Excess heat electromotive force generation method

Abstract

To provide an excess heat electromotive force generation method which enable safe and low-cost generation of a large amount of heat and electricity.SOLUTION: An excess heat electromotive force generation method disclosed herein involves causing a reactant to generate heat by performing: a step (1) of forming a reaction site consisting of a reaction furnace comprising a stainless reaction furnace and the reactant made of nickel or stainless, and a defect in a surface of the reactant; a step (2) of raising temperature of the reaction furnace to discharge impurity gas from the reaction furnace; a step (3) of introducing a hydrogen gas into the reaction furnace; and a step (4) of heating an inside of the reaction furnace to raise temperature.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a method for generating and controlling excess heat and electromotive force using reactants and hydrogen and helium gases. [Background technology]

[0002] One type of nuclear fusion reaction, intrametallic nuclear fusion reaction, is expected to solve both the energy problem and the global warming problem at the same time, and research into it is being conducted around the world. Currently, the term "cold fusion" is not appropriate for the reaction mechanism, so it is generally called low energy nuclear reaction (LENR) or condensed matter nuclear reaction (CMNS).

[0003] However, the information reported by many researchers is lacking in reliability, and there are many problems with the detailed experimental conditions, experimental content, analytical methods, and result analysis, etc. Furthermore, most of these studies are poorly reproducible, and the output data is unstable in terms of the frequency at which excess heat occurs, so until now many details have remained unknown.

[0004] For example, Patent Document 1 relates to a technology for generating abnormal heat by heavy water electrolysis of a deuterium-embrittled palladium cathode, and Patent Document 2 discloses a technology for recombining deuterium and oxygen generated by electrolysis in a sealed cell with a catalyst on top of an electrolyte containing lithium dissolved in a palladium surface layer to return it to heavy water, thereby alloying lithium on the palladium surface layer. Patent Document 3 discloses a technology for passing an alternating current through a reactant having platinum or palladium electrode layers formed on both sides of a proton conductor made of a sintered mixture of metal oxide powder, and Patent Document 4 discloses a technology for generating energy by electrolytic reaction in light water or heavy water solution made of a high-melting point metal and a metal active against hydrogen formed on its surface.

[0005] However, all of the prior art reported in these patent documents lacked stability, and the amount and temperature of heat generation were unstable and remained small values, making them in no way capable of replacing the fossil energy sources that humanity has used up until now, and they have not yet reached practical use.

[0006] Under these circumstances, the inventor has been trying to reproduce the cold fusion phenomenon for many years. Especially since the Fukushima nuclear accident during the Great East Japan Earthquake in March 2011, he felt the limitations of nuclear power generation and has since focused his research on heat, thinking that nuclear transmutation reactions, which do not produce waste, are promising as a future energy source. Initially, he considered the reaction to be a normal nuclear fusion reaction and confirmed the generation of neutrons during electrolysis, but later focused on analyzing the products of isotopic changes that occurred during the electrolysis test. Heat generation was a phenomenon that occurred suddenly and extremely rarely during the process.

[0007] The inventor has accumulated research on everything from cold fusion to condensed matter nuclear reactions, and has obtained data that allows him to generate excess heat for an input that he himself is confident about, leading to the present invention and the acquisition of technology that can brighten the future of energy. Furthermore, verification tests of Mizuno's reactor have been successful at the University of Marseille in France, as well as at S-VYASA in India and Uppsala University in Sweden.

[0008] In response to this, the present inventor has proposed in Patent Application No. 2022-0299243 a method for generating excess heat that can safely and inexpensively generate large amounts of heat by heating an extremely cleanly polished stainless steel surface using an improved reactive metal material that can generate excess heat that exceeds the input energy. [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0009] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 5-27062 [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 7-104080 [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Application Publication No. 11-271484 [Patent Document 4] JP 2014-37996 A Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0010] As described above, the inventor was carrying out a method for generating excess heat that can safely and inexpensively generate a large amount of heat when he was able to confirm electromotive voltage (EMV) from a reactor equipped with electrodes inside, which led to the completion of the present invention. In other words, the present invention provides a method that can safely and inexpensively generate a large amount of heat and electricity at the same time. [Means for solving the problem]

[0011] In order to solve the above problems, the present invention provides A step (1) of forming reaction sites consisting of defects (size of 1 nm to several nm) on the surface of the reactor and the surface of the reactor, the reactor being provided with a stainless steel reactor and a nickel or stainless steel reactor; (2) increasing the temperature of the reactor and discharging impurity gas from the reactor; (3) introducing hydrogen gas into the reactor; (4) a step of heating the inside of the reactor to increase the temperature; and heating the reactants by carrying out the steps of: to provide. Effect of the Invention

[0012] According to the present invention, by providing a method for generating excess heat and electromotive force that can generate a large amount of heat safely and inexpensively, all of the above problems can be solved, and the global energy problem can be solved. Furthermore, the present invention has the great advantage of eliminating the need to use fossil fuels and helping to prevent global warming. In particular, if electricity (electromotive force) can be directly extracted from the reactor, it can contribute to the modern energy problem in which the importance of electricity is increasing. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0013] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of a reactor used in an example of the present invention. [Diagram 2] 1 is a photograph of a reactor used in the examples. [Diagram 3] 1 is a graph showing the results of excess heat from R40 in an example. [Figure 4] 1 is another graph showing the results of excess heat from R40 in the examples. [Diagram 5] 13 is a graph showing excess energy in the case of an input of 300 W in an embodiment. [Figure 6] 11 is a graph showing EMV voltage changes when an input of 300 W is applied in an embodiment. [Figure 7] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between input power and furnace temperature in an embodiment. [Figure 8] This is a photograph of the test furnace, the calibration heater, and the toroidal coil for detecting electromagnetic waves. [Figure 9] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between electromagnetic wave intensity mV and excess heat generation amount Wex / W. [Figure 10] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between electromotive force and the amount of excess heat generated. [Figure 11] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between input, excess energy (Wex / W), and EMV. [Figure 12] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between furnace temperature (° C.), excess energy (Wex / W), and generated voltage (EMV / mV). [Figure 13]1 is a graph showing the relationship between EMV and the value (Std / EMV) obtained by dividing the standard deviation of EMV by EMV (mV). [Figure 14] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between excess energy Wex and EMV. [Figure 15] 1 is a graph of an Arrhenius plot of electromotive force and excess heat. [Figure 16] 1 is a photograph showing the inside of another reactor used in an example of the present invention. [Figure 17] 18 is a photograph of the furnace body and the internal electrode of the reactor shown in FIG. 17. [Figure 18] 18 is a photograph showing the installation of the reactor shown in FIG. 17. [Figure 19] The graph shows an input of 600 W, output (top), furnace temperature and electromotive voltage (bottom). [Figure 20] The graph shows an input of 200 W, output (top), furnace temperature and electromotive voltage (bottom). [Figure 21] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the furnace body temperature value and the logarithmic values ​​of EMV and Wex. [Figure 22] 1 is a graph showing the relationship between the absolute furnace temperature and the logarithmic values ​​of EMV and Wex. [Figure 23] This is the Arrhenius notation of Wex and EMV. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0014] Representative embodiments of the method for generating excess heat according to the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings, but the present invention is not limited to these. In the following description, the same or corresponding parts are given the same reference numerals, and duplicated descriptions may be omitted. In addition, since the drawings are for conceptual explanation, the dimensions of each component shown and their ratios may differ from the actual ones. EXAMPLES

[0015] The inventor reported various abnormal phenomena in metal hydride systems. He assumed that these abnormal phenomena were typical nuclear reactions occurring during electrolysis in heavy water solutions, and also reported the sudden generation of neutrons. He then analyzed the isotopic changes of elements produced during electrolysis tests. Abnormal excess heat (heat exceeding the input energy) was generated during the experiments, but it was difficult to control.

[0016] Subsequent research has demonstrated that excess heat (heat power minus input power greater than zero) exceeds the heating power applied to the reactor. Stainless steel used in specially engineered reactors has been found to generate excess heat under certain conditions. Furthermore, electromotive voltage (EMV) has been observed in reactors equipped with electrodes inside. It is believed that this phenomenon can be explained by an intrametallic tunnel fusion reaction.

[0017] <Test Method> Airflow calorimetry can be used to measure the calorific value. The reactor to be measured is placed in an insulated box (700mm length x 500mm width x 800mm height) (calorimeter chamber), and air flows in through an orifice at the bottom of the chamber, and the heated air that flows out from the orifice at the top has calorific value. The air temperature is measured at both the inlet and outlet with platinum thermometers. A blower fan is attached to the top orifice. The surface temperature of the reactor is measured at the hottest point in the center of the reactor cylinder. Furthermore, the electromotive force of the reaction vessel is measured by measuring the potential difference between the outer wall of the vessel and both ends installed in the center. All data is collected by a logger and saved on an SD card.

[0018] <Test result 1> The schematic of the reactor 1 used is shown in the figure. Test reactor R40 A schematic diagram of the test reactor named "R40" is shown in Figure 1. This reactor is made of SUS304 pipe. It is 400 mm long and 100 mm in diameter. An electrode is installed in the center of the reactor, which is an Anelva mini 100A current introduction terminal 954-7209, dimensions: φ6×130 (atmospheric side φ6.2), material: oxygen-free copper (Ni-plated), number of electrodes: 1, current capacity: 100A, withstand voltage: DC7kV, mass: 93g, compatible flange φ341ICF oxygen-free copper Ni-plated. The furnace weighs 2kg, and a 100V, 600W sheathed heater is wrapped around the reactor. The reactor is evacuated and then filled with hydrogen gas at 500Pa. Figure 2 is a photograph of the reactor R40. The measurement method is to measure the EMV voltage between the furnace body and the collecting electrode tube. The voltage between them is supplied to a data logger. The input impedance is 1MΩ.

[0019] The results of the excess heat from R40 are shown in Figures 3 and 4. Based on the formula that does not take into account heat losses, when the input power is 200 W, the output is 150 W. Heat losses from the calorimeter chamber are not taken into account in this case. Input 200 W, left, input W (black) and output W (red) over time (Figure 3), right, furnace temperature (red) and resulting EMV voltage change (blue) (Figure 4). For a 200 W input, the excess energy is 6.3 W. As shown in the right figure, the electromotive voltage is about 0.85 mV ± 1.1 mV. The furnace temperature at this time is 270 °C.

[0020] In the case of 300W input, the excess energy in Figure 5 is stable at 13.5W. The EMV voltage change (blue) shown in Figure 6 reaches 6.56mV, and the change width is also 0.94mV. Compared to the case of 200W input, the electromotive force has increased to 7.7. The furnace temperature at this time is 347℃.

[0021] The relationship between input power and furnace temperature is shown in Figure 7. At 0W, the temperature is room temperature 20°C, at 100W it reaches 170°C, at 300W it reaches 325°C, and at 400W it reaches 410°C. This relationship is due to heat escape, so as the temperature rises the reached temperature drops. This relationship is expressed by an approximation formula, the exponential function t = -555exp(Win / -337) + 578, with a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.999. Here, t is the furnace temperature (°C), Win is the input wattage, and the number is a constant in the approximation formula.

[0022] For reference, here is a measurement showing not only electromotive voltage but also electromagnetic waves coming out to the outside. This is the furnace in Figure 8, and no discharge electrodes were installed inside, so the excess heat was measured only in the furnace body, but inside the box, an electromagnetic wave detector was installed just in front of the device, which continuously detected radio waves. In Figure 8, there are three calibration heaters next to the test furnace, and a toroidal electromagnetic wave detector with copper wire wound around it is installed, and the voltage at both ends is detected by a logger.

[0023] As a result, as shown in Figure 9, there is a linear relationship between the electromagnetic wave intensity and the amount of excess heat generated, with the correlation coefficient, corrected R2, being 0.988. However, the electromagnetic wave intensity detected here is a homemade toroidal detector, and the actual electromagnetic wave strength is not accurate, but it is still sufficient as a rough guide.

[0024] On the contrary, Fig. 10 shows the electromotive force and excess heat versus furnace temperature using reactor R10. This shows the relationship between input W, excess energy (Wex / W), and electromotive force (EMV / mV), with the horizontal axis being furnace temperature (°C). In Fig. 10, Wex increases linearly with input W. EMV increases exponentially with input W, and increases rapidly especially when it exceeds 200 W. However, this relationship is meaningless because the input and furnace temperature change depending on many factors such as heat dissipation, air circulation, and furnace size, as shown in Fig. 7.

[0025] Next, we investigate the relationship between furnace temperature (C), excess energy (Wex / W), and generated voltage (EMV / mV). In Figure 12, the horizontal axis is furnace temperature, and the vertical axis is Wex and EMV. It can be seen that EMV and Wex increase exponentially with respect to the input. Furthermore, EMV increases rapidly from temperatures exceeding 300°C. These relationships are expressed by the following approximate equations: Wex = 1.2exp(t / 133) - 3.06, EMV(mV) = 0.0043exp(t / 47) + 0.00428, respectively. Here, t is the furnace temperature, and the numbers are constants in the approximation equations.

[0026] Figure 13 shows the relationship between the generated voltage EMV (mV) and the value (Std / EMV) obtained by dividing the standard deviation of EMV by EMV (mV). The horizontal axis is electromotive force (EMD / mV) and the vertical axis is Std / EMV. When EMV is small, STD / EMV is large, and when EMV exceeds a few mV, it becomes constant at 0.2 to 0.1. This approximation formula is expressed by the Stirling formula as follows: Std / EMV=6.2-11.3exp(-1.87×EMV)-1)×-1.87. Here, the numerical value is a constant of the approximation formula. The correction R2 of this formula is 0.971. The difference in the furnace temperatures between Figure 4 and Figure 6 is 270℃ and 347℃, and the difference is about 80℃, but the EMV differed by about 10 times, but the fluctuation range was about one order of magnitude smaller when the furnace temperature was higher.

[0027] The relationship between excess energy Wex and EMV is shown in Figure 14. Taking Wex on the horizontal axis and EMV (mV) on the vertical axis, an exponential relationship is obtained, and the approximate formula is EMV (mV) = 1.34Exp(-Wex / -7.72)-1.19. Here, Wex is the excess energy, and the numerical value is a constant.

[0028] Figure 15 shows the logarithmic relationship between the reactor temperature, electromotive voltage, and excess heat. In the high temperature region of the Arrhenius plot, ΔH = -4606 cal / mol = -19.17 J / mol and ΔS = 2000 eV / mol are obtained. The change in slope near the temperature of 555 K indicates a change in the reaction pattern.

[0029] <Test result 2> Next, the results of measurements performed using a larger reactor vessel 2 as the reactor 2 are shown. The reactor is made of SUS304, is 400 mm long, 100 mm in diameter, and weighs 7 kg. Furthermore, two lightly polished SUS plates, each 300 mm long and 200 mm wide, are installed inside (Fig. 16). As shown in the photograph in Fig. 17, #400 SUS304, 300 mm long, 200 mm wide, and weighing 0.7 g, is wrapped around the same discharge electrode, fixed around the periphery with copper wire, and placed inside the reactor. Fig. 18 shows a photograph of the reactor 1 installation.

[0030] Figure 19 shows the results for an input of 600 W. The graphs show excess heat (top) and electromotive voltage (bottom). After about 1 hour (4 ks), the input is exceeded and excess heat is generated. The amount of excess heat at this time was about 150 W, and the O / I ratio was 1.26. With this furnace, the electromotive voltage rose to several tens of mV at first, but then decreased as excess heat was generated.

[0031] Figure 20 shows the results for an input of 200W. As with the 600W case, the input is exceeded for about 4ks for an hour, generating excess heat. The amount of excess heat at this time was about 16W, and the O / I ratio was 1.09. In this furnace, the electromotive voltage drops to -10mV at first, but then approaches 0 as excess heat is generated. Figure 21 shows the relationship between the furnace body temperature and the logarithmic values ​​of EMV and Wex. In this figure, values ​​above 265°C are calculated, but in the lower temperature range the correlation is extremely close to 1, and we believe that this relationship is correct, even though it is an estimated value. Figure 22 also shows that Wex and EMV are parallel in the high temperature range.

[0032] Figure 23 shows the Arrhenius notation of Wex and EMV. Wex has a linear relationship over a wide temperature range. EMV also has the same slope as Wex in the high temperature region, and the activation energy is also the same. The activation energy is about -0.3 eV / K / atom.

[0033] <Consideration> We consider the reaction mechanism of this electromotive force generation phenomenon. This phenomenon is clearly closely related to the excess energy that is generated. It can also be assumed that the reaction mechanism changes at a temperature of 555K. First, we describe the known electron emission reactions from metals.

[0034] (1) Thermionic emission The phenomenon in which electrons are emitted from the surface of a solid that has been heated to a high temperature. When a solid such as a metal or semiconductor is heated to a high temperature, the movement of the free electrons within the solid becomes intense, and some of them jump over the energy barrier at the surface and fly out. These are called thermions, and the higher the temperature, the greater the number of electrons emitted per second. This can be understood as the "evaporation" phenomenon of electrons. The thermoelectron current density J is calculated by Richardson's equation, J=A(1-γ)T2exp(-Φ / kT). Here, A is a constant, γ is the electron surface barrier transmission coefficient, k is the Boltzmann constant, T is the absolute temperature, and Φ is the work function, which corresponds to the latent heat of electron evaporation. If the temperature of the metal is T in absolute temperature, the number of thermoelectrons emitted from the metal per unit time Ne is Ne=AT2e-W / kT. This phenomenon occurs in a vacuum, and electrons cannot pass through the 1 atm H2 gas atmosphere used in this test. Of course, if the electron energy is on the order of MeV, the range is sufficient.

[0035] (2) Seebeck effect The effect of creating a potential difference (electromotive force) between the two ends of a substance when a temperature difference is applied across the two ends.

[0036] (3) Thermocouple When two wires of different metals are connected to each other and placed in different temperature environments, a voltage is generated on the circuit. The phenomenon observed is not this phenomenon because the wires use the same metal and are not connected to each other.

[0037] (4) Air battery This battery uses oxygen in the air as the positive electrode active material and a metal as the negative electrode active material, and oxygen does not exist inside the furnace due to the reaction in hydrogen gas. The electrodes are nickel and SUS, and hydrogen and oxygen do not react in the metal.

[0038] (5) Exoelectron emission (Kramer effect) This is caused by structural defects in materials, and the source of electron emission is changes in the structure or electronic state of materials due to electromagnetic wave or charged particle irradiation, gas adsorption, surface chemical reactions, mechanical phase transformation, etc. Emission is often promoted by irradiation with heat or light, etc. This is also a phenomenon that can be observed in a vacuum.

[0039] (6) Fracto-emission This is the phenomenon in which electrons, photons, ions, etc. are emitted from deformed or broken parts of materials when solids are processed or broken. In the case of friction or wear, this is called triboemission. It is assumed that the cause is chemical reactions, and in the case of insulators, field emissions due to charge separation. This is a temporary emission of electrons that accompanies breakdown, and is different from the sustained reaction observed.

[0040] (7) Auger electrons When an electron from the outer shell transitions to a vacancy created by a primary electron, etc., the energy between the levels is not released as a photon, but is instead given to another electron and released to the outside. At this energy level, it can only be observed in a vacuum, and cannot be observed in hydrogen gas at 1 atmosphere.

[0041] Based on the above, further consideration was given and the following conclusions were reached. <Conclusion 1 (Summary)> Excess heat (heat output minus input power greater than zero) was obtained in a reactor using specially processed metal and hydrogen systems, exceeding the heating input power applied to the reactor. Here, processed stainless steel material was found to generate excess heat under certain conditions. Furthermore, electromotive voltage (EMV) was confirmed from a reactor equipped with electrodes inside the reactor. This phenomenon cannot be explained by many of the physical phenomena reported in the papers we have reported. However, it is presumed that this phenomenon can be explained if there is an intrametallic tunnel nuclear fusion reaction.

[0042] <Conclusion 2 (Reactor processing)> Stainless steel and nickel, which have been mechanically processed near the metal surface to generate excess heat, generate an electromotive force along with thermal energy. It is believed that the mechanism by which the electromotive force is generated is that hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen react with each other through the tunnel effect in defects in the stainless steel and nickel alloy. In a normal thermonuclear fusion reaction, gaseous hydrogen collides with each other to cause a reaction. In this case, hydrogen atoms must collide head-on, which requires extremely high temperatures and pressures.

[0043] <Conclusion 3 (Estimated reaction mechanism)> When a reaction occurs in a narrow site where a metal reaction is likely to occur, such as a lattice defect or dislocation, the hydrogen density is high, and the hydrogen concentration is about 105 times higher than in thermonuclear fusion. Furthermore, since the tunnel effect depends on the temperature and the site potential, the reaction increases exponentially with temperature. Also, the probability of the tunnel effect in a metal defect varies by orders of magnitude depending on the defect structure. Hydrogen with a site concentration close to that of a solid causes the tunnel effect in a site where the tunnel reaction probability is extremely high, so it is estimated that the reaction probability is about 10 orders of magnitude higher than that of thermonuclear fusion, even at low temperatures of 300 or 400 degrees, compared to high-temperature thermonuclear fusion. The reaction in the site when the reaction heat was confirmed was analyzed using the quantum mechanical reaction mechanism described above.

[0044] <Summary> As a result of extensive experiments, the present inventors have confirmed that, more specifically, it is preferable to use the following conditions in the present invention as described in the claims.

[0045] Process (1): 1. The raw materials are commercially available SUS304 and 316 sheets with a thickness of 0.1 to 50 mm. 2. Rolling process, reducing the thickness to 50-10% of the original thickness. Cold rolling is used. This rolling process is carried out at room temperature or room temperature, and the material is not heated as in hot rolling, but the temperature of the material rises due to the heat generated when the material is deformed. In the case of steel-based materials, cold rolling is performed at temperatures below 600°C as a guideline, and a shiny surface is obtained. This creates many reaction sites inside. 3. Forging: Forge at room temperature while cooling so that the temperature does not exceed 30°C. This processing process makes it possible to refine the internal metal particles, creating smaller reaction sites. 4. The entire part is forged at approximately 10 to 100 kg / cm2 per unit area. This is done using the cold forging method, which is performed at room temperature, but the metal is still in a hard state. 5. The forging tool must be clamped on both sides with the same SUS material to prevent dissimilar metals from mixing. 6. Surface polishing: Polish the surface with emery paper to 200#~800# until all scratches are removed. 7. Buffing: Use a cloth or leather buff to polish the surface until it becomes shiny. 8. Bending process: The furnace body is processed into the desired shape (cylindrical, plate, etc.). 9. Cool the entire metal to below 3°C to prevent temperature changes during processing. 10:To finish it in a tubular shape, bend it into a cylindrical shape and weld it. 11: Laser or electron beam welding is suitable. In this case, air cooling is performed so that the temperature of the material does not exceed 50°C.

[0046] Process (2): 12: Surface cleaning is performed by washing the inside of the furnace body with detergent in pure water of 80°C or higher to remove contaminants, grease, etc. 13: Use ethyl alcohol to degrease the inside of the furnace. Room temperature is fine. 14: Finally, use acetone to completely remove any moisture or residual oils. 15: The inside of the furnace is evacuated to a vacuum (several Pa) to remove air and moisture. 16: Fill with hydrogen gas. Use hydrogen gas (99.5%) at about 5 kPa. [Industrial Applicability]

[0047] Research into renewable energy is currently being conducted around the world to prevent global warming, but since this energy is scarce, the present invention can replace it, solving both the energy problem and preventing global warming at once, and making it possible to generate large amounts of excess heat and electromotive force on a global scale.

Claims

1. A step (1) of forming reaction sites consisting of defects for causing a tunnel reaction on the surface of a stainless steel reactor and a nickel or stainless steel reactant; (2) increasing the temperature of the reactor and discharging impurity gas from the reactor; (3) introducing hydrogen gas into the reactor; (4) a step of heating the inside of the reactor to increase the temperature; and causing the reactants to generate heat.

2. 2. The method for generating excess thermoelectric power according to claim 1, characterized in that the reactor and / or the reactant have defects with a diameter of 1 nm to several nm.

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