Microparticulate silica silylate kit for surface treatment for hydrophobic properties

Abstract

The present invention provides methods and kits for the treatment of a surface, such as a user's skin surface, to impart hydrophobic properties to the surface, which protects equipment, personnel, and animals from the effects of aqueous solutions, such as water, toxic slurries, concrete, acids, and bases.

Description

Detailed Description of the Invention

[0001] [CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS] This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17 / 932,710, filed on September 16, 2022, entitled "Devices And Methods For Applying A Substance To A Sports Ball," which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 63 / 245,742, filed on September 17, 2021, entitled "Systems And Methods For Applying Particulate Material To Solid Surfaces, Such As Surfaces Of Balls, And Related Articles," and U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 63 / 245,742, filed on October 5, 2021, entitled "Devices And Methods For Uniform Application Of Aerogel To Sports Balls," which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 63 / 262,117, entitled "Devices And Methods For Uniform Application Of Aerogel To Sports Balls," filed on October 18, 2021; U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 262,654, entitled "Devices And Methods For Uniform Application Of Aerogel To Sports Balls," filed on November 3, 2021; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 263,484, entitled "Devices And Methods For Uniform Application Of A Substance To A Sports Ball," filed on November 30, 2021, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 264,674, entitled "Devices And Methods For Uniform Application Of Aerogel To A Sports Ball," filed on November 30, 2021.Additionally, this application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17 / 932,710, entitled "Devices And Methods For Applying A Substance To A Sports Ball," filed on September 16, 2022, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17 / 810,356, entitled "Particulate Aerogel Material For Grip Enhancement," filed on July 1, 2022, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 217,686, entitled "Particulate Aerogel Material For Grip Enhancement," filed on July 1, 2021. Additionally, this application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17 / 932,710, entitled "Devices And Methods For Applying A Substance To A Sports Ball," filed on September 16, 2022, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. This application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Patent Application No. 17 / 932,710, entitled "Particulate Aerogel Material for Grip Enhancement," which is a continuation-in-part of PCT Application No. PCT / US22 / 73334, filed July 1, 2022, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 217,686, filed July 1, 2021, entitled "Particulate Aerogel Material for Grip Enhancement," the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety for all purposes. [Technical field]

[0002] DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Particulate aerogel materials for improved grip and related systems and methods are provided. [overview]

[0003] An overview of particulate aerogel material and related systems and methods for improving grip is provided. Certain embodiments relate to an interface comprising human skin, a layer of particulate aerogel material, and a solid surface. Methods for creating such an interface, packaging of the particulate aerogel material, and applications thereof, including improving grip, are also described. The subject matter of this disclosure in some cases includes interrelated products, alternative solutions to a particular problem, and / or different uses of one or more systems and / or articles.

[0004] In some embodiments, a method is provided that, in some embodiments, comprises establishing direct and / or indirect solid contact between a person's skin, a particulate aerogel material, and a solid surface, where the particulate aerogel material is between the person's skin and the solid surface.

[0005] In some embodiments, an article is provided. In some embodiments, the article comprises a flexible container and a particulate aerogel material within the container. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the boundary of the container is porous, allowing the particulate aerogel to be transported through the porous boundary upon application of a force to the flexible container.

[0006] In some embodiments, an article comprises a container and particulate aerogel material within the container, the container comprising a plurality of openings through which the hydrophobic aerogel material can be conveyed.

[0007] In some embodiments, an article comprises a fiber matrix and a particulate aerogel material associated with the fiber matrix, wherein the combination of the fiber matrix and the particulate aerogel material is in the form of a sheet.

[0008] In some embodiments, an article comprises a container and a plurality of sheets within the container, each sheet comprising a fiber matrix and a particulate aerogel material associated with the fiber matrix.

[0009] In some embodiments, a material is provided, hi some embodiments, the material comprises a liquid and a particulate aerogel material dispersed within the liquid.

[0010] In some embodiments, a kit is provided that includes a liquid and a particulate aerogel material, where when the liquid and the particulate aerogel material are mixed, the particulate aerogel material and the liquid form a combination that enhances friction between a human skin and a solid surface.

[0011] In certain embodiments, a combination is provided that, in some embodiments, comprises human skin, a particulate aerogel material in contact with the human skin, and a solid surface in contact with the particulate aerogel material.

[0012] One aspect of some embodiments of the present invention is to provide a kit for applying silica silylate to a surface to enhance the surface properties with a level of hydrophobicity. It may be desirable to enhance the hydrophobic properties of the surfaces of objects, weapons, instruments, and sports balls. Furthermore, in some embodiments, it may be desirable to enhance the epidermal surface of human or animal skin with hydrophobic properties. Skin is typically a semi-permeable membrane that allows the transfer of liquids such as water and chemicals and can facilitate the attachment of aqueous substances to the skin. When working in an environment that contains toxic chemicals, the transfer of chemicals through the skin can cause health hazards. The enhancement of hydrophobic properties helps to prevent the attachment of aqueous substances to the epidermal surface. This can also provide improved cleanliness of the epidermal surface, as it can prevent the pores of the surface from becoming filled with aqueous substances.

[0013] "Aqueous materials" as referred to herein refer to any water-based solution, mixture, or slurry, including, but not limited to, soil, mud, body fluids, acids, bases, paints, fluid coatings, liquids containing reagents or particles, or other mixtures containing water or water-based components. The benefits of hydrophobic coatings are extended life and operation of items, as well as controlled cleanliness and personnel protection.

[0014] The kits described herein allow the user to apply silica silylate to a surface in a controlled and contained manner. Some embodiments include the use of a porous mesh container, such as a bag, in which silica silylate particles are placed. An alternative embodiment includes a container in which silica silylate particles are placed, the container further includes a lid with a plurality of openings suitable for transferring a controlled amount of silica silylate for application to a surface. In a further embodiment, silica silylate is contained in a container with a lid, where the lid includes openings smaller than the particles of silica silylate, where the silica silylate must first be crushed to generate particles small enough to transfer through the openings of the lid.

[0015] One aspect of an embodiment of the present invention is to provide a plurality of silica silylate particles for application to a surface for treatment, wherein the particles comprise a plurality of different sizes, wherein the particle size is suitable for application to a particular surface.For example, when applying to skin, it may be desirable to provide a plurality of particle sizes ranging from 4 mm in diameter to 1 nm in diameter.

[0016] One aspect of the present invention is to prevent clogging of the opening of the container lid when dispensing silica silylate. Clogging of the opening can occur when the particles of silica silylate are small enough that multiple particles can pass through the dispensing opening at the same time. In some embodiments, the dispensing opening is smaller than the particles of silica silylate, where the particles of silica silylate must be crushed to generate smaller particles of silica silylate in order to pass through the opening. Some embodiments conclude with a crushing element. The crushing element is configured to be contained in the container together with the silica silylate particles, where vibration or other movement of the container causes the crushing element to collide with the particles of silica silylate to generate smaller particles.

[0017] Other advantages and novel features of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description of various non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure, when considered in conjunction with the accompanying figures. In the event of conflicting and / or inconsistent disclosure between this specification and a document incorporated by reference, the present specification shall control. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0018] Non-limiting embodiments of the present disclosure are described with the accompanying figures, which are schematic and are not intended to be drawn to scale unless otherwise specified. In the figures, each identical or nearly identical component shown is typically labeled with a single number. For clarity, not every component is labeled in each figure, nor every component of each embodiment of the present disclosure is labeled, unless the illustration is necessary for a person skilled in the art to understand the present disclosure. [Figure 1] 1 shows a close-up view of an aerogel particle according to an embodiment. [Diagram 2] 1 illustrates particulate aerogel material of various sizes and shapes according to some embodiments. [Diagram 3] 1 illustrates a porous flexible container containing particulate aerogel material according to some embodiments. [Figure 4] 1 illustrates a container including particulate aerogel material according to an embodiment, the container having a removable lid with multiple openings. [Diagram 5] 1 illustrates a sheet comprising a combination of a fiber matrix and associated particulate aerogel material according to some embodiments. [Figure 6] 6 shows a roll of the fibrous sheet of FIG. 5, the sheet being provided with perforations. [Figure 7] 6 shows a container with the fibrous sheet of FIG. 5 according to an embodiment. [Figure 8A] 1 illustrates a human hand with a layer of particulate aerogel material covering at least a portion of its surface area, according to some embodiments. [Figure 8B] 8B illustrates a hand with the layer of particulate aerogel material of FIG. 8A in contact with a solid surface, according to an embodiment. [Figure 8C]8B illustrates a hand with the particulate aerogel material layer of FIG. 8A in contact with an object, such as a rock, according to one embodiment. [Figure 8D] 8B illustrates a hand with the particulate aerogel material layer of FIG. 8A in contact with an object, such as a ball, according to one embodiment. [Figure 8E] 8B illustrates a hand with the particulate aerogel material layer of FIG. 8A in contact with an object, such as a grip, according to one embodiment. [Figure 9] 1 illustrates a human foot with a layer of particulate aerogel material covering at least a portion of its surface area, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10A] 1 illustrates a layer of particulate aerogel material on a person's skin, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10B] 1 illustrates a layer of particulate aerogel material between a human's skin and a surface, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10C] 1 illustrates a layer of particulate aerogel material on a surface, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10D] 1 illustrates layers of particulate aerogel material disposed on both a person's skin and on a surface in close proximity to one another, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10E] 1 illustrates a layer of particulate aerogel material in indirect solid contact with human skin, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10F] 1 illustrates a layer of particulate aerogel material in indirect solid-state contact with a surface of a solid, according to some embodiments. [Figure 11] 1 illustrates a glove comprising a layer of particulate aerogel material covering at least a portion of its exterior surface area, according to some embodiments. [Figure 12] 1 illustrates a ball with a layer of particulate aerogel material covering at least a portion of its exterior surface area, according to some embodiments. [Figure 13] 1 illustrates a liquid with particulate aerogel material dispersed therein, according to some embodiments. [Figure 14] 1 illustrates a human hand with a layer of particulate aerogel material covering at least a portion of its surface area, according to some embodiments. [Figure 15]1 shows a scaled topographical representation of the surface of human skin and the interaction of silica silylate particles with human skin in accordance with one embodiment. [Figure 16] FIG. 2 shows a representative diagram of relative sizes of silica silylate particles of different average sizes in one embodiment. [Figure 17A] FIG. 17A shows a kit for surface treatment with silica silylate, including a container with a lid for dispensing silica silylate particles. [Figure 17B] FIG. 17B shows a kit for surface treatment with silica silylate that includes a container with a lid for dispensing silica silylate particles, where the sides of the container are configured to crush inward. [Figure 17C] FIG. 17C shows a kit for surface treatment with silica silylate, including a crushing element included in the kit for crushing larger silica silylate particles so that they can pass through a dispensing orifice. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0019] Grip is a natural interaction between humans and solid surfaces. For example, a human may need to grasp an object. In other instances, a human may need to temporarily grasp a surface. Grip is often hindered by sweat, natural oil secretions, smoothness of the skin and / or the surface being grasped or grasped, and moisture / oil from the environment. Thus, to enhance grip, it is desirable to improve friction between a human's skin and a solid surface. The present disclosure provides methods and materials useful for human grip. In some embodiments, applying particulate aerogel material to a human's skin improves grip on a solid surface. In other instances, applying particulate aerogel material to a solid surface being grasped improves grip. In some embodiments, applying particulate aerogel material to the exterior surface of a glove, footwear, or other garment improves grip. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material provides improved friction, absorbency, antiperspirant, textural properties, or surface area properties.

[0020] The inventors have unexpectedly observed that applying particulate aerogel material to a person's skin improves the grip between the person's skin and a solid surface, hi some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material forms an interface between the person's skin and the solid surface.

[0021] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material increases the coefficient of friction between a person's skin and a solid surface, and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts (either directly or indirectly in solid contact) and a solid surface. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material increases the coefficient of friction between the person's skin and a solid surface by at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50%, compared to the coefficient of friction in the absence of the particulate aerogel material. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material increases the coefficient of friction between a surface that contacts the person's skin (either directly or indirectly in solid contact) (e.g., the outer surface of a glove worn on a hand) and a solid surface by at least 1%, at least 5%, at least 10%, at least 20%, at least 30%, at least 40%, or at least 50%, compared to the coefficient of friction in the absence of the particulate aerogel material. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material provides antiperspirant functionality. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material provides antiperspirant functionality by blocking pores in a person's skin and / or absorbing sweat secreted by the person's skin. In some embodiments, natural oils found on a person's skin are at least partially absorbed by the particulate aerogel material, resulting in the particulate aerogel material adhering to the skin. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material repels water and acts as a water repellent or waterproof layer on the person's skin and / or between the surface of a material and solid surfaces that the person's skin contacts (either in direct or indirect solid contact).

[0022] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material exhibits a high surface area. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material exhibits a high surface area of ​​at least 100 m 2 / g, at least 200m 2 / g, at least 300m 2 / g, at least 400m 2 / g, at least 500m 2 / g, at least 600m 2 / g, at least 700m 2 / g, at least 800m 2 / g, at least 900m 2 / g, at least 1,000m 2 / g, at least 1,100m 2 / g or at least 1,200m 2 The surface area of ​​the aerogel material is 1 / g. In some embodiments, the presence of the particulate aerogel material in contact with the human skin increases the surface area available for grip. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material has a high surface roughness, thereby adding texture to the surface of the human skin. In some embodiments, these features, and / or a combination of these features, provide improved grip between the human skin and a solid surface, and / or between the surface of the material in contact with the human skin and a solid surface.

[0023] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material exhibits a highly porous structure. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material has a porous structure of less than 0.05 g / cm. 3 More than 1g / cm 3 More than 2g / cm 3 More than 3g / cm 3 More than 4g / cm 3 or more than 5g / cm 3In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material exhibits a BJH Average Pore Width of less than 10 nm, less than 20 nm, less than 30 nm, less than 40 nm, less than 50 nm, less than 60 nm, less than 70 nm, less than 80 nm, less than 90 nm, less than 100 nm, less than 500 nm, less than 1 μm, less than 10 μm, less than 100 μm, or less than 1 mm. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material has a high pore volume, which allows for good adsorption. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material has a small pore size, which allows it to be wetted by efficient capillary action from natural oils and / or sweat found on human skin.

[0024] Current solutions to improve grip include chalk, antiperspirants, and gloves. Chalk provides a temporary improvement in grip. However, chalk does not prevent sweating, stains and marks the surface, is not highly porous, and is easily washed off because it is hydrophilic. Antiperspirants help prevent sweating from the human skin, but do not increase the surface area of ​​the skin or remove moisture already present. Gloves and other types of apparel help improve grip, but are not suitable or acceptable for all applications. Gloves may also impede desired movements by reducing dexterity or increasing the diameter of the grasped object. Even in situations where gloves are acceptable, moisture may be an obstacle and / or grip may be ineffective on smooth surfaces.

[0025] In some embodiments, when the particulate aerogel material is between a person's skin and a solid surface, establishing direct and / or indirect solid contact between the person's skin, the particulate aerogel material, and the solid surface increases friction between the person's skin and the solid surface. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that the particulate aerogel material increases friction between the person's skin and the solid surface by both increasing the surface area between the person's skin and the solid surface and absorbing oils or sweat that may be present on the person's skin. In some embodiments, the person's skin is on the foot (e.g., the sole of the foot). In some embodiments, the person's skin is on the hand (e.g., the inside of the hand, such as the palm and / or the inner surface of the fingers). In some embodiments, the person's skin is on the arm. In some embodiments, the person's skin is on the leg. In some embodiments, the person's skin is on the torso. In some embodiments, the person's skin is on the face. In other embodiments, the person's skin is on the back.

[0026] In some embodiments, a person's skin first contacts the particulate aerogel material (e.g., to establish direct or indirect solid contact between the person's skin and the particulate aerogel material), and then the particulate aerogel material in contact with the person's skin contacts the solid surface (e.g., to establish direct or indirect solid contact between the solid surface and the particulate aerogel material).

[0027] In some embodiments, a solid surface first contacts the particulate aerogel material (e.g., to establish direct or indirect solid contact between the solid surface and the particulate aerogel material), and then the skin of the person contacts the particulate aerogel material which contacts the solid surface (e.g., to establish direct or indirect solid contact between the skin of the person and the particulate aerogel material).

[0028] In some embodiments, the person's skin is in direct contact with the particulate aerogel material. In some embodiments, the person's skin is in direct contact with the particulate aerogel material without any solid material (e.g., a solid layer) between the person's skin and the particulate aerogel. For example, in FIG. 10A, particulate aerogel material 4 is in direct contact with the person's skin 18.

[0029] In some embodiments, a person's skin is in indirect solid contact with the particulate aerogel material. Two solids are said to be in "indirect solid contact" if there is one or more solid materials between them and at least one path can be traced from the first solid to the second solid that passes only through the solid materials. As an example, if one wears a glove and applies particulate aerogel material to the outer surface of the glove, the hand and the particulate aerogel material may be said to be in indirect solid contact because a path can be traced from the hand through the glove (a solid) to the particulate aerogel material. Two solids are said to be in "direct contact" when they are in direct physical contact with each other. As an example, in FIG. 10E, the particulate aerogel material 4 is in indirect solid contact with the person's skin 18 because the solid layer 22 is in direct contact with the person's skin 18 and the particulate aerogel material 4.

[0030] For example, two objects may be in direct contact with each other and in indirect solid contact with each other if one portion of the interface of the two objects has one or more intervening solid materials and another portion of the interface of the two objects is in direct contact.

[0031] In some embodiments where there is indirect solid contact between the person's skin and the particulate aerogel, the material between the person's skin and the particulate aerogel is in the form of a layer. For example, in FIG. 10E, a layer 22 is present between the person's skin 18 and the particulate aerogel material 4. In some embodiments, the layer has a thickness of less than 5 mm, less than 4 mm, less than 3 mm, less than 2 mm, less than 1 mm, less than 500 μm, or less than 250 μm. In some embodiments, the layer between the person's skin and the particulate aerogel material comprises an article of clothing. The article of clothing may be, for example, a glove, a sock, a shoe, a brace, a singlet, or a leotard.

[0032] In some embodiments, the solid surface is in direct contact with the particulate aerogel material. In some embodiments, the solid surface is in direct contact with the particulate aerogel material without a solid material (e.g., a solid layer) between the solid surface and the particulate aerogel. For example, in FIG. 10C, the top surface of solid 14 is in direct contact with particulate aerogel material 4.

[0033] In some embodiments, the solid surface is in indirect solid contact with the particulate aerogel material. As an example, in FIG. 10F, the particulate aerogel material 4 is in indirect solid contact with the top surface of the solid 14 because solid layer 22 is in direct contact with the person's skin 18 and the top surface of the solid 14. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material and the solid surface are in indirect solid contact and the material between the particulate aerogel material and the solid surface is in the form of a layer. For example, in FIG. 10F, layer 22 is between the top surface of the solid 13 and the particulate aerogel material 4. In some embodiments, the thickness of the layer is less than 5 mm, less than 4 mm, less than 3 mm, less than 2 mm, less than 1 mm, less than 500 μm, or less than 250 μm.

[0034] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material has an average maximum cross-sectional dimension. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material has an average maximum cross-sectional dimension of 1 cm or less. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material has an average maximum cross-sectional dimension of 50 nm or more and 1 cm or less. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel has an average maximum cross-sectional dimension of 50 nm or more, 100 nm or more, 250 nm or more, 500 nm or more, 1 μm or more, 10 μm or more, 25 μm or more, 50 μm or more, 100 μm or more, 250 μm or more, 500 μm or more, 1 mm or more, or 1 cm or more. The average maximum cross-sectional dimension is a number average and may be measured using microscopy. In some embodiments, the average maximum cross-sectional dimension of a particulate aerogel material may be measured by placing a representative sample of the particulate aerogel material on a slide or other suitable analytical substrate, imaging the particles (e.g., using image capture hardware and software to capture an image of the particulate aerogel material sample at an appropriate magnification), and determining the largest cross-sectional dimension of each particle (e.g., using image processing software to determine the maximum cross-sectional dimension of each individual particle present in the sample). Suitable magnification devices include optical microscopes or scanning electron microscopes (SEM). The maximum cross-sectional dimensions of all the individual particles are then averaged to determine the average maximum cross-sectional dimension of the sample.

[0035] In some embodiments, at least 50 vol% of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 1 cm or less. In some embodiments, at least 50 vol% (or at least 60 vol%, at least 70 vol%, at least 80 vol%, at least 90 vol%, or at least 95 vol%) of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension that is 50 nm or more, 0.1 mm or more, 0.7 mm or more, 1 mm or more, and / or 1 cm or less, 3 mm or less, or 1.2 mm or less. In some embodiments, at least 50 vol%, at least 60 vol%, at least 70 vol%, at least 80 vol%, at least 90 vol%, or at least 95 vol% of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 1 cm or less. In some embodiments, at least 50 vol% of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 50 nm or more and 1 cm or less. In some embodiments, at least 50 vol%, at least 60 vol%, at least 70 vol%, at least 80 vol%, at least 90 vol%, or at least 95 vol% of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 50 nm or more and 1 cm or less. In some embodiments, at least 50 vol%, at least 60 vol%, at least 70 vol%, at least 80 vol%, at least 90 vol%, or at least 95 vol% of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 0.1 mm or more and 1.2 mm or less. In certain preferred embodiments, at least 50 vol%, at least 60 vol%, at least 70 vol%, at least 80 vol%, at least 90 vol%, or at least 95 vol% of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 1 mm or more and 3 mm or less. In certain preferred embodiments, at least 50% of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 0.7 mm or more and 1.2 mm or less.In certain preferred embodiments, at least 50 vol%, at least 60 vol%, at least 70 vol%, at least 80 vol%, at least 90 vol%, or at least 95 vol% of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 0.7 mm or more and 1.2 mm or less. In certain preferred embodiments, at least 50 vol%, at least 60 vol%, at least 70 vol%, at least 80 vol%, at least 90 vol%, or at least 95 vol% of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 0.1 mm or more and 4 mm or less.

[0036] In some embodiments, at least 50 vol% (or at least 60 vol%, at least 70 vol%, at least 80 vol%, at least 90 vol%, or at least 95 vol%) of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having an ISO 13320-1 cross-sectional dimension of 50 nm or more, 0.1 mm or more, 0.7 mm or more, 1 mm or more, and / or 1 cm or less, 3 mm or less, or 1.2 mm or less. As used herein, "ISO 13320-1 cross-sectional dimension" refers to the maximum cross-sectional dimension of the particulate aerogel as measured by laser diffraction according to ISO standard 13320-1. In certain preferred embodiments, at least 50 vol%, at least 60 vol%, at least 70 vol%, at least 80 vol%, at least 90 vol%, or at least 95 vol% of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having an ISO 13320-1 cross-sectional dimension of 0.7 mm or more and 1.2 mm or less.

[0037] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material comprises an inorganic oxide aerogel. In some embodiments, at least 50 wt%, at least 60 wt%, at least 70 wt%, at least 80 wt%, at least 90 wt%, at least 95 wt%, at least 99 wt%, at least 99.9 wt%, or at least 99.99 wt% of the particulate aerogel material is composed of inorganic oxide aerogel. In some embodiments, the inorganic oxide aerogel comprises an oxide of silicon, aluminum, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, chromium, niobium, tantalum, iron, vanadium, neodymium, samarium, holmium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, and / or erbium. In some preferred embodiments, the inorganic oxide aerogel comprises silica aerogel (e.g., in an amount of at least 50 wt%, at least 60 wt%, at least 70 wt%, at least 80 wt%, at least 90 wt%, at least 95 wt%, at least 99 wt%, at least 99.9 wt%, or at least 99.99 wt%). In further preferred embodiments, the inorganic oxide aerogel comprises trimethylsilylated silica aerogel (e.g., in an amount of at least 50 wt%, at least 60 wt%, at least 70 wt%, at least 80 wt%, at least 90 wt%, at least 95 wt%, at least 99 wt%, at least 99.9 wt%, or at least 99.99 wt%).

[0038] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material may exhibit an internal specific surface area. As used herein, internal surface area and specific surface area have the same meaning and describe the same phenomenon. As described herein, these values ​​may be referred to as BET surface area. The internal specific surface area of ​​a particulate aerogel material may be determined using nitrogen adsorption porosimetry to derive a surface area value using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) model. For example, nitrogen sorption porosimetry may be performed using a Micromeritics Tristar II 3020 Surface Area and Porosity Analyzer. Prior to porosimetry analysis, the specimen may be placed under vacuum at ∼100 Torr for 24 hours to remove adsorbed water or other solvents from the pores of the specimen. The porosimeter may provide adsorption and desorption isotherms that show the amount of the analyzed gas adsorbed or desorbed as a function of partial pressure. The specific surface area may be calculated from the adsorption isotherm using the BET method in the range typically used to measure surface area. In some embodiments, the BET surface area of ​​the particulate aerogel material is greater than or equal to 5 m 2 / g or more, 50m 2 / g or more, 100m 2 / g or more, 200m 2 / g or more, 300m 2 / g or more, 400m 2 / g or more, 500m 2 / g or more, 600m 2 / g or more, 700m 2 / g or more, 800m 2 / g or more, 1,000m 2 / g or more, 2,000m 2 / g or more, 3,000m 2 / g or more and / or 1,500m 2 / g or less or 4,000m 2 In some embodiments, the BET surface area of ​​the particulate aerogel material is less than 5 m 2 / g or more 4,000m 2 In certain preferred embodiments, the BET surface area of ​​the particulate aerogel material is less than 100 m 2 / g or more 1,500m 2 / g or less. The BET surface area value of the aerogel may be outside these ranges. In some preferred embodiments, the particulate aerogel material has a BET surface area of ​​200 m 2 In a further preferred embodiment, the particulate aerogel material exhibits a BET surface area of ​​greater than 500 m 2 / g.

[0039] The particulate aerogel material may have a number of different suitable pore structures. The pore width distribution, pore area distribution, and average pore size may be calculated from nitrogen desorption isotherms using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) method, which is commonly used to measure pore width and pore area distribution. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material comprises pores of 100μ or less, 10μ or less, 1μ or less, 500nm or less, 250nm or less, 100nm or less, 50nm or less, 25nm or less, 20nm or less, 15nm or less, and / or 10nm or less. In some embodiments, the aerogel comprises pores of 10nm or more, 15nm or more, 20nm or more, 25nm or more, 50nm or more, 100nm or more, 250nm or more, 500nm or more, 1μ or more, 10μ or more, and / or 100μ or more. The average pore width, e.g., average pore diameter (for cylindrical pores), may be calculated by pore width = 4 x (total specific volume) / (specific surface area), and the total specific volume and specific surface area may also be calculated using BJH analysis of the desorption isotherm. In some embodiments, the average pore width is 10 nm or less, 20 nm or less, 30 nm or less, 40 nm or less, 50 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 500 nm or less, 1 μm or less, 10 μm or less, 100 μm or less, or 1 mm or less. In certain preferred embodiments, the average pore width of the particulate aerogel material is 50 nm or less. In some preferred embodiments, the average pore width of the particulate aerogel material is 20 nm or less.

[0040] In some embodiments, the pore width distribution of the aerogel may be unimodal (i.e., exhibit a single maximum). In some embodiments, the maximum of the pore width distribution is found at 10 nm or less, 20 nm or less, 30 nm or less, 40 nm or less, 50 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 500 nm or less, 1 μm or less, 10 μm, 100 μm or less, or 1 mm or less. In some embodiments, the aerogel comprises a unimodal pore size distribution.

[0041] In some embodiments, the pore width distribution of the aerogel may be bimodal or at least bimodal. In some embodiments, the aerogel material may have two distinct pore populations, i.e., those with average pore sizes smaller than a particular boundary pore width and those with average pore sizes larger than a particular boundary pore width. In some embodiments, the particular boundary pore width is 10 nm or less, 20 nm or less, 30 nm or less, 40 nm or less, 50 nm or less, 60 nm or less, 70 nm or less, 80 nm or less, 90 nm or less, 100 nm or less, 500 nm or less, 1 μm or less, 10 μm or less, 100 μm or less, or 1 mm or less. In some embodiments, the aerogel comprises a bimodal pore size distribution.

[0042] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is less than 0.05 cm 3 / g or more 5cm 3 In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material exhibits a BJH pore volume of 0.05 g / cm or less. 3 More than 1g / cm 3 More than 2g / cm 3 More than 3g / cm 3 More than 4g / cm 3 or more and / or 5g / cm 3 The following BJH pore volumes are given:

[0043] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material may be present on the skin for 1 second or more, 1 minute or more, 15 minutes or more, 30 minutes or more, 1 hour or more, 4 hours or more, or 8 hours or more. In some embodiments, after vigorous exercise, 1% or more, 5% or more, 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, or 95% or more of the deposited particulate aerogel material may remain on the person's skin. In some embodiments, vigorous exercise may be described as physical activity lasting more than 15 minutes during which the heart rate increases to at least 120 beats per minute during the physical activity. In some embodiments, after the particulate aerogel material applied to a person's skin is submerged in water for 5 minutes, 1% or more, 5% or more, 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, or 95% or more of the adhered particulate aerogel material may remain on the person's skin. In some embodiments, after the particulate aerogel material applied to a person's skin contacts a solid surface, 1% or more, 5% or more, 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, or 95% or more of the adhered particulate aerogel material may remain on the person's skin. The percentage of the adhered particulate aerogel material remaining on the person's skin may be determined by visual inspection of the applied person's skin, optical microscopy, or qualitative contact analysis.

[0044] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is non-toxic to humans, hi some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is non-carcinogenic to humans.

[0045] In some embodiments, a particulate aerogel material is non-marking. A particulate aerogel material is considered to be non-marking if it does not leave a permanent, visually observable material deposit after it contacts a solid surface.

[0046] Aerogels are a class of low-density solid materials that comprise a porous three-dimensional network of interconnected nanostructures. Aerogels typically exhibit a variety of desirable material properties, including high specific surface area, low bulk density, low thermal conductivity, and / or low dielectric constant. Aerogels are typically produced by a sol-gel process, in which monomers are reacted in a solution to form what is called a sol, a dispersion of nanoparticles in a liquid. Alternatively, a sol can be formed by dispersing nanoparticles in a solution, and in a second step or simultaneously with the first step, the particles form a gel. The interstitial fluid of the gel is extracted in such a way as to avoid substantial densification, leaving a highly porous solid (aerogel). Inorganic oxide aerogels are generally inherently hydrophilic and have hydrophilic surface features that absorb water. Alternatively, inorganic oxide aerogel materials can be made hydrophobic by reacting the gel stage gel or dried aerogel with a reactive hydrophobe. A hydrophobe is generally a reactive chemical agent used to impart hydrophobicity to a gel or aerogel by altering the composition of surface functional groups lining the gel or aerogel backbone. A gel can be reacted with a hydrophobe by immersing it in a solution comprising the hydrophobe. An aerogel can be reacted with a hydrophobe by flowing a vapor containing the hydrophobe through the pores of the aerogel. In some embodiments, the hydrophobe may comprise an organosilane. In some preferred embodiments, the hydrophobe comprises hexamethyldisiloxane. In some preferred embodiments, the hydrophobe comprises hexamethyldisilane. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic particulate aerogel material comprises trimethylsilylated silica aerogel.

[0047] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can be formed by first producing large aerogel monoliths and then converting the monoliths into particulate matter. Aerogels and methods of producing the same that can be used in accordance with the present disclosure are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 10,487,095, issued on Nov. 26, 2019 and published on Feb. 23, 2017 as US2017 / 0050990, 10,301,445, issued on May 28, 2019 and published on Jun. 21, 2012 as US2012 / 0152846, 10,301,445, issued on Oct. 15, 2019 and published on Jun. 14, 2018 as US2012 / 0152847, 10,301,445, issued on Oct. 15, 2019 and published on Jun. 14, 2018 as US2012 / 0152848, 10,301,445, issued on Oct. 15, 2019 and published on Jun. 14, 2018 as US2012 / 0152847 ... No. 10,442,693, published as US2018 / 0162736, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2011 / 0250428, published October 13, 2011, U.S. Patent No. 6,764,667, issued July 20, 2004, and U.S. Patent No. 10,822,466, issued November 3, 2020 and published November 28, 2019 as US2019 / 0359787, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties for all purposes.

[0048] The "partition coefficient" (P) of a compound is the concentration ratio of the compound at equilibrium in a mixture of n-octan-1-ol and water. The "LogP" of a compound is the logarithm (log) of the compound's partition coefficient. The LogP of a compound is given by the following equation:

[0049] LogP = Log((concentration of compound in n-octan-1-ol phase of mixture) / (concentration of compound in aqueous phase of mixture))

[0050] This is, for example, the formula when the compound is not ionized in n-octan-1-ol and water. LogP may be determined at about 25° C. and about 1 atmosphere pressure. Higher LogP values ​​may indicate greater hydrophobicity. In some embodiments, a hydrophobe may have a LogP of 1 or greater, 1.5 or greater, 2 or greater, 2.5 or greater, 3 or greater, 3.5 or greater, or 4 or greater.

[0051] In some embodiments, reacting an inorganic oxide aerogel with a suitable hydrophobic material increases the LogP of the aerogel. In some embodiments, reacting an inorganic oxide aerogel with a suitable hydrophobic material increases the LogP of the reacted aerogel by 0.5 points or more, 1 point or more, 1.5 points or more, 2 points or more, 2.5 points or more, or 3 points or more. In some embodiments, the LogP of the reacted inorganic oxide aerogel is 1 or more, 2 or more, 2.5 or more, 3 or more, 3.5 or more, or 4 or more.

[0052] In some embodiments, the aerogels described herein may have a LogP of 1 or greater, 1.5 or greater, 2 or greater, 2.5 or greater, 3 or greater, 3.5 or greater, or 4 or greater.

[0053] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material may exhibit hydrophobicity. The term hydrophobicity refers to the absence and / or partial absence of attraction between the material and water. In some embodiments, the hydrophobicity of the bulk material refers to that property when applied to a surface. In some embodiments, the apparent hydrophobicity of the textured surface may be greater than the chemical hydrophobicity of the bulk material.

[0054] The hydrophobicity of a particulate aerogel material can be expressed in terms of liquid water uptake. The term liquid water uptake refers to the ability of a material or composition to absorb, adsorb, or retain water upon contact with liquid water. Liquid water uptake can be expressed in several ways. For example, it can be expressed as a fraction or percentage of the open pore volume or envelope volume of the particulate aerogel material, or as a fraction or percentage of the mass of the unwetted particulate aerogel material. It is understood that the reported liquid water uptake is a measurement made under specific conditions. A particulate aerogel material that has better or improved liquid water uptake than a different particulate aerogel material is understood to have less liquid water uptake.

[0055] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material has a liquid water uptake of less than 100 wt%, less than 80 wt%, less than 70 wt%, less than 60 wt%, less than 50 wt%, less than 40 wt%, less than 30 wt%, less than 20 wt%, less than 10 wt%, less than 5 wt%, less than 4 wt%, less than 3 wt%, less than 2 wt%, less than 1 wt%, or less than 0.1 wt%, based on the weight of the particulate aerogel material prior to contact with liquid water, as measured according to ASTM Standard C1763.

[0056] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material has a liquid water uptake of less than 100 wt%, less than 80 wt%, less than 70 wt%, less than 60 wt%, less than 50 wt%, less than 40 wt%, less than 30 wt%, less than 20 wt%, less than 10 wt%, less than 5 wt%, less than 4 wt%, less than 3 wt%, less than 2 wt%, less than 1 wt%, or less than 0.1 wt%, based on the weight of the particulate aerogel material prior to contact with liquid water, as measured according to EN Standard 1609.

[0057] In some embodiments, when the particulate aerogel material is submerged in water at 25° C. for 24 hours, the particulate aerogel material incorporates within its outer boundary an amount of water that is less than 30% of the dry weight of the particulate aerogel material prior to submersion in water.

[0058] The hydrophobicity of particulate aerogel materials can be expressed in terms of water contact angle. The term water contact angle refers to the equilibrium contact angle of a drop of water in contact with a surface made of particulate aerogel material. The contact angle can be determined as follows: A well is prepared that is a 2 cm deep polycarbonate ring with an outer diameter of 2 cm and an inner diameter of 1 cm, with a height of 2 cm and a polycarbonate plate plugged at one end. The particulate aerogel material is added to the top of the well. The polycarbonate cylinder is then tapped approximately 10 times to stabilize the particulate aerogel material. More particulate aerogel material is added and the process is repeated until the height of the particles in the polycarbonate cylinder is at or above the top of the well. A metal laboratory spatula is used to smooth the entire top of the well, removing excess material to ensure a flat test area. A drop of deionized water is then placed with a Pasteur pipette atop the center of the particulate aerogel material. A photograph of the water droplet is then taken from the side of the droplet. The image of the droplet is then processed using image processing software to measure the contact angle between the droplet and the top surface of the microparticle in the well. The contact angle is measured by the bulk of the droplet. In some embodiments, the microparticles are crushed or ground prior to testing so that the average maximum cross-sectional dimension of the aerogel particles is 2 μm or more and 40 μm or less. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that in some examples, the smaller particle size causes the particulate aerogel material to be more closely packed, reducing the textured surface effect on the contact angle measurement. Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, it is believed that a particulate aerogel that exhibits a higher water contact angle than a second particulate aerogel material may have superior or improved hydrophobicity compared to the second particulate aerogel material. In some embodiments, when a particulate aerogel material is tested by this method, the water contact angle may be greater than 90°, greater than 100°, greater than 110°, greater than 120°, greater than 130°, greater than 140°, greater than 150°, greater than 160°, greater than 170°, or between 170° and 180° in ambient air at at least one temperature and pressure.In some embodiments, when a particulate aerogel material is tested by this method, the water contact angle may be greater than 90°, greater than 100°, greater than 110°, greater than 120°, greater than 130°, greater than 140°, greater than 150°, greater than 160°, greater than 170°, or between 170° and 180° in ambient air at 1 atmosphere pressure and 25° C. In some preferred embodiments, the particulate aerogel material exhibits a water contact angle of greater than 90° in an ambient air environment at 1 atmosphere pressure and 25° C. when measured according to the test described herein.

[0059] The hydrophobicity of a particulate aerogel material can be expressed in terms of water vapor uptake. The term water vapor uptake refers to the ability of a material or composition to absorb, adsorb, or retain water upon contact with water in the vapor state. Water vapor uptake can be expressed as a ratio or percentage of water retained relative to the mass of the particulate aerogel material prior to exposure to water vapor. It is understood that reported water vapor uptake is a measurement made under specific conditions. A particulate aerogel material that has better or improved water vapor uptake than a different particulate aerogel material is understood to sorb or retain less water vapor. In some embodiments, the water uptake, as measured according to ASTM standard C1104, may be less than 100 wt%, less than 80 wt%, less than 70 wt%, less than 60 wt%, less than 50 wt%, less than 40 wt%, less than 30 wt%, less than 20 wt%, less than 10 wt%, less than 5 wt%, less than 4 wt%, less than 3 wt%, less than 2 wt%, less than 1 wt%, or less than 0.1 wt%, based on the weight of the particulate aerogel material prior to exposure to water vapor.

[0060] The hydrophobicity of a particulate aerogel material can be expressed in terms of the internal surface area retained after submersion in water. After submersion in deionized water, the particulate aerogel material is thoroughly dried and nitrogen sorption porosimetry is performed as outlined herein to measure the remaining internal surface area of ​​the material. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material retains more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 15%, more than 20%, more than 25%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, or more than 95% of the internal surface area of ​​the same particulate aerogel material prior to submersion in water.

[0061] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material exhibits a light transmittance of 5% or greater at 635 nm.

[0062] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material may exhibit a relatively high light transmission. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material exhibits a light transmission of 5% or more, 10% or more, 20% or more, 30% or more, 40% or more, 50% or more, 60% or more, 70% or more, 80% or more, 90% or more, or 95% or more when tested according to ASTM standard E424. In some preferred embodiments, the particulate aerogel material exhibits a light transmission of 89% / cm or more when tested according to ASTM standard E424.

[0063] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material readily absorbs natural oils from human skin. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material exhibits mineral oil uptake, which may be used as a surrogate test for measuring the ability of the particulate aerogel material to absorb natural oils secreted by human skin. The term mineral oil uptake refers to the ability of a material or composition to absorb, adsorb, or retain mineral oil upon contact with the mineral oil. Mineral oil uptake may be expressed as a proportion or percentage of the mass of the unwetted particulate aerogel material. Mineral oil uptake as described herein is measured using CAS number 8012-95-1 mineral oil from Sigma Aldrich. A particulate aerogel material having superior or improved mineral oil uptake compared to a different particulate aerogel material is understood to have a higher mineral oil uptake. In some embodiments, the incorporation of mineral oil may be 0.1 wt% or more, 1 wt% or more, 2 wt% or more, 3 wt% or more, 4 wt% or more, 5 wt% or more, 10 wt% or more, 20 wt% or more, 30 wt% or more, 40 wt% or more, 50 wt% or more, 60 wt% or more, 70 wt% or more, 80 wt% or more, 100 wt% or more, 200 wt% or more, 300 wt% or more, 500 wt% or more, or 1,000 wt% or more, based on the weight of the particulate aerogel material prior to submersion in the mineral oil.

[0064] In some embodiments, when the particulate aerogel material is submerged in mineral oil at 25° C. for 24 hours, the particulate aerogel material incorporates mineral oil within the outer boundary of the microparticles that is 20% or more of the dry weight of the particulate aerogel material immediately prior to submersion in the mineral oil.

[0065] In some embodiments, 1 N / cm 2The particulate aerogel material fractures when subjected to a pressure of less than 10 kPa, 20 kPa, 50 kPa, 100 kPa, or 200 kPa. The pressure at which the particulate aerogel material fractures can be measured as follows: Prepare an optically clear polycarbonate ring with an outer diameter of 2 cm and an inner diameter of 1 cm, a height of 2 cm, a 2 cm deep well plugged at one end with a polycarbonate slab, and a level mark on the exterior surface corresponding to the 1 cm deep well. Add particulate aerogel material to the well up to the level line. Then tap the polycarbonate well about 10 times to stabilize the particulate aerogel material. Add more particulate aerogel material and repeat the process until the height of the microparticles in the polycarbonate well reaches the level mark exactly 1 cm deep. The polycarbonate ring is then centered between the compression platens on a universal material testing machine (e.g., Instron 3366). A polycarbonate rod with a diameter of 0.9 cm and a height of 2 cm is gently placed on top of the aerogel in the well of the polycarbonate ring. The compression platens are then compressed at a rate of 1 mm / s and the force is recorded as a function of displacement until a force of 0.64 N is reached, which corresponds to a pressure of 200 kPa exerted by the cylinder, or until the 2 cm rod cannot be compressed any more. The compression platens are then returned to the starting position and the external load on the volume of the aerogel is removed. Visual observations are made before and after the test, and the material is deemed crushable if at least one particle in the well breaks into two or more pieces at a stress of 200 kPa or less. In some embodiments, the experiments described herein have demonstrated that the volume of particulate aerogel material in the well experiences permanent compression such that the volume of the particles has a permanent compressive axial deflection of more than 5% after a stress of 200 kPa is applied. In some embodiments, the volume of the particulate aerogel material in the well experiences permanent compression such that the volume of the particles has a permanent compressive axial deflection of more than 5% after a stress of 1 N / cm 2 When subjected to a pressure less than 1000 MPa, the particulate aerogel material fractures.

[0066] Without wishing to be bound by any particular theory, in some embodiments, a crushable particulate aerogel material may be advantageous for improving grip (e.g., increasing friction between a person's skin and a solid surface) because the aerogel particles may be more easily dispersed and / or retained on a person's skin and / or solid surface. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can be crushed with minimal force by a woman with average strength. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can be crushed by a woman with less than average strength. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can be crushed by a man with average strength. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can be crushed by a man with less than average strength.

[0067] In some embodiments, when particulate aerogel is present between a person's skin and a solid surface, friction between the person's skin and the solid surface is greater than under otherwise identical conditions in the absence of the particulate aerogel.

[0068] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a graspable object. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a gripping portion. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a gripping portion. In some embodiments, the gripping portion and / or gripping portion may comprise a contour that at least partially conforms to a person's hand. In some embodiments, the solid surface (e.g., of the gripping portion and / or gripping portion) is comprised of leather. In some embodiments, the solid surface (e.g., of the gripping portion and / or gripping portion) is comprised of wood. In some embodiments, the solid surface (e.g., of the grip and / or gripping portion) is comprised of a polymer (e.g., synthetic leather, soft polyurethane, or other polymer). In some embodiments, the solid surface (e.g., of the grip and / or gripping portion) is comprised of a metal. In some embodiments, the solid surface (e.g., of the grip and / or gripping portion) is comprised of a foam. In some embodiments, the solid surface (e.g., of the grip and / or gripping portion) is comprised of ivory. In some embodiments, the solid surface (e.g., of the grip and / or gripping portion) is comprised of a cloth. In some embodiments, the solid surface (e.g., of the grip and / or gripping portion) is comprised of a ceramic. In some embodiments, the solid surface (e.g., of the grip and / or gripping portion) is comprised of a composite material. In some embodiments, the solid surface (e.g., of the grip and / or gripping portion) is comprised of a geological material.

[0069] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material in contact with the person's skin and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a musical instrument (e.g., the handle and / or grip of the instrument). In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a guitar. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a piano. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a violin. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a viola. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a cello. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a bass. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is an organ. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a keyboard. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is an accordion. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a keyboard. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a concertina. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a ukulele. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a melodica. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a lute. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a harmonica. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a recorder. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a bagpipe. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a tuba. In some embodiments, the musical instrument is a trumpet. In some embodiments, the instrument is a French horn. In some embodiments, the instrument is a trombone. In some embodiments, the instrument is a saxophone. In some embodiments, the instrument is a clarinet. In some embodiments, the instrument is an oboe. In some embodiments, the instrument is a flute. In some embodiments, the instrument is a sousaphone. In some embodiments, the instrument is a flugelhorn. In some embodiments, the instrument is a cornet. In some embodiments, the instrument is a euphonium. In some embodiments, the instrument is a bell.

[0070] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material in contact with the person's skin and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a musical instrument accessory (e.g., a gripping portion and / or a gripping portion of the musical instrument accessory). In some embodiments, the musical instrument accessory is a guitar pick. In some embodiments, the musical instrument accessory is a drumstick. In some embodiments, the musical instrument accessory is a violin bow. In some embodiments, the musical instrument accessory is a viola bow. In some embodiments, the musical instrument accessory is a cello bow. In some embodiments, the musical instrument accessory is a bass bow. In some embodiments, the musical instrument accessory is a xylophone mallet. In some embodiments, the musical instrument accessory is a conductor's baton.

[0071] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material in contact with the person's skin and a solid surface). The solid surface is a part of a sporting item (e.g., a grip and / or a handle of the sporting item). In some embodiments, the sporting item is a baseball bat. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a baseball glove. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a tennis racquet. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a badminton racquet. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a racquet. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a golf club. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a dart. In some embodiments, the sporting item is an arrow. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a bow. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a flagpole. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a paddle. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a pole. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a mast. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a Frisbee. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a hammer. In some embodiments, the sporting item is an oar. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a whip. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a lasso. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a sword. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a javelin. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a shot put. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a discus. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a foil. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a sabre. In some embodiments, the sporting item is an epee. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a lacrosse stick. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a hockey stick. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a field hockey stick. In some embodiments, the sporting item is a parasail.In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a wakeboard. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a paddle board. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a squash racket. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a jai alai cesta. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a curling broom. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a curling stone. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a hurling stick. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a cricket bat. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a ski pole. In some embodiments, the sporting goods are pom-poms. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is boxing gloves. In some embodiments, the sporting goods are horse reins. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a fishing rod. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a fishing net. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a snowmobile. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a pool cue. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a sled. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is an air hockey puck. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a table tennis paddle. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a skateboard. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a polo mallet. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a training uniform. In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a wetsuit.In some embodiments, the sporting goods is a softball bat.

[0072] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that contacts the person's skin and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a ball. In some embodiments, the ball is a baseball. In some embodiments, the ball is a basketball. In some embodiments, the ball is a soccer / football. In some embodiments, the ball is a rugby ball. In some embodiments, the ball is a softball. In some embodiments, the ball is a racquetball. In some embodiments, the ball is a dodgeball. In some embodiments, the ball is a volleyball. In some embodiments, the ball is a tetherball. In some embodiments, the ball is a kickball. In some embodiments, the ball is a wiffle ball. In some embodiments, the ball is a lacrosse ball. In some embodiments, the ball is a squash ball. In some embodiments, the ball is a handball. In some embodiments, the ball is a spalding ball. In some embodiments, the ball is a juggling ball. In some embodiments, the ball is a cricket ball. In some embodiments, the ball is a bowling ball. In some embodiments, the ball is a golf ball, in some embodiments, the ball is a water polo ball, in some embodiments, the ball is a pickleball.

[0073] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material in contact with the person's skin and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a handlebar. In some embodiments, the handlebar is part of a bicycle. In some embodiments, the handlebar is part of a motorcycle. In some embodiments, the handlebar is part of an electric bicycle. In some embodiments, the handlebar is part of a scooter. In some embodiments, the handlebar is part of an electric scooter. In some embodiments, the handlebar is part of a dirt bike. In some embodiments, the handlebar is part of a motocross bike. In some embodiments, the handlebar is part of a mountain bike. In some embodiments, the handlebar is part of a snowmobile. In some embodiments, the handlebar is part of a jet ski. In some embodiments, the handlebar is part of a glider.

[0074] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a human's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the human's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a steering wheel. In some embodiments, the steering wheel is part of a car. In some embodiments, the steering wheel is part of a truck. In some embodiments, the steering wheel is part of a four-wheel vehicle. In some embodiments, the steering wheel is part of a monster truck. In some embodiments, the steering wheel is part of a boat.

[0075] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is a portion of a rock. In some embodiments, the rock is a synthetic rock. In some embodiments, the rock is a natural rock. In some embodiments, the rock is a mountain or a portion of a mountain.

[0076] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a mat. In some embodiments, the mat is a wrestling mat. In some embodiments, the mat is a gymnastics mat.

[0077] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that contacts the person's skin and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a tool (e.g., the handle and / or grip of the tool). In some embodiments, the tool is a power drill. In some embodiments, the tool is a screwdriver. In some embodiments, the tool is a wrench. In some embodiments, the tool is a hammer. In some embodiments, the tool is a crowbar. In some embodiments, the tool is a saw. In some embodiments, the tool is a shovel. In some embodiments, the tool is a rake. In some embodiments, the tool is a hoe. In some embodiments, the tool is a spade. In some embodiments, the tool is a pickaxe.

[0078] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material in contact with the person's skin and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a video game controller (e.g., the grip and / or handle of a video game controller). In some embodiments, the video game controller is a mouse. In some embodiments, the video game controller is a keyboard. In some embodiments, the video game controller is a joystick. In some embodiments, the video game controller is a video game console controller. In some embodiments, the video game controller is a video game console.

[0079] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that contacts the person's skin and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a gun (e.g., the handle and / or grip of the gun). In some embodiments, the gun is a handgun. In some embodiments, the gun is a rifle. In some embodiments, the gun is a machine gun. In some embodiments, the gun is an automatic rifle. In some embodiments, the gun is a semi-automatic rifle. In some embodiments, the gun is a revolver. In some embodiments, the gun is a shotgun.

[0080] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that contacts the person's skin and a solid surface). The solid surface is a part of weightlifting equipment (e.g., the handle and / or grip of the weightlifting equipment). In some embodiments, the weightlifting equipment is a barbell. In some embodiments, the weightlifting equipment is a dumbbell. In some embodiments, the weightlifting equipment is a kettlebell. In some embodiments, the weightlifting equipment is a chin-up bar. In some embodiments, the weightlifting equipment is an atlas stone. In some embodiments, the weightlifting equipment is a sandbag. In some embodiments, the weightlifting equipment is a yoke. In some embodiments, the weightlifting equipment is a farmer's walk handle. In some embodiments, the weightlifting equipment is a carpet sled. In some embodiments, the weightlifting equipment is a log bar. In some embodiments, the weightlifting equipment is an EZ curl bar.

[0081] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that contacts the person's skin and a solid surface). The solid surface is a part of gymnastics equipment (e.g., the grip and / or grip portion of the gymnastics equipment). In some embodiments, the gymnastics equipment is uneven bars. In some embodiments, the gymnastics equipment is parallel bars. In some embodiments, the gymnastics equipment is rings. In some embodiments, the gymnastics equipment is a balance beam. In some embodiments, the gymnastics equipment is a trapeze. In some embodiments, the gymnastics equipment is a baton. In some embodiments, the gymnastics equipment is a trampoline. In some embodiments, the gymnastics equipment is a vaulting horse. In some embodiments, the gymnastics equipment is a pommel horse. In some embodiments, the gymnastics equipment is a horizontal bar. In some embodiments, the gymnastics equipment is a floor mat.

[0082] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a door handle. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a helmet. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of the skin of another person. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a helicopter. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a rope. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a ladder. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a camera. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a piece of wood.

[0083] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a metal piece. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a torch. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a plastic piece. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a ceramic piece. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a composite material. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a shoe. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a glove (e.g., the inside of a glove). In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a sock.

[0084] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a chain. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a microphone. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a cardboard box. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a Styrofoam box. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a cooler. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of an umbrella. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a smartphone.

[0085] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a computer. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a tablet. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a piece of furniture. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a door. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a video camera. In some embodiments, particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface), where the solid surface is part of a boom microphone.

[0086] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a switch. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a parachute. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a hot air balloon. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a sword. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a nunchaku. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a Sai. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a Shuriken. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a Taser.

[0087] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a spray can. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a megaphone. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a face. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a wall. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a window. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface), where the solid surface is part of a boot. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface), where the solid surface is part of a crutch.

[0088] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a walker. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a cane. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a backpack. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a shopping bag. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a disk.

[0089] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a tray. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of another human being. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of an animal. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a wheelchair. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a knob. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a button. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a directional pad. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of a floor. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is used to increase friction between a person's skin and a solid surface (and / or between a surface of a material that the person's skin contacts and a solid surface). The solid surface is part of the ground or a floor.

[0090] In some embodiments, the article comprises a flexible container and particulate aerogel material within the container. In some embodiments, the flexible container comprises fabric, paper, plastic, or rubber, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the boundary of the container is porous, allowing the particulate aerogel to be transported through the porous boundary when a force is applied to the flexible container. In some embodiments, applying a force to the flexible container may include squeezing the container. In some embodiments, applying a force to the flexible container may include rolling the container. In some embodiments, applying a force to the flexible container may include stepping on the container. In some embodiments, applying a force to the flexible container may include crushing the container.

[0091] In some embodiments, application of force to the flexible container can break up the particulate aerogel material inside the container and transport new smaller particles through at least a portion of the container's perimeter.

[0092] In some embodiments, the flexible container has a diameter of 5,000 cm 3 Below 2,000cm 3 Below 1,000cm 3 Less than or equal to 500cm 3 In some embodiments, the container has a volume of at least 0.1 cm 3 , at least 0.5 cm 3 Or at least 1 cm 3 In some embodiments, the flexible container has a volume such that the container is comfortably held in the hand of an average sized American male. In some embodiments, the ability of the container to fit comfortably in the palm of an average sized American male makes the container easy to use and carry.

[0093] In some embodiments, the flexible container has a compressive strength of 100 N / cm 2 When a pressure of 100 cm is applied to the container, the container will expand by at least 100 cm. 2In some embodiments, the flexible container is sized to cover the surface area of ​​an average American male's foot, facilitating application of the particulate aerogel material to the foot after stepping on the container. In some embodiments, the flexible container is sized to cover the surface area of ​​an average American male's foot, facilitating application of the particulate aerogel material to the foot after stepping on the container.

[0094] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is held within a container, the container comprising a plurality of openings through which the particulate aerogel material may be conveyed. In some embodiments, the plurality of openings in the container may comprise one opening. In some embodiments, the plurality of openings in the container may comprise more than one opening. In some embodiments, the plurality of openings is located at one boundary of the container. In some embodiments, the plurality of openings is located at more than one boundary of the container. In some other embodiments, the openings are large enough to allow unimpeded conveyance of more than 5%, more than 10%, more than 20%, more than 30%, more than 40%, more than 50%, more than 60%, more than 70%, more than 80%, more than 90%, more than 95%, more than 99% of the distribution of the maximum cross-sectional dimension of the particulate aerogel material. In some preferred embodiments, the openings are large enough to allow unimpeded conveyance of more than 95% of the distribution of the maximum cross-sectional dimension of the particulate aerogel material.

[0095] In some embodiments, the plurality of apertures is in a lid that is removable from the remainder of the container. In some embodiments, the lid screws onto the container. In some embodiments, the lid snaps onto the container. In some embodiments, the container has more than one lid. In some embodiments, the container has more than one lid with a plurality of apertures. In some embodiments, a plurality of apertures means more than 1 aperture, more than 2 apertures, more than 3 apertures, more than 4 apertures, more than 5 apertures, more than 10 apertures, more than 20 apertures, more than 30 apertures, more than 40 apertures, more than 50 apertures, more than 100 apertures, more than 200 apertures, more than 300 apertures, more than 400 apertures, more than 500 apertures, more than 1,000 apertures, more than 2,000 apertures, more than 3,000 apertures, more than 4,000 apertures, more than 5,000 apertures, or more than 10,000 apertures. In some embodiments, the density of apertures is at least 1 / cm 2 , at least 2 / cm 2 , at least 5 / cm 2 , at least 10 / cm 2 , at least 50 / cm 2 Or more.

[0096] In some embodiments, the opening is in a wall of the container, hi some embodiments, the opening is formed in the container by piercing, tearing or ripping the wall of the container.

[0097] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can exit the container when the container is inverted (e.g., due to gravity). In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can freely flow out of the opening of the container when the container is inverted. In some other embodiments, the particulate aerogel cannot freely flow out of the opening of the container when the container is inverted. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can be removed from the container using another object. In some embodiments, the object comprises a spoon. In some other embodiments, the object comprises a brush.

[0098] In some embodiments, the hydrophobic particulate aerogel material can exit the container when a relatively small force is applied to the container. In some embodiments, the hydrophobic particulate aerogel material can exit the container when a relatively small force is applied to the container. 2 When a pressure less than 0.05 mm is applied to the container, the particulate aerogel material can exit the container. In some embodiments, applying a force to the container includes shaking the container. In some other embodiments, applying a force to the container includes squeezing the container. In some embodiments, applying a force to the container includes hitting the container. In some embodiments, applying a force to the container includes stepping on the container. In some embodiments, applying a force to the container includes rubbing the container. In some embodiments, applying a force to the container includes bending the container. In some embodiments, applying a force to the container includes rolling the container. In some embodiments, applying a force to the container includes squeezing a stopper or plunger to move the particulate aerogel material closer to the opening of the container.

[0099] In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can be dispersed within a liquid. In some embodiments, dispersing the particulate aerogel material in a liquid makes it easier to apply the particulate aerogel material evenly to a person's skin than if the particulate aerogel material was not dispersed in the liquid. In some embodiments, the liquid is a lotion. In some embodiments, the lotion is easily absorbed by a person's skin, leaving behind a layer of particulate aerogel material. In some embodiments, the liquid is a paste. In some embodiments, the liquid is highly volatile. In some embodiments, the highly volatile liquid quickly evaporates from a person's skin, leaving behind a layer of particulate aerogel material. In some embodiments, the liquid has a vapor pressure of at least 0.025 atm at STP (i.e., 1 atmosphere and 25° C.). In some embodiments, the liquid has a vapor pressure at STP of greater than 0.025 atm, greater than 0.03 atm, greater than 0.04 atm, greater than 0.05 atm, greater than 0.06 atm, greater than 0.07 atm, greater than 0.08 atm, greater than 0.09 atm, or greater than 0.1 atm. In some embodiments, the highly volatile liquid comprises ethanol, acetone, water, or isopropanol.

[0100] In some embodiments, a kit is provided. As used herein, a "kit" generally refers to a package or assembly that includes one or more of the components disclosed herein and / or other components associated with the embodiments disclosed herein, e.g., as described above. In some embodiments, the kit may include instructions in any form, provided in association with the components of the kit in a manner that one of skill in the art would recognize as being associated with the components of the embodiments described herein. For example, the instructions may include instructions for using, modifying, assembling, storing, or packaging the components. In some embodiments, the instructions include instructions for mixing, diluting, storing, administering, and / or preparing a composition (e.g., particulate aerogel material, any liquid, etc.) for use in association with the components of the kit. In some cases, the instructions may include instructions for a particular use of the components or associated compositions, e.g., applying the components or associated compositions to a handle. The instructions may be provided in any form that one of skill in the art would recognize as a suitable means for including such instructions, such as written or printed matter, oral, audible (e.g., telephone), digital, optical, visual (e.g., videotape, DVD, etc.), or electronic (including internet or web-based) communication.

[0101] In some embodiments, the kit includes a liquid and a particulate aerogel material, and upon mixing the liquid and the particulate aerogel material, the particulate aerogel material and the liquid form a combination that enhances friction between a person's skin and a solid surface. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel component and the liquid component are held in two different separate containers. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material and the liquid component are held in the same container, but with a physical barrier separating the two components. In some embodiments, the physical barrier between the particulate aerogel material and the liquid can be broken, allowing the components to mix by shaking the container. In some embodiments, the liquid component is a lotion. In some embodiments, the combination is a lotion. In some embodiments, the lotion is easily absorbed by a person's skin, leaving behind a layer of particulate aerogel material. In some embodiments, the liquid component is a paste. In some embodiments, the combination is a paste. In some embodiments, the liquid component is highly volatile. In some embodiments, the liquid has a vapor pressure of at least 0.025 atm at STP. In some embodiments, the liquid has a vapor pressure at STP of 0.025 atm or more, 0.03 atm or more, 0.04 atm or more, 0.05 atm or more, 0.06 atm or more, 0.07 atm or more, 0.08 atm or more, 0.09 atm or more, or 0.1 atm or more. In some embodiments, the highly volatile liquid quickly evaporates from a person's skin leaving behind a layer of particulate aerogel material. In some embodiments, the combination of the particulate aerogel and the liquid is a lotion. In some embodiments, the combination of the particulate aerogel and the liquid is a paste.

[0102] In some embodiments, isolating the liquid from the particulate aerogel material increases the shelf life of the kit, and in some embodiments, the end user can control the ratio of liquid to particulate aerogel material.

[0103] In some embodiments, a combination is provided. In some embodiments, the combination comprises human skin, a particulate aerogel material in contact with the human skin, and a solid surface in contact with the particulate aerogel material. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is part of a layer. In some embodiments, the layer has a thickness of 50 nm or more and 1 mm or less.

[0104] In some embodiments, an article is provided. In some embodiments, the article comprises a fiber matrix and a particulate aerogel material associated with the fiber matrix, the combination of the fiber matrix and the aerogel material being in the form of a sheet. As used herein, a "sheet" is a form factor having a thickness dimension, a first dimension (e.g., a length dimension) orthogonal to the thickness dimension, and a second dimension (e.g., a depth dimension) orthogonal to the thickness dimension and the first dimension, each of the first and second dimensions being at least 10 times greater than the thickness dimension. In some embodiments, the first and second dimensions are at least 100 times, at least 1,000 times, or at least 10,000 times greater than the thickness dimension. When viewed at an angle parallel to the thickness, the sheet can have a variety of suitable shapes, such as generally rectangular, generally circular, or other shapes. In some embodiments, the sheet is in a roll. In some embodiments, the roll comprises perforations between portions of the sheet. In some embodiments, the perforations allow for easy separation of a single disposable portion of the sheet from the roll. In some embodiments, the sheet is disposable. In further embodiments, the sheet is reusable. In some embodiments, the sheet is perforated in a manner to provide 10 or more disposable portions, 20 or more disposable portions, 30 or more disposable portions, 40 or more disposable portions, 50 or more disposable portions, or 100 or more disposable portions.

[0105] In some embodiments, an article is provided. In some embodiments, the article comprises a container and a plurality of sheets within the container. Each sheet comprises a fiber matrix and a particulate aerogel material associated with the fiber matrix. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is present within the bulk of the fiber matrix. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is present on at least one outer surface of the fiber matrix. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is present within the bulk of the fiber matrix and on at least one outer surface of the fiber matrix. In some embodiments, at least one dimension of the sheets is greater than or equal to 100 μm and less than or equal to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the container comprises 1 or more sheets, 5 or more sheets, 10 or more sheets, 20 or more sheets, 30 or more sheets, 40 or more sheets, 50 or more sheets, or 100 or more sheets.

[0106] FIG. 1 shows a close-up view of an aerogel particle, according to some embodiments. The schematic shows an aerogel particle 1 showing first pores 2 and second pores 3. In some embodiments, the aerogel particle comprises an inorganic oxide aerogel. In some embodiments, the inorganic oxide aerogel comprises an oxide of silicon, aluminum, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, chromium, niobium, tantalum, iron, vanadium, neodymium, samarium, holmium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, and / or erbium. In some preferred embodiments, the inorganic oxide aerogel comprises silica. In further preferred embodiments, the silica comprises hydrophobic silica.

[0107] FIG. 2 shows particulate aerogel material 4 of various sizes and shapes, according to one embodiment.

[0108] 3 illustrates a porous flexible container 5 comprising particulate aerogel material 4, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the flexible container is porous, allowing the particulate aerogel to be transported through at least a portion of the porous boundaries when a force is applied to the flexible container. In some embodiments, application of a force to the flexible container can break up the particulate aerogel material within the flexible container, allowing new smaller aerogel material to exit at least a portion of the porous boundaries of the flexible container.

[0109] 4 illustrates a container 6 comprising particulate aerogel material 4 and a removable lid 7 having multiple openings 8 through which the particulate aerogel material can be transported, according to one embodiment. In one embodiment, the particulate aerogel material can exit the multiple openings when the container is inverted. In one embodiment, the particulate aerogel material can exit the multiple openings when a force is applied to the container.

[0110] 5 illustrates a sheet 9 comprising a combination of a fiber matrix 10 and associated particulate aerogel material 4, according to one embodiment. The particulate aerogel material is present within the bulk of the fiber matrix 10, and at least one dimension of the sheet 9 is greater than or equal to 100 μm and less than or equal to 1 mm.

[0111] FIG. 6 shows a roll 11 of a continuous perforated sheet of the fibrous sheet 10 described above.

[0112] 7 depicts a container 12 containing the above-described fibrous sheets 10 according to one embodiment. Each sheet comprises particulate aerogel material 4.

[0113] 8A shows a human hand 13 with a layer of particulate aerogel material 4 covering at least a portion of the surface area, according to some embodiments. The average layer thickness is 50 nm to 1 mm. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can cover at least 25%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or all of the internal surface area of ​​the human hand. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can form a conformal coating over at least 25%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or all of the internal surface area of ​​the human hand.

[0114] 8B shows a hand 13 with a layer of particulate aerogel material as described above in contact with a solid surface 14, according to one embodiment. The solid surface can be a portion of a doorknob, a helmet, another person's skin, a helicopter, a rope, a ladder, a camera, wood, metal, a torch, plastic, ceramic, a composite material, a shoe, a glove, a sock, a chain, a microphone, a cardboard box, a Styrofoam box, a cooler, an umbrella, a smartphone, a computer, a tablet, furniture, a door, a surface, a wall, a window, a directional pad, a floor, or the ground.

[0115] 8C shows a hand 13 with a layer of particulate aerogel material as described above in contact with an object, according to one embodiment. The object may be part of a graspable object 15, such as a rock.

[0116] 8D shows a hand 13 with a layer of particulate aerogel material as described above in contact with an object, according to one embodiment. The object may be part of a graspable object 16, such as a ball.

[0117] FIG. 8E illustrates a hand 13 with a layer of particulate aerogel material in contact with an object, according to some embodiments. The various objects are portions of a graspable object 17, such as a grip, a grip, a musical instrument or accessory, a sporting item, a handlebar, a steering wheel, a tool, a video game controller, a gun, weightlifting equipment, gymnastics equipment, a video camera, a boom microphone, a switch, a parachute, a hot air balloon, a sword, a nunchuck, a sai, a shuriken, a taser, a spray can, a megaphone, a boot, a crutch, a walker, a cane, a backpack, a shopping bag, a disk, a tray, another human, an animal, a wheelchair, a knob, or a button. In some embodiments, the hand can extend around at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% or more of the circumference of a portion of the object. For example, in FIG. 8E, the hand 11 extends around about 100% of the circumference of the middle portion of the grip shown in FIG. 8E.

[0118] FIG. 9 shows a human foot 18 with a layer of particulate aerogel material 4 covering at least a portion of the surface area, according to some embodiments. The average layer thickness is 50 nm to 1 mm. The right-hand diagram shows a foot with said aerogel layer in contact with a surface 14, such as a mat, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can cover at least 25%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or all of the surface area of ​​the sole of the human foot. In some embodiments, the particulate aerogel material can form a conformal coating over at least 25%, at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 75%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99%, or all of the surface area of ​​the sole of the human foot.

[0119] 10A-10F show various contact configurations between human skin 19, particulate aerogel material 4, and solid surface 14, according to some embodiments. In some embodiments, when particulate aerogel 4 is present between the human skin and the solid surface, friction between the human skin 19 and the solid surface 14 is greater than in otherwise identical conditions when the particulate aerogel is not present.

[0120] FIG. 10A shows a layer of particulate aerogel material 4 in direct contact with human skin 29, according to one embodiment.

[0121] FIG. 10B illustrates a layer of particulate aerogel material 4 in direct contact with both a person's skin 29 and a surface of a solid 14, according to one embodiment, where the particulate aerogel material is positioned between the person's skin 19 and the surface of the solid 14.

[0122] FIG. 10C shows a layer of particulate aerogel material 4 in direct contact with the surface of a solid 14, according to one embodiment.

[0123] FIG. 10D shows layers of particulate aerogel material 4 on the surface of a solid 14 and on human skin 29 in contact with each other, according to one embodiment.

[0124] FIG. 10E illustrates a layer of particulate aerogel material 4 in indirect solid contact with a person's skin 29, with layer 22 between the particulate aerogel material 4 and the person's skin 29, according to one embodiment.

[0125] FIG. 10F illustrates a layer of particulate aerogel material 4 in indirect solid contact with a surface of a solid 14, with layer 22 between the particulate aerogel material 4 and the solid 14, according to one embodiment.

[0126] FIG. 11 illustrates a glove 20 with a layer of particulate aerogel material 4 covering at least a portion of its exterior surface area, according to one embodiment.

[0127] FIG. 12 shows a ball 21 with a layer of particulate aerogel material 4 covering at least a portion of its exterior surface area, according to one embodiment.

[0128] 13 illustrates a liquid 22 comprising particulate aerogel material 4 dispersed therein, according to one embodiment. The liquid may be a lotion or paste, has a vapor pressure of at least 0.025 atm at STP, and leaves behind a layer of particulate aerogel material when applied to human skin.

[0129] In some embodiments, for example, as shown in Figure 14, skin 1100, such as human skin, is topographically uneven and typically includes crevices that may be as deep as about 0.2 mm. As shown in Figure 15, the surface of the skin has a topography that is equivalent to a surface roughness that increases the adhesion of aqueous materials on the skin surface. Thus, the present invention provides kits and methods for applying silica silylate particles 1000 to a user's skin surface 1100 and ensuring that the silica silylate is applied substantially to the entire topography of the desired uneven surface.

[0130] As shown in Figures 15-16, the silica silylate particle size of an embodiment, for example as described herein, is suitable for treating skin 1100, where the silica silylate particles 1000 are sized to fill gaps 1110 and other openings, creases, wrinkles, and surface roughness as manifested in human skin 1100. In an embodiment, a plurality of silica silylate particles 1000 are provided for treating human skin, comprising a first average size 1010, a second average size 1020, and a third average size 1030. The third average size 1030 of the silica silylate particles, which is less than about 0.1 mm, is suitable for filling the smallest gaps 1110 and topographical features in the surface of the skin. The gaps 1110, folds, and wrinkles in the skin surface are typically up to about 0.2 mm in depth and up to about 0.1 mm in width. The third particles 1030 are configured to enter these smallest gaps 1110 and provide hydrophobic properties to prevent aqueous materials from adhering to the skin. The second average size 1020 of the silica silylate particles, which may be desired to be about 1 mm to 3 mm in some embodiments, and about 0.1 mm to 2 mm in some embodiments, is configured to enter and provide hydrophobic properties to skin topography at larger scales and with more surface area. For example, the gaps 1110 into which the third average size silica silylate particles 1030 enter and fill may have a shallower but more extensive outer portion 1120. Thus, the silica silylate particles of the second average size 1020 provide coverage for the silica silylate particles of the third average size 1030. In some embodiments, the first average size 1010 provides a general topical dressing for the surface of the skin to cover the silica silylate particles of the second average size and provide more extensive coverage of the skin by covering the smoother parts of the skin. Additionally, the silica silylate particles of the first average size 1010 are used to push the silica silylate particles of the second average size 1020 and the third average size 1030 into the gaps during rubbing application, as shown on the left side of FIG. 15.In some embodiments, rubbing the silica silylate particles 1000 on the skin 1100 breaks the silica silylate particles 1000 into smaller particles, where the first average size 1010 of the silica silylate particles further produces silica silylate particles of a second average size 1020 and a third average size 1030. Additionally, in some embodiments, rubbing the silica silylate particles 1000 on the skin breaks the silica silylate particles 1000 into smaller particles, where the second average size 1020 of the silica silylate particles further produces silica silylate particles of a third average size 1030.

[0131] An embodiment of the present invention includes a kit 1200 as shown in Figures 16-17C for treating a surface with, for example, silica silylate for surface enhancement. Surface enhancement with silica silylate includes the effect of imparting hydrophobic properties to the treated surface. The kit 1200 includes a plurality of silica silylate 1000 particles that are applied to the topography of the surface to be treated. In an embodiment, the kit includes silica silylate particles ranging between about 1 μm and about 4 mm.

[0132] In one embodiment, a kit for surface treatment with silica silylate includes a first plurality of particles 1011 of silica silylate having a first average size 1010, and a second plurality of particles 1021 of silica silylate having a second average size 1020, where the first average size 1010 is greater than the second average size 1020. In one embodiment, the first plurality of silica silylate particles 1011 comprises at least about 10-50% by volume of the contents of the kit 1200 to provide silica silylate particles of the second average size and particles sufficient for a dressing effect on a smooth skin surface. In one embodiment, the first plurality of silica silylate particles 1011 comprises at least about 50% by volume or more of the contents of the kit 1200 to provide silica silylate particles of the second average size and particles sufficient for a dressing effect on a smooth skin surface. In certain embodiments, it may be desirable for the first average size 1010 of the particles to be between about 1 mm and 4 mm, while the second average size 1020 of the silica silylate particles is less than about 2 mm, and more preferably less than about 1 mm.

[0133] In some embodiments, a kit 1200 for surface treatment with silica silylate includes a first plurality of silica silylate particles 1011 having a first average size 1010, a second plurality of silica silylate particles 1021 having a second average size 1020, and a third plurality of silica silylate particles 1031 having a third average size 1030. In some embodiments, the first average size 1010 is greater than the second average size 1020, and the second average size 1020 is greater than the third average size 1030. The average size disclosed herein refers to the diameter 1050 of a spherical particle, or the diameter and largest dimension 1055 of a non-spherical particle.

[0134] In some embodiments, the first plurality of silica silylate particles 1011 may comprise particles with a size greater than 2 mm, while in some embodiments, it may be desirable for the particles to be in a range of sizes from about 1 mm to about 4 mm. The first plurality of silica silylate particles 1011 has a first average size 1010 of about 2 mm to about 4 mm. In some embodiments, the second plurality of silica silylate particles 1021 comprises particles with a size ranging from about 0.01 mm to about 3 mm. In some embodiments, the second plurality of silica silylate particles 1021 has a second average size 1020 of about 1 mm to 3 mm. In some embodiments, it may be desirable for the second plurality of silica silylate particles 1021 to comprise particles with a second average size 1020 of about 0.5 mm to about 1 mm. Furthermore, in some embodiments, it may be desirable for the second plurality of silica silylate particles 1021 to comprise particles with a second average size 1020 of about 0.4 mm to about 0.6 mm.

[0135] In some embodiments, the third plurality of silica silylate particles 1031 includes particles with a size of less than about 100 μm. In some embodiments, the third plurality of silica silylate particles 1031 has a third average size 1030 of less than about 100 μm. In some embodiments, it may be further desirable for the third plurality of silica silylate particles 1031 to have a third average size 1030 of about 1 μm to about 100 μm. In further embodiments, it may be desirable for the third plurality of silica silylate particles 1031 to have a third average size 1031 of about 10 μm to about 30 μm.

[0136] In one embodiment, the silica silylate particles are placed within a porous flexible container, such as a flexible container mesh bag 5 as seen in Figure 3. The porous properties of the mesh bag are suitable for the passage of the silica silylate particles 1000, whereupon a user can apply the silica silylate to a surface, such as the skin, by rubbing the surface of the flexible container 5 over the surface.

[0137] In some embodiments of the present invention, silica silylate particles are disposed in a container 1300 having a lid 1310, where the lid comprises a dispensing opening 1320. The dispensing opening 1320 in some embodiments is configured to have a diameter 1330 that is greater than the third average size 1030 but less than the first average size. Further, in some embodiments, the dispensing opening is configured to have a diameter 1330 that is less than the first average size 1010 but greater than the second average size 1020.

[0138] In some embodiments, it may be desirable to have silica silylate particles larger than the dispensing opening in the lid, where the silica silylate particles must be broken down into smaller particles before dispensing. Some embodiments of the invention further include a fourth plurality of silica silylate particles 1041, where the fourth average size 1040 is larger than the first average size 1010, and where the dispensing opening 1320 has a diameter 1330 smaller than the fourth average size 1040.

[0139] In some embodiments of the present invention, the container includes a plurality of silica silylate particles held therein, where at least some of the silica silylate particles 1000 are sized to be larger than the diameter of the container's dispensing opening 1330. The container 1300 further includes a mechanism for crushing, tearing, or otherwise breaking up the silica silylate particles to generate smaller particles for dispensing. In some embodiments, the container includes a flexible container 1350 that can be squeezed to apply pressure to the silica silylate particles to break up the particles. In some embodiments, the container includes a crushing element 1360 disposed therein, where the crushing element is adapted to impact and crush the silica silylate particles held therein, thereby generating smaller silica silylate particles that can then be dispensed through the dispensing opening. The disclosed crushing element 1360 can include marbles, ball bearings, stones, metal pieces, ceramic pieces, or other objects having a density greater than that of the silica silylate 1000. In some embodiments, the container includes a tearing or grinding element, where the container lid rotates relative to the container, where the lid element and the container element interact to shear or tear the silica silylate particles into smaller particles. EXAMPLES

[0140] The following examples are intended to illustrate certain embodiments of the invention, but do not exemplify the full scope of the invention. Example 1: Application of particulate aerogel material to athletes' hands by rubbing the material onto both hands

[0141] The subject was asked to stand completely upright, with a weight in one hand, with the arm straight and parallel to the body, until fatigue prevented him from holding the weight. The subject was a 35-year-old man of moderate athletic build, 68 inches tall and weighing 100 kg. The weight was a 90 pound dumbbell with a rugged stainless steel insert.

[0142] The subjects were asked to perform the above test. The time from when they first picked up the dumbbell to when they were forced to drop it was measured with a stopwatch and recorded. The subjects were then given a 60-minute break.

[0143] After a 60-minute rest period, 10 mL of particulate aerogel material was poured onto the subject's hand. The particulate aerogel material exhibited a particle size distribution such that at least 50% of the particles had a maximum cross-sectional dimension between 0.7 mm and 1.2 mm. The particulate aerogel material comprised trimethylsilylated silica aerogel. The subject then rubbed their hands together with open palms, ensuring that the particulate aerogel material covered at least a portion of the skin of the hand. The subject was then asked to repeat the above test with the same hand used in the first test. The time from when the subject first picked up the dumbbell to when they were forced to drop it was measured with a stopwatch and recorded.

[0144] The time recorded in the first test, without the particulate aerogel material, was 59 seconds. After the particulate aerogel material was applied, the time recorded in the second test was 77 seconds. Example 2: Application of particulate aerogel material to athletes' hands by squeezing a porous, flexible bag.

[0145] A subject performed the same test as described in Example 1. Rather than applying particulate aerogel material in the manner described in Example 1, the subject squeezed a flexible, porous bag filled with particulate aerogel material, which forced the particulate aerogel material through the porous surface of the bag and onto the subject's hand. All other test conditions and results were identical. Example 3: Application of particulate aerogel material to athletes' hands by rubbing a fibrous sheet with particulate aerogel material onto both hands.

[0146] Subjects underwent the same test as described in Example 1. Rather than applying particulate aerogel material in the manner described in Example 1, subjects rubbed their hands together with a fibrous sheet with particulate aerogel material. All other test conditions and results were identical. Example 4: Application of particulate aerogel material to an athlete's hands by applying the material from a bottle with a perforated lid.

[0147] The subject underwent the same test as described in Example 1. Rather than applying the particulate aerogel material to his hands, the subject sprinkled the particulate aerogel material onto his hands using a bottle with a perforated lid. All other test conditions and results were identical. Example 5: Application of particulate aerogel material to weightlifter's hands by rubbing the particulate aerogel material onto both hands

[0148] Weightlifters were asked to count and record the number of times they applied chalk to their hands during training. Training consisted of five sets. Each set consisted of five repetitions. Each repetition consisted of one deadlift of 145 kg. Weightlifters reported applying chalk to their hands before each set to feel like they were achieving peak performance.

[0149] The weightlifter was asked to repeat the same workout on a different day. Before starting the workout on the second day, the weightlifter applied particulate aerogel material to her hands using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1. On the second day, she did not apply any chalk. Using this technique, the weightlifter reported that she only needed to apply the particulate aerogel material to her hands twice during the workout (once at the beginning of the workout and once more) to achieve the same level of performance. Example 6: Application of particulate aerogel material to athletes' hands by rubbing the material onto both hands

[0150] The athlete was asked to grasp a pull-up bar in a hands-on position (i.e., hands shoulder-width apart and arms fully extended). The athlete was asked to hang from the bar in this position until she could no longer hold on to it. She reported that she maintained this position for 32 seconds. The athlete was asked to rest for one hour, after which she was asked to apply particulate aerogel material using the particulate aerogel material and method outlined in Example 1 and repeat the test. In this case, the athlete reported that she maintained the position for 40 seconds. Example 7: Application of a particulate aerogel material comprising trimethylsilylated alumina aerogel particles to an athlete's hands by rubbing the particulate aerogel material onto both hands.

[0151] Subjects underwent the same testing as described in Example 1. The particulate aerogel material consisted of trimethylsilylated alumina aerogel rather than trimethylsilylated silica aerogel. All other test conditions and results were identical. Example 8: Application of particulate aerogel material to a golfer's hands by rubbing the particulate aerogel material onto both hands

[0152] A golfer applied particulate aerogel material to both of his hands using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1 and played 18 holes of golf. The golfer reported that he normally wears a glove on his non-dominant hand while playing golf, but did not wear a glove during this test. The golfer reported less sweating on both hands than when the particulate aerogel material was not used. The golfer reported a similar grip to that experienced when wearing gloves. Additionally, the golfer reported better dexterity and feel (i.e., subtle tactile feedback when striking the ball) than when wearing gloves. Example 9: Application of particulate aerogel material to the hands of a paddle tennis player by rubbing the particulate aerogel material onto both hands.

[0153] Using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1, a paddle tennis player applied the particulate aerogel material to both hands prior to a match. After the match, the paddle tennis player reported that his hands were not significantly sweatier than usual during the match. The paddle tennis player noted that his grip on the paddle was significantly improved. Additionally, the paddle tennis player reported that he did not need to reapply the particulate aerogel material very often, at most between each set. Example 10: Application of particulate aerogel material to a tennis player's hands by rubbing the material onto both hands

[0154] A non-professional female tennis player playing in a competitive league had particulate aerogel material applied to both hands prior to a match using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1. After the match, the tennis player reported that her hands were significantly less sweaty than normal during the match. The tennis player noted that her grip on the racquet improved significantly. Additionally, the tennis player reported that she did not need to reapply the particulate aerogel material very often, at most between each set. Example 11: Application of particulate aerogel material to a singer's hands by rubbing the particulate aerogel material on both hands

[0155] Prior to a concert, the singer applied particulate aerogel material to both of her hands using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1. The singer reported that she was able to maintain a better grip on the microphone during the performance. She reported taking fewer breaks to wipe off sweat. Example 12: Application of particulate aerogel material to the hands of a guitar player by rubbing particulate aerogel material on both hands.

[0156] An electric guitar player applied particulate aerogel material to both of his hands using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1. The guitar player reported that, although he normally applies chalk to his hands in a similar manner before playing to maintain a better grip on the guitar neck and guitar pick, using the particulate aerogel material instead kept his hands dry and allowed for a better grip for longer. Furthermore, he reported that the particulate aerogel material did not fall off his hands and clog the strings and pickup, as would normally happen with chalk. Example 13: Application of particulate aerogel material to a drummer's drumstick by rubbing the particulate aerogel material

[0157] Prior to a performance, the drummer poured the granular aerogel material onto his hands and applied it to his drumsticks by drawing them through the material. The drummer reported that his hands were drier during the performance and, as a result, he was less likely to drop his drumsticks. Example 14: Application of particulate aerogel material to the hands of U.S. Army Special Forces Mountain Team members by rubbing the particulate aerogel material onto their hands.

[0158] A U.S. Army Special Forces Mountain Team soldier applied the particulate aerogel material to both hands prior to a training exercise using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1. He reported improved grip on guns, ropes, and rock surfaces. He reported preferring the particulate aerogel material over chalk because he was able to achieve the same effect while using less material and needing to reapply less frequently. Example 15: Application of particulate aerogel material to a baseball by rubbing the particulate aerogel material

[0159] A baseball pitcher applied the particulate aerogel material to a brand new, unused baseball before a game by pouring the material into his hand, rubbing the ball vigorously with his hand to coat the entire surface, and then removing the excess with a clean towel. The pitcher reported that the ball felt soft and dry in his hand and that this sensation lasted longer before it was replaced. The pitcher reported that the ball maintained its "new" appearance longer and that the ball felt drier after contact with wet grass than if the particulate aerogel material had not been applied. Additionally, the pitcher reported that his pitches were more consistent after the particulate aerogel material had been applied. Example 16: Application of particulate aerogel material to the hands of a baseball catcher by rubbing the particulate aerogel material onto both hands

[0160] A catcher on a baseball team applied particulate aerogel material to both of his hands before a game using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1. He reported the same impressions as the pitcher in Example 15. Example 17: Application of particulate aerogel material to the hands of a basketball player by rubbing the particulate aerogel material onto both hands

[0161] Prior to a game, a basketball player applied particulate aerogel material to both of her hands using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1. She reported that her hands were less sweaty than usual and had improved grip when dribbling, passing, and shooting. Example 18: Application of particulate aerogel material to the hands of an American football player by rubbing the particulate aerogel material onto both hands.

[0162] An American football wide receiver applied particulate aerogel material to his hands before a game using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1. He reported that he was better able to receive passes and had an improved grip on the ball while running. Example 19: Application of particulate aerogel material to a football by rubbing the particulate aerogel material

[0163] Prior to practice, the quarterback of an American football team applied particulate aerogel material to the ball he was using according to the method of Example 15. He reported that he had an improved grip on the ball and was able to throw it more consistently. Example 20: Application of particulate aerogel material to gymnast's feet by rubbing the particulate aerogel material

[0164] A male gymnast competing in a vault competition applied the granular aerogel material to both feet before competition by pouring 10 mL of the material into his hands and rubbing the material onto the soles of each foot. He reported improved height and landing, and more stable rotations. Example 21: Application of particulate aerogel material to gymnasts' feet by stepping on a porous, flexible bag with particulate aerogel material

[0165] A male gymnast competing in a vault competition had the granular aerogel material applied to his feet by repeatedly stepping on a porous, flexible bag with the material before competition. He reported improved height and landing, and more stable rotations. Example 22: Application of particulate aerogel material to gymnast's hands by rubbing the particulate aerogel material onto both hands

[0166] A female gymnast competing in the uneven bars event applied particulate aerogel material to both hands prior to competition using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1. She reported improved grip on the bars during her performance. Example 23: Application of particulate aerogel material to the hands of a carpenter by rubbing the particulate aerogel material onto both hands

[0167] A carpenter applied particulate aerogel material to both hands before working on a wooden house construction job using the particulate aerogel material and method of Example 1. She reported an improved grip on hammers and other hand tools, resulting in increased efficiency and reduced risk of dropping tools and damaging them or causing injury from falling tools. Example 24: Application of particulate aerogel material to the hands of treasure hunters by rubbing particulate aerogel material of at least three different particle sizes onto the hands. The treasure hunter applied particulate aerogel material from a kit including a first plurality of silica silylate particles of a first average size, a second plurality of silica silylate particles of a second average size, and a third plurality of silica silylate particles of a third average size to his hands. The treasure hunter then began searching for artifacts in the muddy material. He reported that while searching in the muddy material, the muddy material tended to fall out of his hands. The treasure hunter reported that this improved his tactile ability to feel artifacts in the muddy material, improved his ability to grip mining tools with less slippage, and reduced the time required to clean his hands afterwards. [Mode for carrying out the invention]

[0168] The following provides a summary of exemplary embodiments of the invention disclosed herein, which is intended to illustrate certain embodiments of the invention, but does not exemplify the full scope of the invention.

[0169] In some aspects, a method is provided. In some embodiments, the method comprises establishing direct and / or indirect solid contact between a person's skin, a particulate aerogel material, and a solid surface, wherein the particulate aerogel material is between the person's skin and the solid surface. [Embodiment 1]

[0170] In an example of embodiment 1, the particulate aerogel material is hydrophobic [embodiment 2].

[0171] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, the establishing comprises establishing direct or indirect solid contact between the person's skin and the particulate aerogel material, and subsequently establishing direct or indirect solid contact between the particulate aerogel material in direct or indirect solid contact with the person's skin and a solid surface [Embodiment 3].

[0172] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 and 2, the establishing comprises establishing direct or indirect solid contact between a solid surface and the particulate aerogel material, and subsequently establishing direct or indirect solid contact between the particulate aerogel material in direct or indirect solid contact with the solid surface and human skin [embodiment 4].

[0173] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, the human skin comes into direct contact with the particulate aerogel material [embodiment 5].

[0174] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, a person's skin is in indirect solid contact with the particulate aerogel material [embodiment 6].

[0175] In some examples of embodiment 6, the article of clothing is positioned between the person's skin and the particulate aerogel material [embodiment 7].

[0176] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, the average maximum cross-sectional dimension of the particulate aerogel material is 1 cm or less [embodiment 8].

[0177] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, the average maximum cross-sectional dimension of the particulate aerogel material is 50 nm or more and 1 cm or less [embodiment 9].

[0178] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, at least 50 vol.% of the particulate aerogel material is composed of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 1 cm or less [embodiment 10].

[0179] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, at least 50 vol.% of the particulate aerogel material is made up of particles having a maximum cross-sectional dimension of 50 nm or more and 1 cm or less [embodiment 11].

[0180] In some examples of any one of the embodiments of embodiments 1 to 11, the particulate aerogel material comprises an inorganic oxide aerogel [embodiment 12].

[0181] In some examples of embodiment 12, the inorganic oxide aerogel comprises an oxide of silicon, aluminum, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, chromium, niobium, tantalum, iron, vanadium, neodymium, samarium, holmium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, and / or erbium [embodiment 13].

[0182] In some examples of embodiment 12, the inorganic oxide aerogel comprises an oxide of silicon [embodiment 14].

[0183] In some examples of any one of the first to fourth embodiments, the particulate aerogel material is 5 m 2 / g or more 4,000m 2 / g or less [Embodiment 15].

[0184] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, when the particulate aerogel material is submerged in water at 25° C. for 24 hours, the particulate aerogel material incorporates within its outer boundary an amount of water that is 30% or less of the dry mass of the particulate aerogel material immediately prior to submersion in water [embodiment 16].

[0185] In some examples of any one of the embodiments of embodiments 1 to 16, the particulate aerogel material exhibits a light transmittance of 5% or more at 635 nm [embodiment 17].

[0186] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 17, when the particulate aerogel material is submerged in oil at 25° C. for 24 hours, the particulate aerogel material incorporates within its outer boundary an amount of oil that is 20% or more of the dry mass of the particulate aerogel material immediately prior to being submerged in the oil [embodiment 18].

[0187] In some examples of any one of the embodiments 1 to 18, the thickness is 1 N / cm 2 When subjected to a pressure less than 1000 MPa, the particulate aerogel material fractures [embodiment 19].

[0188] In some examples of any one of the first to 19 embodiments, the particulate aerogel material has a density of 0.05 g / cm 3 More than 5g / cm 3 The following BJH pore volumes are shown [Embodiment 20].

[0189] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 20, when particulate aerogel is present between a person's skin and a solid surface, friction between the person's skin and the solid surface is greater than under otherwise identical conditions in which the particulate aerogel is not present [embodiment 21].

[0190] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 21, the solid surface is part of a graspable object [embodiment 22].

[0191] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 21, the solid surface is part of the gripping portion [embodiment 23].

[0192] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 21, the solid surface is part of the gripping portion [embodiment 24].

[0193] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of a musical instrument [embodiment 25].

[0194] In some examples of embodiment 25, the musical instrument is a guitar, piano, violin, viola, cello, bass, organ, keyboard, accordion, keyboard, concertina, ukulele, melodica, lute, harmonica, recorder, bagpipes, tuba, trumpet, French horn, trombone, saxophone, clarinet, oboe, flute, sousaphone, flugelhorn, cornet, euphonium or bell [embodiment 26].

[0195] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of a musical instrument accessory [embodiment 27].

[0196] In some examples of embodiment 27, the musical instrument accessory is a guitar pick, a drumstick, a violin bow, a viola bow, a cello bow, a bass bow, a xylophone mallet, or a baton [embodiment 28].

[0197] In some examples of any one of the embodiments of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of a sporting item.

[0198] In some examples of embodiment 29, the sporting goods are a baseball bat, a baseball glove, a racket (e.g., a tennis racket, a badminton racket), a golf club, a dart, an arrow, a bow, a pole (e.g., a flagpole), a paddle, a mast, a Frisbee, a hammer, an oar, a whip, a lasso, a sword, a javelin, a shot put, a discus, a foil, a sabre, an epee, a lacrosse stick, a hockey stick, a field hockey stick, a parasail, a wakeboard, a paddle board, a squash racket, a jai alai cesta, a curling broom, a curling stone, a hurling stick, a cricket bat, a ski pole, a pom-pom, a boxing glove, a horse reins, a fishing rod, a fishing net, a jet ski, a snowmobile, a pool cue, a sled, an air hockey puck, a table tennis paddle, a skateboard, a polo mallet, a wetsuit, or a softball bat [embodiment 30].

[0199] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of a ball [embodiment 31].

[0200] In some examples of embodiment 31, the ball is a baseball, basketball, soccer / football, rugby ball, softball, racquetball, dodgeball, volleyball, tetherball, kickball, wiffle ball, lacrosse ball, squash ball, handball, spalding ball, juggling ball, cricket ball, bowling ball, golf ball, water polo ball or pickleball [embodiment 32].

[0201] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of a handlebar [embodiment 33].

[0202] In some examples of embodiment 33, the handlebar is part of a bicycle (e.g., an electric bicycle), a motorcycle, a scooter (e.g., an electric scooter), a dirt bike, a motocross bike, a mountain bike, a snowmobile, a jet ski, or a glider [embodiment 34].

[0203] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of a handle [embodiment 35].

[0204] In some examples of embodiment 35, the steering wheel is part of a car, truck, four-wheeler, monster truck, or boat [embodiment 36].

[0205] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is a portion of a rock [embodiment 37].

[0206] In some examples of embodiment 37, the rock is a synthetic rock or a natural rock (e.g., a mountain) [embodiment 38].

[0207] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of a mat [embodiment 39].

[0208] In some examples of embodiment 39, the mat is a wrestling mat or a gymnastics mat [embodiment 40].

[0209] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of a tool [embodiment 41].

[0210] In some examples of embodiment 41, the tool is a power drill, a screwdriver, a wrench, a hammer, a crowbar, a saw, a shovel, a rake, a hoe, a spade, or a pickaxe [embodiment 42].

[0211] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of a video game controller [embodiment 43].

[0212] In some examples of embodiment 43, the video game controller is a mouse, a keyboard, a joystick, a video game console controller or a video game console [embodiment 44].

[0213] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of a gun [Embodiment 45].

[0214] In some examples of embodiment 45, the firearm is a handgun, a rifle, a machine gun, an automatic rifle, a semi-automatic rifle, a revolver, or a shotgun [embodiment 46].

[0215] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of weightlifting equipment [Embodiment 47].

[0216] In some examples of embodiment 47, the weightlifting equipment is a barbell, a dumbbell, a kettlebell, a pull-up bar, an atlas stone, a sandbag, a yoke, a farmer's walk handle, a carpet sled, a log bar, or an EZ-curl bar.

[0217] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is part of gymnastics equipment [embodiment 49].

[0218] In some examples of embodiment 49, the gymnastics equipment is uneven bars, parallel bars, rings, balance beam, trapeze, baton, trampoline, vault, pommel horse, or horizontal bar [embodiment 50].

[0219] In some examples of any one of the embodiments of embodiments 1 to 24, the solid surface is a doorknob, a helmet, another person's skin, a helicopter, a rope, a ladder, a camera, wood, a metal, a torch, a plastic, a ceramic, a composite material, a shoe, a glove, a sock, a chain, a microphone, a cardboard box, a styrofoam box, a cooler, an umbrella, a smartphone, a computer, a tablet, furniture, a door, a video camera, a boom microphone, a switch, a parachute, a hot air balloon, a sword, a nunchuck, a sai, a shuriken, a taser, a spray can, a megaphone, a mask, a wall, a window, a boot, a crutch, a walker, a cane, a backpack, a shopping bag, a disc, a tray, another human being, an animal, a wheelchair, a knob, a button, a directional pad, a floor, or a portion of the ground [embodiment 51].

[0220] In some examples of any one of embodiments 1 to 51, the solid surface is not human skin [embodiment 52].

[0221] In some embodiments, an article or kit is provided that includes a flexible container and particulate aerogel material within the container, wherein at least a portion of the container has a porous boundary such that application of a force to the flexible container can transport the particulate aerogel through the porous boundary.

[0222] In some examples of embodiment 53, the flexible container has a diameter of 5,000 cm 3 Below 2,000cm 3 Less than or equal to 1,000cm 3 [Embodiment 54] has the following capacity:

[0223] In some examples of embodiment 53, 100 N / cm 2 When a pressure of 100 cm is applied to the container, the container will expand by at least 100 cm. 2 The flexible container has a capacity to occupy a footprint of [embodiment 55].

[0224] In some embodiments, an article or kit includes a container and a particulate aerogel material within the container, the container including a plurality of openings through which the hydrophobic particulate aerogel material can be transported [embodiment 56].

[0225] In some examples of embodiment 56, the plurality of openings are in a lid that is removable from the remainder of the container [embodiment 57].

[0226] In some examples of embodiment 56, the plurality of openings is in a wall of the container [embodiment 58].

[0227] In some examples of embodiment 56, the particulate aerogel material can exit the container when the container is inverted [embodiment 59].

[0228] In some examples of any one of embodiments 53 to 59, the strength is 100 N / cm 2 When a pressure less than 0.1 mm is applied to the container, the particulate aerogel material can exit the container [embodiment 60].

[0229] In some aspects, a material is provided that comprises a liquid and a particulate aerogel material dispersed within the liquid.

[0230] In some examples of embodiment 61, the material is a lotion [embodiment 62].

[0231] In some examples of embodiment 61, the material is a paste [embodiment 63].

[0232] In some examples of embodiment 61, the liquid has a vapor pressure of at least 0.025 atm at STP [embodiment 64].

[0233] In some aspects, an article or kit is provided that includes a liquid and a particulate aerogel material, where when the liquid and the particulate aerogel material are mixed, the particulate aerogel material and the liquid form a combination that enhances friction between a human skin and a solid surface [embodiment 65].

[0234] In some examples of embodiment 65, the combination is a lotion [embodiment 66].

[0235] In some examples of embodiment 65, the combination is a paste [embodiment 67].

[0236] In some examples of embodiment 65, the liquid has a vapor pressure of at least 0.025 atm at STP [embodiment 68].

[0237] In some embodiments, the combination comprises human skin, a particulate aerogel material in contact with the human skin, and a solid surface in contact with the particulate aerogel material [embodiment 69].

[0238] In some examples of embodiment 69, the particulate aerogel material is part of a layer [embodiment 70].

[0239] In some examples of embodiment 70, the average layer thickness is 50 nm or more and 1 mm or less [embodiment 71].

[0240] In some aspects, an article or kit is provided. In some embodiments, the article comprises a fiber matrix and a particulate aerogel material associated with the fiber matrix, wherein the combination of the fiber matrix and the particulate aerogel material is in the form of a sheet.

[0241] In some examples of embodiment 72, the sheet is in the form of a roll [embodiment 73].

[0242] In some examples of embodiment 73, the roll has perforations between portions of the sheet [embodiment 74].

[0243] In some aspects, an article or kit is provided. In some embodiments, the article or kit comprises a container and a plurality of sheets within the container, each sheet comprising a fiber matrix and a particulate aerogel material associated with the fiber matrix. [Embodiment 75]

[0244] In some examples of embodiment 75, the particulate aerogel material is present within the bulk of the fiber matrix [embodiment 76].

[0245] In some examples of embodiment 75, the particulate aerogel material is present on at least one outer surface of the fiber matrix [embodiment 77].

[0246] In some examples of embodiment 75, at least one dimension of the sheet is greater than or equal to 100 μm and less than or equal to 1 mm [embodiment 78].

[0247] In some examples of any one of embodiments 53 to 78, the particulate aerogel material comprises an inorganic oxide aerogel [embodiment 79].

[0248] In some examples of embodiment 79, the inorganic oxide aerogel comprises an oxide of silicon, aluminum, titanium, hafnium, zirconium, chromium, niobium, tantalum, iron, vanadium, neodymium, samarium, holmium, zinc, magnesium, calcium, and / or erbium [embodiment 80].

[0249] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 80, the solid surface is part of a graspable object.

[0250] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 81, the solid surface is part of the gripping portion [embodiment 82].

[0251] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 82, the solid surface is part of the gripping portion [embodiment 83].

[0252] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of a musical instrument [embodiment 84].

[0253] In some examples of embodiment 84, the musical instrument is a guitar, piano, violin, viola, cello, bass, organ, keyboard, accordion, keyboard, concertina, ukulele, melodica, lute, harmonica, recorder, bagpipes, tuba, trumpet, French horn, trombone, saxophone, clarinet, oboe, flute, sousaphone, flugelhorn, cornet, euphonium or bell [embodiment 85].

[0254] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of a musical instrument accessory [embodiment 86].

[0255] In some examples of embodiment 86, the musical instrument accessory is a guitar pick, a drumstick, a violin bow, a viola bow, a cello bow, a bass bow, a xylophone mallet, or a baton [embodiment 87].

[0256] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of a sporting item [embodiment 88].

[0257] In some examples of embodiment 88, the sporting goods are a baseball bat, a baseball glove, a tennis racket, a badminton racket, a racket, a golf club, a dart, an arrow, a bow, a flagpole, a paddle, a pole, a mast, a Frisbee, a hammer, an oar, a whip, a lasso, a sword, a javelin, a shot put, a discus, a foil, a sabre, an epee, a lacrosse stick, a hockey stick, a field hockey stick, a parasail, a wakeboard, a paddle board, a squash racket, a jai alai cesta, a curling broom, a curling stone, a hurling stick, a cricket bat, a ski pole, a pom-pom, a boxing glove, a horse reins, a fishing rod, a fishing net, a jet ski, a snowmobile, a pool cue, a sled, an air hockey puck, a table tennis paddle, a skateboard, a polo mallet, a training uniform, a wetsuit, or a softball bat [embodiment 89].

[0258] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of a ball [embodiment 90].

[0259] In some examples of embodiment 90, the ball is a baseball, basketball, soccer / football, rugby ball, softball, racquetball, dodgeball, volleyball, tetherball, kickball, wiffle ball, lacrosse ball, squash ball, handball, spalding ball, juggling ball, cricket ball, bowling ball, golf ball, water polo ball or pickleball [embodiment 91].

[0260] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of a handlebar [embodiment 92].

[0261] In an example of embodiment 92, the handlebar is part of a bicycle, motorcycle, electric bicycle, scooter (e.g., kickboard, electric scooter), dirt bike, motocross bike, mountain bike, snowmobile, jet ski, or glider [embodiment 93].

[0262] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of a steering wheel [embodiment 94].

[0263] In some examples of embodiment 94, the steering wheel is part of a car, truck, four-wheeler, monster truck, or boat [embodiment 95].

[0264] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is a portion of a rock [embodiment 96].

[0265] In some examples of embodiment 96, the rock is a synthetic rock or a natural rock (e.g., a mountain) [embodiment 97].

[0266] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of a mat [embodiment 98].

[0267] In some examples of embodiment 98, the mat is a wrestling mat or a gymnastics mat [embodiment 99].

[0268] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of a tool [embodiment 100].

[0269] In some examples of embodiment 100, the tool is a power drill, a screwdriver, a wrench, a hammer, a crowbar, a saw, a shovel, a rake, a hoe, a spade, or a pickaxe [embodiment 101].

[0270] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of a video game controller [embodiment 102].

[0271] In some examples of embodiment 102, the video game controller is a mouse, a keyboard, a joystick, a video game console controller, or a video game console [embodiment 103].

[0272] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of a gun [embodiment 104].

[0273] In some examples of embodiment 104, the firearm is a handgun, a rifle, a machine gun, an automatic rifle, a semi-automatic rifle, a revolver, or a shotgun [embodiment 105].

[0274] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of weightlifting equipment [embodiment 106].

[0275] In some examples of embodiment 106, the weightlifting equipment is a barbell, dumbbell, kettlebell, pull-up bar, atlas stone, sandbag, yoke, farmer's walk handle, carpet sled, log bar, or EZ-curl bar [embodiment 107].

[0276] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of gymnastics equipment [embodiment 108].

[0277] In some examples of embodiment 108, the gymnastics equipment is uneven bars, parallel bars, rings, balance beam, trapeze, baton, trampoline, vault, pommel horse, or horizontal bar [embodiment 109].

[0278] In some examples of any one of embodiments 65 to 83, the solid surface is part of a doorknob, a helmet, another person's skin, a helicopter, a rope, a ladder, a camera, wood, metal, a torch, plastic, ceramic, a composite material, a shoe, a glove, a sock, a chain, a microphone, a cardboard box, a styrofoam box, a cooler, an umbrella, a smartphone, a computer, a tablet, furniture, a door, a video camera, a boom microphone, a switch, a parachute, a hot air balloon, a sword, a nunchuck, a sai, a shuriken, a taser, a spray can, a megaphone, a mask, a wall, a window, a boot, a crutch, a walker, a cane, a backpack, a shopping bag, a disc, a tray, another human being, an animal, a wheelchair, a knob, a button, or a directional pad [embodiment 110].

[0279] Although several embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described herein, those skilled in the art will readily devise various other means and / or structures for carrying out these functions and obtaining the results and / or one or more of the advantages described herein. Such variations and / or modifications are deemed to be within the scope of the present invention. More generally, those skilled in the art will readily appreciate that all parameters, dimensions, materials and configurations described herein are exemplary, and that the actual parameters, dimensions, materials and / or configurations will vary depending on the particular application using the teachings of the present invention. Those skilled in the art will recognize or be able to ascertain, using no more than routine experimentation, many equivalents to the specific embodiments of the invention described herein. Thus, the foregoing embodiments are presented by way of example only, and it should be understood that, within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents, the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described and claimed. The present invention relates to each individual feature, system, article, material and / or method described herein. In addition, any combination of two or more such features, systems, articles, materials and / or methods is within the scope of the present invention, provided such features, systems, articles, materials and / or methods are not mutually inconsistent.

[0280] The indefinite articles "a" and "an," as used in the specification and claims, unless otherwise specified, should be understood to mean "at least one."

[0281] The term "and / or" as used in the specification and claims should be understood to mean "either or both" of the connected elements; that is, elements that are present together in some cases and separately in other cases. Unless otherwise stated, other elements may be optionally present other than the elements specifically identified in the "and / or" clause, whether or not related to the elements specifically identified. Thus, as a non-limiting example, when used with open-ended language such as "comprising," "A and / or B" can refer in one embodiment to A without B (optionally including elements other than B), in another embodiment to B without A (optionally including elements other than A), and in yet another embodiment to A and B (optionally including other elements), etc.

[0282] In the present specification and claims, "or" should be understood to have the same meaning as "and / or" as defined above. For example, when separating items in a list, "or" or "and / or" should be construed to be inclusive, i.e., to include not only at least one but also one or more of a number or list of elements, and optionally additional items not listed. Only clearly stated terms to the contrary, such as "only one of" or "exactly one of," or the term "consisting of" as used in the claims, shall mean the inclusion of exactly one of a number or list of elements. In general, the term "or" as used herein shall be construed as referring only to exclusive alternatives (i.e., "one or the other, but not both") when preceded by an exclusive term, such as "either," "one of," "only one of," "exactly one of." When used in the claims, "consisting essentially of" shall have its ordinary meaning as used in the field of patent law.

[0283] The phrase "at least one," when used in the specification and claims in connection with a list of one or more elements, should be understood to mean at least one element selected from any one or more of the elements in the list of elements. This should be understood not to necessarily include at least one of each and every element specifically listed in the list of elements, and not to exclude any combination of the list of elements. By this definition, elements other than those specifically listed in the list of elements to which the phrase "at least one" refers may optionally be present, whether or not related to the specifically identified elements. Thus, as a non-limiting example, "at least one of A and B" (or, equivalently, "at least one of A or B" or, equivalently, "at least one of A and / or B") can refer to, in one embodiment, at least one, optionally one or more A and none B (and optionally including elements other than B); in other embodiments, at least one, optionally one or more B and none A (and optionally including elements other than A); and in yet other embodiments, at least one, optionally one or more A and at least one, optionally one or more B (and optionally including other elements), etc.

[0284] In the claims and the above specification, transitional phrases such as "comprising," "including," "bearing," "having," "containing," "with," "holding," and the like, are to be understood to be open-ended, i.e., meaning inclusive but not exclusive. Only transitional phrases such as "consisting of" and "consisting essentially of" shall be closed-ended or semi-closed-ended, respectively, as provided in the United States Patent Office's Manual of Patent Examining Procedures (2111.03).

Claims

1. A kit for hydrophobic treatment, comprising: a first plurality of silica silylate particles of a first average size; a second plurality of silica silylate particles of a second average size; and a third plurality of silica silylate particles of a third average size; Including, the first average size is greater than the second average size; the second average size is greater than the third average size; and the first plurality of silica silylate particles represents at least about 20% by volume of the silica silylate particles in the kit; kit.

2. 10. The kit of claim 1, wherein the first average size is about 1 mm to 4 mm. kit.

3. 3. The kit of claim 2, wherein the second average size is about 1 mm to 3 mm. kit.

4. 3. The kit of claim 2, wherein the second average size is about 0.5 mm to 1 mm. kit.

5. 3. The kit of claim 2, wherein the second average size is about 0.4 mm to 0.6 mm. kit.

6. 6. The kit of claim 5, wherein the third average size is less than about 100 μm. kit.

7. 7. The kit of claim 6, wherein the third average size is about 1 μm to 100 μm. kit.

8. 8. The kit of claim 7, wherein the third average size is about 10 μm to 30 μm. kit.

9. 9. The kit of claim 8, wherein the first plurality of silica silylate particles, the second plurality of silica silylate particles, and the third plurality of silica silylate particles are contained within a porous mesh container adapted to allow application of the silica silylate to a user's skin by rubbing an outer surface of the mesh container against the skin surface. kit.

10. 10. The kit of claim 1, wherein the first plurality of silica silylate particles, the second plurality of silica silylate particles, and the third plurality of silica silylate particles are contained within a container having a lid including a plurality of openings. kit.

11. 11. The kit of claim 10, wherein the opening in the lid comprises a diameter greater than the second average size and less than the third average size. kit.

12. 11. The kit of claim 10, further comprising a fourth plurality of silica silylate particles comprising a fourth average size; the fourth average size is greater than the third average size; and the opening in the lid comprises a diameter smaller than the fourth average size. kit.

13. 11. The kit of claim 10, wherein the opening in the lid comprises a diameter less than the first average size and greater than the third average size. kit.

14. 13. The kit of claim 12, further comprising a crushing element within the container configured to crush particles of silica silylate when the container is shaken. kit.

15. 1. A method for treating a skin surface with silica silylate, comprising: rubbing a first plurality of silica silylate particles onto a surface, wherein said first plurality of silica silylate particles comprises a first average size; rubbing a second plurality of silica silylate particles onto the surface, wherein said second plurality of silica silylate particles comprises a second average size; and rubbing a third plurality of silica silylate particles onto the surface, wherein said third plurality of silica silylate particles comprises a third average size; The treatment results in the surface comprising hydrophobic properties to prevent adhesion of aqueous materials to the surface. method.

16. 16. The method of claim 15, wherein rubbing the first plurality of silica silylate particles, the second plurality of silica silylate particles, and the third plurality of silica silylate particles occurs simultaneously. method.

17. 17. The method of claim 16, wherein the surface comprises the epidermal layer of skin. method.

18. 18. The method of claim 17, wherein rubbing the first plurality of silica silylate particles, the second plurality of silica silylate particles, and the third plurality of silica silylate particles serves to fill cavities in an epidermal layer of the skin with silica silylate. method.

19. 20. The method of claim 18, placing the first plurality of silica silylate particles, the second plurality of silica silylate particles, and the third plurality of silica silylate particles in a porous flexible container; the placing occurs before rubbing the first plurality of silica silylate particles, the second plurality of silica silylate particles, and the third plurality of silica silylate particles. method.

20. 19. The method of claim 18, comprising placing the first plurality of silica silylate particles, the second plurality of silica silylate particles, and the third plurality of silica silylate particles in a container; the container includes a lid including a plurality of outlets; and The container further comprises a crushing element configured to crush particles of silica silylate when the container is shaken. method.

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