Gas delivery systems and related methods

Abstract

A modular gas delivery system (100, 200, 300, 400) is provided. The system comprises an upstream module (110) with a gas inlet (112), a downstream module (114) with a gas outlet (116), and a mid-module assembly (118, 418) with a first mid-module (120). The first mid-module comprises a first gas delivery outlet (122). The mid-module assembly is engageable with and disengageable from the upstream and downstream modules. The system is configured to be assembled into a first system configuration, where a gas flow path is formed from the gas inlet to the gas outlet, and a first gas delivery flow path is formed from the gas inlet to the first gas delivery outlet. Related methods of use are also provided.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] SUMMARY The present disclosure relates to gas delivery systems and methods of using gas delivery systems. [Background technology]

[0002] Gas delivery systems are used to deliver gas or aerosol to subjects during preclinical in vivo testing. There are limited commercially available gas delivery systems suitable for such testing. However, these commercially available systems are typically not efficient for testing with a large number of subjects, and typically do not allow system operators to choose between intratracheal and intranasal delivery of gas to subjects. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0003] The present invention aims to provide an improved gas delivery system, in particular one that overcomes one or more of the problems set forth above. [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] Thus, there is provided a gas delivery system for delivering gas to at least one subject. The system may comprise an upstream portion. The upstream portion may comprise a gas inlet. The system may comprise a downstream portion. The downstream portion may comprise a gas outlet. The system may comprise an intermediate portion. The intermediate portion may comprise a first gas delivery outlet. The upstream portion may be upstream of the intermediate portion. The intermediate portion may be upstream of the downstream portion. A gas flow path may be formed from the gas inlet of the upstream portion to the gas outlet of the downstream portion. A first gas delivery flow path may be formed from the gas inlet of the upstream portion to the first gas delivery outlet of the intermediate portion.

[0005] According to a first aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a gas delivery system for delivering gas to at least one subject. The system comprises an upstream portion comprising a gas inlet. The system comprises a downstream portion comprising a gas outlet. The system comprises a middle portion comprising a first gas delivery outlet. The upstream portion is upstream of the middle portion and the middle portion is upstream of the downstream portion. A gas flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream portion to the gas outlet of the downstream portion. The first gas delivery flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream portion to the first gas delivery outlet of the middle portion.

[0006] The gas delivery system may be a modular gas delivery system. The upstream portion may include or may be an upstream module. The downstream portion may include or may be a downstream module. The middle portion may include or may be a middle module assembly. The middle module assembly may comprise a first middle module. The first middle module may comprise a first gas delivery outlet. The middle module assembly may be engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module. The middle module assembly may be engageable with and disengageable from the downstream module. The system, e.g., the upstream module, downstream module, and middle module assembly, may be configured to be assembled into a first system configuration, where the upstream module is upstream of the middle module assembly and engages with the middle module assembly, and the middle module assembly is upstream of the downstream module and engages with the downstream module. In the first system configuration, a gas flow path may be formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a gas outlet of the downstream module. In a first system configuration, a first gas delivery flow path may be formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a first gas delivery outlet of the first middle module.

[0007] Thus, according to a second aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a modular gas delivery system for delivering gas to at least one subject. The system comprises an upstream module with a gas inlet, a downstream module with a gas outlet, and a middle module assembly with a first middle module, the first middle module with a first gas delivery outlet. The middle module assembly is engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module, and engageable with and disengageable from the downstream module. The upstream module, downstream module, and middle module assembly are configured to be assembled into a first system configuration. In the first system configuration, the upstream module is upstream of and engages with the middle module assembly, and the middle module assembly is upstream of and engages with the downstream module, a gas flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream module to the gas outlet of the downstream module, and a first gas delivery flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream module to the first gas delivery outlet of the first middle module.

[0008] Advantageously, the gas delivery system is modular, which may allow the system to take up less space when stored or transported. Additionally, if a module of the system is damaged, it may be possible to replace only the damaged module rather than the entire system.

[0009] The system may be for delivering gas to at least one subject, e.g., a plurality of subjects. The or each subject may be a non-human animal, such as a mouse. Thus, the system may be for delivering gas to at least one non-human animal, e.g., a plurality of non-human animals. The system may be for delivering gas to a plurality of subjects, e.g., a plurality of non-human animals, simultaneously. As used herein, the term "subject" may be used to refer to a non-human animal.

[0010] Advantageously, the system may be for delivering gas to multiple subjects simultaneously, which may make the system more efficient for tests where gas must be delivered to multiple subjects.

[0011] The first system configuration may be an operational configuration. That is, when the system is in the first system configuration, the system may be usable to deliver gas to at least one target. In use, gas may be transported from the gas inlet, along the first gas delivery flow path, through the first gas delivery outlet, and then to the target. Such gas may be referred to as a delivery gas. At the same time, gas may be transported from the gas inlet, along the gas flow path, through a gas outlet of a downstream module. Such gas may be referred to as an exhaust gas.

[0012] In a first system configuration, a gas flow path may extend through at least a portion of the middle module assembly.In a first system configuration, a gas flow path may extend through at least a portion of the first middle module.

[0013] In the first system configuration, the upstream module, the first middle module, and the downstream module may be aligned, for example, longitudinally. In the first system configuration, the upstream module, the middle module assembly, and the downstream module may be aligned, for example, longitudinally. Advantageously, aligning the various modules of the system may allow the modules to be supported on the same surface. Additionally, aligning the various modules of the system may cause the system to take up less space in use than if the modules were not aligned.

[0014] The intermediate module assembly may include a second intermediate module. The system may be usable with or without the second intermediate module. Advantageously, providing a second intermediate module may allow the system to accommodate more subjects at once and therefore be more efficient at delivering gas to multiple subjects.

[0015] The second intermediate module may be engageable with and disengageable from the first intermediate module. The first intermediate module may be engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module. The second intermediate module may be engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module. The second intermediate module may be engageable with and disengageable from the downstream module. Advantageously, this may allow the second intermediate module to be used in place of the first intermediate module in the first system configuration, for example, if the first intermediate module is damaged.

[0016] The second intermediate module may comprise a second gas delivery outlet. Advantageously, when both the first and second intermediate modules are used simultaneously, this may allow gas to be simultaneously delivered to a first subject via the first gas delivery outlet and to a second subject via the second gas delivery outlet.

[0017] The second intermediate module may be structurally identical to the first intermediate module. The second intermediate module may be structurally identical to the first intermediate module such that the first and second intermediate modules may be used interchangeably within the system. Advantageously, this may allow the second intermediate module to be used in place of the first intermediate module in the first system configuration, for example, if the first intermediate module is damaged.

[0018] The system may be configured to be assembled into a second system configuration, which may be an operational configuration, i.e., when the system is in the second system configuration, the system may be operable to deliver gas to at least one subject.

[0019] In the second system configuration, the upstream module may be upstream of the intermediate module assembly. In the second system configuration, the upstream module may be engaged with the intermediate module assembly. In the second system configuration, the upstream module may be upstream of one or both of the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module. In the second system configuration, the intermediate module assembly may be upstream of the downstream module. In the second system configuration, the intermediate module assembly may be engaged with the downstream module. In the second system configuration, one or both of the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module may be upstream of the downstream module.

[0020] In a second system configuration, a gas flow path may be formed from a gas inlet of an upstream module to a gas outlet of a downstream module.

[0021] In the second system configuration, a first gas delivery flow path may be formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a first gas delivery outlet of the first middle module.

[0022] In the second system configuration, a second gas delivery flow path may be formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a second gas delivery outlet of the second middle module.

[0023] In a second system configuration, the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module may be arranged in series. In a second system configuration, all of the intermediate modules of the intermediate module assembly may be arranged in series. Such a configuration may be referred to as a series system configuration.

[0024] In the second system configuration, the upstream module may be upstream of and engaged with the first intermediate module.

[0025] In the second system configuration, the first intermediate module may be upstream of the second intermediate module. In the second system configuration, the first intermediate module may engage with the second intermediate module. In the second system configuration, the first intermediate module may be coupled to the second intermediate module via one or more additional intermediate modules of the intermediate module assembly. The one or more additional intermediate modules may be located downstream of the first intermediate module. The one or more additional intermediate modules may be located upstream of the second intermediate module.

[0026] Advantageously, the number of intermediate modules used in the second system configuration can be varied to suit the number of subjects used in a given test.

[0027] In the second system configuration, the second intermediate module may be upstream of the downstream module. In the second system configuration, the second intermediate module may be engaged with the downstream module.

[0028] In the second system configuration, the gas flow path may extend through at least a portion of the intermediate module assembly. In the second system configuration, the gas flow path may extend through at least a portion of one or both of the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module. In the second system configuration, the gas flow path may extend through at least a portion of the first intermediate module and then further downstream through at least a portion of the second intermediate module.

[0029] In the second system configuration, the second gas delivery flow path may extend through at least a portion of the middle module assembly. In the second system configuration, the second gas delivery flow path may extend through at least a portion of the first middle module.

[0030] In the second system configuration, the upstream module and the middle module assembly may be aligned, for example, longitudinally. In the second system configuration, the upstream module and the first middle module may be aligned, for example, longitudinally. In the second system configuration, the first middle module and the second middle module may be aligned, for example, longitudinally. In the second system configuration, the second middle module and the downstream module may be aligned, for example, longitudinally. In the second system configuration, the middle module assembly and the downstream module may be aligned, for example, longitudinally.

[0031] Advantageously, longitudinal alignment of the intermediate modules of an intermediate module assembly may result in the gas delivery outlets of the intermediate modules being aligned in a line, allowing for quick and easy coupling of a target to the gas delivery outlets.

[0032] In the second system configuration, the first gas delivery outlet may be aligned, for example longitudinally, with the second gas delivery outlet, which advantageously allows for quick and easy coupling of the subject to the gas delivery outlet.

[0033] In the second system configuration, the first gas delivery outlet may be spaced, for example, longitudinally, at least 100, 150, or 200 millimeters from the second gas delivery outlet. Advantageously, a larger spacing between the gas delivery outlets may allow a larger object to be coupled to the system. Alternatively, or in addition, a larger spacing between the gas delivery outlets may allow for easier handling of the object, for example, during coupling to and decoupling from the system.

[0034] In the second system configuration, the first gas delivery outlet may be, for example, less than 1,000, 750, 500, or 300 millimeters longitudinally spaced from the second gas delivery outlet. Advantageously, a smaller spacing between the gas delivery outlets may allow more targets to be coupled to the system in a given space. Furthermore, if the system is used to deliver aerosols, it may be advantageous to minimize the length of the intermediate modules (and thus use smaller spacing between the gas delivery outlets of the intermediate modules) since the concentration of the aerosol in the system may not be spatially homogenous over longer path lengths, especially if the aerosol flow rate or pressure in the system is low.

[0035] In a second system configuration, the first middle module and the second middle module may be arranged in parallel, which may be referred to as a parallel system configuration.

[0036] In the second system configuration, the upstream module may engage with multiple intermediate modules, such as each intermediate module, of the intermediate module assembly. In the second system configuration, the upstream module may engage with one or both of the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module.

[0037] In the second system configuration, the first intermediate module may not be upstream or downstream of the second intermediate module. In the second system configuration, each intermediate module may not be upstream or downstream of every other intermediate module.

[0038] In the second system configuration, multiple intermediate modules of the intermediate module assembly, for example, each intermediate module, may be engaged with a downstream module. In the second system configuration, one or both of the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module may be engaged with a downstream module.

[0039] In the second system configuration, a plurality of gas flow paths may be formed from a gas inlet of an upstream module, through at least a portion of the intermediate module assembly, and optionally to a gas outlet of a downstream module. In the second system configuration, a first gas flow path may be formed from a gas inlet of an upstream module, through a first intermediate module, and optionally to a gas outlet of a downstream module. In the second system configuration, a second gas flow path may be formed from a gas inlet of an upstream module, through a second intermediate module, and optionally to a gas outlet of a downstream module.

[0040] In a second system configuration, the system may define one or more gas flow paths arranged in parallel, which extend from a gas inlet of an upstream module, through multiple intermediate modules of the intermediate module assembly, and optionally to a gas outlet of a downstream module. Advantageously, the parallel gas flow paths may extend through multiple intermediate modules. This may allow the system to be simultaneously coupled to more targets.

[0041] In the second system configuration, a first gas delivery flow path may be formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a first gas delivery outlet of the first intermediate module. In the second system configuration, a second gas delivery flow path may be formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a second gas delivery outlet of the second intermediate module. In the second system configuration, the second gas delivery flow path may not extend through the first intermediate module.

[0042] In the second system configuration, the upstream module and the intermediate module assembly may be aligned, for example, in a longitudinal direction. In the second system configuration, a plurality of intermediate modules, for example, each intermediate module, of the intermediate module assembly may be aligned, for example, in a lateral direction. The lateral direction may be substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal direction. In the second system configuration, the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module may be aligned, for example, in a lateral direction. In the second system configuration, the intermediate module assembly and the downstream module may be aligned, for example, in a longitudinal direction.

[0043] Advantageously, laterally aligning the middle modules of the middle module assembly may allow for providing substantially opposing gas delivery outlets on either side of the system, thereby allowing objects to be coupled to the system on either side of the system, and therefore allowing more objects to be coupled to the system than would otherwise be possible.

[0044] In the second system configuration, the first gas delivery outlet may be aligned, for example laterally, with the second gas delivery outlet.

[0045] The system may be configured to be assembled in a series system configuration, for example, where the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module are arranged in series, and may also be configured to be assembled in a parallel system configuration, for example, where the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module are arranged in parallel.

[0046] Advantageously, a system that is configurable in either a serial or parallel system configuration may provide the system operator with the flexibility to accommodate more targets.

[0047] The series system configuration may be the second system configuration described above. The parallel system configuration may be the second system configuration described above. Thus, features described above in relation to the second system configuration may be applicable to one or both of the series system configuration and the parallel system configuration.

[0048] The system may include one or more adapters, for example, one or both of an upstream adapter and a downstream adapter. The adapter or adapters may allow the system to be assembled into a serial or parallel system configuration.

[0049] The upstream adapter may be engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module. The upstream adapter may be engageable with and disengageable from the middle module assembly. In any operational system configuration, the upstream adapter may be downstream of the upstream module and upstream of the middle module assembly. In a parallel system configuration, the upstream adapter may split the gas flow path from the upstream module into two or more gas flow paths. Advantageously, such a parallel system configuration may allow more targets to be coupled to the system in a given space.

[0050] The downstream adapter may be engageable with and disengageable from the downstream module. The downstream adapter may be engageable with and disengageable from the intermediate module assembly. In any operating system configuration, the downstream adapter may be downstream of the intermediate module assembly and upstream of the downstream module. In a parallel system configuration, the downstream adapter may combine two or more gas flow paths from the intermediate module assembly into fewer gas flow paths, for example, a single gas flow path. Advantageously, this may mean that only a single downstream module is required. This may reduce the cost of the system, especially if the downstream module includes or engages with an exhaust unit to provide or allow gas flow through the system, or a pressure adjustment mechanism to adjust pressure within the system.

[0051] The system may be configured to deliver gas to a first subject or a first plurality of subjects by endotracheal delivery. The system may be configured to deliver gas to a second subject or a second plurality of subjects by intranasal delivery. The system may be configured to simultaneously deliver gas to at least one subject by endotracheal delivery and to at least one subject by intranasal delivery.

[0052] Advantageously, the system may allow for the delivery of gas by intratracheal delivery, by nasal delivery, or by both intratracheal and nasal delivery simultaneously, providing flexibility to the system operator in determining how to deliver gas to a subject.

[0053] The system may include an endotracheal delivery component. The system may include a nasal delivery component. The endotracheal delivery component may be engageable and disengageable with one or both of the first and second gas delivery outlets to enable delivery of gas to a first subject by endotracheal delivery. The endotracheal delivery component may be for intubating the subject. The nasal delivery component may be engageable and disengageable with the other or both of the first and second gas delivery outlets to enable delivery of gas to a second subject by nasal delivery. The nasal delivery component may be for housing the subject or for housing the subject.

[0054] Advantageously, each gas delivery outlet may be configured to be engageable and disengageable with an endotracheal delivery component and an intranasal delivery component, which may enable a system operator to determine which delivery component engages with each gas delivery outlet.

[0055] The first intermediate module comprises a first additional gas delivery outlet. In one or both of the first and second system configurations, or indeed in any operational system configuration, an additional gas delivery flow path may be defined from the gas inlet of the upstream module to the first additional gas delivery outlet of the first intermediate module. Advantageously, this may enable gas to be delivered to two targets via the first intermediate module.

[0056] The first additional gas delivery outlet may be aligned, for example longitudinally, with the first gas delivery outlet, Advantageously, alignment of the first additional gas delivery outlet with the first gas delivery outlet results in a line alignment of the outlets, making it quicker and easier to couple an object to the outlet.

[0057] The first additional gas delivery outlet may be spaced, for example, longitudinally, at least 100, 150, or 200 millimeters from the first gas delivery outlet. Advantageously, a larger spacing between the gas delivery outlets may allow a larger object to be coupled to the system. Alternatively, or in addition, a larger spacing between the gas delivery outlets may allow for easier handling of the object, for example, when coupling to and decoupling from the system.

[0058] The first additional gas delivery outlet may be, for example, longitudinally spaced less than 1,000, 750, 500, or 300 millimeters from the first gas delivery outlet. Advantageously, smaller spacing between the gas delivery outlets may allow more subjects to be coupled to the system in a given space.

[0059] The first intermediate module may include a body. The body may be at least partially defined by an outer wall. The body may be substantially tubular. The first intermediate module may define an internal lumen. The internal lumen may be at least partially defined by the body of the first intermediate module. The internal lumen may extend in a longitudinal direction. A gas flow passage may extend through the internal lumen. A second gas delivery flow passage may extend through the internal lumen. The second gas delivery flow passage may extend partially through the internal lumen.

[0060] The first intermediate module may comprise a first gas delivery outlet structure. At least a portion of the first gas delivery outlet structure may define a first gas delivery outlet. At least a portion of the first gas delivery outlet structure may be upstream of the first gas delivery outlet. The first gas delivery outlet structure may protrude outwardly from an outer wall of the first intermediate module. Advantageously, the first gas delivery outlet structure may facilitate coupling of an object to the first intermediate module.

[0061] The first gas delivery outlet structure may be engagable with an endotracheal delivery component. The first gas delivery outlet structure may be engagable with a nasal delivery component. The first gas delivery outlet structure may be configured to be engagable with either an endotracheal delivery component or a nasal delivery component.

[0062] The first gas delivery outlet structure may protrude from the outer wall in a first gas delivery outlet structure direction. The longitudinal direction and the first gas delivery outlet structure direction may be non-parallel. The angle between the longitudinal direction and the first gas delivery outlet structure direction may be at least 15 degrees or 30 degrees. The angle between the longitudinal direction and the first gas delivery outlet structure direction may be 90 degrees or less than 75 degrees. The angle may be measured between the first gas delivery outlet and a point in the interior lumen located in the gas flow path and downstream of the inlet region of the first gas delivery outlet structure.

[0063] Advantageously, an angle of at least 15 degrees or 30 degrees may mean that there is more space for an object coupled to the first gas delivery outlet because the object is oriented away from the module rather than parallel to it.

[0064] At least a portion of the first intermediate module, for example at least a portion of the body or outer wall, may be transparent or translucent. Advantageously, this may allow a system operator to see into the intermediate module. In the case of a visible gas flow, this may allow a system operator to see the gas flow within the first intermediate module.

[0065] At least a portion of the first intermediate module, for example at least a portion of the body or outer wall, may be formed from glass, for example transparent or translucent glass. Advantageously, glass is relatively rigid, inert, and may be transparent or translucent.

[0066] A first portion, e.g., a first end, of the first intermediate module may comprise a first engagement means. A second portion, e.g., a second end, of the first intermediate module may comprise a second engagement means. The first end and the second end may be opposing ends of the first intermediate module. An internal lumen may be defined from the first end to the second end. Each intermediate module may comprise a first engagement means and a second engagement means, as with the first intermediate module. The first engagement means of any particular intermediate module may be configured to engage with the second engagement means of any other intermediate module. Each first engagement means may be one of a male engagement means and a female engagement means, and each second engagement means may be the other of a male engagement means and a female engagement means. The male engagement means and the female engagement means may be configured to engage with each other, e.g., to engage the modules with each other.

[0067] As an example, the first engagement means may include or be an internal thread and the second engagement means may include or be an external thread. In use, the two intermediate modules may be engaged by engaging the internal thread of one intermediate module with the external thread of the other intermediate module. However, other engagement means are possible. For example, a snap fit connection between the modules, or an interference fit, may be used.

[0068] Advantageously, this may allow each intermediate module to engage with any other intermediate module.

[0069] The upstream module may comprise an upstream module engagement means for engaging with one or either of the first and second engagement means of the intermediate module. The downstream module may comprise a downstream module engagement means for engaging with the other or either of the first and second engagement means of the intermediate module. Features described in relation to the engagement means of the intermediate module may be applicable to one or both of the upstream module engagement means and the downstream module engagement means.

[0070] The upstream module engagement means may be one of male or female engagement means and the downstream module engagement means may be the other of male and female engagement means. As an example, the upstream module engagement means may include or be an internal thread and the downstream module engagement means may include or be an external thread.

[0071] Advantageously, this may allow any intermediate module to engage with an upstream or downstream module.

[0072] One or both of the upstream module engagement means and the downstream module engagement means may comprise a clamping surface. One or both of the first engagement means and the second engagement means of one or more intermediate modules, e.g., the first intermediate module, the second intermediate module, or each intermediate module, may comprise a clamping surface. Any engagement means of the gas delivery system, e.g., the gas delivery system, may comprise at least one clamp. The gas delivery system may comprise at least one clamp for each pair of clamping surfaces of the system.

[0073] In use, the clamp or clamps may clamp adjacent clamping surfaces of modules of the system. In a configuration, such as the second system configuration, a first clamp may clamp a clamping surface of the upstream module engagement means to a clamping surface of the first engagement means of the first module, a second clamp may clamp a clamping surface of the second engagement means of the first module to a clamping surface of the first engagement means of the second intermediate module, and a third clamp may clamp a clamping surface of the second engagement means of the second intermediate module to a clamping surface of the downstream module engagement means. Thus, the clamp or clamps may engage various modules with each other.

[0074] Advantageously, clamps may provide a secure and reliable method of engaging modules together.

[0075] The upstream module, or a component engageable with the upstream module, may be configured to provide a gas flow through the gas inlet at a predetermined pressure. The upstream module, or a component engageable with the upstream module, may be configured to provide a gas flow through the gas inlet at a pressure above atmospheric pressure. The pressure may be at least 10 Pascals or 30 Pascals above atmospheric pressure. The pressure may be no more than 50 Pascals or 30 Pascals above atmospheric pressure. The pressure may be 0-50, e.g., 10-30 Pascals above atmospheric pressure. The pressure may drive the gas flow through the system. That is, the pressure may drive one or more of the gas flow along the gas flow path, the first delivery gas flow along the first delivery gas flow path, and the second delivery gas flow along the second delivery gas flow path. Advantageously, when the gas delivery system is used to deliver an aerosol, the pressure above atmospheric pressure may enable the system to provide a more spatially homogenous aerosol concentration throughout the system.

[0076] The upstream module may comprise a first inlet port for introducing a first substance into the gas flow from the gas inlet. The first substance may be an aerosol or may form an aerosol when entrained in the gas flow from the gas inlet. Advantageously, the first inlet port may enable a system operator to introduce a first substance, such as an aerosol or gaseous drug, into the gas flow, thereby delivering the first substance to one or more subjects coupled to the system.

[0077] The upstream module may include a second inlet port for introducing a second substance into the gas flow from the gas inlet. Advantageously, the second inlet port may allow a system operator to introduce a second substance, such as a gaseous anesthetic, into the gas flow, thereby delivering the second substance to one or more subjects coupled to the system. Having an upstream module with both a first inlet port and a second inlet port may be particularly advantageous, as it may allow a system operator to simultaneously deliver two substances, for example, a gaseous drug and a gaseous anesthetic agent, to each subject.

[0078] The system may include a pressure sensor, such as a manometer, for determining the pressure in the system. The downstream module may include a pressure sensor. The pressure sensor may determine the pressure in the downstream module. The pressure sensor may include or be a pressure gauge, such as a manometer, for determining and displaying the pressure in the system. Advantageously, the pressure sensor may enable a system operator to ensure that the system is operating at an optimal pressure.

[0079] The system may include a pressure adjustment mechanism for adjusting the pressure within the system, for example at the intermediate module assembly or the first or second intermediate modules. Advantageously, this may allow a system operator to run tests at different pressures within the system. As will be described in more detail in relation to the fourth aspect of the present disclosure, the system may include a pressure adjustment mechanism even if the system is not a modular system.

[0080] The system may include a pressure adjustment mechanism for adjusting the pressure within the system during use of the system to deliver gas to one or more targets. It may be particularly advantageous to be able to adjust the pressure within the system during use of the system to deliver gas to one or more targets. This may enable a system operator to perform tests where the pressure varies during the test.

[0081] The downstream module may include a pressure regulation mechanism.

[0082] The pressure adjustment mechanism may be, for example, a manual pressure adjustment mechanism configured to allow a user to manually set the pressure in the system prior to use of the system to deliver gas to one or more subjects. The pressure adjustment mechanism may be, for example, a manual pressure adjustment mechanism configured to allow a user to manually adjust the pressure in the system during use of the system to deliver gas to one or more subjects. Advantageously, a manual pressure adjustment mechanism may be reliable and easy to operate.

[0083] The pressure adjustment mechanism may be, for example, an automatic pressure adjustment mechanism configured to automatically adjust the pressure within the system during use of the system to deliver gas to one or more subjects. Advantageously, an automatic pressure adjustment mechanism may allow for more precise adjustment of pressure than a manual pressure adjustment mechanism.

[0084] The pressure adjustment mechanism may be a hybrid pressure adjustment mechanism. The hybrid pressure adjustment mechanism may be configurable between a manual state and an automatic state. In the manual state, the hybrid pressure adjustment mechanism may allow a user to manually set a pressure for the system, for example, prior to use of the system to deliver gas to one or more subjects. In the automatic state, the hybrid pressure adjustment mechanism may automatically adjust the pressure in the system, for example, during use of the system to deliver gas to one or more subjects.

[0085] During use of the system to deliver gas to one or more subjects, the pressure adjustment mechanism can be configured to maintain pressure within the system, for example, within the intermediate module assembly, or within one or both of the first and second intermediate modules, within a predetermined pressure range. Advantageously, this can allow for greater control over gas flow rate through the system, thereby providing a more consistent delivery of gas to the subject.

[0086] The pressure regulation mechanism may be configured to maintain the pressure within a predetermined pressure range based on the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor.

[0087] The predetermined pressure range may be greater than atmospheric pressure. The predetermined pressure range may have an upper limit that is 50 or 30 Pascals or less than atmospheric pressure. The predetermined pressure range may have a lower limit that is 0 or 10 Pascals or more than atmospheric pressure. Thus, the predetermined pressure range may be 0 to 50, or 10 to 30 Pascals greater than atmospheric pressure. The pressures referred to in this paragraph refer to total pressure, not static or dynamic pressure. Advantageously, when the system is used to deliver an aerosol to one or more subjects, maintaining a pressure in the system greater than atmospheric pressure may provide a more spatially homogenous aerosol concentration throughout the system. Furthermore, the inventors have found that the particular pressure ranges described above may provide a spatially homogenous aerosol concentration throughout the system and allow for optimal gas delivery flow rates through the gas delivery outlet of the intermediate module.

[0088] The pressure adjustment mechanism may include a pressure adjustment component. The pressure adjustment component may define an opening. The pressure adjustment component may be movable during use of the system to deliver gas to one or more subjects, for example, to vary the size of the opening. Advantageously, this may provide a simple and reliable method for adjusting pressure within the system.

[0089] The pressure regulating component may be movable during use of the system to deliver gas to one or more subjects, for example, between a first position in which the opening has a first size and a second position in which the opening has a second size different from the first size.

[0090] The pressure regulating component may comprise a plurality of blades. The plurality of blades may define an opening defined by the pressure regulating component. At least one, e.g., each, of the plurality of blades may be movable during use of the system to deliver gas to one or more targets, e.g., to vary the size of the opening. For example, movement of the blade may move the pressure regulating component between a first position and a second position to vary the size of the opening between a first size and a second size. The gas flow path may extend through the opening. The gas outlet of the downstream module may include or be an opening. Advantageously, the pressure regulating component defining the opening and the opening being the gas outlet of the downstream module may provide a convenient method for regulating pressure within the system.

[0091] The plurality of blades may be arranged in an iris diaphragm arrangement. Each of the plurality of blades may be configured to move between a first blade position and a second blade position. When each of the plurality of blades is in the first blade position, the pressure adjustment component may be in a first position. When each of the plurality of blades is in the second blade position, the pressure adjustment component may be in a second position. Thus, movement of each of the blades from the first blade position to the second blade position may adjust the size of the opening from a first size to a second size.

[0092] In one or both of the first and second positions of the pressure regulating component, each blade of the plurality of blades may overlap at least one other blade of the plurality of blades. Each blade of the plurality of blades may overlap at least one other blade of the plurality of blades when each blade is in one or both of the first and second blade positions.

[0093] The first size of the opening may be smaller than the second size of the opening. The opening may have a center. Each of the plurality of blades may include a curved surface, e.g., a concave curved surface. The curved surfaces of the blades together may define the opening.

[0094] Each of the plurality of blades may be configured to move further in a radial direction, e.g., away from the center of the opening, to move the pressure regulating component from a first position to a second position. Each of the plurality of blades may be configured to move further in a radial direction, e.g., directly away from the center of the opening, to move from a first blade position to a second blade position.

[0095] Each of the plurality of blades may be configured to move from a second blade position to a first blade position, e.g., radially closer to a center of the opening. Each of the plurality of blades may be configured to move from a second position to a first position from the pressure regulating component, e.g., radially closer to a center of the opening.

[0096] Each of the plurality of blades may be configured to rotate to move the pressure regulating component between a first position and a second position. Each of the plurality of blades may be configured to rotate to move between a first blade position and a second blade position.

[0097] The pressure regulating component may be configured to move to a third position in which the opening is closed. The plurality of blades may be configured to move to the third blade position to move the pressure regulating component to the third position. Thus, the plurality of blades may be configured to move to the third blade position to close the opening. Advantageously, this may protect the system from ingress of contaminants or other debris when the system is not in use.

[0098] The pressure regulation components may be disassembled and reassembled. Advantageously, this may allow the pressure regulation components to be disassembled after an experiment, thoroughly cleaned, and then reassembled for the next experiment. Thoroughly cleaning the pressure regulation components reduces the chance of contamination of the system.

[0099] The pressure regulation component may be engageable and disengageable from the system, for example a downstream module. Advantageously, this may mean that the pressure regulation component can be replaced if damaged. Furthermore, this may make disassembly and reassembly of the pressure regulation component easier as it can be performed away from the rest of the system.

[0100] The pressure adjustment mechanism may include an iris diaphragm. An iris diaphragm may be referred to as a camera aperture orifice. Those skilled in the art will recognize how an iris diaphragm works. The pressure adjustment component may be or include an iris diaphragm. The iris diaphragm may define an opening. The iris diaphragm may include multiple blades. The blades of the iris diaphragm may be movable as described above. Advantageously, the iris diaphragm is easily disassembled and reassembled. This allows the iris diaphragm to be disassembled after an experiment, thoroughly cleaned, and then reassembled for the next experiment. Thoroughly cleaning the iris diaphragm may reduce the possibility of the system becoming contaminated.

[0101] The pressure adjustment component may include a first plate. The first plate may include a first aperture. The pressure adjustment component may include a second plate. The second plate may include a second aperture. The first plate may be in contact with the second plate. At one or more locations of the first and second plates, the first and second apertures may be partially or fully aligned to define an opening extending through the first and second plates.

[0102] The openings extending through the first plate and the second plate may be openings defined by the pressure regulating components described above. The gas flow passages may extend through the openings. The gas outlets of the downstream modules may include or be openings.

[0103] The first plate may be movable, e.g., one or more of translatable and rotatable, relative to the second plate. The first plate may be movable relative to the second plate during use of the system to deliver gas to one or more targets. The first plate may be movable relative to the second plate to vary the size of the openings. The first plate may be movable relative to the second plate between a first position in which the openings have a first size and a second position in which the openings have a second size different from the first size.

[0104] Advantageously, such pressure regulating components may provide a simple and reliable method for regulating pressure within a system. Moreover, such pressure regulating components may be relatively simple to disassemble for cleaning and reassemble for reuse. Moreover, such pressure regulating components may advantageously have relatively few moving parts and therefore may be less likely to malfunction than other, more complex pressure regulating components that have more moving parts.

[0105] The first plate may include a first plurality of apertures. The first plurality of apertures may include a first aperture. The second plate may include a second plurality of apertures. The second plurality of apertures may include a second aperture. At one or more locations of the first plate and the second plate, pairs of the plurality of apertures may be partially or fully aligned to define a plurality of apertures extending through the first plate and the second plate, each pair of apertures including an aperture of the first plurality of apertures and an aperture of the second plurality of apertures. As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this disclosure, features described in connection with the apertures of the pressure regulating component may be applicable to each aperture of the plurality of apertures described herein.

[0106] The first plate may be movable relative to the second plate to vary a size of each of the plurality of openings. The first plate may be movable relative to the second plate between a first position, in which each of the plurality of openings has a first size, and a second position, in which each of the plurality of openings has a second size different from the first size.

[0107] During use, for example, use of the system to deliver gas to one or more targets, one of the first plate and the second plate may be held stationary. During use, only one of the first plate and the second plate may move relative to one or more other components of the system. For example, during use, only one of the first plate and the second plate may move relative to one or more of the upstream module, the mid-module assembly, and the downstream module. During use, one of the first plate and the second plate may be fixed relative to one or more other components of the system. For example, during use, one of the first plate and the second plate may be fixed relative to one or more of the upstream module, the mid-module assembly, and the downstream module. Advantageously, by providing for relative movement between the first plate and the second plate with movement of only one of the first plate and the second plate, the number of moving parts of the pressure adjustment component may be minimized. This may mean that the pressure adjustment component is less likely to malfunction than other, more complex pressure adjustment components having more moving parts.

[0108] The pressure adjustment mechanism may include a processor. In use, the processor may receive input from a pressure sensor. In use, the processor may control the movement of the pressure adjustment component, for example to adjust the size of the opening. Advantageously, the processor may be used to automate the movement of the pressure adjustment component to adjust the pressure in the system, for example, during use of the system to deliver gas to one or more subjects. Furthermore, the processor receiving input from the pressure sensor may enable the processor to move the pressure adjustment component and receive real-time feedback on how the pressure in the system has changed as a result. This may allow for more precise control of the pressure in the system.

[0109] In use, the processor may use input from the pressure sensor to maintain the pressure within the system, for example within the intermediate module assembly, or within one or both of the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module, within a predetermined pressure range, for example within one of the predetermined pressure ranges discussed above.

[0110] In use, the processor may use input from the pressure sensor to control movement of pressure regulating components to maintain the pressure within the system, for example within the intermediate module assembly, or within one or both of the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module, within a predetermined pressure range, for example within one of the predetermined pressure ranges discussed above.

[0111] The system may include an exhaust unit. The exhaust unit may be engageable and disengageable from the system. The exhaust unit may be engageable and disengageable from the downstream module. In one or both of the first system configuration and the second configuration, the exhaust unit may be located downstream of the downstream module. The exhaust unit may be for providing or allowing a gas flow from the gas inlet to the gas outlet. In use, the exhaust unit may provide suction downstream of the gas outlet. This may provide or allow a gas flow from the gas inlet to the gas outlet. The exhaust unit may ensure that the gas from the gas inlet is eventually vented at the right location.

[0112] The system may include a spacer for spacing the exhaust unit from the downstream module, e.g., longitudinally. In one or both of the first system configuration and the second configuration, the spacer may engage with the downstream module and the exhaust unit may engage with the spacer. In one or both of the first system configuration and the second configuration, the spacer may engage with the downstream module and the exhaust unit may engage with the spacer such that the spacer spaces the exhaust unit from the downstream module.

[0113] The spacer may be substantially tubular. The spacer may comprise a substantially tubular body. The spacer, or the tubular body of the spacer, may comprise a first open end and a second open end. The first open end may be opposite the second open end. The spacer, or the tubular body of the spacer, may define an internal lumen, for example, from the first open end to the second open end. The spacer, or the tubular body of the spacer, or the internal lumen of the spacer may define a longitudinal flow path, for example, from the first open end to the second open end. The longitudinal flow path may be located within the substantially tubular body. In one or both of the first system configuration and the second configuration, the spacer may be engaged with the downstream module, and the exhaust unit may be engaged with the spacer such that air flows from the middle module assembly through the internal lumen or the longitudinal flow path.

[0114] The spacer may include one or more apertures. The one or more apertures may extend radially. The one or more apertures may extend radially through the substantially tubular body. The one or more apertures may extend from the exterior of the spacer, or from the substantially tubular body, to an interior lumen or longitudinal flow passage. The one or more apertures may extend longitudinally at least 2, 5, 10, 20, or 50 millimeters. The one or more apertures may extend longitudinally no more than 200, 150, 100, or 75 millimeters.

[0115] In one or both of the first and second system configurations, the spacer may engage with the downstream module and the exhaust unit may engage with the spacer such that the exhaust unit is configured to draw air from the atmosphere through one or more openings while allowing air from the gas inlet to flow through the system. The air drawn from the atmosphere may be different from the air flowing through the system, e.g., the intermediate module assembly. That is, these may be two separate flow paths. These flow paths may merge in the spacer or the substantially tubular body. Advantageously, the exhaust unit may allow the pressure in the system, e.g., the pressure in the intermediate module assembly, to remain stable even when the exhaust pressure fluctuates.

[0116] The spacer may be configured to space the exhaust unit from the downstream module by at least 2, 5, 10, 20, or 50 millimeters. For example, in an operational configuration, such as one or both of the first system configuration and the second system configuration, the spacer may space the exhaust unit from the downstream module by at least 2, 5, 10, 20, or 50 millimeters.

[0117] The spacer may be configured to space the exhaust unit from the downstream module by no more than 200, 150, 100, 75, or 50 millimeters. For example, in an operational configuration, such as one or both of the first system configuration and the second system configuration, the spacer may space the exhaust unit from the downstream module by no more than 200, 150, 100, 75, or 50 millimeters.

[0118] The inventors have found that the above spacing and length of the at least one opening is particularly advantageous when used as part of a gas delivery system. This is because if the spacing or length is too large, gas from the gas delivery system, for example from an upstream module or an intermediate module assembly of the system, may leak out of the at least one opening during use. However, if the spacing is too small, the exhaust pressure applied by the exhaust unit may have more of an effect on the pressure in the gas delivery system, for example in the intermediate module, than is desired. That is, if the spacing is too small, the pressure in the gas delivery system, for example in the intermediate module, may not remain stable when the exhaust pressure fluctuates.

[0119] Each intratracheal or nasal delivery component may include or be engaged with a sampler for sampling gas or aerosol delivered through the intratracheal or nasal delivery component, which may advantageously provide an accurate estimation of the dose of a particular substance delivered to a subject through the delivery component.

[0120] One or more, for example each, gas delivery outlet or gas delivery outlet structure may comprise or be engaged with a sampler for sampling the gas or aerosol delivered through the gas delivery outlet, which may advantageously provide an accurate estimation of the dose of a particular substance delivered to a subject through the gas delivery outlet.

[0121] A system, e.g., an upstream module, may include or engage an upstream sampler for sampling gases or aerosols flowing through or near the upstream module. A system, e.g., a downstream module, may include or engage a downstream sampler for sampling gases or aerosols flowing through or near the downstream module. It may be particularly advantageous for a system to include both an upstream sampler and a downstream sampler, as this may be used to determine whether the concentration of a particular substance, e.g., aerosol concentration, is homogenous over the length of the system.

[0122] The intermediate module assembly may include a first intermediate module and one or more additional intermediate modules. The intermediate module assembly may include at least one, two, three, four, or five intermediate modules in addition to the first intermediate module. One of these additional intermediate modules may be a second intermediate module.

[0123] Features described in relation to the first intermediate module may be applicable to the second intermediate module, or any other intermediate module, of the intermediate module assembly.

[0124] Features described in relation to the second intermediate module may be applicable to the first intermediate module, or any other intermediate module of the intermediate module assembly.

[0125] Each intermediate module of the intermediate module assembly may be engagable and disengageable with every other intermediate module of the intermediate module assembly.

[0126] Each middle module of the middle module assembly may be engageable and disengageable with the upstream module.

[0127] Each middle module of the middle module assembly may be engageable and disengageable with the downstream module.

[0128] Each intermediate module of an intermediate module assembly may be structurally identical to every other intermediate module. Each intermediate module may be structurally identical to every other intermediate module such that the intermediate modules may be used interchangeably. Advantageously, this may allow any intermediate module to be used in place of another intermediate module, for example, if any intermediate module is damaged.

[0129] At least one intermediate module of the intermediate module assembly may be for intratracheal delivery of gas to a first subject, and the intermediate module may include, be engageable with, or engage an intratracheal delivery component for intratracheal delivery of gas to the first subject.

[0130] At least one intermediate module of the intermediate module assembly may be for nasal delivery of gas to the second subject. The intermediate module may comprise or be engagable with a nasal delivery component for nasal delivery of gas to the second subject.

[0131] Advantageously, where a system includes an intermediate module for endotracheal delivery and an intermediate module for nasal delivery, the system may be capable of simultaneously delivering gas to a first subject by endotracheal delivery and to a second subject by nasal delivery. Advantageously, this may allow for a fairer study to compare endotracheal and nasal delivery, since other variables, such as the concentration of a particular agent in the delivered gas stream, may be more constant in a single study allowing for both types of delivery than across two studies allowing for only one type of delivery in each study.

[0132] There is also provided a method of using or assembling a system as described above, for example a system according to the second aspect. The method may include engaging an upstream module with a middle module assembly. The method may include engaging a downstream module with a middle module assembly. The method may include engaging an upstream module and a downstream module with a middle module assembly such that the upstream module is upstream of the middle module assembly and engages with the middle module assembly. The method may include engaging an upstream module and a downstream module with a middle module assembly such that the middle module assembly is upstream of the downstream module and engages with the downstream module. The method may include engaging an upstream module and a downstream module with a middle module assembly such that a gas flow path is formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a gas outlet of the downstream module. The method may include engaging an upstream module and a downstream module with a middle module assembly such that a first gas delivery flow path is formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a first gas delivery outlet of the first middle module.

[0133] Thus, according to a third aspect of the present disclosure, there is provided a method of using or assembling a system as described above, for example a system according to the second aspect, the method comprising engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the intermediate module assembly such that an upstream module is upstream of and engaged with the intermediate module assembly, the intermediate module assembly is upstream of and engaged with the downstream module, a gas flow path is formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a gas outlet of the downstream module, and a first gas delivery flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream module to a first gas delivery outlet of the first intermediate module.

[0134] The method may include or be a method of assembling a system into a first system configuration or a second system configuration.

[0135] Engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the middle module assembly may include engaging an upstream end of the middle module assembly with the upstream module, for example, a downstream end of the upstream module.

[0136] Engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the middle module assembly may include engaging a downstream end of the middle module assembly with the downstream module, for example an upstream end of the downstream module.

[0137] Engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the middle module assembly can include engaging a first middle module, e.g., an upstream end of the first middle module, with an upstream module, e.g., a downstream end of the upstream module.

[0138] Engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the middle module assembly can include engaging a first middle module, e.g., a downstream end of the first middle module, with a downstream module, e.g., an upstream end of the downstream module.

[0139] The intermediate module assembly may include a second intermediate module, as described above. In this case, engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the intermediate module assembly may include engaging the first intermediate module, e.g., an upstream end of the first intermediate module, with the upstream module, e.g., a downstream end of the upstream module. Also in this case, engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the intermediate module assembly may include engaging the second intermediate module, e.g., an upstream end of the second intermediate module, with the first intermediate module, e.g., a downstream end of the first intermediate module. Also in this case, engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the intermediate module assembly may include engaging the second intermediate module, e.g., a downstream end of the second intermediate module, with the downstream module, e.g., an upstream end of the downstream module.

[0140] The intermediate module assembly may include a first intermediate module, one or more additional intermediate modules, and a final intermediate module. Engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the intermediate module assembly may include engaging a first intermediate module, e.g., an upstream end of the first intermediate module, with an upstream module, e.g., a downstream end of the upstream module.

[0141] Engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the intermediate module assembly may include engaging each of the one or more additional intermediate modules with its immediately upstream module until the most downstream module of the one or more additional intermediate modules is engaged with its immediately upstream module.

[0142] Engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the intermediate module assembly may include engaging a final intermediate module, e.g., the upstream end of the final intermediate module, with a most downstream module of one or more additional intermediate modules, e.g., the downstream end of the most downstream module of one or more additional intermediate modules.

[0143] Engaging the upstream and downstream modules with the intermediate module assembly can include engaging a final intermediate module, e.g., a downstream end of the final intermediate module, with a downstream module, e.g., an upstream end of the downstream module.

[0144] Engaging each of the one or more additional intermediate modules with its immediately upstream module may then include engaging an upstream end of each of the one or more additional intermediate modules with its immediately upstream module, e.g., a downstream end of the immediately upstream module.

[0145] The method can include attaching a first delivery component, e.g., a first intratracheal or a first nasal delivery component, to a first gas delivery outlet. The method can also include engaging a first subject, e.g., a first non-human animal, with the first delivery component.

[0146] The intermediate module assembly may include a second intermediate module. The method may include attaching a second delivery component, e.g., a second intratracheal or second nasal delivery component, to the second gas delivery outlet. The method may include engaging a second subject, e.g., a second non-human animal, with the second delivery component.

[0147] Advantageously, the method may involve assembling a system capable of simultaneously delivering gas to at least one subject by intratracheal delivery and to at least one other subject by intranasal delivery.

[0148] The upstream module may include a first inlet port for introducing a first substance into the gas flow from the gas inlet. The method may include engaging a source of the first substance with the first inlet port. The upstream module may include a second inlet port for introducing a second substance into the gas flow from the gas inlet. The method may include engaging a source of the second substance with the second inlet port.

[0149] The system may include an exhaust unit. The method may include engaging the exhaust unit with the downstream module.

[0150] The system may include a spacer. The method may include engaging the spacer with the downstream module. The method may include engaging the exhaust unit with the spacer.

[0151] The method may include providing a gas flow along a gas flow path.The method may include providing a first delivery gas flow along a first delivery gas flow path.

[0152] The method may include providing a gas flow through the gas inlet at a predetermined pressure. The method may include providing a gas flow through the gas inlet at a pressure above atmospheric pressure, for example at a pressure that is at least 10 Pascals or 30 Pascals above atmospheric pressure, and at least one or both of 50 Pascals or 30 Pascals above atmospheric pressure. The pressure may be 0 to 50, for example 10 to 30 Pascals above atmospheric pressure. The pressure may drive the gas flow through the system. That is, the pressure may drive one or more of the gas flow along the gas flow path, the first delivery gas flow along the first delivery gas flow path, and the second delivery gas flow along the second delivery gas flow path.

[0153] The method may include operating an exhaust unit to provide or allow a flow of gas along the gas flow path.The method may include operating an exhaust unit to provide or allow a flow of a first delivery gas along a first delivery gas flow path.

[0154] The method may include, for example, introducing anaesthetic gas into the gas flow from a gas inlet through a first inlet port or a second inlet port.

[0155] The method may include introducing a substance into a gas stream from a gas inlet, for example through a first inlet port or a second inlet port, to form an aerosol.

[0156] The method may include determining the pressure within the system, for example, using a pressure sensor as described above.

[0157] The method may include regulating the pressure in the system, for example, using a pressure regulation mechanism as described above. The method may include automatically regulating the pressure in the system, for example, to keep the pressure within a predetermined pressure range, as described above.

[0158] The method may include automatically adjusting pressure in the system based on feedback from the pressure sensor.The method may include maintaining pressure in the system within a predetermined range.The method may include automatically maintaining pressure in the system within a predetermined range based on feedback from the pressure sensor.

[0159] As mentioned above, the system may comprise a pressure adjustment mechanism for adjusting the pressure within the system. Thus, according to a fourth aspect, there is provided a gas delivery system for delivering gas to at least one subject, the system comprising an upstream portion comprising a gas inlet, a downstream portion comprising a gas outlet, and an intermediate portion comprising a first gas delivery outlet. The upstream portion is upstream of the intermediate portion, and the intermediate portion is upstream of the downstream portion. A gas flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream portion to the gas outlet of the downstream portion. The first gas delivery flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream portion to the first gas delivery outlet of the intermediate portion. The system comprises a pressure adjustment mechanism for adjusting the pressure within the system.

[0160] Advantageously, the system according to the fourth aspect may allow the system operator to adjust the pressure within the system, which may enable the system operator to have better control over the gas flow rate through the system.

[0161] All the features described above in relation to the pressure regulation mechanism may be applicable to the pressure regulation mechanism of the fourth aspect.

[0162] Features described in relation to the downstream or upstream modules of the second aspect may be equally applicable to the downstream or upstream portions, respectively, of the first or fourth aspects. Similarly, features described in relation to the middle module assembly, or one or more of the middle modules of the second aspect, may be equally applicable to the middle portions of the first or fourth aspects.

[0163] Features described in relation to a system, for example the system of the first, second or fourth aspect, may be applicable to a method as described herein, for example the method of the third aspect.

[0164] Features described in relation to any intermediate module may be applicable to any other intermediate module.

[0165] Features described in relation to a gas delivery outlet, e.g., a first gas delivery outlet, may be applicable to any or all of the other gas delivery outlets, e.g., a first additional gas delivery outlet, a second gas delivery outlet, and a second additional gas delivery outlet.

[0166] As used herein, the term "engage" may be used to mean "directly engage." Engaged components may be connected or attached to one another. Engaged components may contact one another. Engagement of two components may not require an additional component, such as an adapter or engagement means, separate from the engaged components.

[0167] As used herein, the term "longitudinal" may refer to a direction extending from an upstream end of a component to a downstream end of the component. Thus, with reference to an intermediate module, the term "longitudinal" may refer to a direction extending from an upstream end of the module to a downstream end of the module. Also, with respect to a system, the term "longitudinal" may refer to a direction extending from an upstream module to a downstream module, e.g., from the upstream end of the upstream module to the downstream end of the downstream module.

[0168] The present invention is defined in the claims. However, below is provided a non-exhaustive list of non-limiting examples. Any one or more of the features of these examples may be combined with any one or more features of any other example, embodiment, or aspect described herein.

[0169] The embodiments will now be further described with reference to the following figures: [Brief description of the drawings]

[0170] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 shows a first gas delivery system. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 shows a second gas delivery system. [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 shows a third gas delivery system. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 shows a fourth gas delivery system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0171] Example 1. 1. A modular gas delivery system for delivering gas to at least one subject, the system comprising: an upstream module having a gas inlet; a downstream module having a gas outlet; an intermediate module assembly comprising a first intermediate module, the first intermediate module comprising a first gas delivery outlet; an intermediate module assembly comprising: a first module that is engageable with and disengageable from an upstream module; a downstream module engageable with and disengageable from the downstream module; the upstream module, the downstream module, and the middle module assembly are configured to be assembled into a first system configuration; an upstream module upstream of and engaged with the intermediate module assembly; an intermediate module assembly upstream of and engaged with the downstream module; A gas flow path is formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a gas outlet of the downstream module; A modular gas delivery system, wherein a first gas delivery flow path is formed from a gas inlet of an upstream module to a first gas delivery outlet of a first middle module. Example 2. The system of example 1, wherein the system is for delivering gas to multiple subjects simultaneously. Example 3. The system of any of Examples 1-2, wherein the system is for delivering gas to at least one non-human animal. Example 4. The system of any of Examples 1-3, wherein the system is for delivering gas to multiple non-human animals simultaneously. Example 5. The system of any of Examples 1-4, wherein in a first system configuration, the gas flow path extends through the first intermediate module. Example 6. The system of any of Examples 1-5, wherein in a first system configuration, the gas flow path extends through the middle module assembly. Example 7. The system according to any one of the first to sixth embodiments, wherein in a first system configuration, the upstream module, the first middle module, and the downstream module are aligned, for example, longitudinally. Example 8. The system of any of Examples 1-7, wherein in a first system configuration, the upstream module, the middle module assembly, and the downstream module are aligned, for example, longitudinally. Example 9. The system of any of Examples 1-8, wherein the intermediate module assembly comprises a second intermediate module. Example 10. The system of example 9, wherein the second intermediate module comprises a second gas delivery outlet. Example 11. The system of example 9 or example 10, wherein the second intermediate module is engageable with and disengageable from the first intermediate module. Example 12. The system of any of Examples 9-11, wherein the second intermediate module is engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module. Example 13. The system of any of Examples 9 to 12, wherein the second intermediate module is engageable with and disengageable from the downstream module. Example 14. A system described in any of Examples 9 to 13, wherein the second intermediate module is structurally identical to the first intermediate module such that the second intermediate module and the first intermediate module are interchangeable within the system. Example 15. the upstream module, the downstream module, and the middle module assembly are configured to be assembled into a second system configuration; an upstream module upstream of and engaged with the intermediate module assembly; The system of any one of Examples 9 to 14, wherein the intermediate module assembly is upstream of and engages the downstream module. Example 16. 16. The system of example 15, wherein in a second system configuration, the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module are arranged in series. Example 17. The system of example 15 or example 16, wherein in the second system configuration, the upstream module is upstream of and engages with the first intermediate module. Example 18. The system of any of Examples 15-17, wherein in the second system configuration, the first intermediate module is upstream of and engaged with the second intermediate module. Example 19. The system of any of Examples 15 to 18, wherein in the second system configuration, the second intermediate module is upstream of and engages the downstream module. Example 20. 16. The system of example 15, wherein in a second system configuration, the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module are arranged in parallel. Example 21. The system of example 15 or example 20, wherein in the second system configuration, the upstream module is upstream of and engaged with the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module. Example 22. A system described in any one of Examples 15, 20, or 21, wherein in a second system configuration, the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module are upstream of and engaged with the downstream module. Example 23. In the second system configuration, the gas flow path is formed from the gas inlet to the gas outlet. Example 24. The system of any of Examples 9-23, wherein in a second system configuration, a first gas delivery passage is formed from a gas inlet to a first gas delivery outlet. Example 25. The system of any of Examples 9-24, wherein in the second system configuration, a second gas delivery passage is formed from the gas inlet to a second gas delivery outlet. Example 26. In a second system configuration, the system of Example 23 or any of Examples 24-25 when dependent from Example 23, wherein the gas flow path extends through the first intermediate module. Example 27. In a second system configuration, the system of example 23 or any of examples 24-26 when dependent from example 23, wherein the gas flow path extends through the second intermediate module. Example 28. In a second system configuration, the system of example 23 or any of examples 24-27 when dependent on example 23, wherein the gas flow path extends through the middle module assembly. Example 29. In a second system configuration, a system described in Example 25, or any of Examples 26 to 28 when dependent on Example 25, wherein the second gas delivery passage extends through the first intermediate module. Example 30. In the second system configuration, the upstream module, the first middle module, the second middle module, and the downstream module are aligned, for example, in the longitudinal direction. The system according to any one of Examples 9 to 29. Example 31. The system of any of Examples 9 to 30, wherein in a second system configuration, the upstream module, the middle module assembly, and the downstream module are aligned, for example, longitudinally. Example 32. In a second system configuration, a system described in Example 10, or any of Examples 11 to 31 when subordinate to Example 31, wherein the first gas delivery outlet is aligned with the second gas delivery outlet, e.g., longitudinally. Example 33. In a second system configuration, a system described in Example 10, or any of Examples 11 to 32 when dependent on Example 31, wherein the first gas delivery outlet is spaced at least 100, 150, or 200 millimeters from the second gas delivery outlet. Example 34. In a second system configuration, the first gas delivery outlet is spaced less than 1,000, 750, 500, or 300 millimeters from the second gas delivery outlet, or a system described in any of Examples 11 to 33 when dependent on Example 10 or Example 31. Example 35. The system of any of Examples 1-34, wherein the system is configured to deliver gas to the subject by intratracheal delivery. Example 36. The system of any of Examples 1-35, wherein the system is configured to deliver gas to the second subject by intranasal delivery. Example 37. The system of any of Examples 1-36, wherein the system is configured to simultaneously deliver gas to a first subject by intratracheal delivery and to a second subject by intranasal delivery. Example 38. A system described in Example 10, or any of Examples 11 to 37 when dependent on Example 31, wherein the system comprises an endotracheal delivery component and a nasal delivery component, the endotracheal delivery component being engageable with and disengageable from one of the first gas delivery outlet and the second gas delivery outlet to enable delivery of gas to the first subject via endotracheal delivery, and the nasal delivery component being engageable with and disengageable from the other of the first gas delivery outlet and the second gas delivery outlet to enable delivery of gas to the second subject via nasal delivery. Example 39. The system of any of Examples 1-38, wherein the first intermediate module comprises a first additional gas delivery outlet. Example 40. 40. The system of example 39, wherein the first additional gas delivery outlet is longitudinally aligned with the first gas delivery outlet. Example 41. A system described in any of Examples 39 to 40, wherein the first additional gas delivery outlet is spaced at least 100, 150, or 200 millimeters from the first gas delivery outlet. Example 42. A system described in any of Examples 39 to 41, wherein the first additional gas delivery outlet is spaced less than 1,000, 750, 500, or 300 millimeters from the first gas delivery outlet. Example 43. The system of any of Examples 1-42, wherein the first intermediate module comprises a body defined at least in part by an outer wall, the body defining an internal lumen. Example 44. The system of Example 43, wherein the first intermediate module comprises a first gas delivery outlet structure upstream of the first gas delivery outlet, the first gas delivery outlet structure protruding outward from an outer wall of the first intermediate module. Example 45. The system of example 43 or example 44, wherein the internal lumen defined by the body extends in a longitudinal direction. Example 46. A system described in any of Examples 44 to 45, wherein the first gas delivery outlet structure protrudes from the outer wall toward the first gas delivery outlet structure. Example 47. A system described in any of Examples 44 to 46, wherein the longitudinal axis direction and the first gas delivery outlet structure direction are non-parallel. Example 48. A system described in any of Examples 44 to 47, wherein the angle between the longitudinal axis direction and the first gas delivery outlet structure direction is at least 15 degrees or 30 degrees. Example 49. A system described in any of Examples 44 to 48, wherein the angle between the longitudinal axis direction and the first gas delivery outlet structure direction is 90 degrees or less than 75 degrees. Example 50. A system described in any of Examples 48 to 49, wherein the angle is measured between the first gas delivery outlet and a point within the gas flow path and within the internal lumen located downstream of the inlet region of the first gas delivery outlet structure. Example 51. The system of any of Examples 1-50, wherein at least a portion of the first intermediate module is transparent or translucent. Example 52. A system described in Example 43 or any of Examples 43 to 51 when dependent on Example 43, wherein at least a portion of the body of the first intermediate module is transparent or translucent. Example 53. The system of any of Examples 1-52, wherein at least a portion of the first intermediate module is formed from glass. Example 54. The system of Example 43 or any of Examples 43 to 53 when dependent on Example 43, wherein at least a portion of the body of the first intermediate module is formed from glass. Example 55. The system of any of Examples 1-54, wherein the upstream module comprises a first inlet port for introducing a first substance into the gas stream from the gas inlet. Example 56. The system of any of Examples 1-55, wherein the upstream module comprises a second inlet port for introducing a second substance into the gas stream through the gas inlet. Example 57. The system of any one of Examples 1 to 56, wherein the system includes a pressure sensor, such as a manometer, for determining pressure within the system. Example 58. The system of Example 57, wherein the downstream module comprises a pressure sensor. Example 59. The system of example 57 or example 58, wherein the pressure sensor comprises or is a pressure gauge, such as a manometer, for determining and displaying pressure within the system. Example 60. A system described in any of Examples 1 to 59, wherein the system is provided with a pressure adjustment mechanism for adjusting pressure within the system, for example during use of the system to deliver gas to at least one subject. Example 61. The system of Example 60, wherein the downstream module is equipped with a pressure adjustment mechanism. Example 62. A system described in Example 60 or Example 61, wherein the pressure adjustment mechanism is a manual pressure adjustment mechanism configured to allow a user to manually adjust the pressure within the system during use. Example 63. A system described in any of Examples 60 to 62, wherein the pressure adjustment mechanism is an automatic pressure adjustment mechanism configured to automatically adjust the pressure of the system during use. Example 64. A system described in any of Examples 60 to 63, wherein, during use, the pressure adjustment mechanism is configured to maintain pressure within the system, e.g., pressure within the intermediate module assembly or within the first intermediate module, within a predetermined pressure range. Example 65. A system described in any of Examples 60 to 64, wherein, during use, the pressure adjustment mechanism is configured to maintain the pressure within the system, e.g., the pressure within the intermediate module assembly or the first intermediate module, within a predetermined pressure range based on the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor. Example 66. A system described in any of Examples 60 to 65, wherein the pressure adjustment mechanism includes a pressure adjustment component. Example 67. The system of example 66, wherein the pressure regulating component defines an opening. Example 68. A system described in any of Examples 66 to 67, wherein the pressure adjustment component is movable during use of the system to deliver gas to at least one subject, for example to change the size of the opening. Example 69. The system described in Example 68, wherein the pressure adjustment component is movable during use of the system to deliver gas to at least one subject, e.g., between a first position in which the opening has a first size and a second position in which the opening has a second size different from the first size. Example 70. A system described in any of Examples 60 to 69, wherein the pressure regulating component comprises a plurality of blades. Example 71. The system of Example 70, wherein at least one of the plurality of blades is movable during use of the system to deliver gas to at least one subject, for example to change the size of the opening. Example 72. A system described in any one of Examples 60 to 71, wherein the gas flow path extends through the opening. Example 73. A system described in any of Examples 60 to 72, wherein the gas outlet of the downstream module comprises or is an opening defined by a pressure regulating component. Example 74. The system described in any one of Examples 60 to 73, wherein the pressure adjustment mechanism includes an iris diaphragm. Example 75. The system of example 74, wherein the pressure regulating component is or comprises an iris diaphragm. Example 76. A system described in any one of Examples 60 to 75, wherein the pressure adjustment mechanism is equipped with a processor. Example 77. The system described in Example 76, when dependent on any of Examples 57 to 59, wherein, in use, the processor receives input from a pressure sensor. Example 78. A system as described in example 76 or example 77, wherein, in use, the processor controls the movement of the pressure regulating component. Example 79. A system as described in Example 77, wherein, in use, the processor uses input from the pressure sensor to maintain pressure within the system, for example within the intermediate module assembly or the first intermediate module, within a predetermined pressure range. Example 80. The system of Example 77, wherein, in use, the processor uses input from the pressure sensor to control movement of a pressure regulating component to maintain pressure within the system, for example within the intermediate module assembly or the first intermediate module, within a predetermined pressure range. Example 81. A system described in Example 66 or any of Examples 66 to 80 when dependent on Example 66, wherein the pressure regulating component is engageable and disengageable with the system, e.g., a downstream module. Example 82. A system described in Example 66 or any of Examples 66 to 80 when dependent on Example 66, wherein the pressure regulating component is disassembled and reassembled. Example 83. The system of any of Examples 1-82, wherein the system includes an exhaust unit for providing or allowing gas flow from the gas inlet to the gas outlet. Example 84. The system of example 83, wherein the system includes a spacer to space the exhaust unit from the downstream module. Example 85. A system described in any of Examples 1 to 84, wherein the system includes a spacer and an exhaust unit, and in one or both of the first system configuration and the second configuration, the spacer engages with the downstream module and the exhaust unit engages with the spacer such that the spacer spaces the exhaust unit from the downstream module. Example 86. The system of any of Examples 1-85, wherein the intermediate module assembly comprises a first intermediate module and one, two, three, four, or more additional intermediate modules. Example 87. The system of any of Examples 1-86, wherein each intermediate module of the intermediate module assembly is engageable with and disengageable from every other intermediate module of the intermediate module assembly. Example 88. The system of any of Examples 1-87, wherein each intermediate module of the intermediate module assembly is engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module. Example 89. The system of any of Examples 1-88, wherein each intermediate module of the intermediate module assembly is engageable with and disengageable from a downstream module. Example 90. A system described in any of Examples 1 to 89, wherein at least one intermediate module of the intermediate module assembly is for intratracheal delivery of gas to a subject. Example 91. A system described in any of Examples 1 to 90, wherein at least one intermediate module of the intermediate module assembly is for intranasal delivery of gas to a subject. Example 92. The method is an upstream module upstream of and engaged with the intermediate module assembly; an intermediate module assembly upstream of and engaged with the downstream module; A gas flow path is formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a gas outlet of the downstream module; A method of using a system described in any of Examples 1-91, comprising engaging the upstream module and the downstream module with an intermediate module assembly such that a first gas delivery flow path is formed from a gas inlet of the upstream module to a first gas delivery outlet of the first intermediate module. Example 93. engaging the upstream module and the downstream module with the middle module assembly; Engaging an upstream end of the intermediate module assembly with an upstream module, e.g., a downstream end of the upstream module; 93. The method of example 92, comprising engaging a downstream end of the intermediate module assembly with a downstream module, e.g., an upstream end of the downstream module. Example 94. engaging the upstream module and the downstream module with the middle module assembly; engaging a first intermediate module, e.g., an upstream end of the first intermediate module, with an upstream module, e.g., a downstream end of the upstream module; The method of example 92 or example 93, comprising engaging a first intermediate module, e.g., a downstream end of the first intermediate module, with a downstream module, e.g., an upstream end of the downstream module. Example 95. the intermediate module assembly includes a second intermediate module, and engaging the upstream module and the downstream module with the intermediate module assembly; engaging a first intermediate module, e.g., an upstream end of the first intermediate module, with an upstream module, e.g., a downstream end of the upstream module; engaging a second intermediate module, e.g., an upstream end of the second intermediate module, with a first intermediate module, e.g., a downstream end of the first intermediate module; Engaging a second intermediate module, e.g., a downstream end of the second intermediate module, with a downstream module, e.g., an upstream end of the downstream module. Example 96. the intermediate module assembly includes a first intermediate module, one or more additional intermediate modules, and a final intermediate module, and engaging the upstream module and the downstream module with the intermediate module assembly includes: engaging a first intermediate module, e.g., an upstream end of the first intermediate module, with an upstream module, e.g., a downstream end of the upstream module; engaging each of the one or more additional intermediate modules with its immediately upstream module until a most downstream module of the one or more additional intermediate modules engages with its immediately upstream module; engaging a final intermediate module, e.g., an upstream end of the final intermediate module, with a most downstream module of the one or more additional intermediate modules, e.g., a downstream end of a most downstream module of the one or more additional intermediate modules; The method of any of method embodiments 1-95, comprising engaging a final intermediate module, e.g., a downstream end of a final intermediate module, with a downstream module, e.g., an upstream end of a downstream module. Example 97. The method of example 96, wherein engaging each of the one or more additional intermediate modules with its immediately upstream module then includes engaging an upstream end of each of the one or more additional intermediate modules with its immediately upstream module, e.g., a downstream end of the immediately upstream module. Example 98. The method of any of method examples 1-97, wherein the method includes attaching a first delivery component, e.g., a first intratracheal or a first nasal delivery component, to a first gas delivery outlet. Example 99. The method of Example 98, wherein the method comprises engaging a first non-human animal with a first delivery component. Example 100. The method of any of method examples 1-99, wherein the intermediate module assembly includes a second intermediate module having a second gas delivery outlet, and the method includes attaching a second delivery component, e.g., a second intratracheal or a second nasal delivery component, to the second gas delivery outlet. Example 101. The method of Example 100, wherein the method comprises engaging a second non-human animal with a second delivery component, such as a second intratracheal or a second intranasal delivery component. Example 102. The method of any of method embodiments 1-101, wherein the upstream module comprises a first inlet port for introducing a first substance into the gas stream from the gas inlet, the method comprising engaging a source of the first substance with the first inlet port. Example 103. The method of any of method embodiments 1-102, wherein the upstream module comprises a second inlet port for introducing a second substance into the gas stream from the gas inlet, the method comprising engaging a source of the second substance with the second inlet port. Example 104. The method of any one of method embodiments 1-103, the method comprising engaging an exhaust unit with the downstream module. Example 105. The method of any of Method Examples 1-104, wherein the method comprises providing a gas flow along the gas flow path. Example 106. The method of any of method embodiments 1-105, wherein the method comprises providing a first delivery gas flow along a first delivery gas flow path. Example 107. The method of any of method embodiments 1-106, the method including engaging an exhaust unit with the downstream module and operating the exhaust unit to provide a gas flow along the gas flow path. Example 108. The method of any of method embodiments 1-107, wherein the method includes engaging an exhaust unit with the downstream module and operating the exhaust unit to provide a first delivery gas flow along the first delivery gas flow path. Example 109. The method of any of method examples 1-108, wherein the method includes introducing anesthesia gas into the gas flow from a gas inlet, for example, through the first inlet port or the second inlet port. Example 110. The method of any of Method Examples 1-109, wherein the method comprises introducing a substance into the gas stream from a gas inlet, e.g., through the first inlet port or the second inlet port, to form an aerosol. Example 111. The method of any one of method embodiments 1-110, wherein the method includes determining a pressure in the system. Example 112. The method of any one of method embodiments 1-111, wherein the method comprises adjusting the pressure in the system. Example 113. The method of any one of method embodiments 1-112, wherein the method includes automatically adjusting the pressure in the system. Example 114. The method of any of method embodiments 1-113, wherein the method includes automatically adjusting the pressure in the system based on feedback from a pressure sensor for measuring the pressure in the system. Example 115. The method of any one of method embodiments 1-114, wherein the method comprises maintaining a pressure in the system within a predetermined range. Example 116. The method of any of method embodiments 1-115, wherein the method includes maintaining the pressure in the system within a predetermined range automatically based on feedback from a pressure sensor for measuring the pressure in the system. Example 117. 1. A gas delivery system for delivering gas to at least one subject, the system comprising: an upstream portion comprising a gas inlet; a downstream portion comprising a gas outlet; a middle portion comprising a first gas delivery outlet; the upstream portion is upstream of the intermediate portion, and the intermediate portion is upstream of the downstream portion; And, A gas flow path is formed from a gas inlet in the upstream portion to a gas outlet in the downstream portion; A gas delivery system, wherein a first gas delivery flow path is formed from a gas inlet in the upstream section to a first gas delivery outlet in the intermediate section. Example 118. The system described in Example 117, wherein the system is for delivering gas to multiple subjects simultaneously. Example 119. The system described in any one of Examples 117 to 118, wherein the system is for delivering gas to at least one non-human animal. Example 120. The system described in any one of Examples 117 to 119, wherein the system is for delivering gas to multiple non-human animals simultaneously. Example 121. A system described in any one of Examples 117 to 120, wherein the system is provided with a pressure adjustment mechanism for adjusting the pressure within the system. Example 122. The system of Example 121, wherein the downstream portion is equipped with a pressure adjustment mechanism. Example 123. A system described in any of Examples 117 to 118, wherein the system is equipped with a pressure sensor for determining the pressure within the system, such as a manometer. Example 124. The system of Example 123, wherein the downstream portion comprises a pressure sensor. Example 125. A system described in any of Examples 123 to 124, wherein the pressure sensor comprises or is a pressure gauge such as a manometer for determining and displaying pressure within the system. Example 126. A system described in any of Examples 121 to 125, wherein the pressure adjustment mechanism is configured to adjust the pressure within the system during use of the system to deliver gas to at least one target. Example 127. A system described in any of Examples 121 to 126, wherein the pressure adjustment mechanism is a manual pressure adjustment mechanism configured to allow a user to manually adjust the pressure of the system during use. Example 128. A system described in any of Examples 121 to 127, wherein the pressure adjustment mechanism is an automatic pressure adjustment mechanism configured to automatically adjust the pressure of the system during use. Example 129. A system described in any of Examples 121 to 128, wherein, during use, the pressure adjustment mechanism is configured to maintain pressure within the system, such as pressure within the intermediate portion, within a predetermined pressure range. Example 130. A system described in any of Examples 123 to 129, when subject to Example 121 or Example 122, wherein, in use, the pressure adjustment mechanism is configured to maintain the pressure within the system, e.g., the pressure within the intermediate portion, within a predetermined pressure range based on the pressure sensed by the pressure sensor. Example 131. A system described in any of Examples 121 to 130, wherein the pressure adjustment mechanism includes a pressure adjustment component that defines an opening. Example 132. The system described in Example 131, wherein the pressure adjustment component is movable during use of the system for delivering gas to at least one subject, for example to change the size of the opening. Example 133. A system as described in Example 131 or Example 132, wherein the pressure adjustment component is movable, for example, during use of the system to deliver gas to multiple non-human animals simultaneously, between a first position in which the openings have a first size and a second position in which the openings have a second size different from the first size. Example 134. A system described in any one of Examples 131 to 133, wherein the pressure regulating component comprises a plurality of blades. Example 135. The system of Example 134, wherein at least one of the plurality of blades is movable during use of the system for simultaneously delivering gas to multiple non-human animals, e.g., to change the size of the opening. Example 136. A system described in any one of Examples 131 to 135, wherein the gas flow path extends through the opening. Example 137. The system of example 136, wherein the gas outlet comprises or is an opening. Example 138. A system described in any one of Examples 131 to 137, wherein the pressure adjustment mechanism includes an iris diaphragm. Example 139. The system of Example 138, wherein the pressure regulating component is or comprises an iris diaphragm. Example 140. A system described in any one of Examples 121 to 137, wherein the pressure adjustment mechanism is equipped with a processor. Example 141. A system as described in Example 140, wherein, in use, the processor receives input from a pressure sensor. Example 142. A system as described in example 140 or example 141, wherein, in use, the processor controls the movement of the pressure regulating component. Example 143. A system as described in Example 141 or Example 142, wherein in use the processor uses input from the pressure sensor to maintain pressure in the system, for example in an intermediate portion, within a predetermined pressure range. Example 144. A system described in any of Examples 141 to 143, wherein, in use, the processor uses input from the pressure sensor to control movement of a pressure regulating component to maintain pressure within the system, for example in an intermediate portion, within a predetermined pressure range. Example 145. A system described in Example 131 or any of Examples 132 to 144 when dependent on Example 131, wherein the pressure regulating component is engageable and disengageable with the system, e.g., the downstream portion. Example 146. A system described in Example 131 or any of Examples 132 to 145 when dependent on Example 131, wherein the pressure regulating component is disassembled and reassembled. Example 147. The system described in any one of Examples 117 to 146, wherein the system includes an exhaust unit for providing a gas flow from the gas inlet to the gas outlet. Example 148. The system of embodiment 147, wherein the system includes a spacer for spacing the exhaust unit from the downstream portion. Example 149. A system described in any of Examples 117 to 146, wherein the system includes a spacer and an exhaust unit, and in one or both of the first system configuration and the second configuration, the spacer engages with the downstream module and the exhaust unit engages with the spacer such that the spacer spaces the exhaust unit from the downstream module. Example 150. A system described in Example 131 or Example 67, or any of Examples 1 to 149 when dependent on one of Example 131 and Example 67, wherein the pressure adjustment component comprises a first plate and a second plate, the first plate having a first opening, and the second plate having a second opening. Example 151. The system described in Example 150, wherein at one or more locations on the first plate and the second plate, the first opening and the second opening are partially or completely aligned to define an opening, the opening extending through the first plate and the second plate. Example 152. A system described in example 150 or example 151, wherein the first plate is movable relative to the second plate, for example, one or more of translatable and rotatable. Example 153. The system of Example 152, wherein the first plate is movable, e.g., one or more of translatable and rotatable, relative to the second plate to change the size of the opening. Example 154. The system described in example 152 or example 153, wherein the first plate is movable relative to the second plate, e.g., one or more of translatable and rotatable, between a first position in which the opening has a first size and a second position in which the opening has a second size different from the first size. Example 155. During use, e.g., using the system to deliver gas to one or more targets, one of the first plate and the second plate is held stationary, e.g., relative to one or more other components of the system, e.g., stationary or fixed, relative to one or more of the upstream module, the intermediate module assembly, and the downstream module, a system described in any of Examples 150 to 154.

[0172] 1 illustrates a first gas delivery system 100. Gas delivery system 100 is a modular gas delivery system for simultaneously delivering gas to multiple subjects 102, 104, 106, 108, in this case mice. System 100 includes an upstream module 110 with a gas inlet 112, a downstream module 114 with a gas outlet 116, and an intermediate module assembly 118.

[0173] The intermediate module assembly 118 includes a first intermediate module 120 with a first gas delivery outlet 122 and a second intermediate module 124 with a second gas delivery outlet 126. The intermediate module assembly 118 is engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module 110 and engageable with and disengageable from the downstream module 114.

[0174] In FIG. 1 , upstream module 110, downstream module 114, and intermediate module assembly 118 are assembled into a second system configuration in which upstream module 110 is upstream of and engaged with intermediate module assembly 118, and intermediate module assembly 118 is upstream of and engaged with downstream module 114.

[0175] Assembling the system 100 into the second system configuration may include engaging a first intermediate module 120 with the upstream module 110, then engaging a second intermediate module 124 with the first intermediate module 120, and then engaging the downstream module 114 with the second intermediate module 124.

[0176] In the second system configuration, a gas flow path is formed from the gas inlet 112 of the upstream module 110 to the gas outlet 116 of the downstream module 114, a first gas delivery flow path is formed from the gas inlet 112 of the upstream module 110 to a first gas delivery outlet 122 of the first intermediate module 120, and a second gas delivery flow path is formed from the gas inlet 112 of the upstream module 110 to a second gas delivery outlet 126 of the second intermediate module 124.

[0177] In use, gas may be delivered from the gas inlet 112 along a first gas delivery flow path, through a first gas delivery outlet 122, and then to a first target 102. Such gas may be referred to as a delivery gas. At the same time, gas may be delivered from the gas inlet 112 along a second gas delivery flow path, through a second gas delivery outlet 126, and then to a second target 106. Such gas may also be referred to as a delivery gas. At the same time, gas may be delivered from the gas inlet 112 along a gas flow path, through a gas outlet 116 of a downstream module 114. Such gas may be referred to as an exhaust gas.

[0178] The system 100 will now be described in more detail.

[0179] The upstream module 110 comprises a glass tube having an open upstream end and an open downstream end, the upstream end facing the downstream end, and an internal lumen defined by the glass tube extending longitudinally between the upstream and downstream ends.

[0180] The upstream end includes a gas inlet 112. The downstream end includes the upstream module female engagement means, in this case an internal thread located on the inner surface of the glass tube.

[0181] The upstream module 110 further comprises a first inlet port 128 for introducing a first substance into the gas flow from the gas inlet 112 and a second inlet port 130 for introducing a second substance into the gas flow from the gas inlet 112.

[0182] The first intermediate module 120 comprises a glass tube having an open upstream end and an open downstream end, the upstream end facing the downstream end, and an internal lumen defined by the glass tube extending longitudinally between the upstream and downstream ends.

[0183] The upstream end includes a first intermediate module male engagement, which in this case is an external thread located on the exterior surface of the glass tube. In FIG. 1, the upstream module female engagement means engages with the first intermediate module male engagement means. This is a reversible engagement, meaning that the upstream module 110 can engage and disengage with the first intermediate module 120. Although the system is described as using internal and external threads for engagement between modules, one skilled in the art will understand after reading this disclosure that other engagement means can be used, such as a snap fit connection, a clamp, or an interference fit.

[0184] The downstream end is provided with a first intermediate module female engagement means, in this case an internal thread located on the inner surface of the glass tube.

[0185] Between the upstream and downstream ends, the first intermediate module 120 includes a first gas delivery outlet 122 and a first additional gas delivery outlet 132. The first additional gas delivery outlet 132 is longitudinally aligned with the first gas delivery outlet 122. The first additional gas delivery outlet 132 is spaced approximately 200 millimeters from the first gas delivery outlet 122.

[0186] The first intermediate module 120 includes a first gas delivery outlet structure 134 upstream of the first gas delivery outlet 122. The first gas delivery outlet structure 134 projects outwardly from the glass tube in a first gas delivery outlet structure direction such that the angle between the longitudinal axis direction and the first gas delivery outlet structure direction is approximately 45 degrees.

[0187] The first additional gas delivery outlet 132 comprises a similar first additional gas delivery outlet structure 136 as shown in FIG.

[0188] In the embodiment shown in FIG. 1, the second intermediate module 124 is structurally identical to the first intermediate module 120 .

[0189] The second intermediate module 124 thus comprises a glass tube having an open upstream end and an open downstream end, the upstream end facing the downstream end, and an internal lumen defined by the glass tube extending longitudinally between the upstream and downstream ends.

[0190] The upstream end includes a second intermediate module male engagement means, which in this case is an external thread located on the exterior surface of the glass tube. In FIG. 1, the first intermediate module female engagement means engages with the second intermediate module male engagement means. This is a reversible engagement, meaning that the first intermediate module 120 can engage with and disengage from the second intermediate module 124.

[0191] The downstream end is provided with a second intermediate module female engagement means, in this case an internal thread located on the inner surface of the glass tube.

[0192] Between the upstream and downstream ends, the second intermediate module 124 includes a second gas delivery outlet 126 and a second additional gas delivery outlet 138. The second additional gas delivery outlet 138 is longitudinally aligned with the second gas delivery outlet 126. The second additional gas delivery outlet 138 is spaced approximately 200 millimeters from the second gas delivery outlet 126.

[0193] The second intermediate module 124 includes a second gas delivery outlet structure 140 upstream of the first gas delivery outlet 122. The second gas delivery outlet structure 140 projects outwardly from the glass tube in a second gas delivery outlet structure direction such that the angle between the longitudinal axis direction and the second gas delivery outlet structure direction is approximately 45 degrees.

[0194] The second additional gas delivery outlet 138 comprises a similar second additional gas delivery outlet structure 142 as shown in FIG.

[0195] In the second system configuration shown in FIG. 1, the first additional gas delivery outlet 132 is longitudinally spaced about 200 millimeters from the second gas delivery outlet 126 .

[0196] The downstream module 114 comprises a glass tube having an open upstream end and an open downstream end. The upstream end is opposite the downstream end. An internal lumen defined by the glass tube extends longitudinally between the upstream and downstream ends. The downstream end comprises a gas outlet 116.

[0197] The upstream end includes the downstream module male engagement means, which in this case is an external thread located on the exterior surface of the glass tube. In FIG. 1, the second middle module female engagement means engages with the downstream module male engagement means. This is a reversible engagement, meaning that the second middle module 124 can engage with and disengage from the downstream module 114.

[0198] The downstream module 114 further includes a pressure gauge 144, which may include, for example, a manometer for determining and displaying the pressure within the system 100, and a pressure regulation mechanism for regulating the pressure within the system 100. The pressure regulation mechanism can regulate the pressure within the system 100 during use of the system 100 to deliver gas to a subject.

[0199] The pressure adjustment mechanism comprises a pressure adjustment component 146 which in this embodiment comprises an iris diaphragm. The iris diaphragm defines an opening. In use, gas from the gas inlet 112 must flow through the opening to reach the gas outlet 116. Thus, the gas flow path extends through the opening. The iris diaphragm comprises a number of blades. The blades are movable to vary the size of the opening, thereby adjusting the pressure within the system 100. Specifically, as the opening becomes smaller, the pressure within the system 100 increases as long as the volumetric flow rate of gas through the system 100 is maintained.

[0200] The pressure regulation mechanism further comprises a processor (not shown) configured to receive input from a pressure gauge 144 relating to the pressure in the system. In use, the processor uses the input from the pressure gauge to control movement of the iris diaphragm, and thereby the size of the opening, to maintain the pressure in the system within a predetermined pressure range of 10 to 30 Pascals above atmospheric pressure.

[0201] The pressure regulation components are engageable and disengageable from the downstream module, allowing the pressure regulation components, particularly the iris diaphragm, to be removed, disassembled, and cleaned between uses of the system.

[0202] The system 100 further includes an exhaust unit 148 for providing gas flow from the gas inlet 112 to the gas outlet 116, and a spacer 150 for spacing the exhaust unit 148 from the downstream module 114. The spacer 150 is engageable with and disengageable from the downstream module 114. The exhaust unit 148 is also engageable with and disengageable from the spacer 150. However, it will be understood that the spacer 150 and the exhaust unit 148 may be integral with the downstream module 114.

[0203] In the second system configuration shown in FIG. 1, the spacer 150 engages with and is downstream of the downstream module 114, and the exhaust unit 148 engages with and is downstream of the spacer 150 such that the spacer 150 spaces the exhaust unit 148 about 50 millimeters from the downstream module 114.

[0204] The spacer 150 comprises a substantially tubular body with openings extending radially therethrough. In a second system configuration, the exhaust unit 148 is configured to draw air from the atmosphere through the openings in the spacer 150 while simultaneously allowing gas from the gas inlet 112 to flow through the system 100. These two separate flow paths merge within the spacer 150, allowing the pressure within the system 100 to remain stable even as the exhaust pressure fluctuates.

[0205] System 100 is configured to deliver gas to subject 102, 104, 106, 108 by endotracheal delivery. System 100 includes an endotracheal delivery component 103, 105, 107, 109 for each gas delivery outlet 122, 126, 132, 138. Each endotracheal delivery component 103, 105, 107, 109 is engageable and disengageable with each gas delivery outlet 122, 126, 132, 138. In a second system configuration shown in FIG. 1, each endotracheal delivery component 103, 105, 107, 109 engages with a gas delivery outlet 122, 126, 132, 138 and is used to intubate a mouse. Each intratracheal delivery component 103, 105, 107, 109 also includes or is engaged with a sampler (not shown) for sampling gas or aerosol delivered through the intratracheal delivery component 103, 105, 107, 109. This can be used to provide an estimate of the dose of a particular substance delivered through the intratracheal delivery component 103, 105, 107, 109.

[0206] 1 shows system 100 in a second system configuration in which a first intermediate module 120 and a second intermediate module 124 are used. However, system 100 can also be used in the first system configuration in which the second intermediate module 124 is not used. In the first system configuration, the downstream end of the first intermediate module 120 engages with the upstream end of the downstream module 114. System 100 can also be used in a third system configuration in which system 100 includes a third intermediate module (structurally identical to the first and second intermediate modules), the third intermediate module being disposed between the second intermediate module 124 and the downstream module 114.

[0207] As will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this disclosure, the number of intermediate modules of system 100 may be adjusted to accommodate the number of targets to which system 100 is used to deliver gas.

[0208] One particular use of the system 100 is described below.

[0209] Initially, the system 100 is assembled into an operational system configuration, such as the second system configuration shown in FIG.

[0210] The subject is then engaged with the system 100. For the system 100 shown in FIG.

[0211] Gas then flows through the gas inlet 112 at a pressure of approximately 10-30 Pascals above atmospheric pressure, and the exhaust unit 148 is activated. The exhaust unit provides suction, allowing gas from the gas inlet 112 of the upstream module 110 to flow through the system 100. The exhaust unit ensures that the gas from the gas inlet 112 is ultimately directed to the appropriate vent location. A pressure regulation mechanism maintains the pressure within the system 100 in the range of 10-30 Pascals above atmospheric pressure.

[0212] A second substance, specifically a gaseous anesthetic agent, is then introduced into the gas flow from the gas inlet 112 through a second inlet port 130 of the upstream module. Thus, the anesthetic gas is delivered to the subject through the gas delivery outlet.

[0213] A first substance, specifically an atomized liquid, is then introduced into the gas flow from the gas inlet 112 through the first inlet port 128 of the upstream module. The atomized liquid forms an aerosol within the system, and the aerosol is then delivered to the subject through the gas delivery outlet.

[0214] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the gas anesthetic and atomized liquid in this embodiment are introduced into the gas stream through the inlet ports 128, 130 of the upstream module 110, but either may be introduced into the gas stream before the gas stream flows through the gas inlet 112 of the upstream module 110. For example, a liquid atomizer may be connected to the upstream module 110 upstream of the gas inlet 112 to atomize the liquid into the gas stream before the gas stream flows through the gas inlet 112. In this case, the aerosol may flow through the gas inlet 112.

[0215] The system 100 is operated in this manner for a predetermined period of time or until a predetermined dose of nebulized liquid has been delivered to each of the subjects. The dose delivered to the subjects can be estimated using a sampler in the intratracheal delivery component, as described above. The exhaust unit 148 may then be switched off and the subjects may be disengaged from the system 100 for analysis.

[0216] Figure 2 illustrates a second gas delivery system 200. The second gas delivery system 200 is similar to the first gas delivery system 100 of Figure 1, and therefore only the differences between the two systems will be described here.

[0217] 2, two of the intratracheal delivery components 107, 109 of the first gas delivery system 100 are replaced by nasal delivery components 207, 209. In the second gas delivery system 200, the nasal delivery components 207, 209 each comprise a vial for housing a mouse.

[0218] The second intermediate module 124 is unchanged. The second gas delivery outlet structure 140 and the additional second gas delivery outlet structure 142 are configured to be capable of engaging with an endotracheal delivery component shown in FIG. 1 or a nasal delivery component shown in FIG.

[0219] Thus, the system 200 shown in FIG. 2 may be used to simultaneously deliver gas to a subject by intratracheal and intranasal delivery.

[0220] 1 has been replaced by an alternative manually operated pressure gauge 244 that determines and displays the pressure within the system 200 in real time. Based on readings from the pressure gauge 244, a system operator can manually rotate a dial (not shown) to move an iris diaphragm of the pressure adjustment component 146, thereby controlling the opening size and pressure of the system 200.

[0221] Figure 3 shows a third gas delivery system 300. The third gas delivery system 300 is structurally identical to the first gas delivery system 100 of Figure 1, with the exception of the second intermediate module 124 and associated endotracheal delivery components 107, 109 of the first gas delivery system 100. These have been replaced by an alternative second intermediate module 324, and associated alternative endotracheal delivery components 307 and nasal delivery components 309.

[0222] The alternative second intermediate module 324 is structurally identical to the second intermediate module 124, except that the second gas delivery outlet structure 140 and the additional second gas delivery outlet structure 142 are replaced by an alternative second gas delivery outlet structure 340 and an alternative additional second gas delivery outlet structure 342.

[0223] The alternative second gas delivery outlet structure 340 is configured to specifically engage with the alternative intratracheal delivery component 307 and is oriented approximately 90 degrees from the longitudinal axis defined by the alternative second intermediate module 324.

[0224] The alternative additional second gas delivery outlet structure 342 is configured to specifically engage with the alternative nasal delivery component 309 and is oriented approximately 90 degrees from the longitudinal direction defined by the alternative second intermediate module 324.

[0225] The alternative intratracheal delivery component 307 is similar to the intratracheal delivery component 107 described in relation to FIG. 1, and is for intubating a mouse.

[0226] The alternative nasal delivery component 309 is similar to the nasal delivery component 209 described in relation to FIG. 2, and includes a glass vial for housing the mouse.

[0227] 3 may be used to simultaneously deliver gas to a subject by intratracheal and nasal delivery. In particular, the alternative second mid-module 324, which is an individual module of the mid-module assembly, allows for simultaneous delivery to a subject by intratracheal and nasal delivery.

[0228] Figure 4 shows a fourth gas delivery system 400 assembled in a parallel system configuration. The fourth gas delivery system 400 is similar to the first gas delivery system 100 of Figure 1, and therefore only the significant differences between the systems 100, 400 will be described here.

[0229] The intermediate module assembly 418 of the fourth gas delivery system 400 includes, in addition to the first intermediate module 120 and the second intermediate module 124, a third intermediate module 464 and a fourth intermediate module 466. In the parallel system configuration shown in Figure 4, the first intermediate module 120 and the second intermediate module 124 are arranged in parallel with the third intermediate module 464 and the fourth intermediate module 466. All of the intermediate modules 120, 124, 464, 466 are structurally identical such that they may be used interchangeably.

[0230] The fourth gas delivery system 400 includes an upstream adapter 460, also referred to as an upstream divider 460, positioned between the upstream module 110 and the upstream end of the intermediate module assembly 418. The upstream divider 460 engages with the first intermediate module 120 and the third intermediate module 464. The upstream divider 460 splits the gas flow path from the gas inlet 112 of the upstream module 110 into two flow paths. The system 400 further includes a downstream adapter 462, also referred to as a downstream junction 462, positioned between the downstream end of the intermediate module assembly 418 and the downstream module 114. The downstream junction 462 engages with the second intermediate module 124 and the fourth intermediate module 466. The downstream junction 462 joins the two gas flow paths, i.e., the gas flow paths from each of the two branches of the intermediate module assembly 418 arranged in parallel, into a single flow path.

[0231] In the system 400 shown in Figure 4, the upstream partition 460 is engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module 110 and the middle module assembly 418. Also, the downstream merger 462 is engageable with and disengageable from the downstream module 114 and the middle module assembly 418. This allows the system 400 to be operated in a second system configuration as shown in Figure 1 (by not using adapters 460, 462 or the third or fourth middle modules 464, 466), in a series system configuration, or in a parallel system configuration as shown in Figure 4.

[0232] As would be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art after reading this disclosure, the upstream partition 460 and the downstream junction 462 may engage with modules of the system 400 in a manner similar to or different from the manner in which other modules of the system 400 engage with each other, for example, with a snap fit connection, a clamp, or an interference fit.

[0233] In the fourth gas delivery system 400, two gas flow paths are defined from the gas inlet 112 of the upstream module 110 to the gas outlet 116 of the downstream module 114. A first of these gas flow paths extends through the first intermediate module 120 and the second intermediate module 124, and a second of these gas flow paths extends through the third intermediate module 464 and the fourth intermediate module 466.

[0234] Additionally, a delivery gas flow path is defined from the gas inlet 112 of the upstream module 110 to each of the two gas delivery outlets of each of the four middle modules 120, 124, 464, 466. Thus, as shown in Figure 4, the system 400 is capable of delivering gas to eight subjects simultaneously.

[0235] For the purposes of this specification and the appended claims, unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing amounts, quantities, percentages, and the like should be understood in all cases as being modified by the term "about." Also, all ranges include the maximum and minimum points disclosed, and include any intermediate ranges therein, which may or may not be specifically recited herein. Thus, in this context, the number A is understood as A±10% of A. Within this context, the number A may be considered to include a numerical value that is within the general standard error for the measurement of the property that the number A modifies. The number A may deviate by the percentages recited above, in some cases as used in the appended claims, provided that the amount by which A deviates does not materially affect the basic and novel properties of the claimed invention. Also, all ranges include the maximum and minimum points disclosed, and include any intermediate ranges therein, which may or may not be specifically recited herein.

Claims

1. 1. A modular gas delivery system for simultaneously delivering gas to multiple non-human animals, said system comprising: an upstream module having a gas inlet; a downstream module having a gas outlet; an intermediate module assembly comprising a first intermediate module, the first intermediate module comprising a first gas delivery outlet and a second intermediate module, the second intermediate module comprising a second gas delivery outlet; the intermediate module assembly: Engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module; engageable with and disengageable from the downstream module; the first intermediate module is engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module; the second intermediate module is engageable with and disengageable from the upstream module; the upstream module, the downstream module, and the middle module assembly are configured to be assembled into a first system configuration; the upstream module is upstream of and engages the intermediate module assembly; the intermediate module assembly is upstream of and engages the downstream module; a gas flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream module to the gas outlet of the downstream module; a first gas delivery flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream module to the first gas delivery outlet of the first intermediate module; the upstream module, the downstream module, and the middle module assembly are configured to be assembled into a second system configuration; the upstream module is upstream of and engages the intermediate module assembly; the intermediate module assembly is upstream of and engages the downstream module; a gas flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream module to the gas outlet of the downstream module; a second gas delivery flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream module to the second gas delivery outlet of the second intermediate module; A modular gas delivery system, wherein the second system configuration is a parallel system configuration, and in the second system configuration, the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module are arranged in parallel such that the second gas delivery flow path does not extend through the first intermediate module.

2. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the second intermediate module is engageable with and disengageable from the first intermediate module, and the second intermediate module is structurally identical to the first intermediate module such that the second intermediate module and the first intermediate module are interchangeable within the system.

3. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the system comprises an exhaust unit engageable and disengageable with the downstream module and which, in use, provides suction downstream of the gas outlet.

4. 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the downstream module comprises a pressure adjustment mechanism for adjusting pressure within the system, the pressure adjustment mechanism comprising a pressure adjustment component defining an opening, the pressure adjustment being movable to vary the size of the opening.

5. The system of claim 1 , wherein in the first system configuration, the gas flow path extends through the middle module assembly.

6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate module comprises a first additional gas delivery outlet.

7. The system of claim 6 , wherein in the first system configuration, the first additional gas delivery outlet is longitudinally aligned with the first gas delivery outlet.

8. The system of claim 1 , wherein in the second system configuration, a first gas delivery flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream module to the first gas delivery outlet of the first middle module.

9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the system is configured to be assembled in a series system configuration in which the first intermediate module and the second intermediate module are arranged in series.

10. The system of claim 8 , wherein in the second system configuration, the first gas delivery outlet is longitudinally aligned with the second gas delivery outlet.

11. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the system is configurable to simultaneously deliver gas to a first non-human animal by intratracheal delivery and to a second non-human animal by intranasal delivery.

12. 10. The system of claim 1, wherein the system comprises a pressure adjustment mechanism for adjusting pressure within the system during use of the system to deliver gas to at least one non-human animal.

13. The method comprises: the upstream module is upstream of and engaged with the intermediate module assembly, the intermediate module assembly is upstream of and engaged with the downstream module, the gas flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream module to the gas outlet of the downstream module, and the first gas delivery flow path is formed from the gas inlet of the upstream module to the first gas delivery outlet of the first intermediate module; A method of using the system of any preceding claim, comprising engaging the upstream module and the downstream module with the middle module assembly.

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