or connected to the light source (305).

[0196] The feedback sensor 605 can be separate from the light source 305. The feedback sensor 605 can interact or communicate with the NSS 105. For example, the feedback sensor 605 can provide detected feedback information or data to the NSS 105 (e.g., the feedback monitor 135). The feedback sensor 605 can provide data to the NSS 105 in real time, for example, as the feedback sensor 605 detects or senses information. The feedback sensor 605 can provide feedback information to the NSS 105 based on a time interval, such as 1 minute, 2 minutes, 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 1 hour, 2 hours, 4 hours, 12 hours, or 24 hours. The feedback sensor 605 can provide feedback information to the NSS 105 in response to a condition or event, such as a feedback measurement exceeding or falling below a threshold. The feedback sensor 605 can provide feedback information in response to a change in a feedback parameter. In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can ping, query, or request the feedback sensor (605) for information, and the feedback sensor (605) can provide feedback information in response to the ping, request, or query.

[0197] 6B illustrates a feedback sensor 605 placed or positioned on, on, or near a human's head. The feedback sensor 605 may include, for example, an EEG probe that detects brain wave activity.

[0198] The feedback monitor (135) can detect, receive, acquire, or otherwise identify feedback information from one or more feedback sensors (605). The feedback monitor (135) can provide the feedback information to one or more components of the NSS (105) for further processing or storage. For example, the profile manager (125) can use the feedback information to update a profile data structure (145) stored in the data repository (140). The profile manager (125) can associate the feedback information with an identifier of the subject or person receiving the visual stimulus, and a timestamp and datestamp corresponding to the receipt or detection of the feedback information.

[0199] The feedback monitor (135) can determine the level of attention. The level of attention may refer to the focus provided on the light pulses used for stimulation. The feedback monitor (135) can determine the level of attention using a variety of hardware and software techniques. The feedback monitor (135) can assign a score to the level of attention (e.g., 1 to 10, where 1 is low attention and 10 is high attention, or vice versa; 1 to 100, where 1 is low attention and 100 is high attention, or vice versa; 0 to 1, where 0 is low attention and 1 is high attention, or vice versa), classify the level of attentional attentiveness (e.g., lowest, medium, highest), grade the attention (e.g., A, B, C, D, or F), or otherwise provide an indication of the level of attention.

[0200] In some cases, the feedback monitor (135) can track the human's eye movements to identify the level of attention. The feedback monitor (135) can interface with a feedback component (160) that includes an eye tracker. The feedback monitor (135) (e.g., via the feedback component (160)) can detect and record the human's eye movements and analyze the recorded eye movements to determine the extent or level of attention. The feedback monitor (135) can measure gaze, which can indicate or provide information related to potential attention. For example, the feedback monitor (135) (e.g., via the feedback component (160)) can be configured with an electrooculogram ("EOG") to measure skin potential around the eyes, which can indicate the direction the eyes are facing relative to the head. In some embodiments, the EOG can include a system or device for stabilizing the head so that it cannot move in order to determine the direction of the eyes relative to the head. In some embodiments, the EOG can include or interface with a head tracker system for determining head position and determining the direction of the eyes relative to the head.

[0201] In some embodiments, the feedback monitor (135) and feedback component (160) can determine or track the direction of the eye or eye movement using video detection of pupil or corneal reflections. For example, the feedback component (160) can include one or more cameras or video cameras. The feedback component (160) can include an infrared source that transmits light pulses to the eye. The light can be reflected by the eye. The feedback component (160) can detect the location of the reflection. The feedback component (160) can capture or record the location of the reflected light. The feedback component (160) can perform image processing on the reflection to determine or calculate eye orientation or eye gaze direction.

[0202] The feedback monitor 135 can compare the eye direction or movement to the same person's past eye direction or movement, nominal eye movement, or other past eye movement information to determine the level of attention. For example, if the eye is focused on the light pulses during the pulse train, the feedback monitor 135 can determine a high level of attention. If the feedback monitor 135 determines that the eye moves away from the pulse train for 25% of the pulse train, the feedback monitor 135 can determine a medium level of attention. If the feedback monitor 135 determines that eye movement occurs for more than 50% of the pulse train or that the eye is focused on the pulse train for more than 50%, then the feedback monitor 135 can determine a low level of attention.

[0203] In some embodiments, the system (100) can include a filter (e.g., a filtering component (155)) to control the spectral region of the light emitted from the light source. In some embodiments, the light source includes a polarizer, filter, prism, or a light-reactive material that affects the emitted light, such as a photochromic material or electrochromic glass or plastic. The filtering component (155) can receive instructions from the unwanted frequency filtering module (120) to block or attenuate one or more frequencies of light.

[0204] The filtering component (155) may include an optical filter that can selectively transmit light in a specific range of wavelengths or colors while blocking one or more other ranges of wavelengths or colors. The optical filter can modify the magnitude or phase of the incident light wave for a range of wavelengths. The optical filter may include an absorption filter, or an interference or dichroic filter. An absorption filter can harness the energy of photons to convert the electromagnetic energy of the light wave into internal energy (e.g., thermal energy) of the absorber. The reduction in the intensity of a light wave propagating through a medium due to the absorption of some of its photons may be referred to as attenuation.

[0205] An interference or dichroic filter may include an optical filter that reflects one or more spectral bands of light while transmitting other spectral bands of light. An interference or dichroic filter may have a near-zero absorption coefficient for one or more wavelengths. An interference filter may be high-pass, low-pass, band-pass, or band-reject. An interference filter may include one or more thin layers of dielectric or metallic materials with different refractive indices.

[0206] In an exemplary implementation, the NSS (105) may interface with a visual signaling component (150), a filtering component (155), and a feedback component (160). The visual signaling component (150) may include hardware or devices such as a glass frame (400) and one or more light sources (305). The filtering component (155) may include hardware or devices such as a feedback sensor (605). The filtering component (155) may include hardware, materials, or chemicals such as a polarized lens, a shutter, an electrochromic material, or a photochromic material.

[0207] C. Computing Environment Figures 7A and 7B show block diagrams of computing devices (700). As shown in Figures 7A and 7B, each computing device (700) includes a central processing unit (721) and a main memory unit (722). As shown in Figure 7A, the computing device (700) may include a storage device (728), a mounting device (716), a network interface (718), an I / O controller (723), display devices (724a-724n), a keyboard (726), and a pointing device (727) (e.g., a mouse). The storage device (728) may include, but is not limited to, an operating system, software, and software for a neurostimulation system ("NSS") (701). The NSS (701) may include or refer to one or more of the following: a visual NSS (105), an NSS (905), an NSOS (2305), an NSS (2605), a cognitive assessment system (3105), and an NSSS (3705). As shown in Figure 7B, each computing device (700) may also include additional optional elements, such as a memory port (703), a bridge (770), one or more input / output devices (730a-730n) (generally referred to using the reference numeral (730)), and a cache memory (740) in communication with the central processing unit (721).

[0208] The central processing unit (721) is a logic circuit that responds to and processes instructions fetched from the main memory unit (722). In many embodiments, the central processing unit (721) is provided by a microprocessor, such as those manufactured by Intel Corporation of Mountain View, California; those manufactured by Motorola Corporation of Schaumburg, Illinois; ARM processors (e.g., from ARM Holdings, and by ST, TI, ATMEL, etc.) and TEGRA systems-on-chips (SoCs) manufactured by Nvidia of Santa Clara, California; POWER7 processors manufactured by International Business Machines of White Plains, New York; or those manufactured by Advanced Micro Devices of Sunnyvale, California; or field programmable gate arrays ("FPGAs") from Altera in San Jose, CA, Intel Corporation, Xlinix in San Jose, CA, or MicroSemi in Aliso Viejo, CA. The computing device (700) may be based on any of these processors or other processors capable of performing the operations described herein. The central processing unit (721) can utilize instruction-level parallelism, thread-level parallelism, different levels of cache, and multi-core processors. Multi-core processors may include two or more processing units on a single computing component. Examples of multi-core processors include the AMD PHENOM II X2, INTEL CORE i5, and INTEL CORE i7.

[0209] The main memory unit (722) may include one or more memory chips capable of storing data and allowing the memory locations to be directly accessed by the microprocessor (721). The main memory unit (722) may be volatile and faster than the storage memory (728). The main memory unit (722) may be dynamic random access memory (DRAM) or any variant, including static static random access memory (SRAM), burst SRAM or SynchBurst SRAM (BSRAM), fast page mode dynamic random access memory (FPM DRAM), enhanced dynamic random access memory (EDRAM), long data output RAM (EDO RAM), long data output DRAM (EDO DRAM), burst long data output DRAM (BEDO DRAM), single data rate synchronous DRAM (SDR SDRAM), double data rate SDRAM (DDR SDRAM), Direct Rambus DRAM (DRDRAM), or extreme data rate DRAM (XDR DRAM). In some embodiments, the main memory (722) or storage device (728) is nonvolatile; for example, it may be nonvolatile read-access memory (NVRAM), flash memory nonvolatile static RAM (nvSRAM), ferroelectric memory (FeRAM), magnetoresistive RAM (MRAM), phase-change memory (PRAM), conductive bridge RAM (CBRAM), Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SONOS), resistive RAM (RRAM®), Racetrack, nanoRAM (NRAM), or Millipede memory. The main memory (722) may be based on any of the memory chips listed above or other available memory chips capable of operation as described herein. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7A, the processor (721) communicates with the main memory (722) via a system bus (750) (described in more detail below). FIG. 7B shows an embodiment of a computing device (700) in which the processor communicates directly with the main memory (722) via a memory port (703). For example, in FIG. 7B, the main memory (722) can be DRAM.

[0210] FIG. 7B illustrates an embodiment in which the main processor (721) communicates directly with the cache memory (740) through a secondary bus, sometimes referred to as a backside bus. In another embodiment, the main processor (721) communicates with the cache memory (740) using a system bus (750). The cache memory (740) typically has a faster response time than the main memory (722) and is typically provided by SRAM, BSRAM, or EDRAM. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 7B, the processor (721) communicates with various I / O devices (730) through a local system bus (750). Various buses, including a PCI bus, a PCI-X bus, a PCI Express bus, or a NuBus, can be used to connect the central processing unit (721) to any of the I / O devices (730). For embodiments in which the I / O device is a video display (724), the processor (721) can use an Advanced Graphics Port (AGP) to communicate with the display (724) or an I / O controller (723) for the display (724). Figure 7B illustrates an embodiment of a computer (700) in which the main processor (721) communicates directly with an I / O device (730b) or another processor (721') via HYPERTRANSPORT, RAPIDIO, or INFINIBAND communications technologies. Figure 7B also illustrates an embodiment in which local bus and direct communication are mixed. The processor (721) communicates directly with an I / O device (730b) while also communicating with an I / O device (730a) using a local interconnect bus.

[0211] A wide variety of I / O devices (730a-730n) may be present on the computing device (700). Input devices may include a keyboard, mouse, trackpad, trackball, touchpad, touch mouse, multi-touch touchpad and touch mouse, microphone (analog or MEMS), multi-array microphone, drawing tablet, camera, single lens reflex camera (SLR), digital SLR (DSLR), CMOS sensor, CCD, accelerometer, inertial measurement unit, infrared light sensor, pressure sensor, magnetometer sensor, angular rate sensor, depth sensor, proximity sensor, ambient light sensor, gyroscope sensor, or other sensor. Output devices may include a video display, a graphical display, speakers, headphones, inkjet printer, laser printer, and 3D printer.

[0212] The devices 730a-730n may include a combination of multiple input or output devices, including, for example, Microsoft® KINECT, Nintendo Wiimote for Wii, Nintendo Wii U GAMEPAD, or Apple IPHONE®. Some devices 730a-730n allow gesture recognition input with some combination of input and output. Some devices 730a-730n offer facial recognition, which can be utilized as input for various purposes, including authentication and other commands. Some devices 730a-730n offer voice recognition and input, including, for example, Microsoft® KINECT, SIRI for IPHONE® by Apple, Google® Now, or Google® Voice Search.

[0213] Additional devices (730a-730n) have both input and output capabilities and include, for example, haptic feedback devices, touchscreen displays, or multi-touch displays. Touchscreens, multi-touch displays, touchpads, touch mice, or other touch-sensing devices can use a variety of technologies for sensing touch, including, for example, capacitive, surface capacitance, projected capacitive touch (PCT), in-cell capacitance, resistive, infrared, waveguide, dispersive signal touch (DST), in-cell optical, surface acoustic wave (SAW), bending wave touch (BWT), or force-based sensing technologies. Some multi-touch devices allow for more than two contacts with the surface, enabling advanced functionality including, for example, pinching, spreading, rotating, scrolling, or other gestures. Some touchscreen devices, including, for example, the Microsoft PIXELSENSE or Multi-Touch Collaboration Wall, can have larger surfaces, such as on a tabletop or wall, and can also interact with other electronic devices. Some of the I / O devices (730a-730n), display devices (724a-724n), or groups of devices may be augmented reality devices. The I / O devices may be controllable by an I / O controller (721) as shown in FIG. 7A. The I / O controller (721) may control one or more I / O devices, such as a keyboard (126), a pointing device (727), a mouse, or an optical pen. Additionally, the I / O devices may also provide storage and / or installation media (116) to the computing device (700). In yet another embodiment, the computing device (700) may provide a USB connection (not shown) for receiving a portable USB storage device. In a further embodiment, the I / O device (730) may be a bridge between the system bus (750) and an external communication bus, such as a USB bus, a SCSI bus, a FireWire bus, an Ethernet bus, a Gigabit Ethernet bus, a Fibre Channel bus, or a Thunderbolt bus.

[0214] In some embodiments, the display devices (724a-724n) can be connected to the I / O controller (721). The display devices can include, for example, a liquid crystal display (LCD), a thin film transistor LCD (TFT-LCD), a blue phase LCD, an electronic paper (e-ink) display, a flexible display, a light emitting diode display (LED), a digital light processing (DLP) display, a reflective liquid crystal on silicon (LCOS) display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, an active matrix organic light emitting diode (AMOLED) display, a liquid crystal laser display, a time division multiplexed optical shutter (TMOS) display, or a 3D display. Examples of 3D displays can use, for example, stereoscopic vision, polarization filters, active shutters, or autostereoscopic vision. The display devices (724a-724n) can also be head-mounted displays (HMDs). In some embodiments, the display devices (724a-724n) or corresponding I / O controllers (723) can be controlled via or include hardware support for the OPENGL or DIRECTX APIs or other graphics libraries.

[0215] In some embodiments, the computing device 700 may include or be connected to multiple display devices 724a-724n, each of which may be the same or different types and / or forms. Therefore, any of the I / O devices 730a-730n and / or I / O controller 723 may include the appropriate type and / or form of hardware, software, or a combination of hardware and software to support, enable, or provide for the connection and use of multiple display devices 724a-724n by the computing device 700. For example, the computing device 700 may also include the type and / or form of a video adapter, video card, drivers, and / or libraries to interface with, communicate with, connect to, or otherwise use the display devices 724a-724n. In one embodiment, a video adapter may include multiple connectors for interfacing to multiple display devices 724a-724n. In other embodiments, the computing device (700) includes multiple video adapters, each connected to one or more of the display devices (724a-724n). In some embodiments, any portion of the operating system of the computing device (700) may be configured for use with multiple displays (724a-724n). In other embodiments, one or more of the display devices (724a-724n) may be provided by one or more other computing devices (700a) or (700b) connected to the computing device (700) via the network (740). In some embodiments, software may be designed and constructed to use the display device of another computer as a second display device (724a) for the computing device (700). For example, in one embodiment, an Apple iPad® may be connected to the computing device (700) and use the display of the device (700) as an additional display screen that can be used as an extended desktop.Those skilled in the art will recognize and appreciate the various ways and embodiments in which a computing device (700) may be configured with multiple display devices (724a-724n).

[0216] Referring again to FIG. 7A , the computing device (700) may include storage devices (728) (e.g., one or more hard disk drives or redundant arrays of independent disks) for storing an operating system or other related software, and for storing application software programs, such as any software-related programs for the NSS. Examples of storage devices (728) include, for example, hard disk drives (HDDs); optical drives, including CD drives, DVD drives, or Blu-ray drives; solid-state drives (SSDs); USB flash drives; or other devices suitable for storing data. Some storage devices include multiple volatile and nonvolatile memories, including, for example, solid-state hybrid drives that combine a solid-state cache with a hard disk. Some storage devices (728) may be nonvolatile, reconfigurable, or read-only. Some storage devices (728) may be internal and connected to the computing device (700) via a bus (750). Some storage devices (728) may be external and connected to the computing device (700) via an I / O device (730) that provides an external bus. Some storage devices (728) may be connectable to the computing device (700) via the network interface (718) over a network, including, for example, Apple's Remote Disk for the MacBook Air. Some client devices (700) may not require a non-volatile storage element (728) and may be thin clients or zero clients (202). Some storage devices (728) may also be usable as installation devices (716) and suitable for installing software and programs. Additionally, operating systems and software may be available from bootable media, such as GNU / Linux, available as a bootable CD, e.g., KNOPPIX, a GNU / Linux distribution from knoppix.net.

[0217] The computing device (700) can also install software or applications from an application distribution platform. Examples of application distribution platforms include the App Store for iOS offered by Apple, Inc., the Mac App Store also offered by Apple, Inc., the GOOGLE PLAY for Android OS offered by Google Inc., the Chrome Webstore for Chrome OS offered by Google Inc., and the Amazon Appstore for Android OS and Kindle Fire offered by Amazon.com, Inc.

[0218] Additionally, the computing device 700 may include a network interface 718 for interfacing to a network 740 via various connections, including, but not limited to, standard telephone line LAN or WAN links (e.g., 802.11, T1, T3, Gigabit Ethernet, InfiniBand), broadband connections (e.g., ISDN, Frame Relay, ATM, Gigabit Ethernet, Ethernet over SONET, ADSL, VDSL, BPON, GPON, fiber optic including FiOS), wireless connections, or some combination of any or all of the above. Connections may be established using various communication protocols (e.g., TCP / IP, Ethernet, ARCNET, SONET, SDH, Fiber Distribution Data Interface (FDDI), IEEE 802.11a / b / g / n / ac CDMA, GSM, WiMax, and direct asynchronous connections). In one embodiment, computing device (700) communicates with other computing devices (700') via any type and / or form of gateway or tunneling protocol, such as Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) or Transport Layer Security (TLS), or the Citrix Gateway Protocol manufactured by Citrix Systems, Inc. of Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. Network interface (118) may include an internal network adapter, a network interface card, a PCMCIA network card, an EXPRESSCARD network card, a Card Bus network adapter, a wireless network adapter, a USB network adapter, a modem, or any other device suitable for interfacing computing device (700) to any type of network capable of communicating and performing the operations described herein.

[0219] A computing device (700) of the type depicted in Figure 7A can operate under the control of an operating system that controls the scheduling of tasks and access of system resources. The computing device (700) can run an operating system such as any version of the MICROSOFT WINDOWS operating system, different releases of Unix and Linux operating systems, any version of MAC OS for Macintosh computers, any embedded operating system, any real-time operating system, any open source operating system, any proprietary operating system, or any other operating system capable of running on a mobile computing device or performing the operations described herein. Exemplary operating systems include, but are not limited to, WINDOWS® 7000, WINDOWS® Server 2012, WINDOWS® CE, WINDOWS® Phone, WINDOWS® XP, WINDOWS® VISTA, and WINDOWS® 7, WINDOWS® RT, and WINDOWS® 8, all manufactured by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Washington; MAC OS and iOS manufactured by Apple, Inc. of Cupertino, California; Linux®, a freely available operating system such as the Linux® Mint distribution (“distro”) or Ubuntu distributed by Canonical Ltd. of London, United Kingdom; or Unix or other Unix-like derivative operating systems; and Android designed by Google, of Mountain View, California.Several operating systems are available for use on zero or thin clients, including, for example, CHROME OS by Google, including, for example, CHROMEBOOKS.

[0220] The computer system (700) may be any workstation, telephone, desktop computer, laptop or notebook computer, netbook, Ultrabook, tablet, server, handheld computer, mobile phone, smartphone or other portable telecommunications device, media playing device, gaming system, mobile computing device, or other type and / or form of communications-enabled computing device, telecommunications device, or media device. The computer system (700) has sufficient processor power and memory capacity to perform the operations described herein. In some embodiments, the computing device (700) may include various processors, operating systems, and input devices consistent with the device. Samsung's GALAXY smartphone, for example, operates under the control of the Android operating system developed by Google, Inc. GALAXY smartphones receive input via a touch interface.

[0221] In some embodiments, computing device (700) is a gaming system. For example, computer system (700) may include a PLAYSTATION 3, or a PERSONAL PLAYSTATION PORTABLE (PSP), or a PLAYSTATION VITA device manufactured by Sony Corporation of Tokyo, Japan, a NINTENDO DS, NINTENDO 3DS, NINTENDO WII, or NINTENDO WII U device manufactured by Nintendo Co., Ltd., of Kyoto, Japan, an XBOX 360 device manufactured by Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Washington, or an OCULUS RIFT or OCULUS VR device manufactured by OCULUS VR, LLC of Menlo Park, California.

[0222] In some embodiments, computing device (700) is a digital audio player, such as the Apple IPOD®, IPOD® Touch, or IPOD® NANO line of devices manufactured by Apple Computer of Cupertino, California. Some digital audio players may have other features, including any features made available by applications from gaming systems or digital application distribution platforms. For example, the IPOD® Touch has access to the Apple App Store. In some embodiments, computing device (700) is a portable media player or digital audio player that supports file formats, including, but not limited to, MP3, WAV, M4A / AAC, WMA Protected AAC, AIFF, Audible Audiobooks, Apple Lossless audio file formats, and .mov, .m4v, and .mp4 MPEG-4 (H.264 / MPEG-4 AVC) video file formats.

[0223] In some embodiments, computing device (700) is a tablet, such as the IPAD line of devices by Apple; the GALAXY TAB family of devices by Samsung; or the KINDLE FIRE by Amazon.com, Inc. of Seattle, Washington. In other embodiments, computing device (700) is an eBook reader, such as the KINDLE family of devices by Amazon.com, or the NOOK family of devices by Barnes & Noble, Inc. of New York City, New York.

[0224] In some embodiments, communication device (700) includes a combination of devices, such as a smartphone combined with a digital audio player or portable media player. For example, one of these embodiments is a smartphone, such as the IPHONE® family of smartphones manufactured by Apple, Inc.; the Samsung GALAXY family of smartphones manufactured by Samsung, Inc.; or the Motorola DROID family of smartphones. In yet another embodiment, communication device (700) is a laptop or desktop computer equipped with a web browser and a microphone and speaker system, such as a telephony headset. In these embodiments, communication device (700) is web-enabled and can receive and initiate calls. In some embodiments, the laptop or desktop computer also includes a webcam or other video capture device to enable video chat and video calling.

[0225] In some embodiments, the status of one or more machines (700) in a network is typically monitored as part of network management. In one of these embodiments, machine status may include identifying load information (e.g., number of processes relative to machine, CPU, and memory usage), port information (e.g., number and port addresses of available communication ports), or session status (e.g., process duration and type, whether the process is running or idle). In another of these embodiments, this information may be identified by multiple metrics, which may be applied at least in part toward making decisions in load distribution, network traffic management, and network failure recovery, as well as any aspect of the operation of the current solutions described herein. The above-described operating environment and component aspects will become apparent in the context of the systems and methods disclosed herein.

[0226] D. Methods for Neurostimulation FIG. 8 is a flow diagram of a method for performing visual brain entrainment according to one embodiment. The method (800) may be performed by one or more systems, components, modules, or elements depicted in FIGS. 1-7B, including, for example, a neural stimulation system (NSS). In overview, the NSS may identify a visual signal for provision in block (805). In block (810), the NSS may generate and transmit the identified visual signal. In block (815), the NSS may receive or determine feedback associated with neural activity, physiological activity, environmental parameters, or device parameters. In block (820), the NSS may manage, control, or adjust the visual signal based on the feedback.

[0227] E. NSS Operation by Frame The NSS (105) can operate in cooperation with a frame (400) including a light source (305) as shown in FIG. 4A. The NSS (105) can operate in cooperation with a frame (400) including a light source (30) and a feedback sensor (605) as shown in FIG. 6A. The NSS (105) can operate in cooperation with a frame (400) including at least one shutter (430) as shown in FIG. 4B. The NSS (105) can operate in cooperation with a frame (400) including at least one shutter (430) and a feedback sensor (605).

[0228] In operation, a user of the frame (400) can wear the frame (400) on their head so that the eye wires (415) surround or substantially surround the eyes. In some cases, the user can provide an indication to the NSS (105) that the glass frame (400) is being worn and that the user is ready to receive brainwave entrainment. This indication can include an instruction, command, selection, input, or other indication via an input / output interface, such as a keyboard (726), pointing device (727), or other I / O device (730a-n). This indication can be a movement-based indicator, a visual indicator, or an audio-based indicator. For example, the user can provide an audio command indicating that they are ready to receive brainwave entrainment.

[0229] In some cases, the feedback sensor (605) can determine that the user is ready to receive brainwave entrainment. The feedback sensor (605) can detect that the glass frame (400) has been placed on the user's head. The NSS (105) can receive motion data, acceleration data, gyroscope data, temperature data, or capacitive touch data to determine that the frame (400) has been placed on the user's head. Received data, such as motion data, can indicate that the frame (400) has been picked up and placed on the user's head. Temperature data can measure the temperature of or adjacent to the frame (400), which can indicate that the frame is on the user's head. In some cases, the feedback sensor (605) can perform eye tracking to determine the level of attention the user is paying to the light source (305) or the feedback sensor (605). The NSS (105) can detect that the user is ready to respond by determining that they are paying a high level of attention to the light source (305) or the feedback sensor (605). For example, gazing, staring, or glancing in the direction of the light source (305) or feedback sensor (605) can provide an indication that the user is ready to undergo brainwave entrainment.

[0230] Thus, the NSS (105) can detect or determine that the frame (400) is being worn and the user is ready, or the NSS (105) can receive an indication or confirmation from the user that the user is ready to wear the frame (400) and undergo brainwave entrainment. Upon determining that the user is ready, the NSS (105) can initiate the brainwave entrainment process. In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can access the profile data structure (145). For example, the profile manager (125) can query the profile data structure (145) to determine one or more parameters for the external visual stimuli used for the brain entrainment process. The parameters may include, for example, the type of visual stimulus, the intensity of the visual stimulus, the frequency of the visual stimulus, the duration of the visual stimulus, or the wavelength of the visual stimulus. The profile manager (125) can query the profile data structure (145) to obtain past brain entrainment information, such as from previous visual stimulation sessions. The profile manager (125) can perform searches of the profile data structure (145). The profile manager (125) can perform searches using usernames, user identifiers, location information, fingerprints, biometric identifiers, retinal scans, voice recognition and authentication, or other identification technologies.

[0231] The NSS (105) can determine the type of external visual stimulus based on the hardware (400). The NSS (105) can determine the type of external visual stimulus based on the type of available light source (305). For example, if the light source (305) includes a monochromatic LED that generates light waves in the red spectrum, the NSS (105) can determine that the type of visual stimulus includes pulses of light transmitted by the light source. However, if the frame (400) does not include an active light source (305) but instead includes one or more shutters (430), the NSS (105) can determine that the light source is sunlight or ambient light that is modulated to enter the user's eye through the plane formed by the eye wire (415).

[0232] In some embodiments, the NSS 105 can determine the type of external visual stimulus based on previous EEG entrainment sessions. For example, the profile data structure 145 can be pre-configured with information about the type of visual signaling component 150.

[0233] The NSS (105) can determine the modulation frequency for the pulse train or ambient light via the profile manager (125). For example, the NSS (105) can determine from the profile data structure (145) that the modulation frequency for the external visual stimulus should be set to 40 Hz. Depending on the type of visual stimulus, the profile data structure (145) can further indicate the pulse width, intensity, wavelength of the light waves forming the light pulses, or the duration of the pulse train.

[0234] In some cases, the NSS (105) can determine or adjust one or more parameters of the external visual stimulus. For example, the NSS (105) can determine the level or amount of ambient light (e.g., via the feedback component (160) or the feedback sensor (605)). The NSS (105) can establish, initialize, set, or adjust the intensity or wavelength of the light pulses (e.g., via the light adjustment module (115) or the side effect management module (130)). For example, the NSS (105) can determine that there is a low level of ambient light. The low level of ambient light can cause the user's pupils to dilate. Based on the detection of the low level of ambient light, the NSS (105) can determine that the user's pupils are likely to dilate. In response to determining that the user's pupils are likely to dilate, the NSS (105) can set a low level of intensity for the pulse train. The NSS (105) can also use light waves with longer wavelengths (e.g., red), which can reduce pressure on the eye.

[0235] The light adjustment module (115) can increase or decrease the contrast ratio between the light stimulation signal and the ambient light level. For example, the light adjustment module (115) can determine or detect the ambient light level at or adjacent to the subject's fovea. The light adjustment module (115) can increase or decrease the intensity of the light source or visual stimulation signal relative to the ambient light level. The light adjustment module (115) can increase or decrease this contrast ratio to promote compliance with or reduce side effects from a treatment or therapy session. The light adjustment module (115) can increase the contrast ratio, for example, upon detection of a low level of attention or a lack of satisfactory neurostimulation.

[0236] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can monitor ambient light levels (e.g., via the feedback monitor (135) and feedback component (160)) throughout the brainwave entrainment process to automatically and periodically adjust the intensity or color of the light pulses. For example, if a user begins the brainwave entrainment process when high levels of ambient light are present, the NSS (105) can initially set a higher intensity level for the light pulses and use a color (e.g., blue) containing light waves with lower wavelengths. However, in some embodiments in which ambient light levels decrease throughout the brainwave entrainment process, the NSS (105) can automatically detect a decrease in ambient light and, in response, adjust or decrease the intensity while increasing the wavelength of the light waves. The NSS (105) can adjust the light pulses to provide a high contrast ratio to facilitate brainwave entrainment.

[0237] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can monitor or measure (e.g., via the feedback monitor (135) and the feedback component (160)) physiological conditions to set or adjust parameters of the light waves. For example, the NSS (105) can monitor or measure the level of pupil dilation to set or adjust parameters of the light waves. In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can monitor or measure heart rate, pulse repetition, blood pressure, body temperature, sweating, or brain activity to set or adjust parameters of the light waves.

[0238] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can be pre-configured to initially deliver light pulses with a lowest setting for light wave intensity (e.g., low amplitude light waves or high wavelength light waves) and gradually increase the intensity (e.g., increasing the amplitude of the light waves or decreasing the wavelength of the light waves) while monitoring feedback until an optimal light intensity is reached. The optimal light intensity can refer to the highest intensity without adverse physiological side effects such as blindness, stroke, heart attack, migraine, or other discomfort. The NSS (105) can monitor physiological symptoms (e.g., via the side effect management module (130)) to identify adverse side effects of the external visual stimulation and, accordingly, adjust the external visual stimulation (e.g., via the light adjustment module (115)) to reduce or eliminate the adverse side effects.

[0239] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) (e.g., via the light adjustment module (115)) can adjust parameters of the light waves or light pulses based on the level of attention. For example, during the brainwave entrainment process, the user may become bored, lose focus, fall asleep, or otherwise not pay attention to the light pulses. Not paying attention to the light pulses may reduce the effectiveness of the brainwave entrainment process and result in neurons oscillating at a frequency different from the desired modulation frequency of the light pulses.

[0240] The NSS (105) can detect the level of attention the user pays to the light pulses using a feedback monitor (135) and one or more feedback components (160). The NSS (105) can perform eye tracking to determine the level of attention the user pays to the light pulses based on the gaze direction of the retina or pupil. The NSS (105) can measure eye movements to determine the level of attention the user is paying to the light pulses. The NSS (105) can provide a survey or prompt requesting user feedback indicating the level of attention the user is paying to the light pulses. In response to determining that the user is not paying a satisfactory amount of attention to the light pulses (e.g., a level of eye movement that exceeds a threshold or gaze direction outside the direct field of view of the light source (305)), the light adjustment module (115) can modify parameters of the light source to attract the user's attention. For example, the light adjustment module 115 can increase the intensity of the light pulse, adjust the color of the light pulse, or change the duration of the light pulse. The light adjustment module 115 can randomly vary one or more parameters of the light pulse. The light adjustment module 115 can direct attention-requesting light sequences configured to regain the user's attention. For example, the light sequences can include changes in the color or intensity of the light pulses in a predetermined, random, or pseudo-random pattern. If the visual signaling component 150 includes multiple light sources, the attention-requesting light sequences can enable or disable different light sources. Thus, the light adjustment module 115 can interact with the feedback monitor 135 to determine the level of attention the user is paying to the light pulses and adjust the light pulses to regain the user's attention if the level of attention falls below a threshold.

[0241] In some embodiments, the light adjustment module (115) can change or adjust one or more parameters of the light pulses or light waves at predetermined time intervals (e.g., every 5, 10, 15, or 20 minutes) to regain or maintain the user's attention level.

[0242] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can filter, block, attenuate, or remove unwanted visual extraneous stimuli (e.g., via the unwanted frequency filtering module (120)). Unwanted visual extraneous stimuli can include, for example, residual modulation frequencies of light waves, unwanted intensities, or unwanted wavelengths. The NSS (105) can consider a modulation frequency of a pulse train to be unwanted if it differs or differs substantially (e.g., by 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or more) from a desired frequency.

[0243] For example, a desirable modulation frequency for brainwave entrainment is 40 Hz. However, modulation frequencies of 20 Hz or 80 Hz can interfere with brainwave entrainment. Therefore, the NSS 105 can filter out light pulses or light waves corresponding to modulation frequencies of 20 Hz or 80 Hz.

[0244] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can detect, via the feedback component (160), the presence of light pulses from an ambient light source corresponding to a residual modulation frequency of 20 Hz. The NSS (105) can further determine the wavelength of the light waves of the light pulses corresponding to the residual modulation frequency. The NSS (105) can instruct the filtering component (155) to filter the wavelength corresponding to the residual modulation frequency. For example, the wavelength corresponding to the residual modulation frequency can correspond to the color blue. The filtering component (155) can include an optical filter that can selectively transmit light in a specific range of wavelengths or colors while blocking one or more other ranges of wavelengths or colors. The optical filter can modify the magnitude or phase of incident light waves for a range of wavelengths. For example, the optical filter can be configured to block, reflect, or attenuate blue light waves corresponding to the residual modulation frequency. The light conditioning module (115) can change the wavelength of the light waves generated by the light generating module (110) and the light source (305) so that the desired modulation frequencies are not blocked or attenuated by the undesired frequency filtering module (120).

[0245] F. NSS Operation via Virtual Reality Headset The NSS (105) can operate in cooperation with a virtual reality headset (401) that includes a light source (305) as depicted in FIG. 4C. The NSS (105) can operate in cooperation with a virtual reality headset (401) that includes a light source (305) and a feedback sensor (605) as depicted in FIG. 4C. In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can determine that the visual signaling component (150) hardware includes a virtual reality headset (401). In response to determining that the visual signaling component (150) includes a virtual reality headset (401), the NSS (105) can determine that the light source (305) includes a display screen of a smartphone or other mobile computing device.

[0246] The virtual reality headset (401) can provide an immersive, non-disruptive visual stimulation experience. The virtual reality headset (401) can provide an augmented reality experience. The feedback sensor (605) can capture pictures or videos of the physical real world to provide the augmented reality experience. The unwanted frequency filtering module (120) can filter residual modulation frequencies before projecting, displaying, or providing the augmented reality image via the display screen (305).

[0247] In operation, a user of the frame (401) can wear the frame (401) on their head so that the virtual reality headset's eye sockets (465) cover the user's eyes. The virtual reality headset's eye sockets (465) can encircle or substantially encircle the eyes. The user can secure the virtual reality headset (401) to the user's headset using one or more straps (455) or (460), a skull cap, or other fastening mechanism. In some cases, the user can provide an indication to the NSS (105) that the virtual reality headset (401) is positioned and secured to the user's head and that the user is ready to receive brainwave entrainment. This indication can include a command, selection, input, or other indication via an input / output interface, such as a keyboard (726), a pointing device (727), or other I / O device (730a-n). This indication can be a movement-based indicator, a visual indicator, or an audio-based indicator. For example, the user can provide a voice command indicating that they are ready to receive brainwave entrainment.

[0248] In some cases, the feedback sensor (605) can determine that the user is ready to receive brainwave entrainment. The feedback sensor (605) can detect that the virtual reality headset (401) is placed on the user's head. The NSS (105) can receive motion data, acceleration data, gyroscope data, temperature data, or capacitive touch data to determine that the virtual reality headset (401) is placed on the user's head. Received data, such as motion data, can indicate that the virtual reality headset (401) has been picked up and placed on the user's head. Temperature data can measure the temperature of the virtual reality headset (401) or the temperature adjacent to its frame, which can indicate that the virtual reality headset (401) is on the user's head. In some cases, the feedback sensor (605) can perform eye tracking to determine the level of attention the user is paying to the light source (305) or the feedback sensor (605). The NSS (105) can detect that the user is ready to respond to determining that they are paying a high level of attention to the light source (305) or the feedback sensor (605). For example, gazing, staring, or glancing in the direction of the light source (305) or feedback sensor (605) can provide an indication that the user is ready to undergo brainwave entrainment.

[0249] In some embodiments, a sensor (605) on the strap (455), the strap (460), or the eye socket (605) can detect when the virtual reality headset (401) is secured, placed, or positioned on the user's head. The sensor (605) can be a touch sensor that senses or detects touch on the user's head.

[0250] Thus, the NSS (105) can detect or determine that the virtual reality headset (401) is being worn and the user is ready, or the NSS (105) can receive an indication or confirmation from the user that the user is ready to wear the virtual reality headset (401) and undergo brainwave entrainment. Upon determining that the user is ready, the NSS (105) can initiate the brainwave entrainment process. In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can access the profile data structure (145). For example, the profile manager (125) can query the profile data structure (145) to determine one or more parameters for the external visual stimuli used for the brain entrainment process. The parameters may include, for example, the type of visual stimulus, the intensity of the visual stimulus, the frequency of the visual stimulus, the duration of the visual stimulus, or the wavelength of the visual stimulus. The profile manager (125) can query the profile data structure (145) to obtain past brain entrainment information, such as from previous visual stimulation sessions. The profile manager (125) can perform searches of the profile data structure (145). The profile manager (125) can perform searches using usernames, user identifiers, location information, fingerprints, biometric identifiers, retinal scans, voice recognition and authentication, or other identification technologies.

[0251] The NSS (105) can determine the type of external visual stimulus based on the hardware (401). The NSS (105) can determine the type of external visual stimulus based on the type of available light source (305). For example, if the light source (305) includes a smartphone or a display device, the visual stimulus can include turning the display screen of the display device on and off. The visual stimulus can include displaying a pattern on the display device (305), such as a checkerboard pattern, which can alternate according to a desired frequency modulation. The visual stimulus can include light pulses generated by a light source (305), such as an LED, located within the virtual reality headset (401) housing.

[0252] If the virtual reality headset (401) provides an augmented reality experience, the visual stimulus may include overlaying content on a display device and modulating the overlayed content with a desired modulation frequency. For example, the virtual reality headset (401) may include a camera (605) that captures the real physical world. While displaying the captured image of the real physical world, the NSS (105) may also display content modulated at a desired modulation frequency. The NSS (105) may overlay the modulated content with the desired modulation frequency. Alternatively, the NSS (105) may modify, manipulate, modulate, or adjust a portion of the display screen or a portion of the augmented reality to generate or provide the desired modulation frequency.

[0253] For example, the NSS (105) can adjust one or more pixels based on a desired modulation frequency. The NSS (105) can turn pixels on and off based on the modulation frequency. The NSS (105) can turn on pixels in any portion of the display device. The NSS (105) can turn pixels on and off in a pattern. The NSS (105) can turn pixels on and off in the direct field of view or the peripheral field of view. The NSS (105) can track or detect the eye's gaze direction and turn pixels on and off in the gaze direction so that light pulses (or modulations) are present in the direct field of view. Thus, adjusting overlaid content or otherwise manipulating an augmented reality display or other image provided via the display device of the virtual reality headset (401) can generate light pulses or light flashes with a modulation frequency configured to promote brainwave entrainment.

[0254] The NSS (105) can determine the modulation frequency for the pulse train or ambient light via the profile manager (125). For example, the NSS (105) can determine from the profile data structure (145) that the modulation frequency for the external visual stimulus should be set to 40 Hz. Depending on the type of visual stimulus, the profile data structure (145) can further indicate the number of pixels to be modulated, the intensity of the pixels to be modulated, the pulse width, intensity, wavelength of the light waves forming the light pulses, or the duration of the pulse train.

[0255] In some cases, the NSS (105) can determine or adjust one or more parameters of the external visual stimulus. For example, the NSS (105) can determine (e.g., via the feedback component (160) or the feedback sensor (605)) the level or amount of light in the captured image used to provide the augmented reality experience. The NSS (105) can establish, initialize, set, or adjust (e.g., via the light adjustment module (115) or the side effect management module (130)) the intensity or wavelength of the light pulses based on the light level of the image data corresponding to the augmented reality experience. For example, the NSS (105) can determine that a low level of light is present in the augmented reality display because it may be dark outside. A low level of ambient light in the augmented reality display may cause the user's pupils to dilate. The NSS (105) can determine, based on the detection of the low level of light, that the user's pupils are likely to dilate. In response to determining that the user's pupils are likely to dilate, the NSS (105) can set a low level of intensity for the light pulses or light source providing the modulation frequency. The NSS (105) can also use light waves with longer wavelengths (e.g., red) that may reduce pressure on the eye.

[0256] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can monitor light levels throughout the brainwave entrainment process (e.g., via the feedback monitor (135) and the feedback component (160)) to automatically and periodically adjust the intensity or color of the light pulses. For example, if a user begins the brainwave entrainment process when there is high ambient light, the NSS (105) can initially set a higher intensity level for the light pulses and use a color (e.g., blue) containing light waves with lower wavelengths. However, as the light level decreases throughout the brainwave entrainment process, the NSS (105) can automatically detect the decrease in light and, in response, adjust or decrease the intensity while increasing the wavelength of the light waves. The NSS (105) can adjust the light pulses to provide a high contrast ratio to facilitate brainwave entrainment.

[0257] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can monitor or measure (e.g., via the feedback monitor (135) and feedback component (160)) physiological conditions to set or adjust parameters of the light pulses while the user is wearing the virtual reality headset (401). For example, the NSS (105) can monitor or measure the level of pupil dilation to adjust or set parameters of the light waves. In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can monitor or measure heart rate, pulse repetition, blood pressure, body temperature, sweating, or brain activity to set or adjust parameters of the light waves via one or more feedback sensors in the virtual reality headset (401) or other feedback sensors.

[0258] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) may be pre-configured to initially deliver light pulses via the display device (305) with a lowest setting for light wave intensity (e.g., low amplitude light waves or high wavelength light waves) and gradually increase the intensity (e.g., increasing the amplitude of the light waves or decreasing the wavelength of the light waves) while monitoring feedback until an optimal light intensity is reached. The optimal light intensity may refer to the highest intensity without adverse physiological side effects such as blindness, stroke, heart attack, migraine, or other discomfort. The NSS (105) may monitor physiological symptoms (e.g., via the side effect management module (130)) to identify adverse side effects of the external visual stimulation and, accordingly, adjust the external visual stimulation (e.g., via the light adjustment module (115)) to reduce or eliminate the adverse side effects.

[0259] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) (e.g., via the light adjustment module (115)) can adjust parameters of the light waves or light pulses based on the level of attention. For example, during the brainwave entrainment process, the user may become bored, lose focus, fall asleep, or otherwise not pay attention to the light pulses generated via the display screen (305) of the virtual reality headset (401). Not paying attention to the light pulses may reduce the effectiveness of the brainwave entrainment process, resulting in neurons oscillating at a frequency different from the desired modulation frequency of the light pulses.

[0260] The NSS (105) can detect the level of attention the user pays or provides to the light pulses using a feedback monitor (135) and one or more feedback components (160) (e.g., including a feedback sensor (605)). The NSS (105) can perform eye tracking to determine the level of attention the user pays to the light pulses based on the gaze direction of the retina or pupil. The NSS (105) can measure eye movements to determine the level of attention the user is paying to the light pulses. The NSS (105) can provide a survey or prompt requesting user feedback indicating the level of attention the user is paying to the light pulses. In response to determining that the user is not paying a satisfactory amount of attention to the light pulses (e.g., a level of eye movement exceeding a threshold or gaze direction outside the direct field of view of the light source (305)), the light adjustment module (115) can alter parameters of the light source (305) or the display device (305) to attract the user's attention. For example, the light adjustment module 115 can increase the intensity of the light pulse, adjust the color of the light pulse, or change the duration of the light pulse. The light adjustment module 115 can randomly vary one or more parameters of the light pulse. The light adjustment module 115 can direct attention-requesting light sequences configured to regain the user's attention. For example, the light sequences can include changes in the color or intensity of the light pulses in a predetermined, random, or pseudo-random pattern. If the visual signaling component 150 includes multiple light sources, the attention-requesting light sequences can enable or disable different light sources. Thus, the light adjustment module 115 can interact with the feedback monitor 135 to determine the level of attention the user is paying to the light pulses and adjust the light pulses to regain the user's attention if the level of attention falls below a threshold.

[0261] In some embodiments, the light adjustment module (115) can change or adjust one or more parameters of the light pulses or light waves at predetermined time intervals (e.g., every 5, 10, 15, or 20 minutes) to regain or maintain the user's attention level.

[0262] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can filter, block, attenuate, or remove unwanted visual extraneous stimuli (e.g., via the unwanted frequency filtering module (120)). Unwanted visual extraneous stimuli can include, for example, residual modulation frequencies of light waves, unwanted intensities, or unwanted wavelengths. The NSS (105) can consider a modulation frequency of a pulse train to be unwanted if it differs or differs substantially (e.g., by 1%, 2%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, or more) from a desired frequency.

[0263] For example, a desirable modulation frequency for brainwave entrainment is 40 Hz. However, modulation frequencies of 20 Hz or 80 Hz can disrupt brainwave entrainment. Therefore, the NSS (105) can filter light pulses or light waves corresponding to modulation frequencies of 20 Hz or 80 Hz. For example, a virtual reality headset (401) can detect residual modulation frequencies in the physical world and reject, attenuate, filter, or otherwise remove unwanted frequencies that generate or provide an augmented reality experience. The NSS (105) can include optical filters configured to perform digital signal processing or digital image processing to detect residual modulation frequencies in the real world captured by the feedback sensor (605). The NSS (105) can detect other content, images, or motion with undesired parameters (e.g., color, brightness, contrast ratio, modulation frequency) and remove them from the augmented reality projected to the user via the display screen (305). The NSS (105) can adjust the color or apply color filters to remove color from the augmented reality display. The NSS (105) can adjust, modify, or manipulate the brightness, contrast ratio, sharpness, color tone, hue, or other parameters of the image or video displayed via the display device (305).

[0264] In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can detect, via the feedback component (160), the presence of content in the captured image or video from the real physical world that corresponds to a residual modulation frequency of 20 Hz. The NSS (105) can further determine the wavelength of the light waves in the light pulses that corresponds to the residual modulation frequency. The NSS (105) can instruct the filtering component (155) to filter the wavelength that corresponds to the residual modulation frequency. For example, the wavelength that corresponds to the residual modulation frequency may correspond to the color blue. The filtering component (155) can include a digital optical filter that can digitally filter out content or light in a specific range of wavelengths or colors while allowing one or more other ranges of wavelengths or colors. The digital optical filter can modify the magnitude or phase of the image for a range of wavelengths. For example, the digital optical filter can be configured to attenuate, eliminate, replace, or otherwise alter blue light waves that correspond to the residual modulation frequency. The light conditioning module (115) can change the wavelength of the light waves generated by the light generating module (110) and the display device (305) so that the desired modulation frequencies are not blocked or attenuated by the undesired frequency filtering module (120).

[0265] G. NSS operation using a tablet The NSS (105) can operate in cooperation with a tablet (500) such as that depicted in FIGS. 5A-5D. In some embodiments, the NSS (105) can determine that the visual signaling component (150) hardware includes a tablet device (500) or other display screen that is not attached to or fixed to the user's head. The tablet (500) can include a display screen having one or more components or functions of the display screen (305) or light source (305) depicted in conjunction with FIGS. 4A and 4C. The light source (305) in the tablet can be a display screen. The tablet (500) can include one or more feedback sensors, including one or more components or functions of the feedback sensors depicted in conjunction with FIGS. 4B, 4C, and 6A.

[0266] The tablet (500) can communicate with the NSS (105) via a network, such as a wireless network or a cellular network. The NSS (105), in some embodiments, can execute the NSS (105) or components thereof. For example, the tablet (500) can launch, open, or switch to an application or resource configured to provide at least one function of the NSS (105). The tablet (500) can execute an application as a background process or a foreground process. For example, the graphical user interface for the application can be in the background while the application causes the tablet's display screen (305) to cover content or light that changes or modulates at a frequency (e.g., 40 Hz) desired for brain entrainment.

[0267] The tablet (500) may include one or more feedback sensors (605). In some embodiments, the tablet can use one or more feedback sensors (605) to detect when a user is holding the tablet (500). The tablet can use one or more feedback sensors (605) to determine the distance between the light source (305) and the user. The tablet can use one or more feedback sensors (605) to determine the distance between the light source (305) and the user's head. The tablet can use one or more feedback sensors (605) to determine the distance between the light source (305) and the user's eyes.

[0268] In some embodiments, the tablet 500 can use a feedback sensor 605 that includes a receiver to determine distance. The tablet can transmit a signal and measure the amount of time it takes for the transmitted signal to leave the tablet 500, bounce off an object (e.g., a user's head), and be received by the feedback sensor 605. The tablet 500 or NSS 105 can determine distance based on the measured amount of time and the speed of the transmitted signal (e.g., the speed of light).

[0269] In some embodiments, the tablet 500 may include two feedback sensors 605 for determining distance, where the first feedback sensor 605 is a transmitter and the second feedback sensor 605 is a receiver.

[0270] In some embodiments, the tablet (500) may include two or more feedback sensors (605) including two or more cameras that measure the angle and position of an object (e.g., a user's head) on each camera, and the measured angle and position can be used to determine or calculate the distance between the tablet (500) and the object.

[0271] In some embodiments, the tablet (500) (or an application thereof) can determine the distance between the tablet and the user's head by receiving user input. For example, the user input can include an approximate size of the user's head. The tablet (500) can then determine the distance from the user's head based on the input approximate size.

[0272] The tablet (500), application, or NSS (105) can use the measured or determined distance to adjust the light pulse or flash of light emitted by the light source (305) of the tablet (500). The tablet (500), application, or NSS (105) can use the distance to adjust one or more parameters of the light pulse, light flash, or other content emitted via the light source (305) of the tablet (500). For example, the tablet (500) can adjust the intensity of the light pulse emitted by the light source (305) based on the distance. The tablet (500) can adjust the intensity based on the distance to maintain a consistent or similar intensity at the eye regardless of the distance between the light source (305) and the eye. The tablet can increase the intensity in proportion to the square of the distance.

[0273] The tablet (500) can manipulate one or more pixels on the display screen (305) to generate light pulses or modulation frequencies for brainwave entrainment. The tablet (500) can project light sources, light pulses, or other patterns to generate modulation frequencies for brainwave entrainment. Similar to the virtual reality headset (401), the tablet can filter or modify unwanted frequencies, wavelengths, or intensities.

[0274] Similar to the frame (400), the tablet (500) can adjust the parameters of the light pulses or flashes of light generated by the light source (305) based on ambient light, environmental parameters, or feedback.

[0275] In some embodiments, the tablet (500) can execute an application configured to generate light pulses or modulation frequencies for brainwave entrainment. The application can run in the background of the tablet so that all content displayed on the tablet's display screen is displayed as light pulses at the desired frequency. The tablet can be configured to detect a user's gaze direction. In some embodiments, the tablet can detect gaze direction by capturing images of the user's eyes via the tablet's camera. The tablet (500) can be configured to generate light pulses at specific locations on the display screen based on the user's gaze direction. In embodiments where a direct field of view is to be utilized, the light pulses can be displayed at a location on the display screen that corresponds to the user's gaze. In embodiments where peripheral vision is to be utilized, the light pulses can be displayed at a location on the display screen that is outside of the portion of the display screen that corresponds to the user's gaze.

[0276] H. Nerve stimulation via auditory stimulation 9 is a block diagram illustrating a system for neural stimulation via auditory stimulation, according to one embodiment. The system (900) may include a neural stimulation system ("NSS") (905). The NSS (905) may be referred to as an auditory NSS (905) or an NSS (905). In overview, the auditory neural stimulation system ("NSS") (905) may include, access, interface with, or otherwise communicate with one or more of: an audio generation module (910), an audio adjustment module (915), an undesired frequency filtering module (920), a profile manager (925), a side effect management module (930), a feedback monitor (935), a data repository (940), an audio signaling component (950), a filtering component (955), or a feedback component (960). The audio generation module (910), the audio adjustment module (915), the unwanted frequency filtering module (920), the profile manager (925), the side effect management module (930), the feedback monitor (935), the audio signaling component (950), the filtering component (955), or the feedback component (960) each include at least one processing unit or other logic circuit, such as a programmable logic array engine or a module configured to communicate with the database repository (940). The audio generation module (910), the audio adjustment module (915), the unwanted frequency filtering module (920), the profile manager (925), the side effect management module (930), the feedback monitor (935), the audio signaling component (950), the filtering component (955), or the feedback component (960) may be separate components, a single component, or part of the NSS (905). The system (100) and its components, such as the NSS (905), may include hardware elements such as one or more processors, logic circuits, or circuits.The system (100) and its components, such as the NSS (905), may include one or more of the hardware or interface components depicted in the system (700) of Figures 7A and 7B. For example, the components of the system (100) may include or execute on one or more processors (721), access storage (728) or memory (722), and communicate via a network interface (718).

[0277] Still referring to FIG. 9 , in more detail, the NSS (905) may include at least one audio generation module (910). The audio generation module (910) may be designed and constructed to interface with the audio signal transmission component (950) to provide instructions or otherwise cause or facilitate the generation of an audio signal, such as an audio burst, audio pulse, audio chirp, audio sweep, or other sound wave having one or more predetermined parameters. The audio generation module (910) may include hardware or software for receiving and processing instructions or data packets from one or more modules or components of the NSS (905). The audio generation module (910) may generate instructions that cause the audio signal transmission component (950) to generate an audible signal. The audio generation module (910) may control or enable the audio signal transmission component (950) to generate an audible signal having one or more predetermined parameters.

[0278] The audio generation module (910) may be communicatively coupled to the audio signal transmission component (950). The audio generation module (910) may communicate with the audio signal transmission component (950) via a circuit, a wire, a data port, a network port, a power wire, a ground, an electrical contact, or a pin. The audio generation module (910) may wirelessly communicate with the audio signal transmission component (950) using one or more wireless protocols, such as Bluetooth, Bluetooth Low Energy, Zigbee, Z-Wave, IEEE 802.11, WIFI, 3G, 4G, LTE, near field communication ("NFC"), or other short-, medium-, or long-range communication protocols. The audio generation module (910) may include or have access to a network interface (718) for wireless or wired communication with the audio signal transmission component (950).

[0279] The audio-generation module (910) can interface with or otherwise manage various types of audio signal transmission components (950) to cause the audio signal transmission components (950) to generate, block, control, or otherwise provide audio signals having one or more predetermined parameters. The audio-generation module (910) can include a driver configured to drive an audio source of the audio signal transmission component (950). For example, the audio source can include a speaker, and the audio-generation module (910) (or audio signal transmission component) can include a transducer that converts electrical energy into sound waves or acoustic waves. The audio-generation module (910) can include a computing chip, microchip, circuit, microcontroller, operational amplifier, transistor, resistor, or diode configured to provide electricity or power having specific voltage and current characteristics to drive the speaker to generate an audio signal with desired acoustic characteristics.

[0280] In some embodiments, the audio generation module (910) can instruct the audio signal transmission component (950) to provide an audio signal. For example, the audio signal can include a sound wave (1000) as depicted in FIG. 10A. The audio signal can include multiple sound waves. The audio signal can generate one or more sound waves. The sound waves (1000) can include or be formed from mechanical waves of pressure and displacement that travel through media such as gases, liquids, and solids. Sound waves can travel through a medium to cause vibrations, sound, ultrasound, or infrasound. Sound waves can propagate through air, water, or solids as longitudinal waves. Sound waves can propagate through solids as transverse waves.

[0281] Acoustic waves can be generated by the amplitude of pressure, stress, particle displacement, or particle velocity propagating through a medium with internal forces (e.g., elastic or viscous), or by the superposition of such propagated amplitudes. Sound can refer to the hearing evoked by this amplitude. For example, sound can refer to the reception of sound waves by the brain and their perception.

[0282] The audio signal transmission component (950) or its audio source can generate sound waves by vibrating a diaphragm of the audio source. For example, the audio source can include a diaphragm, such as a transducer, configured to internally convert mechanical vibrations into sound. The diaphragm may include a thin membrane or sheet made of various materials draped over its edge. The variable pressure of the sound waves imparts mechanical vibrations to the diaphragm, which can then form sound waves or sounds.

[0283] The sound wave (1000) illustrated in FIG. 10A includes a wavelength (1010). The wavelength (1010) may refer to the distance between successive crests (1020) of the wave. The wavelength (1010) may be related to the frequency of the sound wave and the speed of the sound wave. For example, the wavelength can be determined as the quotient of the speed of the sound wave divided by the frequency of the sound wave. The speed of the sound wave may be the product of the frequency and the wavelength. The frequency of the sound wave may be the quotient of the speed of the sound wave divided by the wavelength of the sound wave. Therefore, the frequency and the wavelength of the sound wave may be inversely proportional. The speed of sound may vary based on the medium through which the sound wave propagates. For example, the speed of sound in air may be 343 meters per second.

[0284] A crest (1020) may refer to the top of a wave, or the point in a wave that has a local maximum. The displacement of the medium is greatest at the crest (1020) of a wave. A trough (1015) is opposite a crest (1020). A trough (1015) is the minimum or lowest point in a wave that corresponds to the least amount of displacement.

[0285] The acoustic wave (1000) may have an amplitude (1005). The amplitude (1005) may refer to the maximum range of oscillation or amplitude of the acoustic wave (1000) measured from an equilibrium point. The acoustic wave (1000) may be a longitudinal wave if it oscillates or vibrates in the same direction of propagation (1025). In some cases, the acoustic wave (1000) may be a transverse wave, vibrating perpendicular to its direction of propagation.

[0286] The sound generation module (910) can instruct the sound signal transmission component (950) to generate sound waves having one or more predetermined amplitudes or wavelengths. The wavelength of sound waves audible to the human ear ranges from approximately 17 meters to 17 millimeters (or 20 Hz to 20 kHz). The sound generation module (910) can further identify one or more characteristics of the sound waves within or outside the audible spectrum. For example, the frequency of the sound waves can range from 0 to 50 kHz. In some embodiments, the frequency of the sound waves can range from 8 to 12 kHz. In some embodiments, the frequency of the sound waves can be 10 kHz.

[0287] The NSS (905) can adjust, modify, change, or otherwise alter the properties of the acoustic wave (1000). For example, the NSS (905) can adjust the amplitude or wavelength of the acoustic wave. As depicted in Figures 10B and 10C, the NSS (905) can adjust, manipulate, or otherwise alter the amplitude (1005) of the acoustic wave (1000). For example, the NSS (905) can decrease the amplitude (1005) to make the sound quieter, as depicted in Figure 10B, or increase the amplitude (1005) to make the sound louder, as depicted in Figure 10C.

[0288] In some cases, the NSS (905) can adjust, manipulate, or otherwise alter the wavelength (1010) of the sound waves. As depicted in Figures 10D and 10E, the NSS (905) can adjust, manipulate, or otherwise alter the wavelength (1010) of the sound waves (1000). For example, the NSS (905) can raise the wavelength (1010) to make the sound have a lower pitch, as depicted in Figure 10D, or lower the wavelength (1010) to make the sound have a higher pitch, as depicted in Figure 10E.

[0289] The NSS (905) can condition acoustic waves. Conditioning acoustic waves can include adjusting one or more characteristics of the acoustic waves. Conditioning acoustic waves can include filtering acoustic waves, such as filtering out unwanted frequencies or attenuating acoustic waves to lower their amplitude. Conditioning acoustic waves can include adding one or more additional acoustic waves to the original acoustic waves. Conditioning acoustic waves can include combining acoustic waves such that there is constructive or destructive interference in the resulting combined acoustic waves that is comparable to the modified acoustic waves.

[0290] The NSS (905) can adjust or modify one or more characteristics of the sound waves based on a time interval. The NSS (905) can modify one or more characteristics of the sound at the end of the time interval. For example, the NSS (905) can modify the properties of the sound waves every 30 seconds, 1 minute, 2 minutes, 3 minutes, 5 minutes, 7 minutes, 10 minutes, or 15 minutes. The NSS (905) can modify the modulation frequency of the sound waves, where modulation frequency refers to the repeated modulation or inverse modulation of the pulse repetition interval of the sound pulses. The modulation frequency can be a predetermined or desired frequency. The modulation frequency can correspond to a desired stimulation frequency of neural amplitude. The modulation frequency can be set to promote or induce brainwave entrainment. The NSS (905) can set the modulation frequency to a frequency ranging from 0.1 Hz to 10,000 Hz. For example, the NSS (905) can set the modulation frequency to 0.1 Hz, 1 Hz, 5 Hz, 10 Hz, 20 Hz, 25 Hz, 30 Hz, 31 Hz, 32 Hz, 33 Hz, 34 Hz, 35 Hz, 36 Hz, 37 Hz, 38 Hz, 39 Hz, 40 Hz, 41 Hz, 42 Hz, 43 Hz, 44 Hz, 45 Hz, 46 Hz, 47 Hz, 48 Hz, 49 Hz, 50 Hz, 60 Hz, 70 Hz, 80 Hz, 90 Hz, 100 Hz, 150 Hz, 200 Hz, 250 Hz, 300 Hz, 400 Hz, 500 Hz, 1000 Hz, 2000 Hz, 3000 Hz, 4000 Hz, 5000 Hz, 6000 Hz, 7000 Hz, 8000 Hz, 9000 Hz, or 10,000 Hz.

[0291] The audio generation module (910) can determine to provide an audio signal including a burst of sound waves, an audio pulse, or a modulation to sound waves. The audio generation module (910) can instruct or otherwise cause the audio signal transmission component (950) to generate an audio burst or pulse. An audio pulse can refer to a burst of sound waves or a modulation to the properties of sound waves that are perceived by the brain as a change in sound. For example, an audio source that is intermittently turned on and off can create an audio burst or a change in sound. The audio source can be turned on and off based on a predetermined or fixed pulse repetition interval, such as every 0.025 seconds, to provide a pulse repetition frequency of 40 Hz. The audio source can be turned on and off to provide a pulse repetition frequency ranging from 0.1 Hz to 10 kHz or more.

[0292] For example, Figures 10F-10I show bursts of sound waves or bursts of modulation that can be applied to sound waves. The bursts of sound waves can include, for example, tones, beeps, or clicks. Modulation can refer to changing the amplitude of the sound wave, changing the frequency or wavelength of the sound wave, superimposing other sound waves on top of the original sound wave, or otherwise altering or changing the sound wave.

[0293] For example, Figure 10F illustrates acoustic bursts 1035a-c (or modulated pulses 1035a-c) according to one embodiment. The acoustic bursts 1035a-c may be illustrated via a graph in which the Y-axis represents a parameter of the acoustic wave (e.g., frequency, wavelength, or amplitude). The X-axis may represent time (e.g., seconds, milliseconds, or microseconds).

[0294] The audio signal may include modulated sound waves that are modulated between different frequencies, wavelengths, or amplitudes. For example, the NSS (905) may a and frequencies in the audio spectrum such as M o The NSS (905) can modulate sound waves between two or more frequencies, between an on state and an off state, or between a high power state and a low power state.

[0295] The acoustic bursts (1035a-c) are generated by the acoustic parameter M o different value M a The modulation M a may refer to frequency or wavelength, or amplitude. The pulses (1035a-c) may be generated with a pulse repetition interval (PRI) (1040).

[0296] For example, the sound wave parameter may be the frequency of the sound wave. o can be a low frequency or carrier frequency sound wave, such as 10 kHz. The second value M a is the first frequency M o The second frequency M a is the first frequency M o For example, the second frequency M a The first frequency M may be 11 kHz. The difference between the first and second frequencies may be determined or set based on the level of sensitivity of the human ear. The difference between the first and second frequencies may be determined or set based on profile information (945) about the subject. The first frequency M may be set to 11 kHz so that modulation or changes in sound waves promote brainwave entrainment. o and the second frequency M a It is possible to determine the difference between

[0297] In some cases, the parameters of the acoustic wave used to generate the acoustic burst (1035a) are M a , which can generate a square wave as illustrated in FIG. 10F. In some embodiments, each of the three pulses (1035a-c) has the same frequency M a The frequency may include sound waves having a frequency of .gtoreq..times ...

[0298] The width of each of the acoustic bursts or pulses (e.g., the parameter M aThe duration of a burst of acoustic waves having a frequency (frequency) may correspond to pulse width (1030a). Pulse width (1030a) may refer to the length or duration of the burst. Pulse width (1030a) may be measured in units of time or distance. In some embodiments, pulses (1035a-c) may include acoustic waves having different frequencies from one another. In some embodiments, pulses (1035a-c) may have different pulse widths (1030a) from one another, as illustrated in FIG. 10G. For example, first pulse (1035d) in FIG. 10G may have pulse width (1030a), while second pulse (1035e) may have second pulse width (1030b) that exceeds first pulse width (1030a). Third pulse (1035f) may have third pulse width (1030c) that is less than second pulse width (1030b). The third pulse width (1030c) can also be less than the first pulse width (1030a). The pulse widths (1030a-c) of the pulses (1035d-f) of the pulse train can vary while the audio generation module (910) maintains a constant pulse repetition interval (1040) for the pulse train.

[0299] The pulses (1035a-c) can form a pulse train having a pulse repetition interval (1040). The pulse repetition interval (1040) can be quantified using time units. The pulse repetition interval (1040) can be based on the frequency of the pulses in the pulse train (201). The frequency of the pulses in the pulse train (201) can be referred to as the modulation frequency. For example, the audio generation module (910) can provide a pulse train (201) with a predetermined frequency, such as 40 Hz. To do so, the audio generation module (910) can determine the pulse repetition interval (1040) by taking the reciprocal (or half) of the frequency (e.g., 1 divided by the predetermined frequency for the pulse train). For example, the audio generation module (910) can obtain the reciprocal of 40 Hz by dividing 1 by 40 Hz to determine the pulse repetition interval (1040) as 0.025 seconds. The pulse repetition interval (1040) can remain constant throughout the pulse train. In some embodiments, the pulse repetition interval (1040) may vary throughout the pulse train or from one pulse train to the next. In some embodiments, the number of pulses delivered per second is fixed, while the pulse repetition interval (1040) may vary.

[0300] In some embodiments, the sound generation module (910) can generate sound bursts or sound pulses with sound waves that vary in frequency, amplitude, or wavelength. For example, the sound generation module (910) can generate up-chirp pulses, in which the frequency, amplitude, or wavelength of the sound waves in the sound pulse increases from the beginning of the pulse to the end of the pulse, as illustrated in FIG. 10H. For example, the frequency, amplitude, or wavelength of the sound waves at the beginning of the pulse (1035g) can be M a The frequency, amplitude, or wavelength of the sound wave of the pulse (1035g) can be M a From M b Then, at the end of the pulse (1035g), c Therefore, the frequency, amplitude, or wavelength of the sound wave used to generate the pulse (1035g) can be increased to Ma From M c The frequency, amplitude, or wavelength may vary from 0 to 100 Hz. The frequency, amplitude, or wavelength may increase linearly, exponentially, or based on some other rate or curve. One or more of the frequency, amplitude, or wavelength of the acoustic wave may vary from the beginning of the pulse to the end of the pulse.

[0301] The sound generation module (910) can generate a down-chirp pulse, as illustrated in FIG. 10I, in which the frequency, amplitude, or wavelength of the acoustic wave of the acoustic pulse decreases from the beginning of the pulse to the end of the pulse. For example, the frequency, amplitude, or wavelength of the acoustic wave at the beginning of the pulse (1035j) is M c The frequency, amplitude, or wavelength of the acoustic wave of the pulse (1035j) can be M c From M b until the minimum M at the end of the pulse (1035j) a Therefore, the frequency, amplitude, or wavelength of the sound wave used to generate the pulse (1035j) can be reduced to M c From M a The frequency, amplitude, or wavelength may vary from 0 to 100 Hz. The frequency, amplitude, or wavelength may decrease linearly, exponentially, or according to some other rate or curve. One or more of the frequency, amplitude, or wavelength of the acoustic wave may vary from the beginning of the pulse to the end of the pulse.

[0302] In some embodiments, the audio generation module (910) may command or cause the audio signaling component (950) to generate audio pulses to stimulate specific or predetermined portions of the brain or a particular cortex. The frequency, wavelength, modulation frequency, amplitude, and other aspects of the audio pulses, tones, or music-based stimuli can dictate which cortex is recruited to process the stimuli. The audio signaling component (950) can stimulate distinct portions of the cortex by adjusting the presentation of the stimuli to target specific or general areas of interest. The modulation parameters or amplitude of the audio stimuli can dictate which areas of the cortex are stimulated. For example, different areas of the cortex are recruited to process different frequencies of sound, referred to as their characteristic frequencies. Furthermore, differences in stimulation of the left and right ears can have an effect on cortical responses, as some subjects can be treated by stimulating one ear as opposed to both ears.

[0303] The audio signal transmission component (950) may be designed and constructed to generate audio pulses in response to commands from the audio generation module (910). The commands may include, for example, parameters of the audio pulses, such as frequency, wavelength, or sound waves; pulse duration; pulse train frequency; pulse repetition interval; or pulse train duration (e.g., the number of pulses in a pulse train or the length of time to transmit a pulse train having a given frequency). The audio pulses may be perceived, observed, or otherwise identified by the brain through cochlear means, such as the ear. The audio pulses may be transmitted to the ear via an audio source speaker in close proximity to the ear, such as headphones, earphones, a bone conduction transducer, or an artificial ear. The audio pulses may also be transmitted to the ear via an audio source or speaker not in close proximity to the ear, such as a surround sound speaker system, bookshelf speakers, or other speakers not directly or indirectly connected to the ear.

[0304] 11A illustrates an audio signal using binaural beats or binaural pulses, according to one embodiment. In overview, binaural beats refer to providing a different tone to each ear of a subject. When the brain perceives two different tones, it combines the two tones to create a pulse. The two different tones can be selected such that the sum of the tones creates a pulse train with a desired pulse repetition interval (1040).

[0305] The audio signal transmission component (950) may include a first audio source that provides an audio signal to a first ear of the subject and a second audio source that provides a second audio signal to a second ear of the subject. The first audio source and the second audio source may be different. The first ear may only perceive the first audio signal from the first audio source, and the second ear may only receive the second audio signal from the second audio source. The audio source may include, for example, headphones, earphones, or a bone conduction transducer. The audio source may include a stereo audio source.

[0306] The audio generation component (910) can select a first tone for a first ear and a different second tone for a second ear. The tones can be characterized by their duration, pitch, intensity (or loudness), or timbre (or quality). In some cases, the first tone and the second tone can differ if they have different frequencies. In some cases, the first tone and the second tone can differ if they have different phase offsets. The first tone and the second tone can each be a pure tone. A pure tone can be a tone with a sinusoidal waveform having a single frequency.

[0307] As illustrated in FIG. 11A , the first tone or offset wave (1105) is slightly different from the second tone (1110) or carrier wave (1110). The first tone (1105) has a higher frequency than the second tone (1110). The first tone (1105) may be generated by a first earphone inserted into one of the subject's ears, and the second tone (1110) may be generated by a second earphone inserted into the other of the subject's ears. When the auditory cortex of the brain perceives the first tone (1105) and the second tone (1110), the brain can sum the two tones. The brain can sum the acoustic waveforms corresponding to the two tones. The brain can sum the two waveforms as illustrated by waveform sum (1115). Due to the first and second tones having different parameters (such as different frequencies or phase offsets), portions of the waves can add and subtract from each other, resulting in a waveform (1115) with one or more pulses (1130) (or beats (1130)). The pulses (1130) can be separated by portions (1125) that are in equilibrium. The pulses (1130) perceived by the brain by mixing these two different waveforms can cause brainwave entrainment.

[0308] In some embodiments, the NSS (905) can generate binaural beats using pitch panning techniques. For example, the audio generation module (910) or audio adjustment module (915) can include or use filters to adjust the pitch of an audio file or a single tone up or down, while simultaneously panning the modulation between stereo sides, so that one side has a slightly higher pitch and the other has a slightly lower pitch. Stereo sides may refer to a first audio source that generates and provides an audio signal to a first ear of a subject and a second audio source that generates and provides an audio signal to a second ear of the subject. An audio file may refer to sound waves, a representation thereof, or a file format configured to store that information. Examples of audio file formats may include .mp3, .wav, .aac, .m4a, .smf, etc.

[0309] The NSS (905) can use this pitch panning technique to generate a type of spatial positioning that is perceived by the brain in a manner similar to binaural beats when heard through stereo headphones. The NSS (905) can therefore use this pitch panning technique to generate pulses or beats using a single tone or a single audio file.

[0310] In some cases, the NSS (905) can generate a monaural beat or a monaural pulse. A monaural beat or pulse is similar to a binaural beat in that it can also be generated by combining two tones to form a beat. The NSS (905) or a component of the system (100) can form a monaural beat by combining two tones using digital or analog techniques before the sound reaches the ear, as opposed to the brain combining waveforms as in binaural beats. For example, the NSS (905) (or audio generation component (910)) can identify and select two different waveforms that, when combined, produce a beat or pulse with a desired pulse repetition interval. The NSS (905) can identify a first digital representation of a first acoustic waveform and a second digital representation of a second acoustic waveform having different parameters from the first acoustic waveform. The NSS (905) may combine the first and second digital waveforms to generate a third digital waveform that is different from the first and second digital waveforms. The NSS (905) can then transmit the third digital waveform in digital form to the audio signal transmission component (950). The NSS (905) can translate the digital waveform into analog form and transmit it in analog form to the audio signal transmission component (950). The audio signal transmission component (950) can then generate, via an audio source, a sound perceived by one ear or both ears. The same sound can be perceived by both ears. The sound can include pulses or beats spaced at a desired pulse repetition interval (1040).

[0311] FIG. 11B illustrates an acoustic pulse with isochronic tones, according to an embodiment. Isochronic tones are uniformly spaced tone pulses. Isochronic tones can be created without combining two different tones. The NSS (905) or other components of the system (100) can create isochronic tones by turning tones on and off. The NSS (905) can generate isochronic tones or pulses by commanding audio signaling components to turn on and off. The NSS (905) can modify the digital representation of the sound wave to remove or set the digital value of the sound wave so that sound is generated during pulses (1135) and not during zero portions (1140).

[0312] By turning sound waves on and off, the NSS (905) can establish acoustic pulses (1135) spaced apart by a pulse repetition interval (1040) corresponding to a desired stimulation frequency, such as 40 Hz. Isochronic pulses, portions of which are spaced apart at a desired PRI (1040), can induce brainwave entrainment.

[0313] 11C illustrates audio pulses generated by the NSS (905) using a soundtrack, according to one embodiment. A soundtrack may include or refer to a complex acoustic wave containing multiple different frequencies, amplitudes, or tones. For example, a soundtrack may include a voice track, an instrument track, a music track with both voices and instruments, nature sounds, or white noise.

[0314] The NSS (905) can modulate the soundtrack to induce brainwave entrainment by rhythmically adjusting the sound components. For example, the NSS (905) can modulate the volume by increasing or decreasing the amplitude of the sound waves or soundtrack to create rhythmic stimulation corresponding to the stimulation frequency for inducing brainwave entrainment. Thus, the NSS (905) can embed acoustic pulses in the soundtrack having a pulse repetition interval corresponding to the desired stimulation frequency for inducing brainwave entrainment. The NSS (905) can manipulate the soundtrack to generate a new, modified soundtrack with acoustic pulses having a pulse repetition interval corresponding to the desired stimulation frequency for inducing brainwave entrainment.

[0315] As illustrated in FIG. 11C , a pulse (1135) is generated by adjusting the volume from a first level Va to a second level Vb. During portion (1140) of the sound wave (345), the NSS (905) can set or maintain the volume at Va. Volume Va may refer to the amplitude of the wave or the maximum amplitude or height of the wave (345) during portion (1140). The NSS (905) can then adjust, change, or increase the volume to Vb during portion (1135). The NSS (905) can increase the volume by a predetermined amount, such as a percentage, a number of decibels, a subject-specific amount, or other amount. The NSS (905) can set or maintain the volume at Vb for a duration corresponding to a desired pulse width for the pulse (1135).

[0316] In some embodiments, the NSS (905) may include an attenuator for attenuating the volume from level Vb to level Va. In some embodiments, the NSS (905) can instruct an attenuator (e.g., an attenuator in the audio signal transmission component (950)) to attenuate the volume from level Vb to level Va. In some embodiments, the NSS (905) may include an amplifier for amplifying or boosting the volume from Va to Vb. In some embodiments, the NSS (905) can instruct an amplifier (e.g., an amplifier in the audio signal transmission component (950)) to amplify or boost the volume from Va to VbVa.

[0317] Referring again to FIG. 9 , the NSS (905) can include, access, interface with, or otherwise communicate with at least one audio adjustment module (915). The audio adjustment module (915) can be designed and constructed to adjust parameters associated with an audio signal, such as the frequency, amplitude, wavelength, pattern, or other parameters of the audio signal. The audio adjustment module (915) can automatically change the parameters of the audio signal based on profile information or feedback. The audio adjustment module (915) can receive feedback information from a feedback monitor (935). The audio adjustment module (915) can receive instructions or information from a side effect management module (930). The audio adjustment module (915) can receive profile information from a profile manager (925).

[0318] The audio adjustment module 915 can increase or decrease the contrast ratio between the auditory stimulation signal and the ambient sound level. For example, the audio adjustment module 915 can determine or detect the ambient sound level at or adjacent to the subject's ear. The audio adjustment module 915 can increase or decrease the volume or tone of the audio source or auditory stimulation signal relative to the ambient sound level. The audio adjustment module 915 can increase or decrease this contrast ratio to promote compliance with or reduce side effects from a treatment or therapy session. The audio adjustment module 915 can increase the contrast ratio, for example, upon detection of a low level of attention or a lack of satisfactory neurostimulation.

[0319] The NSS (905) can include, access, interface with, or otherwise communicate with at least one unwanted frequency filtering module (920). The unwanted frequency filtering module (920) can be designed and constructed to block, attenuate, reduce, or otherwise filter frequencies of unwanted audio signals to prevent or reduce the amount of audio signals perceived by the brain. The unwanted frequency filtering module (920) can interface, command, control, or otherwise communicate with the filtering component (955) to cause the filtering component (955) to block, attenuate, or otherwise reduce the effect of unwanted frequencies on neural amplitude. The unwanted frequency filtering module (920) can include an active noise control component (e.g., the active noise cancellation component (1215) depicted in FIG. 12B). Active noise control can refer to or include active noise cancellation or active noise reduction. Active noise control can reduce unwanted sounds by adding a second sound with parameters specifically selected to cancel or attenuate the first sound. In some cases, active noise control components can emit sound waves with the same amplitude but inverted (or anti-phase) relative to the original unwanted sound. The two waves combine to form a new wave that can effectively cancel each other out through destructive interference.

[0320] The active noise control component may include analog circuitry or digital signal processing. The active noise control component may include adaptive technology to analyze the waveform of backgroun...

Claims

1. An apparatus for treating a subject in need of closed loop therapy, comprising: (a) one or more processors individually or collectively programmed to generate visual or auditory stimuli; (b) glasses configured to deliver the visual stimuli to the subject; and (c) headphones configured to deliver the auditory stimuli to the subject; and (d) an adjustment module; The adjustment module includes: (i) processing one or more indicators in the subject after the subject receives the visual or auditory stimulus; (ii) a device configured to adjust parameters of the visual or auditory stimuli in response to the one or more indicators.

2. The device described in claim 1, wherein the one or more indicators include one or more physiological conditions.

3. The device described in claim 2, wherein the one or more physiological conditions include the subject's heart rate.

4. The device of claim 2, wherein the one or more physiological conditions include an electroencephalogram (EEG) response of the subject.

5. The device of claim 2, wherein the one or more physiological conditions include brain wave activity of the subject.

6. The device of claim 2, wherein the one or more physiological conditions include an instruction, command, selection, or input.

7. The device of claim 2, wherein the one or more physiological conditions include a movement-based indicator, a rectangular indicator, or an audio-based indicator.

8. The device of claim 2, wherein the one or more physiological conditions include confirmation that the subject is ready to undergo brainwave entrainment.

9. The device of claim 2, wherein the one or more physiological conditions include the subject's attention level.

10. The device of claim 1, configured to treat cognitive impairment.

11. The device described in claim 10, wherein the cognitive impairment is dementia or Alzheimer's disease.

12. The device described in claim 1, wherein the visual or auditory stimulation enhances the effectiveness of the closed-loop treatment by synchronizing electrical activity between groups of neurons in the subject's brain.

13. The device of claim 12, wherein the group of neurons includes cortical neurons.

14. An apparatus as described in any one of claims 1-13, wherein the adjustment module adjusts the intensity, amplitude, or duration of the visual stimulus or the auditory stimulus.

15. An apparatus described in any one of claims 1-13, further comprising a profile manager configured to acquire parameters of the closed-loop treatment of the subject.

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