Synchronization signal burst, signal design, and system frame acquisition in new radio

Abstract

To synchronize a signal burst, signal design, and / or system frame acquisition.SOLUTION: A synchronization signal (SS) block or burst may be received. The SS block or burst may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and / or a Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH). A first cell ID may be determined and / or a plurality of SSS sequences may be generated. An m0 value (e.g., a first cyclic shift) may be determined from a set of m0 values, for example, based on the generated plurality of SSS sequences. An n1 value (e.g., a second cyclic shift) may be determined from a set of n1 values. A second cell ID may be determined, for example, based on the m0 value and the n1 value. A third cell ID may be determined, for example, based on the second cell ID and the first cell ID.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 19

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to synchronization signal bursts, signal design, and system frame acquisition in NEW RADIO.

Background Art

[0002] Cross-reference This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 454,524, filed on February 3, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 500,752, filed on May 3, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 519,745, filed on June 14, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 556,171, filed on September 8, 2017, which are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein.

[0003] A broad classification of use cases for the emerging 5G systems can be represented as Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), and Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC). The broad classification of use cases can be based on requirements described by ITU-R, NGMN, and 3GPP. Use cases may focus on one or more requirements such as higher data rates, higher spectral efficiency, low power, higher energy efficiency, lower latency, and higher reliability. A wide range of spectral bands from 700 MHz to 80 GHz may be considered for various deployment scenarios.

Summary of the Invention

Means for Solving the Problems

[0004] Systems, procedures, and means for synchronizing signal bursts, signal designs, and / or system frame acquisition in New Radio (NR) are disclosed. A Synchronization Signal (SS) block may be defined based on an SS burst, and one or more of the SS bursts may define an SS burst set. An SS block that is to be activated, enabled, or transmitted may be determined. Information about the SS block that is to be activated, enabled, or transmitted is provided to another entity. Based on the SS block that is to be activated, enabled, or transmitted, an OFDM symbol index, a slot index within a radio frame, a radio frame number, and / or a mini-slot index may be identified. Quasi-Co-Located (QCL) indications and / or rate matching indications may be provided (e.g., may be provided in the SS block).

[0005] A Synchronization Signal (SS) burst may be received. The SS burst may include a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), and / or a Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH). A first cell ID carried by the PSS (e.g., therein) may be determined. A plurality of SSS sequences may be generated, for example, based on a first M sequence and a second M sequence. An m0 value (e.g., a first cyclic shift) may be determined from a set of m0 values (e.g., a first set of cyclic shifts) based on the generated plurality of SSS sequences. An n1 value (e.g., a second cyclic shift) may be determined from a set of n1 values (e.g., a second set of cyclic shifts). A second cell ID carried by the SSS (e.g., therein) may be determined, for example, based on the m0 value and the n1 value. A third cell ID may be determined, for example, based on the second cell ID carried by the SSS and the first cell ID carried by the PSS.

[0006] A portion of the system frame number (SFN) may be determined based on a scrambling code. The scrambling code may be based on a third cell ID. A portion of the SFN (e.g., another portion) may be obtained within an SS burst. The SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) may be determined based on, for example, the determined portion of the SFN and the portion of the SFN obtained within the SS burst being the same.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0007] A more detailed understanding can be obtained from the following description, which is provided as an example related to the accompanying drawings.

[0008]

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[0009] Next, a detailed description of exemplary embodiments will be described with reference to various figures. It should be noted that this specification provides detailed examples of possible implementations, but the details are exemplary and are not intended to limit the scope of this application in any way.

[0010] FIG. 1A illustrates an exemplary communication system 100 in which one or more of the disclosed embodiments can be implemented. The communication system 100 is a multiple access system that provides content such as voice, data, video, messages, broadcasts, etc. to a plurality of wireless users. The communication system 100 can enable a plurality of wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 can use one or more channel access methods such as code division multiple access (CDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA), frequency division multiple access (FDMA), orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), single carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), zero tail unique word DFT spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), unique word OFDM (UW-OFDM), resource block filtered OFDM, filter bank multi-carrier (FBMC).

[0011] As shown in Figure 1A, the communication system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104 / 113, a CN 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, although it will be understood that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, which may also be referred to as "stations" and / or "STAs" in some instances, may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UEs), mobile stations, fixed subscriber units or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular telephones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hot spot devices or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearables, head-mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or automated processing chain context), home appliances, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may also be referred to interchangeably as a UE.

[0012] The communication system 100 may also include base station 114a and / or base station 114b. Each of base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks such as CN106 / 115, Internet 110, and / or other network 112. By way of example, base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), Node B, eNode B, home Node B, home eNode B, gNB, NR NodeB, site controller, access point (AP), wireless router, etc. Although base stations 114a, 114b are each represented as a single element, it will be understood that base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0013] Base station 114a may be part of RAN104 / 113, and RAN104 / 113 may include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), a relay node, etc. Base station 114a and / or base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, sometimes referred to as a cell (not shown). These frequencies may be within a licensed spectrum, within an unlicensed spectrum, or within a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrums. A cell can provide coverage for wireless services in a particular geographic area that may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell can be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with base station 114a can be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, base station 114a may use multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0014] Base stations 114a, 114b can communicate with one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d on air interface 116, and air interface 116 can be any suitable wireless communication link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, millimeter wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). Air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0015] More specifically, as described above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may use one or more channel access methods such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base stations 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c within the RAN 104 / 113 may implement radio technologies such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) that can establish the air interfaces 115 / 116 / 117 using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0016] In an embodiment, the base stations 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA) that can establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-Pro).

[0017] In an embodiment, the base stations 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement radio technologies such as NR radio access that can establish the air interface 116 using New Radio (NR).

[0018] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE radio access and NR radio access together, for example, using the dual connectivity (DC) principle. Accordingly, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by transmissions from / to multiple types of radio access technologies and / or multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0019] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement wireless technologies such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi)), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), etc.

[0020] The base station 114b in Fig. 1A may be, for example, a wireless router, a home Node B, a home eNode B, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity within a local area such as an office, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an aerial corridor (e.g., for use by a drone), a roadway, etc. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a wireless technology such as IEEE 802.11 to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a wireless technology such as IEEE 802.15 to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a pico cell or a femto cell. As shown in Fig. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0021] RAN 104 / 113 may communicate with CN 106 / 115, and CN 106 / 115 may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, applications, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying quality of service (QoS) requirements such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, billing services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video delivery, and / or perform high-level security functions such as user authentication. Although not shown in Figure 1A, it will be understood that RAN 104 / 113 and / or CN 106 / 115 may communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs using the same RAT or a different RAT as RAN 104 / 113. For example, in addition to being connected to RAN 104 / 113 which may utilize New Radio (NR) radio technology, CN 106 / 115 may also communicate with another RAN (not shown) using GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0022] CN106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for the WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network that provides plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols such as the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or the Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The network 112 may include a wired communication network and / or a wireless communication network that is owned and / or operated by another service provider. For example, the network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, and this RAN may use the same RAT as the RAN104 / 113 or a different RAT.

[0023] Some or all of the WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, 102d within the communication system 100 may include multimode capabilities (e.g., the WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU102c shown in Figure 1A may be configured to communicate with a base station 114a that may use cellular-based wireless technology and a base station 114b that may use IEEE802 wireless technology.

[0024] Figure 1B is a system diagram illustrating an exemplary WTRU102. As shown in Figure 1B, the WTRU102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, a non-removable memory 130, a removable memory 132, a power supply 134, a global positioning system (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripheral devices 138. It will be understood that the WTRU102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining in accordance with an embodiment.

[0025] The processor 118 may be a general-purpose processor, a special-purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal encoding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, and the transceiver 120 may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although Figure 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be understood that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be integrated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0026] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to, or receive signals from, a base station (e.g., base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive, for example, IR signals, UV signals, or visible light signals. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF signals and optical signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0027] Although the transmit / receive element 122 is represented as a single element in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may utilize MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0028] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals that will be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and to demodulate signals that will be received by the transmit / receive element 122. As described above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers, for example, to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs such as NR and IEEE 802.11.

[0029] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 can be coupled to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit) and can receive user input data therefrom. The processor 118 can also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, keypad 126, and / or display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 can access information from any suitable type of memory, such as the non-removable memory 130 and / or the removable memory 132, and can store data therein. The non-removable memory 130 can include random access memory (RAM), read-only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 can include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, etc. In other embodiments, the processor 118 can access information from a memory that is not physically installed on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or a home computer (not shown), and can store data therein.

[0030] The processor 118 may receive power from the power supply 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control power to other components within the WTRU 102. The power supply 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power supply 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel metal hydride (NiMH), lithium ion (Li ion), etc.), a solar cell, a fuel cell, etc.

[0031] Processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from GPS chipset 136, WTRU 102 may receive location information on air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or may determine its location based on the timing at which signals are received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that WTRU 102 may obtain location information by any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with the embodiments.

[0032] Processor 118 may further be coupled to other peripheral devices 138, which may include one or more software modules and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, peripheral devices 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or video), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth® module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, etc. Peripheral devices 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, an attitude sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0033] WTRU102 may include full-duplex radio in which some or all of the transmissions and receptions of signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be parallel and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 that reduces and / or substantially eliminates self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown), or via processor 118). In an embodiment, WTRU102 may include half-duplex radio for some or all of the transmissions and receptions of signals (e.g., associated with specific subframes for both UL (e.g., for transmission) and downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0034] Figure 1C is a system diagram illustrating RAN104 and CN106 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN104 may communicate with WTRU102a, 102b, 102c over air interface 116 using E-UTRA radio technology. RAN104 may also communicate with CN106.

[0035] RAN104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it will be understood that RAN104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining in accordance with the embodiment. Each of eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRU102a, 102b, 102c over air interface 116. In one embodiment, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO technology. Thus, eNode-B 160a may, for example, transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from WTRU102a using multiple antennas.

[0036] Each of eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in UL and / or DL, etc. As shown in FIG. 1C, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may communicate with each other over the X2 interface.

[0037] CN 106 shown in FIG. 1C may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. Although each of the foregoing elements is represented as part of CN 106, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0038] MME 162 may be connected to each of eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, and 162c within RAN 104 via the S1 interface and may act as a control node. For example, MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a specific serving gateway during the initial attach of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, etc. MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) using other radio technologies such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0039] SGW 164 may be connected to each of eNode Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c within RAN 104 via an S1 interface. SGW 164 may generally route and transfer user data packets to / from WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. SGW 164 may perform other functions such as anchoring the user plane during an eNode B handover, triggering a page when DL data is available for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and managing and storing the contexts of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0040] SGW 164 may be connected to PGW 166, and PGW 166 may provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c access to a packet switched network such as the Internet 110 to facilitate communication between WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0041] CN 106 may facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN 106 may provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c access to a circuit switched network such as PSTN 108 to facilitate communication between WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c and conventional landline communication devices. For example, CN 106 may include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN 106 and PSTN 108. Additionally, CN 106 may provide WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0042] Although the WTRU is described as a wireless terminal in FIGS. 1A - 1D, in some representative embodiments, it is contemplated that such a terminal may use (e.g., temporarily or permanently) a wired communication interface to a communication network.

[0043] In a representative embodiment, another network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0044] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have an access or interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or from the BSS. Traffic from outside the BSS to an STA may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from an STA to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP for delivery to their respective destinations. For example, if a source STA can send traffic to the AP and the AP can deliver the traffic to a destination STA, traffic between STAs in the BSS may be sent through the AP. Traffic between STAs in the BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer - to - peer traffic. Peer - to - peer traffic may be sent (e.g., directly between) a source and a destination STA using a direct link setup (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS may use an 802.11e DLS or an 802.11z tunnel DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and STAs within or using the IBSS (e.g., all of the STAs) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication may also be referred to herein as the "ad - hoc" mode of communication.

[0045] When using the 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operation, the AP may transmit beacons on a fixed channel such as the primary channel. The primary channel may be of a fixed width (e.g., a 20 MHz bandwidth), or may be a width dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be the operating channel of the BSS and may be used by the STA to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, within an 802.11 system. In the case of CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., any STA), including the AP, can sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected by a particular STA and / or determined to be busy, that particular STA can back off. Only one STA (e.g., the only station) can transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0046] A High Throughput (HT) STA can form a 40 MHz wide channel for communication using a combination of the primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non - adjacent 20 MHz channels, for example.

[0047] Very High Throughput (VHT) STAs can support 20 MHz-wide channels, 40 MHz-wide channels, 80 MHz-wide channels, and / or 160 MHz-wide channels. 40 MHz channels and / or 80 MHz channels can be formed by combining adjacent 20 MHz channels. 160 MHz channels may be formed by combining eight adjacent 20 MHz channels or by combining two non-adjacent 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80 + 80 configuration. In the case of an 80 + 80 configuration, data may be passed through a segment parser that can split the data into two streams after channel encoding. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time domain processing can be performed separately on each stream. The streams may be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the transmitter of the receiving STA, the operations described above for the 80 + 80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to the Media Access Control (MAC).

[0048] The sub-1 GHz mode of operation is supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. The channel operating bandwidth and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz bandwidth, 10 MHz bandwidth, and 20 MHz bandwidth within the TV white space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz bandwidth, 2 MHz bandwidth, 4 MHz bandwidth, 8 MHz bandwidth, and 16 MHz bandwidth that uses the non-TVWS spectrum. According to an exemplary embodiment, 802.11ah can support meter type control / machine type communication, such as MTC devices within a macro coverage area. The MTC devices may have limited capabilities, including some capabilities, such as support for some and / or limited bandwidth (e.g., only this). The MTC devices may include a battery having a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0049] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include channels that can be designated as primary channels. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or restricted by an STA from among all STAs operating in the BSS, and the BSS supports the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In the example of 802.11ah, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for an AP and other STAs in the BSS when there is an STA (e.g., an MTC type device) that supports the 1 MHz mode even when the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes (e.g., supports only this). Carrier sense settings and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example, by an STA (supporting only the 1 MHz operating mode) transmitting to an AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy even if most of this frequency band remains idle and available.

[0050] In the United States, the available frequency band that can be used by 802.11ah is from 902 MHz to 928 MHz. In Korea, the available frequency band is from 917.5 MHz to 923.5 MHz. In Japan, the available frequency band is from 916.5 MHz to 927.5 MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is from 6 MHz to 26 MHz depending on the country code.

[0051] Figure 1D is a system diagram illustrating RAN 113 and CN 115 according to an embodiment. As described above, RAN 113 may communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over air interface 116 using NR radio technology. RAN 113 may also communicate with CN 115.

[0052] RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, but it will be understood that RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining in accordance with the embodiment. Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may include one or more transceivers for communicating with WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over air interface 116. In an embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO technology. For example, gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, gNB 180a may, for example, transmit and / or receive wireless signals from WTRU 102a using multiple antennas. In an embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation technology. For example, gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement multi-point coordinated (CoMP) technology. For example, WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmission from gNB 180a and gNB 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0053] WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or the OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c can communicate with gNB180a, 180b, and 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of various or scalable lengths (e.g., including a varying number of OFDM symbols and / or continuing between varying lengths of absolute time).

[0054] gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may be configured to communicate with WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c in a stand-alone configuration and / or a non-stand-alone configuration. In a stand-alone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c without accessing other RANs (such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c, etc.). In a stand-alone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may utilize one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c as a mobility anchor point. In a stand-alone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may communicate with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c using signals in an unlicensed band. In a non-stand-alone configuration, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may communicate / connect with gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN such as eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c. For example, WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c may implement the DC principle to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-stand-alone configuration, eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, and 160c may act as a mobility anchor for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, and gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may provide additional coverage area and / or throughput to serve WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c.

[0055] Each of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may be associated with a specific cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, user scheduling in UL and / or DL, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, etc. As shown in Figure 1D, gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c may communicate with each other over the Xn interface.

[0056] CN 115 shown in Figure 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one session management function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is represented as part of CN 115, it will be understood that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0057] AMF 182a and 182b may be connected to one or more of gNBs 180a, 180b, and 180c within RAN 113 via the N2 interface and may act as control nodes. For example, AMF 182a and 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting specific SMFs 183a and 183b, managing the registration area, terminating NAS signals, mobility management, etc. Network slicing may be used by AMF 182a and 182b to customize the CN support for WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c based on the type of service being utilized by WTRUs 102a, 102b, and 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases such as services relying on ultra-reliable low-latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communication (MTC) access, etc. AMF 162 may provide control plane functions for switching between RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) using other radio technologies such as non-3GPP access technologies like LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or WiFi.

[0058] SMF183a and 183b may be connected to AMF182a and 182b within CN115 via the N11 interface. SMF183a and 183b may be connected to UPF184a and 184b within CN115 via the N4 interface. SMF183a and 183b can select and control UPF184a and 184b and configure the routing of traffic passing through UPF184a and 184b. SMF183a and 183b may perform other functions such as managing and allocating UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, enforcing policies and controlling QoS, and providing downlink data notifications. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0059] UPF184a and 184b may be connected to one or more of gNB180a, 180b, and 180c within RAN113 via the N3 interface, and the N3 interface may provide access to a packet-switched network such as the Internet 110 to WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c to facilitate communication between WTRU102a, 102b, and 102c and IP-compatible devices. UPF184 and 184b may perform other functions such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-home PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, and providing mobility anchoring.

[0060] CN115 can facilitate communication with other networks. For example, CN115 may include, or communicate with, an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that serves as an interface between CN115 and PSTN108. Additionally, CN115 may provide access to other network 112 to WTRU102a, 102b, 102c, where other network 112 may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In one embodiment, WTRU102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data network (DN) 185a, 185b through UPF184a, 184b via an N3 interface to UPF184a, 184b and an N6 interface between UPF184a, 184b and DN185a, 185b.

[0061] In view of FIGS. 1A-D and the corresponding descriptions of FIGS. 1A-1D, one or more, or all, of the functions described herein with respect to one or more of WTRU102a-d, base stations 114a-b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME162, SGW164, PGW166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-ab, UPFs 184a-b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other devices described herein may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). An emulation device may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all, of the functions described herein. For example, an emulation device may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network functions and / or WTRU functions.

[0062] An emulation device may be designed to perform one or more tests of other devices within a laboratory environment and / or within an operator network environment. For example, one or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of its functions while being fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired communication network and / or a wireless communication network to test other devices within the communication network. One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, or all, of its functions while being temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired communication network and / or a wireless communication network. An emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may perform testing using over-the-air wireless communication.

[0063] One or more emulation devices may perform one or more, including all, of its functions while not being implemented / deployed as part of a wired communication network and / or a wireless communication network. For example, an emulation device may be utilized in a testing scenario within a testing laboratory and / or a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired communication network and / or wireless communication network to perform testing of one or more components. One or more emulation devices may be test equipment. Wireless communication via direct RF coupling and / or an RF circuit (e.g., may include one or more antennas) may be used by an emulation device to transmit and / or receive data.

[0064] A broad classification of use cases for the emerging 5G system can be represented as Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), and Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC). The broad classification of use cases can be based on the requirements described by ITU-R, NGMN, and 3GPP. The use cases may focus on one or more requirements such as higher data rates, higher spectral efficiency, low power, higher energy efficiency, lower latency, and higher reliability. A wide range of spectral bands from 700 MHz to 80 GHz may be considered for different deployment scenarios.

[0065] As the carrier frequency increases, path loss can become a limiting factor in ensuring sufficient coverage. Transmission in millimeter-wave systems may suffer from non-line-of-sight losses (e.g., diffraction loss, penetration loss, oxygen absorption loss, foliage loss, etc.). During initial access, the base station and / or the WTRU may need to overcome high path loss and / or discover each other. For example, generating a beamformed signal using antenna elements may be used to compensate for path loss by providing a beamforming gain. Beamforming techniques may include digital beamforming, analog beamforming, and hybrid beamforming.

[0066] LTE initial synchronization and / or broadcast channels may be provided.

[0067] In cell search, the WTRU may acquire time and / or frequency synchronization with the cell and / or detect the cell ID of the cell. The LTE synchronization signal may be transmitted in the 0th subframe and / or the 5th subframe of one or more (e.g., any) radio frames and / or may be used for time and / or frequency synchronization during initialization. As part of system acquisition, the WTRU may synchronize (e.g., sequentially synchronize) to OFDM symbols, slots, subframes, half-frames, and / or radio frames, for example, based on the synchronization signal. The synchronization signal may be a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and / or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS). The primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be used to obtain slot, subframe, and / or half-frame boundaries. The PSS can provide physical layer cell identification information (PCI) within a cell identification information group. The secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be used to obtain radio frame boundaries. The SSS can enable the WTRU to determine a cell identification information group, which can range from 0 to 167.

[0068] Following synchronization (e.g., successful synchronization) and / or PCI acquisition, the WTRU may decode the physical broadcast channel (PBCH), for example, with the help of the cell-specific reference signal (CRS), and / or obtain master information block (MIB) information regarding system bandwidth, system frame number (SFN), and / or PHICH configuration.

[0069] The LTE synchronization signal and / or PBCH may be transmitted (e.g., continuously transmitted) according to, for example, a standardized periodicity.

[0070] A high-level unified synchronization signal (SS) burst structure may be, for example, in new radio (NR), as follows. The PSS, SSS, and / or PBCH may be transmitted within an SS block, one or more SS blocks may constitute an SS burst, and / or one or more SS bursts may constitute an SS burst set. Since one or more SS blocks may constitute an SS burst and / or one or more SS bursts may constitute an SS burst set, the PSS, SSS, and / or PBCH may be transmitted within an SS burst and / or an SS burst set. One or more of the following may be addressed and provided herein. A detailed design for the SS burst configuration and / or structure may be provided. Information indicated within the SS burst may be provided. A unified SS burst structure (e.g., to support single-beam and / or multi-beam deployment) may be provided. A design for time indication (e.g., for an SS burst that can encompass single-beam and / or multi-beam operation) may be provided. A detailed SS burst configuration and / or structure may be provided.

[0071] The SS burst structure in NR (e.g., a new SS burst structure) may affect system frame acquisition. LTE system frame acquisition may be performed, for example, by scrambling carried within the PBCH payload to convey the SFN and / or one or more system frame numbers (SFNs). A design to acquire the system frame number and / or an extended SFN (e.g., based on the SS burst set structure) may be provided (e.g., in NR) to address, for example, the introduction of SS blocks and / or burst structures.

[0072] The SS burst set structure in NR may redesign the SS sequence for system performance and / or synchronization latency (e.g., optimal system performance and synchronization latency). A sequence design that conforms to the SS burst structure in NR may be provided.

[0073] The SS burst set may be designed and / or constructed.

[0074] The SS burst set design and / or structure may consider one or more of the radio frame number, slot number, subframe number, mini-slot number, system frame number, periodicity, and / or coherent synthesis of the signal.

[0075] The SS block may be defined with reference to a radio frame. The SS block index may be indicated within the radio frame. The SS block index may be a time index for the SS block. The time index for the SS block within the radio frame may be used, for example, to identify one or more SS blocks within the radio frame.

[0076] The SS block may be defined with reference to an SS burst. The SS burst may be defined with reference to an SS burst set. A time index that may be unique to the SS blocks within an SS burst may be used, for example. Another time index that may be unique to one or more SS bursts within the SS burst set may be used for the SS burst. The SS burst index may be common across the SS blocks within one or more SS bursts. The SS block index may be indicated within the SS burst and / or the SS burst index may be indicated within the SS burst set. The SS block may be defined with reference to the SS burst set. The SS block index may be indicated within the SS burst set. The time index for the SS blocks within the SS burst set may be used, for example, to identify one or more SS blocks within the SS burst set. The SS block may be placed within a predetermined window. The SS block may be spread over the periodicity (e.g., the overall periodicity) of the SS burst set. The SS block may be placed. The SS block (e.g., all SS blocks) may be limited within a half radio frame or within a 5 ms window. For example, the SS block may be limited within the first half radio frame or the second half radio frame, or within the first 5 ms window or the second 5 ms window of a 10 ms radio frame. Whether the SS block is limited within the first half radio frame or the second half radio frame, or within the first 5 ms window or the second 5 ms window of a 10 ms radio frame may be determined in advance by default, for example, or indicated by an indicator. For example, the WTRU may be indicated where to receive the SS block (e.g., the first radio frame or the second radio frame) based on the half radio frame indication.

[0077] In the case of a frequency band, an SS block may correspond to K OFDM symbols (e.g., based on a default subcarrier spacing). K may be a constant. The multiplexing structure of the signals within the SS block may be fixed. An SS burst set may correspond to M SS bursts. An SS burst may correspond to N SS blocks. An SS burst set may correspond to L SS blocks. L may be L = MN. An exemplary SS burst set design and / or structure can be represented in FIG. 2.

[0078] FIG. 2 shows an example for constructing and / or designing an SS block, an SS burst, and / or an SS burst set. An SS burst may correspond to N SS blocks, and / or an SS burst set may correspond to M SS bursts. An SS block may be defined with reference to an SS burst, and / or an SS burst may be defined with reference to an SS burst set. An SS block index may be indicated within an SS burst, and / or an SS burst index may be indicated within an SS burst set.

[0079] FIG. 3 shows an example for constructing and / or designing an SS block, an SS burst, and / or an SS burst set. An SS burst set may correspond to L SS blocks. An SS block may be defined with reference to an SS burst set. An SS block index may be indicated within an SS burst set.

[0080] FIG. 4 shows an example for constructing and / or designing an SS block, an SS burst, and / or an SS burst set. A wireless frame may correspond to N SS blocks, and / or an SS burst set may correspond to M wireless frames. An SS block may be defined with reference to a wireless frame. A wireless frame may be defined with reference to an SS burst set. An SS block index may be indicated within a wireless frame, and / or a wireless frame index may be indicated within an SS burst set.

[0081] As described herein, an SS burst may correspond to N SS blocks and / or an SS burst set may correspond to M SS bursts. An SS burst set may correspond to L SS blocks. One or more fixed values among M, N, or L (e.g., M and N, or L) may be used. The values of M, N, and / or L may be designed such that the values of M, N, and / or L are cell-specific, gNB-specific, and / or transmission and reception point (TRP)-specific. In an example (e.g., an alternative form), the values of M, N, and / or L may not be fixed and / or may be changed. M and / or N may be updated and / or provided. The parameters M, N, and / or L may be configurable.

[0082] A WTRU may be configured with information about which SS blocks (e.g., within an SS burst set) can be transmitted. The WTRU may provide information to the gNB and / or TRP about which SS blocks (e.g., within an SS burst set) can be activated, enabled, and / or transmitted. The WTRU may be in idle mode. When the WTRU is in idle mode, the WTRU can provide information to the gNB and / or TRP about which SS blocks (e.g., any) within the SS burst set can be activated, enabled, and / or transmitted via an initial UL transmission, an NR-PRACH message 1, and / or a message 3, etc. In connected mode, the WTRU can provide information to the gNB and / or TRP about which SS blocks (e.g., any) within the SS burst set can be activated, enabled, deactivated, and / or disabled for transmission via, for example, WTRU feedback (e.g., UCI such as NR-PUCCH) and / or via MAC CE and / or radio resource control (RRC) signaling, etc.

[0083] Based on the received SS block, the WTRU can identify one or more (e.g., all) of the following. The WTRU can identify the OFDM symbol index, the slot index within the radio frame, the radio frame number, and / or the mini-slot index. For initial cell selection, the default SS burst set periodicity may be based on the frequency band and / or frequency range (e.g., a function thereof). The WTRU can assume a default SS burst set periodicity that may be determined based on, for example, the frequency band and / or frequency range in which the WTRU can operate. The SS block may be repeated together with the SS burst set periodicity. The NR-PBCH content within the repeated SS blocks may not be the same and / or may be changed. A set of SS block time locations (e.g., a single set) may be specified for each frequency range, frequency band, and / or sub-band.

[0084] The SS block can include one or more signals. For example, the SS block may include one or more of NR-PSS, NR-SSS, and / or NR-PBCH. The signal type may be included within the SS block. For example, a PBCH signal of another type (e.g., a second type) may be included within the SS block (e.g., a secondary NR-PBCH signal may be included). An SS signal of another type (e.g., a third type) (e.g., a third SS signal and / or an NR-SS signal), and / or NR-PSS and / or NR-SSS may be included within the SS block. Other signal types (e.g., mobility reference signals (MRS) and / or measurement reference signals) may be included. One or more other channels (e.g., data transmission and / or control information) may be multiplexed within the SS block. One or more signals (e.g., an NR-PBCH signal, a second NR-PBCH signal, a second type NR-PBCH signal, a third NR-PBCH signal, and / or a third type SS signal) may be deactivated within one or more SS blocks.

[0085] The SS block index may be indicated using one or more of the following signals. The signals can include NR-SS, NR-PBCH, another NR-SS, another type of NR-SS (e.g., a third NR-SS), another NR-PBCH, another type of NR-PBCH (e.g., a secondary NR-PBCH), etc. The SS block index can be carried within the PBCH signal and / or the payload of the channel. For example, when the SS block index is indicated (e.g., using NR-PBCH, another NR-PBCH, and / or another type of NR-PBCH), the SS block index may be carried within the PBCH signal and / or the payload of the channel. The SS block index may be embedded within one or more of NR-PBCH, another NR-PBCH, and / or another type of NR-PBCH using some implicit features (e.g., CRC masking and / or sequence scrambling). The WTRU may not assume that the gNB and / or TRP may transmit the same numbered physical beam. The WTRU may not assume that the gNB and / or TRP may transmit the same physical beam across one or more (e.g., different) SS blocks within an SS burst and / or within an SS burst set.

[0086] The system frame can be acquired.

[0087] The system frame can be acquired, for example, using SS blocks and / or bursts.

[0088] The SS block index may be used to indicate a radio frame number. When the SS block index indicates one or more N block radio frames, N sf The system frame can be indicated as SFN = f(SFN within PBCH, SS block index). The SS block index can be log2(N) with respect to the SFN LSB indicated by the SS block block) can be represented by bits. The SFN within the PBCH can be represented by log2(N sf ) - log2(N block ) bits with respect to the SFN MSB that can be indicated (e.g., by the NR-PBCH payload) within the NR-PBCH signal and channel.

[0089] Figure 5 shows an exemplary system frame number acquisition using the SS block index. At 502, the WTRU can detect the SS block and / or the associated SS block index. At 504, the WTRU can derive the LSB of the SFN from the received SS block and / or the associated SS block index. At 506, the WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH. At 508, the WTRU can derive the MSB of the SFN from the received NR-PBCH signal and / or channel. At 510, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) by combining the LSB that can be indicated and / or carried within the SS block and / or the MSB that can be indicated and / or carried within the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel.

[0090] The SS burst index may be used to indicate the radio frame number. When the SS burst index indicates one or more N burst radio frames, the N sf system frame can be indicated as SFN = f(SFN within PBCH, SS burst index). The SS burst index can be represented by log2(N burst ) bits with respect to the SFN LSB that can be indicated (e.g., using the SS burst). The SFN within the PBCH can be represented by log2(N sf ) - log2(N burst)It can be represented by bits.

[0091] Figure 6 shows an exemplary system frame number acquisition using SS blocks and / or bursts. At 602, the WTRU can detect an SS burst and / or an associated SS burst index. At 604, the WTRU can derive the LSB of the SFN from the received SS burst and / or the associated SS burst index. At 606, the WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH. At 608, the WTRU can derive the MSB of the SFN. For example, the WTRU can derive the MSB of the SFN from the received NR-PBCH payload. At 610, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN by combining the LSB that can be indicated and / or carried within the SS burst and the MSB that can be indicated and / or carried within the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel.

[0092] Multi-stage system frame acquisition may be provided.

[0093] Figure 7 shows an exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition (e.g., using a three-stage approach). The SFN may be a function of one or more of the following parameters: an SS block / burst index, a scrambling code, and / or the SFN within the NR-PBCH. The SFN may be f(SS block / burst index, scrambling code, SFN within the NR-PBCH).

[0094] Exemplary multi - stage system frame number acquisition may be performed as follows. At 702, the WTRU can detect SS blocks and / or bursts. At 704, the WTRU can derive the first part of the SFN from the received SS block / burst. At 706, the WTRU can receive the NR - PBCH. At 708, the WTRU can derive the second part of the SFN from the scrambling code. At 710, the WTRU can derive the third part of the SFN from the NR - PBCH signal and / or channel (e.g., payload). At 712, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN by combining the first part of the SFN indicated within the SS block, the second part of the SFN indicated within the scrambling code, and / or the third part of the SFN indicated within the payload NR - PBCH (e.g., over stages).

[0095] Figure 8 illustrates an exemplary system frame number acquisition (e.g., using four-step acquisition, e.g., multi-step system frame number acquisition). The SFN may be based on one or more (e.g., a function) of the following parameters: SS block index, SS burst index, scrambling code, and / or SFN within the NR-PBCH. The SFN may be f(SS block index, SS burst index, scrambling code, SFN within the NR-PBCH). The exemplary multi-step system frame number acquisition may be performed as follows. At 802, the WTRU can detect an SS block. At 804, the WTRU can derive the first part of the SFN from the received SS block. At 806, the WTRU can detect an SS burst. At 808, the WTRU can derive the second part of the SFN from the received SS burst. At 810, the WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH. At 812, the WTRU can derive the third part of the SFN from the scrambling code. At 814, the WTRU can derive the fourth part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH payload.

[0096] At 816, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN by combining the first part of the SFN (e.g., as indicated within the SS block), the second part of the SFN (e.g., as indicated within the SS burst), the third part of the SFN (e.g., as indicated within the scrambling code), and / or the fourth part of the SFN (e.g., as indicated within the NR-PBCH payload) (e.g., across steps).

[0097] Figure 9 shows an exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition. The exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition may be performed as follows. At 902, the WTRU can detect an SS block. At 904, the WTRU can derive the first part of the LSB of the SFN from the received SS block. At 906, the WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH. At 908, the WTRU can derive the second part of the LSB of the SFN from the scrambling code. At 910, the WTRU can derive the MSB of the SFN from the NR-PBCH payload.

[0098] At 912, the WTRU can acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN by combining the first part of the LSB of the SFN (e.g., as indicated within the SS block), the second part of the LSB of the SFN (e.g., as indicated within the scrambling code), and / or the MSB of the SFN (e.g., as indicated within the NR-PBCH payload).

[0099] System frame acquisition may be provided. One or more of the following may apply.

[0100] The WTRU can receive an SS block signal.

[0101] The WTRU can detect an SS block time indication within an SS burst set. The SS block time indication can range from 0 to L-1 and can be denoted as SS block_index for example, SS block_index = 0, 1, 2, …, L-1.

[0102] The WTRU can detect the detected SS block time indication SS block_indexThe first part of the SFN can be derived. For example, the WTRU can derive the first part of the SFN from the detected SS block time indication via the following equation.

[0103] [Number]

[0104] The first part of the SFN can be 0 or 1.

[0105] The WTRU can descramble the NR-PBCH signal and / or decode the NR-PBCH channel. The WTRU can descramble the NR-PBCH signal using a scrambling code and / or a shifted version of the scrambling code.

[0106] The scrambling code can be the scrambling codes 0, 1, 2, …, Z-1. The scrambling codes 0, 1, 2, …, Z-1 may be referred to as the original scrambling codes.

[0107] The scrambling code shift (e.g., using a J-code shift) can be the scrambling codes J, J+1, …, Z-1, 0, 1, …, J-1. The scrambling code shift can be a J-code cyclic shift of the original scrambling code.

[0108] The WTRU can determine (e.g., derive) the number of bits for the second part of the SFN based on the following equation.

[0109] [Number]

[0110] The WTRU can determine (e.g., derive) the bit content (e.g., the exact bit content) for the second part of the SFN from the detected scrambled code shift, for example, according to the following table (assuming a J = 4 shift).

[0111]

Table 1

[0112] For J = 8, the second part of the SFN may be 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and / or 111.

[0113] The WTRU can obtain the third part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH payload. The third part of the SFN may be equal to the SFN bits carried (e.g., explicitly carried) by the PBCH.

[0114] The WTRU can obtain the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) by concatenating and / or combining the first part of the SFN derived from the SS block, the second part of the SFN derived from the scrambled code, and / or the third part of the SFN carried within the NR-PBCH payload. An example of concatenating and / or combining is illustrated in FIG. 10.

[0115] For example, if b x-1 , …, b1, b0 are obtained via the SS block index, if b y-1 , …, b1, b0 are obtained via the detected scrambled code and shift, and / or if b z-1 , …, b1, b0 are obtained via the decoded PBCH payload, the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) may be SFN = b z-1 , …, b1, b0, b y-1 , …, b1, b0, b x-1 , …, b1, b0 as appropriate.

[0116] One or more (e.g., different) parts of the SFN bits may be obtained via one or more (e.g., different) combinations of the PBCH payload, the SS block index, and / or the scrambling code and shift. The first part of the SFN bits may be obtained via the detected scrambling code and shift, the second part of the SFN bits may be obtained via the SS block index or the time index, and / or the third part of the SFN bits may be obtained via the PBCH payload, for example, based on design and system parameters. An example of the acquisition is represented in FIG. 11. One or more (e.g., different) parts of the SFN bits may be acquired and / or obtained by, for example, detecting and / or decoding the SS block and the PBCH signals and channels. One or more (e.g., different) parts of the SFN bits may be concatenated and / or combined to form a set of SFN bits (e.g., the final set).

[0117] The SS block index can be carried within the PBCH. For example, the SS block index may be explicitly carried within the PBCH in the payload and / or implicitly carried within the signal. For example, as provided herein, explicitly, it can refer to an indication in the form of bits that can be carried as the payload within the PBCH. Implicitly, it can refer to an indication that is part of the signal, for example, the initialization of the signal and / or the shift within the signal, which is not included as part of the payload (e.g., explicitly including this).

[0118] An operation mode-based system frame can be obtained.

[0119] Periodicity (e.g., a set of periodicities for SS burst sets) may be used. The periodicity may be implemented as the default periodicity for SS burst set transmissions. The default periodicity may be indicated by an N default radio frame. A set of periodicities may be indicated by N adapt,1 , N adapt,2 , …, N adapt,Q radio frames.

[0120] The WTRU may detect SS blocks, for example, based on the default periodicity. For example, in initial access, the WTRU may detect SS blocks based on the default periodicity. The WTRU may use the following formula to derive the first part of the SFN from the detected SS block time indication SS block_index .

[0121]

Number

[0122] The WTRU may use one or more of the default periodicity and / or the periodicities within the set of periodicities. For example, during idle mode, the WTRU may use one or more of the default periodicity and / or the periodicities within the set of periodicities. The network may indicate the periodicity to the WTRU. After the WTRU receives the indicated periodicity, the WTRU may overwrite the default periodicity. Such periodicity for adaptation may be indicated using NR-PBCH. NR-PBCH may carry one or more (e.g., a few) bits to indicate the periodicity. The WTRU may obtain the updated periodicity. For example, after the WTRU decodes the NR-PBCH, the WTRU may obtain the updated periodicity. Such periodicity for adaptation may be indicated using the minimum system information.

[0123] The WTRU can derive the first part of the SFN from the detected SS block time indication SS using the following formula. block_index from.

[0124]

Number

[0125] During RRC connected mode, the WTRU may use one or more of the periodicities within a set of periodicities. The network may indicate the periodicity to the WTRU. After the WTRU receives the indicated periodicity, the WTRU may overwrite the previously used periodicity. Such periodicity for adaptation can be indicated using dedicated signaling (e.g., RRC signaling). The RRC signaling may carry one or more (e.g., a few) bits to indicate the dedicated periodicity to the WTRU.

[0126] The WTRU can derive the first part of the SFN from the detected SS block time indication SS using the following formula. block_index from.

[0127]

Number

[0128] System frame acquisition with confirmation may be performed.

[0129] The system frame number may be obtained, for example, using synchronization. FIG. 12 shows an exemplary system frame number acquisition using synchronization. One or more of the following may be performed. At 1202, the WTRU may receive and / or detect an SS signal. At 1204, the WTRU may receive and / or detect an SS burst. At 1206, the WTRU may derive a first part of the SFN from the received SS burst. At 1208, the WTRU may receive an NR-PBCH signal and / or channel. At 1210, the WTRU may detect a scrambling code. At 1212, the WTRU may derive a first part of the SFN from the detected scrambling code.

[0130] At 1214, the WTRU may compare a first part of the SFN (e.g., the first part of the SFN derived from the received SS burst). If the first part of the SFN derived from the received SS burst is not the same as the first part of the SFN derived from the detected scrambling code, the WTRU may detect an SS signal at 1202. If the first part of the SFN derived from the received SS burst is the same as the first part of the SFN derived from the detected scrambling code, the WTRU may confirm at 1216 that the first part of the SFN has been successfully acquired.

[0131] At 1218, the WTRU may derive a second part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel (e.g., the payload). At 1220, the WTRU may determine (e.g., acquire) the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU may acquire the SFN by combining a first part of the SFN (e.g., as indicated within the SS block) and a second part of the SFN (e.g., as can be indicated within the NR-PBCH, such as a signal and / or payload within the NR-PBCH).

[0132] An example of obtaining a system frame number using confirmation may be executed as follows. For example, a system frame number or a portion of a system frame number may be communicated to a WTRU. The system frame number may be communicated to the WTRU in one or more manners (e.g., multiple manners simultaneously). The system frame number may be communicated to the WTRU, for example, by a scrambling sequence or a scrambling code used for the PBCH. The system frame number may be simultaneously communicated to the WTRU by the PBCH payload. Bits may be communicated to the WTRU. For example, even or odd bits may be communicated to the WTRU. The same or different bits for the system frame number may be communicated to the WTRU (e.g., using one or more manners). For example, an X-bit system frame number may be communicated to the WTRU (e.g., via the PBCH payload), and a Y-bit system frame number may be communicated to the WTRU (e.g., via PBCH scrambling). X may be 10 bits, and Y may be 2 bits, 3 bits, or 4 bits. Y may be a subset of X. For example, a portion (e.g., the first portion) of the bits for the system frame number may be communicated to the WTRU (e.g., via a scrambling sequence or code), and another portion (e.g., the second portion) of the bits for the system frame number may be communicated to the WTRU (e.g., via the PBCH payload). The first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number may overlap (e.g., completely overlap or partially overlap). The first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number may not overlap. When the first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number completely overlap, the first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number may be the same. When the first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number partially overlap, some of the first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number may be the same.When the first and second parts of the bits for the system frame number do not overlap, the first and second parts of the bits for the system frame number do not have to be the same. The parts of the bits for the system frame number being the same may be used for verification.

[0133] Figure 13 shows an example of system frame number acquisition using verification. At 1302, the WTRU can detect the SS signal. At 1304, the WTRU can detect the SS burst and / or SS block. The WTRU can derive the LSB of the SFN at 1306. For example, the WTRU can derive the LSB of the SFN from the received SS burst and / or SS block. At 1308, the WTRU may detect the scrambling code (e.g., may detect it simultaneously). The WTRU can derive the LSB of the SFN from the detected scrambling code at 1310.

[0134] At 1312, the WTRU can compare the LSB of the SFN derived from the received SS burst and / or the LSB of the SFN derived from the detected scrambling code. At 1314, if the LSB of the SFN (derived from the received SS block or SS burst, such as from the PBCH payload within the SS block or burst) is not the same as the LSB of the SFN derived from the detected scrambling code, the WTRU can detect the SS signal at 1302. At 1314, if the LSB of the SFN (derived from the received SS block or SS burst, such as from the PBCH payload within the SS block or burst) is not the same as the LSB of the SFN derived from the detected scrambling code, the WTRU confirms that the LSB of the SFN has been successfully acquired. The WTRU can receive the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel at 1316. The WTRU can derive the MSB of the SFN from the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel (such as from the PBCH payload within the SS block or SS burst) at 1318. The WTRU can acquire the SFN (such as the entire SFN) at 1320. For example, the WTRU can acquire the SFN by combining the LSB indicated within the SS block or SS burst with the MSB indicated within the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel.

[0135] An SS block or SS burst may include one or more of PSS, SSS, and / or PBCH. PBCH may include a PBCH payload and / or a PBCH data demodulation reference signal (DMRS). The PBCH payload or bits may be scrambled, for example, using a scrambling sequence or code. The scrambling sequence may be based on the cell ID (e.g., wholly or partly based on it). The scrambling sequence or code may be a function of the cell ID, or may be a function of the cell ID and other IDs and / or indices. For example, the scrambling sequence or code may be a function of the cell ID and / or timing information. The scrambling sequence or code may be determined by the cell ID and / or a timing information index (e.g., an SS block index, SFN, etc.).

[0136] One or more SFN acquisitions may be used, for example, for one or more SS burst set periodicities to optimize system performance. For example, SFN acquisition may be used with and / or associated with a periodicity, and / or another SFN acquisition may be used with and / or associated with another periodicity.

[0137] SS periodicity-based system frame acquisition with periodicity adaptation may be performed.

[0138] FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B show exemplary flows for system frame acquisition using periodicity adaptation. FIG. 13A and FIG. 13B illustrate features that can be associated with system frame acquisition using periodicity adaptation. For example, the features may include one or more of the following.

[0139] At 1350, the WTRU can detect and / or receive signals as SS block bursts. At 1352, the WTRU can determine whether adaptation of SS burst set periodicity (e.g., adaptation information) is received. The WTRU can receive adaptation information for the SS burst set periodicity and / or, at 1354, transmit SS blocks from NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling. For example, the WTRU may receive NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling to obtain and / or determine adaptation information. The WTRU can receive adaptation information from NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling to adapt and / or update the SS burst set periodicity.

[0140] If no adaptation is received, the WTRU can use a default periodicity (e.g., default SS periodicity) for detection. For example, the default SS burst set periodicity may be 20 ms and / or N default may be equal to two radio frames. A radio frame may be 10 ms.

[0141] If adaptation is received, at 1368, a predefined set of periodicities can be used. The predefined set of periodicities may be {5 ms, 10 ms, 20 ms, 40 ms, 80 ms, 160 ms} and / or N adapt may be equal to {0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16}.

[0142] The periodicity may be short or long. The periodicity may be default.

[0143] If periodic adaptation is not received, at 1356, the WTRU can use the default SS burst set periodicity. At 1358, during the default SS burst set periodicity, a portion of the SFN (e.g., the first part) may be derived. For example, a portion of the SFN (e.g., the first part) may be derived from the received SS block and / or SS burst. The WTRU may derive the first part of the SFN from the SS block index or time index. The SS block index or time index may be indicated (e.g., implicitly) by the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU may derive the first part of the SFN directly from the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU may derive the first part of the SFN from the SS block index or time index indicated (e.g., explicitly) by the NR-PBCH. The WTRU may decode the NR-PBCH, for example, to obtain the SS block index or time index (e.g., if required). SFN_1 may be equal to floor(Ndefault×SSBlockID / L). At 1360, the WTRU can detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH. At 1362, the WTRU can derive the second part of the SFN. For example, the WTRU may derive the second part of the SFN (SFN_2) from the scrambling code and / or shift. The WTRU can follow Table 2.

[0144] Table 2

[0145] In 1364, the WTRU can derive the third part of the SFN. For example, the WTRU may derive the third part of the SFN (SFN_3) from the PBCH payload. In 1366, parts of the SFN (e.g., three parts) can be combined. For example, parts of the SFN (e.g., three parts) may be combined to generate the entire SFN [SFN_3, SFN_2, SFN_1].

[0146] Periodic adaptation may be received. If periodic adaptation is received, the WTRU can determine whether the period is long or short in 1370. The WTRU can determine whether the period is the default.

[0147] In the case of short periodic adaptation, one or more of the following may apply. In the case of short periodic adaptation, the WTRU can detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH in 1372. In the case of short periodic adaptation, the WTRU can derive the first part of the SFN (SFN_1) from the scrambling code and / or shift as described herein in 1374. In the case of short periodic adaptation, the WTRU can derive the second part of the SFN (SFN_2) from the payload PBCH in 1376. In 1378, two parts can be combined. For example, two parts may be combined to generate the SFN [SFN_2, SFN_1] (e.g., the entire SFN [SFN_2, SFN_1]).

[0148] In the case of long periodic adaptation, one or more of the following may apply. In the case of long periodic adaptation, the WTRU may derive the first part of the SFN from the received SS block or SS burst at 1380. For example, the WTRU may derive the first part of the SFN from the SS block index or time index indicated (e.g., implicitly indicated) by the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU may derive the first part of the SFN directly from the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU may derive the first part of the SFN from the SS block index or time index indicated (e.g., explicitly indicated) by the NR-PBCH. The WTRU may decode the NR-PBCH at 1382. The WTRU may decode the NR-PBCH to obtain, for example, the SS block index or time index (e.g., if required). In the case of long periodic adaptation, SFN_1 may be equal to floor(Nadapt,i×SSBlockID / L). In the case of long periodic adaptation, the WTRU may detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH. In the case of long periodic adaptation, the WTRU may derive the second part of the SFN (SFN_2) from the PBCH payload at 1384. At 1386, the parts (e.g., two parts) may be combined to generate the entire SFN [SFN_2, SFN_1].

[0149] In the case of default periodic adaptation, the WTRU may operate as described herein. For example, in the case of default periodic adaptation, the WTRU may operate as described when no periodic adaptation is received. One or more of the following may apply.

[0150] The indicator may be used to identify and / or acquire the 5 ms timing indication, boundaries, and / or N adaptmay be equal to 0.5 radio frame timing indication. The indicator may be a 1-bit indicator. The indicator may be carried by NR-PBCH, remaining minimum system information (RMSI), and / or RRC signaling. The indicator (e.g., a 1-bit indicator) may be indicated (e.g., implicitly indicated) via DMRS such as NR-PBCH DMRS.

[0151] The SFN may be derived from one or more of the following. The SFN may be derived from PBCH-DMRS. The SFN may be derived from the SS block index and / or the SS block timing index. The SFN may be derived from the scrambling code. The SFN may be derived from the PBCH payload. The SFN may be derived from CRC masking.

[0152] The features (e.g., solutions) described in this specification may be applied to the hyper SFN (H-SFN).

[0153] One or more SS signals and / or sequence features may be executed.

[0154] One or more SS sequences (e.g., having an SS burst) may be executed using, for example, a Zadoff-Chu sequence. The sequence length may be selected to correspond to and / or verify one or more (e.g., different) SS bandwidths and / or one or more (e.g., different) sizes of the FFT. For example, Zadoff Chu of length 63 (ZC63), Zadoff Chu of length 127 (ZC127), and / or Zadoff Chu of length 255 (ZC255).

[0155] For a sequence length (e.g., each sequence length), a root can be selected. For example, the root can be selected such that the best performance of SS signal and / or burst detection can be achieved. One or more of the following may be performed, for example, for the root. The value of the root can vary from 1 to N-1. N may be the length of the Zadoff-Chu sequence. The ZC sequence can be generated using the formula zcSeq(n+1)=exp(-j×(pi×root×n×(n+1)) / N). "n" may be the sample point at which the value is calculated, and / or "N" may be the length of the sequence. "Root" may be the root used to generate the sequence. The detection threshold may be calculated with respect to the root. The calculation of the root may be performed using simulations in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel at 0 dB SNR. The sequence may not be transmitted from the transmitter, and / or the receiver may determine (e.g., calculate) the correlation of the data received from the channel. The detection threshold may be selected, and / or the detection threshold may give a false alarm probability equal to 0.1. The PSS transmission may be performed within the CDL channel model. One part per million (PPM) of carrier frequency offset (CFO) may be added to the data after passing through the channel model. AWGN at one or more (e.g., different) values of SNR may be used. The received data may be correlated with the PSS sequence replica. The highest peak may be compared with the selected threshold. Comparing the highest peak with the selected threshold can determine the probability of detection at the SNR (e.g., the selected SNR). The probability of detection for the selected root with respect to the Zadoff Chu sequence can be plotted. The root may be selected. For example, the root with the best detection performance may be selected. Selecting the root with the best detection performance may indicate, for example, that in the 1 PPM CFO case, there is no non-flooring of the probability of detection with increased SNR.

[0156] Figure 14 illustrates the performance for the ZC255 series. The performance at low SNR may match for one or more (e.g., all) of the roots. At higher SNR (e.g., with added CFO), some of the roots may exhibit flooring performance and / or may perform inadequately. For example, in the example shown in Figure 14, the selected Root 1 performed the best. As shown in Figure 15, a root value of 62 may be selected for ZC127. As shown in Figure 14, a root value of 1 may be selected for ZC255. In the case of the ZC63 series, one of the selected roots (e.g., in LTE), such as a root index number or root index 29, may be used.

[0157] Figures 14 and 15 illustrate exemplary performance for the ZC255 series and / or the ZC127 series, respectively. The performance at low SNR may match for one or more (e.g., all) of the roots. At higher SNR (e.g., with added CFO), one or more of the roots may exhibit flooring performance and / or may perform inadequately. As shown in Figure 14, Root 1 performed the best for ZC255. Other roots may include 123 and / or 165. As shown in Figure 15, the roots that gave the best performance were 62, 65, and / or 75 for ZC127.

[0158] As shown in Figure 15, a root value of 62 may be selected for ZC127. As shown in Figure 14, a root value of 1 may be selected for ZC255. In the case of the ZC63 series, one of the selected roots (e.g., in LTE), such as a root index number or root index 29, may be used.

[0159] A series (e.g., a basic series) may include one or more of the following. Root index 62 may be used for ZC127, and / or root index 1 may be used for ZC255. Root index 65 and / or 75 may be used for ZC127. Root indexes 123 and 165 may be used for ZC255.

[0160] A series (e.g., a basic series) may be used as a basic component to construct a longer series using frequency repetition, time repetition, and / or frequency and time repetition.

[0161] One or more (e.g., different) PSS series may be constructed using one or more (e.g., three) basic series (e.g., using a selected root) and / or one or more (e.g., different) repetition patterns. Constructing one or more PSS series using one or more basic series (e.g., using a selected root) and / or one or more repetition patterns may include one or more of the following. One or more zeros for the FFT size, series length, and / or number of repetitions may be calculated. zpLen = floor((nFFT - zcSeqLen×zcRep - 1) / 2), where zpLen may be the length of zero-padding for one or more (e.g., either) sides of the series. nFFT may be the FFT size. zcSeqLEn may be the length of the ZC series. zcRep may be the number of repetitions of the ZC series. 1 may correspond to DC.

[0162] A structure with repetition may be executed.

[0163] If no repetition is performed, a length L = (zcSeqLen - 1) / 2 may be calculated. The first length L (1:L) symbols may be symbols of the selected sequence and / or may be mapped to L subcarriers (e.g., on the side of the DC subcarrier). The last length L symbols (L+2:zcSeqLen) may be symbols of the selected sequence and / or may be mapped to L subcarriers (e.g., on the side (e.g., the other side) of the DC subcarrier). Zeros and / or zero padding for DC on one or more (e.g., two) sides may be inserted to construct a sequence (e.g., the final sequence). An example of inserting zeros for DC and / or zero padding for one or more (e.g., two) sides to construct the final sequence can be shown in FIG. 16.

[0164] A sequence (e.g., the same sequence) may be used for one or more (e.g., either) sides of the DC subcarrier. For example, if repetition of one or more sequences (e.g., two sequences) is performed, a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) may be used for one or more (e.g., either) sides of the DC subcarrier. An example of using a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) for one or more (e.g., either) sides of the DC subcarrier can be shown in FIG. 17.

[0165] If four repetitions are performed, a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) may be used twice for each side of the DC subcarrier. An example of using a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) for each side of the DC subcarrier is shown in FIG. 18.

[0166] An exemplary new radio (NR)-secondary synchronization signal (SSS) design is presented in FIG. 19.

[0167] In 1902, the SSS sequence can be generated. The SSS sequence may be the NR-SSS 1904. The SSS sequence may be generated using one or more M sequences. For example, the SSS may be generated using the XOR of two M sequences. One or more of the following may be applied. A polynomial may be defined for the m-sequence. For example, two generating polynomials may be defined for the m-sequence. A cyclic shift (e.g., a circular shift) may be applied to the m-sequence. For example, a cyclic shift (e.g., a circular shift) may be applied to the m-sequence according to the cell ID (e.g., the NR-cell ID). The SSS (e.g., the NR-SSS) sequence may be generated using a polynomial with an N1 cyclic shift (e.g., a circular shift) and / or a polynomial with an N2 cyclic shift (e.g., a circular shift). For example, N1 may be equal to 127, and / or N2 may be equal to 9. An exemplary polynomial for the two polynomials is f0(x)=x 7 +x 4 +1 and / or f1(x)=x 7 +x + 1. The polynomials for the two polynomials may be used in alternative forms and / or optimizations. The initial state (e.g., the initial state of the SSS such as the NR-SSS) may be 0000001. Two (e.g., two different) M sequences (e.g., M sequences of the same length) may be generated with two (e.g., two different) polynomials (e.g., polynomials of the same degree). 1000 (e.g., about 1000) cell IDs may be shown and / or used. The cell ID (e.g., the cell ID shown and / or used) may be called nCellMax. The cell ID may be shown and / or used in one or more (e.g., different) formats.

[0168] In the case of two (e.g., two different) M sequences (e.g., M sequences of the same length) generated using two (e.g., two different) polynomials (e.g., polynomials of the same degree), one or more of the following may be applied.

[0169] The M-sequences (e.g., different M-sequences) can be constructed from polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials). For example, the M-sequences (e.g., different M-sequences) can be constructed from polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) with respect to a predefined degree (e.g., order). For example, in the case of degree 7, there may be 18 available (e.g., 18 different) polynomials. The polynomials may be represented by octal values. For example, the polynomials may be represented by the following octal values, i.e., 203, 211, 217, 221, 235, 247, 253, 271, 277, 301, 313, 323, 325, 345, 357, 361, 367, 375.

[0170] One or more combinations of polynomials (e.g., two polynomials) from a set (e.g., a set of polynomials) may be used. One or more polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) may be used. For example, a combination of pairs (e.g., preferred pairs) of polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) may be used. For example, a combination of pairs (e.g., preferred pairs) of polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) may become Gold codes.

[0171] The M-sequence may be of length 127, and / or the polynomial may be of degree 7 (e.g., 217 and 211. These may be pairs, such as preferred pairs, for generating Gold codes). Octal 217 may be binary 10001111, which is

[0172]

Number

[0173] convertible to. Octal 211 may be binary 10001001, which is

[0174]

Number

[0175] can be converted. Initialization for both x(0)=0, x(1)=0, x(2)=0, x(3)=0, x(4)=0, x(5)=0, x(6)=1. The possible combinations can be [221, 203]. Each combination can correspond to the polynomials f0(x)=x 7 +x 4 +1 and f1(x)=x 7 +x + 1.

[0176] 1000 cell IDs (for example, approximately 1000) may be shown (for example, determined). The shown cell ID may be called nCellMax. The cell ID may be shown in one or more (for example, one or more different) formats. One or more of the following may apply.

[0177] The cell ID may be shown (for example, determined) by the SSS (for example, SSS only). One or more cyclic shift (for example, circular shift) parameters may be equal to the function (cell ID). For example, [m0, n1] may be equal to the function (cell ID). The cyclic shift (for example, circular shift) parameter (for example, m0) may be set to one or more (for example, different) values. As shown in FIG. 19, one or more cyclic shift parameters (for example, the values of the cyclic shift parameters) can be determined from one or more sets of cyclic shifts (for example, sets of circular shifts). For example, the cyclic shift parameter (for example, m0) may be determined (for example, set) from a set of cyclic shifts (for example, from 0 to p - 1). As shown in FIG. 19, the set of cyclic shifts in the case of m0 may include the value 112. s1 may be cyclic shifted (for example, circular shifted) by m0. For example,

[0178]

Number

[0179] It is. As shown in FIG. 19, another cyclic shift (e.g., circular shift) parameter (e.g., n1) may be set to one or more (e.g., different) values. The one or more values may be a set of cyclic shifts. As shown in FIG. 19, the set of cyclic shifts in the case of n1 may include three values. The cyclic shift (e.g., n1) may be determined from a set of cyclic shifts that may be different from, for example, the set of cyclic shifts in which a cyclic shift (e.g., m0) is set. For example, n1 may be set to values from 0 to ceil(nCellMax / p) (e.g., some or all values), or may be set to values from 0 to floor(nCellMax / p) (e.g., some or all values), or may be set to other values. s2 may be circularly shifted by n1. For example,

[0180]

Number

[0181] It is.

[0182] m0 may be set to some or all values from 0 to 126 (e.g., 127 cyclic shifts), and / or n1 may be set to some or all values from 0:8 (e.g., 9 cyclic shifts). For example, the SSS (e.g., NR-SSS) sequence may be generated using a polynomial with a 127 cyclic shift and / or a polynomial with a 9 cyclic shift. m0 may be set to 0 to 32, and / or n1 may be set to 0:32. m0 and / or n1 may be set to, for example, one or more combinations, which may be predefined and / or known to the receiver.

[0183] The cell ID may be determined (e.g., indicated) based on one or more combinations of the PSS and / or the SSS. For example, the cell ID may be determined (e.g., indicated) based on one or more cell IDs carried by one or more combinations of the PSS and / or the SSS. [m0, m1, NID2] may be equal to a function (cell ID). One or more (e.g., three) NID2s may be indicated by the PSS. NID2 may be a cell ID carried by the PSS (e.g., NR-PSS). For example, one or more (e.g., three) cell IDs may be carried by the PSS. ceil(nCellMax. / 3) may be set using the m0 shift and the m1 shift of s1 and s2. When nCellMax = 1008, ceil(nCellMax. / 3) may be equal to 336. As shown in 1906, the range for NID1 may be [0, 335]. NID1 may be a cell ID carried by the SSS (e.g., NR-SSS).

[0184] The cyclic shift parameter (e.g., m0) may be set to one or more values. For example, m0 may be set from 0 to p - 1 with or without an offset. The offset may be fixed, or the offset may be a function of m1 and NID2 as described herein. s1 may be cyclically shifted by the amount of m0. For example,

[0185]

Number

[0186] It is so. m1 may be set to one or more values. For example, m1 may be set to a value from 0 to ceil(nCellMax / (3×p)) - 1, or may be set to a value from 0 to floor(nCellMax / (3×p)), or may be set to other values. s2 may be circularly shifted by n1. n1 may be equal to m1, may be a function of m1, or may be a function of m1 and one or more other parameters. For example, n1 = function(m1, NID2). For example,

[0187] [Number]

[0188] It is so.

[0189] m0 = from 0 to 111 may be used. p may be equal to 112. For example, p may be equal to 112 in the case of a uniform distribution from 0 to 335. m1 may be equal to 0, 1, 2. NID2 may be equal to 0, 1, 2 as shown in 1908. In the case of an offset, m0 = m0 + offset, and the offset may be n1 + 1. (For example, assuming the cell ID of 1008), a shift of 112 (for example, a different shift) may be used for the first series, and / or a shift of 9 (for example, a different shift) may be used for the second series.

[0190] m0 may be set from 0 to 126 (for example, p = 127), m1 may be set to 0, 1, 2, and / or NID2 may be set to 0, 1, 2. In the case of an offset, m0 may be equal to m0 + offset. The offset may be n1 + 1. The [127, 127, 82] shift may be used for the first series corresponding to, for example, different shifts (for example, 3 different shifts) for the second series.

[0191] As shown in 1912, NID2 may be set to 0, 1, or 2. m0 may be set from 0 to 32, and / or m1 may be set from 0 to 11. In the case of an offset, m0 = m0 + offset, and the offset may be n1 + 1. (When a cell ID of 1056 is given,) 32 shifts may be used for the first series, and 12 shifts (e.g., different shifts) may be used for the second series. For example, a cell ID of 1056 may be indicated using SSS (e.g., SSS only). 12 shifts within a series and 36 shifts within a series may indicate a cell ID of 1056 (e.g., all unique cell IDs of 1056).

[0192] As provided herein, n1 may be equal to m1, a function of m1, or a function of m1 and one or more other parameters. The cyclic shift (e.g., circular shift) values n1 and m0 may be determined (e.g., jointly determined) by the cell ID carried by NR-PSS (e.g., NID2 = 0, 1, 2) and / or the cell ID carried by NR-SSS (e.g., NID1 = 0, 1, …, 335). For example, as shown in FIG. 19, one or more of the cyclic shift values may be determined by the decorrelation of the SSS series. The cell ID is

[0193]

Number

[0194] can be given by, where Q may be a scaling factor. The value of Q may be equal to 1, or the value of Q may be greater than 1, for example, Q = 1 or Q = 5, and / or m0 = (NID1 mod 112)+offset. The offset may be zero. For example, the value of the offset may not be used. The offset may be a non-zero value. For example, the offset may be a fixed value or may depend on one or more parameters (for example, the offset may be n1 + 1).

[0195] NID2, m0, and / or m1 may be set to one or more combinations. For example, this combination may be predefined and / or known to the receiver.

[0196] One or more features (for example, functions) for n1 and / or m0 may be used.

[0197] Indications that are pseudo co-located (QCL, or QCLed) for the synchronization signal (SS) block may be used. An exemplary indication that is pseudo co-located (QCL) for the SS block is shown in FIG. 20.

[0198] The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks having the same SS block index or time index (e.g., the same SS block index or time index) can be QCL. For example, the WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks having the same SS block index or time index across an SS burst set can be QCL. The gNB can indicate (e.g., to the WTRU) when the determination (e.g., assumption) cannot be held. For example, the gNB can include a flag indicating (e.g., to the WTRU) that SS blocks having the same SS block index or time index may not be QCL. The flag may be included within the PBCH payload, the remaining minimum system information (RMSI), and / or other system information (OSI). The flag can indicate the SS blocks of the same SS block index or time index that may not be QCL (e.g., all SS blocks). One or more flags may be used. For example, one or more flags may be used if (e.g., for each) flag for an (e.g., each) SS block and / or SS block group can be used to indicate individual SS blocks of an SS block index or time index that can be QCL (e.g., the same SS block). One or more flags may be used for an SS block group, for example, to indicate that an individual SS block group can be QCL.

[0199] The WTRU may not determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with different SS block indexes or time indexes are QCLed. The gNB may indicate to the WTRU, for example, whether SS blocks with different SS block indexes can be QCLed. The gNB can indicate QCL for SS blocks with different SS block indexes or time indexes using one or more of the following formats. For example, the gNB may use a repetition factor (e.g., a single repetition factor), multiple repetition factors, and / or a toggle bitmap.

[0200] The gNB can indicate QCL for an SS block, for example, using a repetition factor Q. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that Q SS blocks are QCLed when the WTRU receives the indication. The Q SS blocks may be consecutive and / or may be based on one or more predefined patterns. The Q SS blocks can be configured.

[0201] The gNB can use one or more repetition factors. For example, the gNB can use repetition factors Q1, Q2, etc. The gNB can indicate QCL for an SS block using the repetition factor. The WTRU can assume that Q1 SS blocks, Q2 SS blocks, etc. can be QCLed when the WTRU receives the indication. The Q1, Q2,... SS blocks may be consecutive and / or may be based on one or more predefined patterns. The Q1, Q2,... SS blocks can be configured. For example, the WTRU can assume that SS blocks with indexes from #0 to Q1 - 1 can be QCLed. The WTRU can assume that SS blocks with indexes from #Q1 to Q1+Q2 - 1 can be QCLed.

[0202] The gNB can indicate QCL for an SS block, for example, using a toggle bitmap. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with the same bit value (e.g., the same bit value) can be QCL. For example, the WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with the same bit value can be QCL when the WTRU receives a QCL indication. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indexes #0 and 1 can be QCL. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indexes #2, 3, and 4 can be QCL. The WTRU can determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indexes #5 and 6 can be QCL. An exemplary QCL indication for an SS block is shown in Figure 21.

[0203] QCL may be associated with spatial parameters, average gain parameters, delay parameters, and / or Doppler parameters.

[0204] The QCL indication may be used for the maximum SS block, SS block candidates, SS block nominal positions, and / or the SS block transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).

[0205] A rate matching indication may be used.

[0206] For the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS block, a rate matching indication using a bitmap may be utilized. For example, a rate matching indication using a bitmap may be utilized to enable the WTRU to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception and / or detection. The rate matching indication may be WTRU specific. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS block shown may be WTRU specific. For example, a rate matching indication conveying a full set or subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks may be indicated to the WTRU to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. A rate matching indication conveying a full set or subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks may be indicated to the WTRU to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. Another rate matching indication conveying another full set or subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks may be indicated to another WTRU to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. The rate matching indication may be carried within a WTRU specific signal. For example, the rate matching indication may be carried within RRC signaling. The rate matching indication may be carried within a WTRU specific L1 / 2 control channel such as downlink control information (DCI), NR-PDCCH, MAC, and / or MAC control element (CE) signaling. For example, to handle the dynamic nature of rate matching (e.g., by SS block, beam, and PDSCH or PDCCH), the rate matching indication may be carried within a WTRU specific L1 / 2 control channel such as downlink control information (DCI), NR-PDCCH, MAC, and / or MAC control element (CE) signaling.

[0207] A rate matching indication (e.g., a two-stage rate matching indication) may be used. For example, rate matching may use a first stage and / or a second stage. The first stage may indicate the SS blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). The second stage may indicate the SS blocks for rate matching.

[0208] Rate matching can be performed using the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. For example, rate matching may be performed using one or more (e.g., all) of the actually transmitted SS blocks. Coarse rate matching may be performed for one or more (e.g., all) WTRUs. For example, the first stage may be coarse rate matching for one or more (e.g., all) WTRUs. Rate matching can be extended using WTRU-specific SS blocks that may affect the rate matching for the WTRU. If a subset (e.g., only the subset) of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks is required for rate matching for the WTRU, the indication may include (e.g., only include) the subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. The indication may include (e.g., only include) a subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks and may not include a set (e.g., full set) of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. For example, the indication may include (e.g., only include) a subset of the actually transmitted SS blocks and may not include a set (e.g., full set) of the SS blocks actually transmitted in the second stage. The second stage may be fine rate matching for the WTRU. Rate matching may be performed using one stage. For example, rate matching may be performed using only stage 1 or only stage 2. Rate matching may be performed using two stages. For example, rate matching may be performed using a combination of stage 1 and stage 2.

[0209] A resource (e.g., the indicated resource) may be reserved for a full set or a subset of SS blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, the indicated resource (e.g., time resource and / or frequency resource) may be reserved for a full set or a subset of SS blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). A data channel (e.g., PDSCH) and / or a control channel (e.g., PDCCH) may be rate-matched. For example, a data channel (e.g., PDSCH) and / or a control channel (e.g., PDCCH) may be rate-matched with respect to the indicated transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS block. A data channel (e.g., PDSCH) and / or a control channel (e.g., PDCCH) may be rate-matched for a full set or a subset of SS blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).

[0210] An actually transmitted SS block (e.g., full set or subset) may be indicated using one or more of the following. For example, an SS block to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) (e.g., full set or subset) may be indicated using a group-bitmap. A group or SS / PBCH group may be a contiguous set of SS / PBCH blocks. The group-bitmap can indicate which group or SS / PBCH group can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, one or more (e.g., all) of the SS / PBCH blocks within the indicated transmitted group or SS / PBCH group may be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).

[0211] The SS block (e.g., full set or subset) to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may be indicated using a group-bitmap, e.g., together with the bitmap within the group. A group or SS / PBCH group may be defined as a consecutive set of SS blocks or SS / PBCH blocks. The bitmap within a group or SS / PBCH group can indicate which SS / PBCH blocks are transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, the bitmap within a group or SS / PBCH group can indicate which SS / PBCH blocks within the group or SS / PBCH group are transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). Each group or SS / PBCH group may have a pattern of SS / PBCH block transmissions (e.g., the same pattern or different patterns). The group-bitmap can indicate which group or SS / PBCH group is transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).

[0212] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS block (e.g., full set or subset) may be indicated using a group-bitmap along with the number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks within the group. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH block may have a starting index (e.g., fixed starting index or non-fixed starting index) of the SS / PBCH block within the group or SS / PBCH group. The group or SS / PBCH group may be defined as a consecutive set of SS / PBCH blocks. The group-bitmap may be used to indicate which group or SS / PBCH group is transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). The SS / PBCH blocks within the group may be consecutive (e.g., logically consecutive). The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH block may indicate the number of consecutive (e.g., logically consecutive) SS / PBCH blocks that are actually transmitted. For example, the number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks may indicate the number of consecutive (e.g., logically consecutive) SS / PBCH blocks that are transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) starting from a first index. The first index may be a fixed starting index. The first index may not be a fixed starting index. When the first index is a fixed starting index, an indication (e.g., additional indication) may not be required. When the first index is not a fixed starting index, an indication (e.g., additional indication) may be required. For example, an additional indication may be required to indicate the index (e.g., first index or starting index) of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH block.The number of SS / PBCH blocks transmitted within a group (e.g., actually transmitted) may be equally (e.g., generally) applied to one or more (e.g., all) transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups. The number of SS / PBCH blocks transmitted within a group (e.g., actually transmitted) may not be equally (e.g., generally) applied to one or more (e.g., all) transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups.

[0213] The SS block (e.g., full set or subset) to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may be indicated using a bitmap within the group, along with the number of groups or SS / PBCH groups actually transmitted. The group or SS / PBCH group to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may have a fixed starting index for the group or a non-fixed starting index for the group. The group or SS / PBCH group may be defined as a contiguous set of SS / PBCH blocks. The bitmap within the group or SS / PBCH group can indicate which SS / PBCH blocks within the group or SS / PBCH group are transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). (For example, each) group or SS / PBCH group may have the same pattern of SS / PBCH block transmission. (For example, each) group or SS / PBCH group may also have a different pattern of SS / PBCH block transmission. The bitmap within the group may or may not be equally (e.g., generally) applicable to one or more (e.g., all) of the transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups. The number of groups or SS / PBCH groups to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may indicate the number of contiguous groups or SS / PBCH groups that can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, the group or SS / PBCH group to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may indicate the number of contiguous groups or SS / PBCH groups that can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) starting from the first group or the fixed starting index of the group. If the starting index of the group or the first group is not fixed, an indication may be used to indicate the starting index of the group or the first group for the SS / PBCH group.

[0214] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS block (e.g., full set or subset) may be indicated using the start index of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH block and / or the space (e.g., gap) between one or more (e.g., two) consecutive SS / PBCH blocks, along with the number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks. The space (e.g., gap) may be fixed. The number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks and / or the start index of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH block may be indicated. The space (e.g., gap) may also be indicated.

[0215] The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS block may be indicated within the remaining minimum system information (RMSI) for higher and / or lower frequencies. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS block may also be indicated within RRC signaling and / or L1 / 2 control signaling. The transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS block may also be indicated within RRC signaling and / or L1 / 2 control signaling for higher and / or lower frequencies.

[0216] The features and elements described herein take into account LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), and / or 5G specific protocols, but it should be understood that the features and elements described herein are not limited to LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), and / or 5G specific protocols and may be applicable to other wireless systems.

[0217] Features and elements have been described above in specific combinations, but one of ordinary skill in the art will understand that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with other features and elements. Additionally, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware incorporated within a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, magnetic media such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, internal hard disks, and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs). The processor associated with the software can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer.

Description of the Reference Numerals

[0218] 100 Communication system 102a Receiving unit (WTRU) 102b Base station 102c Base station 102d Base station 108 Public switched telephone network (PSTN) 110 Internet 112 Network 114a Base station 114b Base station 116 Air interface 118 Processor 120 Transceiver 122 Receiving element 123 Route index 124 Microphone 126 Keypad 128 Touch pad 130 Non-removable Memory 132 Removable Memory 134 Power Supply 136 GPS Chipset 136 Chipset 138 Peripheral Devices 139 Interference Management Unit 162 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 164 Serving Gateway (SGW) 165 Route Index 166 Gateway (or PGW) 182a Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182b Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 183a Session Management Function (SMF) 183b Session Management Function (SMF) 184a User Plane Function (UPF) 184b User Plane Function (UPF) 185a Data Network (DN) 185b Data Network (DN)

Claims

1. A method performed by a base station (BS), comprising: generating a plurality of physical broadcast channel (PBCH) payloads; encoding the plurality of PBCH payloads into a plurality of respective PBCH transmissions, each respective PBCH transmission being scrambled with a scrambling code, each respective PBCH transmission indicating a respective SS block index identifying a respective SS block in a synchronization signal (SS) burst set, each respective PBCH transmission further indicating one or more most significant bits (MSBs) of a system frame number (SFN) associated with the respective SS block and one or more respective least significant bits (LSBs) of the SFN associated with the respective SS block, the one or more LSBs being associated with a respective scrambling code for the respective PBCH transmission; transmitting the SS burst set, the SS burst set including a plurality of SS blocks, each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set including a Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS), a Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), and a respective PBCH transmission; 23. A method comprising:

2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the respective SS block indexes associated with the respective SS blocks included in the SS burst set increase in order of the transmission times of the respective SS blocks included in the SS burst set.

3. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein for each PBCH transmission of the plurality of PBCH transmissions, the SS block index for the respective SS block is indicated by a payload portion of the PBCH transmission that is included in the respective SS block.

4. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein for each PBCH transmission of the plurality of PBCH transmissions, the SS block index for the respective SS block is indicated by an implicit characteristic of the PBCH transmission included in the respective SS block.

5. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the implicit characteristics of the PBCH transmission include a scrambling characteristic.

6. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is associated with a respective transmit beam.

7. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the SS burst set is transmitted to a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), the method further comprising receiving a physical random access channel (PRACH) transmission from the WTRU, the PRACH transmission indicating which SS blocks of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set have been received by the WTRU.

8. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the PRACH transmission corresponds to PRACH message 1.

9. A base station (BS), generating a plurality of physical broadcast channel (PBCH) payloads; encoding the plurality of PBCH payloads into a plurality of respective PBCH transmissions, each respective PBCH transmission being scrambled with a scrambling code, each respective PBCH transmission indicating a respective SS block index identifying a respective SS block within a synchronization signal (SS) burst set, each respective PBCH transmission further indicating one or more most significant bits (MSBs) of a system frame number (SFN) associated with the respective SS block and one or more respective least significant bits (LSBs) of the SFN associated with the respective SS block, the one or more LSBs being associated with a respective scrambling code for the respective PBCH transmission; Transmitting the SS burst set, the SS burst set including a plurality of SS blocks, each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set including a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a PBCH transmission, respectively. A BS comprising a processor configured to:

10. 10. The BS of claim 9, wherein the respective SS block indexes associated with the respective SS blocks included in the SS burst set increase in order of the transmission time of the respective SS blocks included in the SS burst set.

11. 10. The BS of claim 9, wherein for each PBCH transmission of the plurality of PBCH transmissions, the SS block index for the respective SS block is indicated by a payload portion of the PBCH transmission that is included in the respective SS block.

12. 10. The BS of claim 9, wherein for each PBCH transmission of the plurality of PBCH transmissions, the SS block index for the respective SS block is indicated by an implicit characteristic of the PBCH transmission included in the respective SS block.

13. 13. The BS of claim 12, wherein the implicit characteristics of the PBCH transmission include a scrambling characteristic.

14. 10. The BS of claim 9, wherein each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is associated with a respective transmission beam.

15. 10. The BS of claim 9, wherein the SS burst set is transmitted to a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), and the processor is further configured to receive a physical random access channel (PRACH) transmission from the WTRU, the PRACH transmission indicating which SS blocks of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set have been received by the WTRU.

16. The BS of claim 15, wherein the PRACH transmission corresponds to PRACH message 1.

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