Excess heat generation method

Abstract

To provide an excess heat generation method which enables generation of a large amount of heat safely at low cost.SOLUTION: An excess heat generation method involves causing a reactant to generate heat by performing: a step (1) of forming a reaction site consisting of a reaction furnace comprising a stainless reaction furnace and a reactant made of nickel or stainless, and a defect on a surface of the reactant; a step (2) of raising temperature of the reaction furnace to discharge impurity gas from the reaction furnace; a step (3) of introducing a hydrogen gas into the reaction furnace; and a step (4) of heating the inside of the reaction furnace to raise temperature.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for generating and controlling excess heat using reactants and hydrogen and helium gases. [Background technology]

[0002] One type of nuclear fusion reaction, intrametallic nuclear fusion reaction, is expected to solve both the energy problem and the global warming problem at the same time, and research into it is being conducted around the world. Currently, the term "cold fusion" is not appropriate for the reaction mechanism, so it is generally called low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) or condensed matter nuclear reaction (CMNS).

[0003] However, the information reported by many researchers is lacking in reliability, and there are many problems with the detailed experimental conditions, experimental content, analytical methods, and result analysis, etc. Furthermore, most of these studies are poorly reproducible, and the output data is unstable in terms of the frequency at which excess heat occurs, so until now many details have remained unknown.

[0004] For example, Patent Document 1 relates to a technology for generating abnormal heat by heavy water electrolysis of a deuterium-embrittled palladium cathode, and Patent Document 2 discloses a technology for recombining deuterium and oxygen generated by electrolysis in a sealed cell with a catalyst on top of an electrolyte containing lithium dissolved in a palladium surface layer to return it to heavy water, thereby alloying lithium on the palladium surface layer. Patent Document 3 discloses a technology for passing an alternating current through a reactant having platinum or palladium electrode layers formed on both sides of a proton conductor made of a sintered mixture of metal oxide powder, and Patent Document 4 discloses a technology for generating energy by electrolytic reaction in light water or heavy water solution made of a high-melting point metal and a metal active against hydrogen formed on its surface.

[0005] However, all of the prior art reported in these patent documents lacked stability, and the amount and temperature of heat generation were unstable and remained small values, making them in no way capable of replacing the fossil energy sources that humanity has used up until now, and they have not yet reached practical use.

[0006] Under these circumstances, the inventor has been trying to reproduce the cold fusion phenomenon for many years. Especially since the Fukushima nuclear accident during the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, he felt the limitations of nuclear power generation and has since focused his research on heat, thinking that nuclear transmutation reactions, which do not produce waste, are promising as a future energy source. Initially, he considered the reaction to be a normal nuclear fusion reaction and confirmed the generation of neutrons during electrolysis, but later focused on analyzing the products of isotopic changes that occurred during the electrolysis test. Heat generation was a phenomenon that occurred suddenly and extremely rarely during the process.

[0007] The inventor has accumulated research on everything from cold fusion to condensed matter nuclear reactions, and has obtained data that allows him to generate excess heat for an input that he himself is confident about, leading to the present invention and the acquisition of technology that can brighten the future of energy. Furthermore, this year, for the first time, verification tests of Mizuno's reactor were successful at the University of Marseille in France, and verification tests have also been successful at S-VYASA in India and Uppsala University in Sweden.

[0008] That is, the inventors have provided a method for generating excess heat using an improved reactive metallic material capable of heating a very clean, polished stainless steel surface to generate excess heat in excess of the input energy. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0009] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 5-27062 [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 7-104080 [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 11-271484 [Patent Document 4] JP 2014-37996 A Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0010] The problem to be solved by the present invention is to provide a method for generating excess heat that can generate a large amount of heat safely and inexpensively. [Means for solving the problem]

[0011] In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides A step (1) of forming reaction sites consisting of defects (size of 1 nm to several nm) on the surface of the reactor and the surface of the reactor, the reactor being provided with a stainless steel reactor and a nickel or stainless steel reactor; (2) increasing the temperature of the reactor and discharging impurity gas from the reactor; (3) introducing hydrogen gas into the reactor; (4) a step of heating the inside of the reactor to increase the temperature; causing the reactants to generate heat; to provide. Effect of the Invention

[0012] According to the present invention, by providing a method for generating excess heat that is safe, inexpensive, and capable of generating a large amount of heat, all of the above problems can be solved, and the global energy problem can be resolved. Furthermore, the present invention has the great advantage of eliminating the need to use fossil fuels, thereby helping to prevent global warming. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0013] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a measurement system used in the examples. [Diagram 2] 1 is a photograph of a measurement system used in the examples. [Diagram 3]10 is a graph showing the relationship between the input power and the wind speed at the blower center in the embodiment. [Figure 4] 4 is a graph showing the amount of heat energy added to the outlet air from the blower in the examples. [Diagram 5] 1 is a graph showing the results of a calibration test in an embodiment at inputs of 100, 200, 300, and 400 W. [Figure 6] 1 is a graph showing the results of a calibration test at 500 and 600 W in an embodiment. [Figure 7] 1 is a graph showing the amount of energy loss from a box in an embodiment, the horizontal axis showing the temperature difference between the air outlet and inlet, and the vertical axis showing the amount of energy loss. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of the latest test furnace R used in the examples. [Figure 9] 1 is a photograph of a test furnace R used in the examples. [Figure 10] 1 is a graph showing the results of a heat generation test (heat generation at an input of 100 W). [Figure 11] 1 is a graph showing the results of a heat generation test (heat generation at an input of 600 W). [Figure 12] 1 is a graph showing the furnace body temperature and the amount of excess heat generated in a heat generation test. [Figure 13] 1 is a graph showing the temperature and the output / input ratio in a heat generation test of an R furnace. [Figure 14] This is a graph of an Arrhenius plot in a heat generation test, with the horizontal axis being the reciprocal of absolute temperature, 1 / T, and the vertical axis being the logarithmic representation of the excess heat per area. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0014] Representative embodiments of the method for generating excess heat according to the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to these. In the following description, the same or corresponding parts are given the same reference numerals, and duplicated descriptions may be omitted. In addition, since the drawings are for conceptual explanation, the dimensions of each component shown and their ratios may differ from the actual ones. EXAMPLES

[0015] The inventor has previously reported on a unique phenomenon caused by metal and hydrogen systems. This abnormal phenomenon was assumed to be a normal nuclear fusion reaction, and neutron measurements were performed on it, assuming that it occurred during electrolysis in a heavy water solution. Next, an analysis was performed on the isotope change element products that occurred during the electrolysis test. It was difficult to control the generation of abnormal heat (exceeding the input) during this experimental process. Abnormal heat generation phenomena have been reported in many cases of Ni-H systems other than Pd. The inventor placed a cleaned Ni net on the inner surface of a SS reactor as a reactant. The nickel internal gas was removed by evacuating and heating. In addition, a high voltage was applied to the electrodes inside the reactor, and the Ni surface was bombarded with electrons and ions to remove surface impurities. This method resulted in excess heat (heat output - input > 0) that was comparable to the heating power of the reactor body. However, a major question arose during the process. The calibration heater used should not generate any excess heat at all. However, there were cases where the heater was combined with a SUS furnace with an active surface for calibration testing, and it appeared that there was excess heat generation. For calibration, the heater was not used as it was, but was incorporated into metal parts of various shapes. Although we had been analyzing the possibility that the excess heat could not have come from the heater alone, we found some data that was difficult to explain. We then found that there was something wrong with the SUS material used for calibration. After changing the calibration method and retesting, we came to the conclusion that the metal parts used for calibration were generating excess heat under certain conditions.

[0016] <Test Method> The thermal measurement and analysis methods are as follows. The reactor is placed in an insulated measurement box for air circulation, as shown in Figure 1. A fixed amount of air is allowed to flow in through the passage at the bottom of the furnace. The air temperature at the inlet is measured with a platinum temperature sensor. A fan is installed at the upper air outlet, and a platinum temperature sensor is also installed inside a tube installed at the outlet. The furnace temperature was measured at the hottest point, the center of the furnace surface. Since the furnace temperature is about 30% lower at the ends than at the center, it was estimated that the reaction is greatest in the center of the furnace. All data is collected by a logger and stored on an SD card.

[0017] In Figure 1, the reactor is on the right, and the control and measurement systems are on the left. From the bottom left, there is the input power supply, a data logger (Graphtec, midi LOGGER GL840), and a PC for data collection. Although not shown in Figure 1, the reactor pressure was measured using diaphragm vacuum gauges GCMT, G-TRAN, and ISG-1 made by ULVAC. In addition, in Figure 1, the circled numbers indicate: 1: Blower voltage input, 2: Blower current input, 3: Pressure input, 4: Input V (x24) input, 5: Input A (x1.25) input, 6: Calibration furnace body surface K thermocouple input, 7: Insulation box air inlet temperature, PT100 input, 8: Insulation box air outlet 1 temperature, PT100 input, 9: Insulation box air outlet 2 temperature PT100 input, 10: Reactor body temperature K thermocouple input. Each is an example of input to the logger.

[0018] Next, Figure 2 is a photograph of the measurement system. The box on the left is the measurement insulation, with insulation film attached to the inside. It is made of plastic and is 800mm long, 700mm high, and 500mm wide. A 100mm diameter hole is installed in the bottom left front of the box, and a platinum temperature sensor is placed in its centre to measure the air inlet temperature. A fan is installed in the hole in the centre of the box. The measurement system is installed on the right. From the top, there is a logger, fan power supply, and input power supply.

[0019] The logger input for data collection is as follows. The sampling time is 5 seconds. Blower voltage and current, furnace gas pressure, furnace body input voltage, furnace body input current, calibrated furnace body surface temperature, box air inlet temperature (platinum side heater), box air outlet temperature (platinum temperature detector), box air outlet temperature (platinum temperature detector), furnace body temperature (K thermocouple). The number of measurement data is usually 10,000 to 20,000.

[0020] <Thermal analysis method; Relationship between blower input and wind speed> The thermal analysis method is shown below. A pipe wrapped in a paper insulation film, 200 mm long and 66 mm in diameter, is attached to the air outlet of the blower. The reason for attaching a cylinder is that if the cross-sectional shape of the blower outlet is not circular, the wind speed will be non-uniform depending on the location, making air volume calculations complicated. A circular shape is used to simplify calculations. The blower is also a sirocco fan that generates a wind pressure of about several tens of Pa, and because there is sufficient wind speed, the air outlet becomes turbulent rather than laminar. For this reason, the temperature distribution at the air outlet can be estimated to be uniform. The fact that it is turbulent can be estimated from the following equation. The Reynolds number required to determine the boundary between laminar flow and turbulent flow is expressed by the following equation. Re=ρUL / μ--------(1) where the factors in the formula are: ρ: Fluid density [kg / m 3 , U: characteristic flow velocity [m / s] (cross-sectional average flow velocity), L: characteristic length [m] (inner diameter of pipe), μ: viscosity coefficient [Pa s] (physical property value).

[0021] If the Reynolds number is greater than 2300, the flow becomes turbulent, and if it is smaller, the flow becomes laminar. The specific value varies depending on the literature, but the value of 2300 is commonly used. The air density ρ is 1.165 kg / m at 30°C. 3 , U is the wind speed of 5 m / s, the inner diameter of the pipe is 0.05 m, and μ is 1.8 × 10 -5 m 2 / s. From this, the Reynolds number Re is about 18,000, which is much larger than 2,300 and is therefore considered to be turbulent. This means that the flow velocity is uniform inside the air outlet pipe, making it possible to calculate the air volume.

[0022] The air flow velocity is measured using a hot-wire digital anemometer (CW-60, Custom Co., Ltd.). This instrument is temperature compensated and can accurately measure the air volume even if the air temperature changes.

[0023] The wind speed distribution at the cylinder outlet was actually measured from the center to the edge, and when the blower input was 5W, it was 4.7m / s at the center of the cylinder and 4.7m / s at both ends of the cylinder. It was also 4.7m / s above and below the cylinder, and it is clear that the wind speed was almost uniform and turbulent. Figure 3 shows the input power and wind speed at the center of the blower. The results in Figure 3 were obtained at temperatures of 24.2 to 24.9°C. The temperatures of the air intake and outlet are important factors in thermal calculations, so sufficient accuracy is required. There is usually a variation of 0.05 to 0.3°C depending on each temperature measurement element, so this difference must be taken into account in the thermal calculation.

[0024] Platinum resistance thermometers are used for low temperature measurements and have better accuracy than thermocouples. The tolerance for Class A platinum temperature sensor, Pt100 (the value 100 means that the resistance of the temperature sensor at 0°C is 100 ohms), is ±(0.15+0.002|t|). The value t is the absolute value of temperature in °C. When the air outlet temperature is 30°C, there is an error of about 0.2°C. Resistance thermometers have volume and require several tens of seconds to reach thermal equilibrium. For the temperature sensor used, which is 3.2 mm thick, it takes 10 seconds to reach 90% of the equilibrium temperature in stirred water.

[0025] The approximate equation for the blower input and wind speed V obtained from Figure 3 is shown in (2). V(m / s)=y0+A1×(1-exp(-w b / t1))+A2×(1-exp(-w b / t2)) --------(2) The constants are as follows: y0: 3.42×10 -12 , A1: 1.1013, t1: 0.00888, A2: 6.308, t2: 5.562 Also in this formula w b is the blower input.

[0026] <Relationship between blower input and air outlet temperature> When the blower is operated, the heat generated by it causes the temperature at the air outlet to rise. In order to obtain the relationship between the blower input and the air outlet temperature, the blower input was changed to examine the change in temperature. During this period, the input to the furnace was set to zero and the test was carried out. As a result, it was found that the air outlet temperature rises with the blower input. This is because the air is heated by the heat from the blower. Figure 4 shows the input and the amount of thermal energy added to the outlet air. It can be seen that there is an almost linear relationship. The slope of this line is 1.333. This contribution from the blower temperature is added to the thermal calculation correction.

[0027] <Thermal analysis calculation method> The calorimetry calculations are given in the following table: [Table 1]

[0028] <Heat loss correction> The heater wire used for calibration is 15mm in diameter, 200mm in length, and 300g in weight. Three of these are used. The test results are shown in Figures 5 and 6. The horizontal axis is time, and the vertical axis is input / output W. The input (black line) was 100, 200, 300, and 400W in Figure 5, and 500 and 600W in Figure 6, and was continued for several hours until the output stabilized. The output (grey line) stabilizes in about several hours. The time it takes for the output to stabilize varies depending on the input, air flow rate, and the amount of heat loss from the box. The stabilization time is the time until the amount of input heat = (heat loss + measured air) reaches equilibrium. In the figures, the input (black line) uses equation (4), and the output uses equation (10). As can be seen, the output is lower than the input. This is because we are not taking into account the heat loss from the box. The difference between the output and the input is the energy loss from the box. The amount of heat loss is shown in Figure 7. This amount is obtained from the calibration test of the experimental results.

[0029] The temperature difference is the value between the air outlet and inlet, and regardless of the weight or shape of the calibration heater, the larger the temperature difference, the larger the heat loss, and from the graph, a difference of 10°C results in a heat loss of 52 W, at 20°C it is 115 W, and at 30°C it is 185 W. The amount of heat loss in this graph (represented here as Eloss rather than Wex) is a function of the temperature difference t and is approximately expressed by equation (11). E loss / W=-132×(exp((t) / 36.2))+117 (11) Adding this heat loss to the amount of heat gained gives the amount of heat generated, which is given by the following equation (12). (T out -T in )×(C p )×(M A ) - ( -132×(exp((t) / 36.2))+117) (12)

[0030] <Latest Test Reactor R> The latest test furnace R used is shown in Figure 8. It is made of SUS304 and is 400 mm long. The tube diameter is 100 mm and the weight is 2 kg. A sheath heater of 100 V, 600 W is wrapped around the outer circumference of the furnace body. The reactant is a Ni mesh of 27 g and 300 mm square. A vacuum is created and 500 Pa of hydrogen gas is sealed inside. Furnace R uses buff polishing to compress and tensile process the surface. This processing creates many defects near the surface (several μm). However, electrolytic polishing and emery polishing are not suitable because they remove the processed layer that contains the sites necessary for this reaction. It is estimated that an optimal reaction site of a certain size (estimated to be several nm) is created. Figure 9 shows a photograph of the furnace, which was installed near the air inlet.

[0031] <Test Results> The results of the heat generation test are shown in Figures 10, 11, and 12. The input power is 100 and 600 W, as shown by the black lines. The light gray output power is based on formula (10) before heat loss correction, and the dark gray output power is based on formula (12) with heat loss correction. The input power is 100 W, but the output power is 115 W, which is about 15 W of excess power. Figure 10 shows the input power up to 60 ks, and heat generation remains almost constant after this. Figure 11 shows the input power turned off at 24 ks. In this case, the output power exceeds the 600 W input power at 2.5 ks, reaching nearly 700 W. The output / input ratio at this time is 688 / 601=1.15. This ratio is not a physical quantity, but rather a guideline, as it varies depending on the furnace shape, insulation performance, and air flow rate. The important physical quantity is the amount of excess heat generated by temperature.

[0032] Figure 12 shows the furnace body temperature and the amount of excess heat generated. The horizontal axis is temperature / °C and the vertical axis is excess heat (Wex) / W. Here, the temperature used is the temperature of the outer wall of the furnace body, but it is known that the temperature varies depending on the location of the furnace body. The temperature is highest at the center of the outside of the furnace, and for example, when it is 330°C, it drops to 200°C at the end of the furnace where there is no heater. However, in places where there is a heater, it is 290~330°C. The temperature inside the furnace body is estimated to be around 340°C. The relationship between temperature / °C and Wex can be approximated by an exponential function. Furthermore, this value can be used to obtain a linear relationship using an Arrhenius graph, as shown on the right side of Figure 12.

[0033] Fig. 13 shows the furnace temperature and output / input ratio for reference, although they are not physical quantities. From this, it can be seen that it does not depend much on the furnace temperature, and the ratio is about 1.15. It is presumed that this is because when the input is increased and the furnace temperature rises, the heat loss from the box increases exponentially, as shown in Fig. 7, so the furnace temperature does not rise. This ratio can be increased by improving the insulation efficiency of the furnace body.

[0034] For comparison, Figure 14 shows the excess heat per unit area (Wex / cm) from furnaces with various shapes other than the latest furnace R. 2 The Arrhenius plot of is also shown. Other furnaces used here are described in detail. R36: 10-shaped vacuum furnace, made of SUS304, length and width 400mm. Tube diameter 110mm, weight 20kg. Discharge electrode installed inside. There is a discharge electrode inside, and the discharge wire is nickel wire with a diameter of 1mmφ and a length of 1000mm wound 30 times in a circle with a diameter of 10mm. A ceramic heater, manufactured by Three High, 100V, 600W, heat resistant to 700℃, is wound around the outer periphery of the furnace body. The reactant is Ni mesh, 27g, 300mm square. 1 sheet. R8: 10-shaped vacuum furnace, made of SUS304, length and width 400mm. Tube diameter 110mm, weight 20kg. There are two internal discharge electrodes, one Pd wire diameter 1mm, length 20cm, the other Pt wire diameter 1mm, length 20cm. Weight 20.35kg. R35: Vacuum straight tube furnace, length 300 mm, diameter 70 mm, ICF70 flange, weight 1478 g. Reactant is Ni net, 180 mesh, 30 cm square, coated with Pd and Pt. The heater was used directly for calibration. After opening once, the reactant sample was placed again. Ni net 27 g, net is coated with Pd rod on one side of 3 / 4 area, then Pt is coated in one direction, and the coated surface is in contact with the inner surface of the SUS furnace. No discharge electrode. With bottom cover (335 g), valve is 270 g, furnace body weight is 873 g, volume is 300 cm 3 Before use, the inside of the furnace was washed with alcohol and then evacuated. R37: An open SUS pipe is used, with the inside surface mirror-finished. The pipe length is 400 mm, the pipe diameter is 110 mm, and the weight is 7 kg. A sheath heater of 600 W is wound around the outer wall of the furnace body 10 times at equal intervals. The heater length is 3 m. There is no reactant metal inside the furnace body.

[0035] The horizontal axis is the reciprocal of absolute temperature, 1 / T. Here, no excess heat is generated at all for R35. From this graph, the activation energy can be calculated from the slope of the straight line. Here, the data R in this case shows a value smaller than that of R8. The activation energies are -0.23 eV / K / atm for R, -0.287 eV / K / atom for R36, -0.268 eV / K / atm for R8, and -0.29 eV / K / atom for R37. These values ​​are 1.4 to 1.7 times larger than 0.165 eV / K / atom for a larger furnace (weight 50 kg). The frequency factors Wex0 are R=2.2W, R37=90W, R8=3W, and R3=7W.

[0036] The diffusion activation energy in nickel is -28.6 kJ / mol, or -6.875 kcal / mol, so -0.298 eV / atom. This value is close to the activation energy obtained. We presume that the amount of dissolved hydrogen in nickel is the factor causing the excess heat generation.

[0037] It has been discovered that a hydrogen free radical generation reaction occurs on SUS, which does not contain any metal atom or other contamination, at low temperatures below 500°C due to the catalytic action of the ultra-clean metal surface. It has been discovered that this reaction progresses further when heated to around 500°C. It is presumed that a unique hydrogen radical reaction occurs on a clean SUS surface, which converts moisture in the air into hydrogen radicals, which are involved in the excess heat generation reaction. Even if hydrogen is not supplied from the outside, there is always H2O in the environment, so there is a possibility that this hydrogen will continue the reaction. There have also been reports of the generation of only hydrogen gas from water by mechanical movement in a stainless steel ball mill. In this case, oxygen was not observed, so it is speculated that iron is involved in oxygen capture. Since processing of the stainless steel surface is a major factor in excess heat generation, it is speculated that this process is involved in the absorption of hydrogen into the metal.

[0038] The largest excess heat per unit area was found for the SUS304 surface of the R37 furnace exposed to air, followed by the R8 SUS304 furnace and the vacuum activated surface with nickel mesh, and then the R36 SUS304 furnace activated in a vacuum with Ni mesh, Pd, and Pt electrodes. The R35 furnace is made of SUS304 and has Ni mesh, but does not have electrodes for activation, and no excess heat was observed from this furnace. The latest furnace, R, is closer to the R37 in terms of the amount of energy generated.

[0039] The test results are summarized in the table below, with the order of rows indicating the amount of excess heat generated and the ease with which it occurs. The rows and columns are the same as in the table below, but the 9th and 10th columns on the right side are the activation energy and frequency factor of the reaction, respectively. The frequency factor here is the amount of heat at 1 / T=0. The R37 furnace has an extremely large value. There is no significant difference in the activation energy between the tests. It is -0.23~-0.29eV / K / atom. [Table 2]

[0040] <Consideration> The heat generated by the reaction is estimated. First, it is assumed that this reaction is a nuclear fusion reaction that generates heat. As reported in many studies, the reaction is a quantum mechanical reaction caused by a change in the physical properties of hydrogen in metals, and it is assumed that this occurs because the probability of hydrogen tunneling increases in metals. In particular, when there are many reaction sites inside a metal due to mechanical processing, rolling, or polishing, the probability of a ton-heat reaction increases by more than 20 orders of magnitude, and heat can be confirmed. The reaction is the CNO(19) cycle, which begins with the fusion reaction between carbon-12 and hydrogen. The nitrogen-13 produced then becomes carbon-13, and nitrogen-14 is produced from carbon-13 and hydrogen, which then produces oxygen-15. This oxygen-15 turns into nitrogen-15 and undergoes a fusion reaction with hydrogen. In total, four hydrogen atoms become helium-4, as shown below.

[0041] Process 1;12C + 1H → 13N + γ + 1.95 MeV 1.3 × 107 years (1) Process 2;13N → 13C + e+ + νe + 1.37 MeV 7 minutes (2) Process 3; 13C + 1H → 14N + γ + 7.54 MeV 2.7 × 106 years (3) Process 4; 14N + 1H → 15O + γ + 7.35 MeV 3.2 × 108 years (4) Process 5;15O → 15N + e+ + νe + 1.86 MeV 82 seconds (5) Process 6;15N + 1H → 12C + 4He + 4.96 MeV 1.12 × 105 years (6) Overall Whole process; 4p → 4He + 2e+ + 3γ + 2νe + 25.1 MeV (7)

[0042] The CNO cycle via carbon and nitrogen produces about 25 MeV of energy per cycle. This reaction occurs in stars with a mass larger than the Sun. The time required for one CNO cycle to be completed is about 3.8 × 108 years, which is shorter than the time scale of the proton-proton chain reaction (about 109 years). Therefore, in massive stars whose main energy source is the CNO cycle, the energy production rate per unit time is greater than that of low-mass stars. Focusing on this, we have performed a detailed theoretical analysis of the Bethe-Weizsacker nuclear reaction cycle observed in low-temperature carbon-rich stars. We conclude that in this case, the tunneling reaction is influenced by the lattice vibration of the surface metal.

[0043] The CNO cycle is a reaction that is extremely sensitive to temperature. The energy production rate of the CNO cycle is proportional to the 15th power of the temperature. Therefore, a 5% increase in temperature results in a 108% increase in energy release. In other words, if the reaction rate at room temperature is taken as 1, then an increase of 15°C (5%) will cause the reaction rate to approximately double (2.077) times. Figure 12, which shows the amount of excess heat generated per area, also shows that when the temperature rises by 15°C near room temperature, the amount of excess heat roughly doubles. This energy production method uses this reaction. It is a safe and efficient method that allows the amount of energy produced to be controlled by changing the temperature.

[0044] The amount of heat generated by the CNO fusion reaction is 1MeV=1.602×10 -13 J, the energy yield of the reaction is 25.1 MeV per cycle. This is 4.02 × 10 -12 J. Here, CNO acts simply as a catalyst, so it is the hydrogen atoms that actually react, and 4He is produced from four hydrogen atoms. The reaction heat per hydrogen atom is (4.02 / 4) × 10 -12 J = 1.005 × 10 -12 The result is J.

[0045] Next, the test results showed that the excess heat generated was 1 W / cm per unit area of ​​the reactant. 2 Then, the number of hydrogen atoms consumed is about 10 12 / cm 2 The dissolved hydrogen concentration in the manufactured stainless steel is 1×10 / s as measured for 304 stainless steel. 20 H atoms / cm 3 has been reported.

[0046] This value, calculated per area, is approximately 10 12 H / cm 2 Since there are enough hydrogen atoms inside the metal, the calculation is 10 8There is no shortage of hydrogen as a raw material for 100 million seconds, and the reaction can continue for more than three years. Furthermore, there is a large amount of H2O not only in the hydrogen that is originally present in metals, but also in vacuum and air. A report by Ohmi et al. (17) has shown that hydrogen radicals can be produced from the H2O present in the system on the surface of heated nickel or SUS. If this hydrogen is supplied as a reactant, the reaction can continue sufficiently. Quantum mechanical calculations of tunnel fusion are explained in the author's paper.

[0047] From the above, the following conclusions were drawn. <Conclusion 1> From these data, even if it is just a SUS furnace, if the surface treatment is appropriate, simply heating it will produce energy that exceeds the input. It also shows that the amount of excess heat increases as an exponential function of temperature. As a result of conducting excess heat generation tests using four types of samples and furnaces with different treatment methods, the order of the amount of excess heat generated, even at low temperatures, is as follows: 1. In the R37 and R straight tube furnaces, no discharge was performed on the stainless steel surface only. 2. In the R8 cross furnace, there was a nickel mesh with Pd attached to the inside, and discharge treatment was performed using the central Pd electrode. 3. In an R36 cross furnace, a Ni mesh was placed inside with nothing on the surface, and discharge treatment was performed using a Ni electrode. 4. A small R35 furnace has a nickel mesh inside and Pd on the surface, but no discharge treatment has been performed.

[0048] <Conclusion 2> 1. By machining a clean nickel or stainless steel surface, heat is generated that exceeds the input power. 2. The reaction can take place not only in a closed furnace, but also in a furnace open to the air. 3. In closed furnaces, it is suitable to exclude air, since temperatures above 350°C would cause the metal surface to oxidize in air, reducing the reactivity. 4. The reaction occurs in both air and low vacuum, with hydrogen on the metal surface reacting. 5. By introducing H2 or D2 gas into the furnace, the reaction can proceed at temperatures exceeding 350°C. 6. The pressure inside the furnace at this time will be several to tens of MPa, but as both high and low pressures have been shown to reduce the reaction, a pressure of several hundreds to several kPa is desirable. 7. The amount of heat generated depends more on temperature than on pressure, and increases as an exponential function of temperature. 8. The most important condition is to compress and tensile process the metal surface, create many defects near the surface (estimated to be a few micrometers), and create optimal reaction sites of a certain size (estimated to be a few nm) within those defects. Buff polishing is ideal for this. Electrolytic polishing is not suitable because it removes the processed layer. Emery polishing is also unsuitable because it removes the processed layer. The optimal method is using a rotating buff, which is used for polishing metals. Reactions are unlikely to occur without this treatment. [Industrial Applicability]

[0049] Currently, research into renewable energy is being conducted around the world to prevent global warming, but because this energy is scarce, the present invention can replace it, solving both the energy problem and preventing global warming in one fell swoop, and making it possible to mass-produce excess heat on a global scale.

Claims

1. A step (1) of forming a reaction site consisting of defects for causing a tunneling reaction on the surfaces of a reactor made of stainless steel and a reaction body made of nickel or stainless steel; A step (2) of heating the reactor to discharge impurity gas from the reactor; A step (3) of introducing hydrogen gas into the reactor; A step (4) of heating the inside of the reactor to increase the temperature; Characterized by performing the above steps to generate heat in the reaction body, an excessive heat generation method.

2. The excessive heat generation method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the reactor and / or the reaction body has defects with a size of 1 nm to several nm in diameter.

3. The excessive heat generation method according to Claim 1, wherein in the step of forming the reaction site, the surface is subjected to compressive tensile processing.

4. The excessive heat generation method according to Claim 1, wherein in the step of forming the reaction site, the surface is subjected to emery polishing.

5. The excessive heat generation method according to Claim 1, wherein in the step of forming the reaction site, the surface is subjected to buff polishing.

6. The excessive heat generation method according to Claim 1, wherein in the step of forming the reaction site, the surface is subjected to electrolytic polishing.

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