Variable field magnetic coupler and method for engaging ferromagnetic workpiece

Abstract

To provide a magnetic coupler for transporting a ferromagnetic workpiece.SOLUTION: A magnetic coupling device (10) for magnetically coupling to a ferromagnetic workpiece (27) positioned on a support includes a housing (28), a plurality of workpiece contact interfaces supported by the housing and suitable for contacting the ferromagnetic workpiece, a lower permanent magnet (14) supported by the housing and having an active N-S pole pair, an upper permanent magnet (12) supported by the housing, having an active N-S pole pair, and movable relative to the lower permanent magnet, an engagement portion (30) and an actuator (32) operably coupled to the upper permanent magnet for moving the upper permanent magnet relative to the lower permanent magnet, and an electronic controller (34) operably coupled to the actuator.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] Related Applications This application is filed under the title "VARIABLE FIELD MAGNETIC COUPLERS AND METHODS FOR ENGAGING A FERROMAGNETIC This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 634,783, filed February 23, 2018, entitled "VARIABLE FIELD MAGNETIC COUPLERS AND METHODS FOR ENGAGING A FERROMAGNETIC WORKPIECE," Docket No. MTI-0016-01-US, and U.S. Nonprovisional Patent Application No. 15 / 965,582, filed April 27, 2018, entitled "VARIABLE FIELD MAGNETIC COUPLERS AND METHODS FOR ENGAGING A FERROMAGNETIC WORKPIECE," the entire disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] The present disclosure relates to magnetic couplers, and more particularly to variable field magnetic couplers, including switchable magnetic couplers. [Background technology]

[0003] Magnetic couplers are known that are used to couple ferromagnetic workpieces, transport ferromagnetic workpieces from a first location to a second location, hold ferromagnetic workpieces, and / or lift ferromagnetic workpieces. An exemplary magnetic coupler is a switchable magnetic coupler that may include one or more permanent magnet(s) that are rotatable relative to one or more fixed permanent magnet(s) to generate and shunt a magnetic field. By switching the magnetic coupler between an "on" state and an "off" state, the switchable magnetic coupler may be removably attached to the ferromagnetic workpiece for lifting objects, handling materials, holding materials, magnetically latching or coupling objects to one another, among other uses. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to a magnetic coupler for transporting ferromagnetic workpieces. In an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a magnetic coupling device for magnetically coupling to a ferromagnetic workpiece positioned on a support is provided, the magnetic coupling device comprising: a housing; a plurality of pole shoes, each pole shoe having a workpiece contact interface suitable for contacting a ferromagnetic workpiece; a first permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair; a second permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair, the second permanent magnet being movable relative to the first permanent magnet; an actuator operatively coupled to the second permanent magnet for moving the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet; and an electronic controller operatively coupled to the actuator. (a) a first state in which the second permanent magnet has a first position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes, the first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes being insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support; (b) a second state in which the second permanent magnet has a second position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes being sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support, the second level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux. , a second state, and (c) a third state in which the second permanent magnet has a third position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes, wherein the third level of magnetic flux is greater than each of the first level of magnetic flux and the second level of magnetic flux.

[0005] In one embodiment thereof, the magnetic coupling device further comprises a sensing system supported by the housing, the sensing system including at least one sensor that monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes.

[0006] In a variation of that embodiment, the actuator is a stepper motor and the at least one sensor monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes by monitoring the position of an output of the stepper motor that controls the position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

[0007] In another variation of that embodiment, the magnetic coupling device further comprises a memory accessible by the electronic controller, the actuator is a motor, and the at least one sensor monitors a current draw of the motor, and the electronic controller determines a level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes by monitoring the current draw of the motor and comparing the current draw to at least one stored reference value.

[0008] In a further variation on that embodiment, the magnetic coupling device further includes a memory accessible by the electronic controller, wherein a first sensor value of the at least one sensor is stored on the memory for at least one of the first state, the second state, and the third state. In that refinement, the first sensor value corresponds to the second state. In another refinement, the first sensor value corresponds to the first state, a second sensor value corresponding to the second state is stored on the memory, and a third sensor value corresponding to the third state is stored on the memory. In yet another refinement thereof, the electronic controller includes logic to operate the actuator to position the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet in a fourth state, wherein the second permanent magnet has a fourth position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a fourth level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes, the fourth level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes being sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support, the fourth level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux and less than the third level of magnetic flux, and being one of a level greater than the second level of magnetic flux and a level less than the second level of magnetic flux.

[0009] In yet a further variation of that embodiment, at least one sensor monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes by monitoring the rotational position of the second permanent magnet.

[0010] In yet a further variation of that embodiment, at least one sensor monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes by monitoring with a first magnetic flux sensor a first leakage magnetic flux associated with a first pole shoe of the plurality of pole shoes. In that refinement, at least one sensor monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes by further monitoring with a second magnetic flux sensor a second leakage magnetic flux associated with a second pole shoe of the plurality of pole shoes. and monitoring a level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the interface. In a further refinement thereof, the magnetic coupling device further comprises a memory accessible by the electronic controller, wherein a first sensor value of the first sensor is stored on the memory for at least one of the first state, the second state, and the third state. In an even further refinement thereof, the first sensor value corresponds to the second state. In another refinement thereof, the first sensor value corresponds to the first state, a second sensor value corresponding to the second state is stored on the memory, and a third sensor value corresponding to the third state is stored on the memory. In yet another refinement thereof, the electronic controller includes logic to operate the actuator to position the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet in a fourth state, wherein the second permanent magnet has a fourth position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a fourth level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes, the fourth level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes being sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support, the fourth level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux and less than the third level of magnetic flux, and one of a level greater than the second level of magnetic flux and a level less than the second level of magnetic flux.

[0011] In another embodiment thereof, the second permanent magnet is rotatable relative to the first permanent magnet about an axis that intersects the second permanent magnet to change the position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

[0012] In a further embodiment thereof, the second permanent magnet is rotatable relative to the first permanent magnet about an axis that does not intersect the second permanent magnet to change the position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

[0013] In a further embodiment variation thereof, the magnetic coupling device further comprises a first platter supported by the housing and a second platter supported by the housing, the second platter movable relative to the first platter to change the position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet. The first platter comprises: a first plurality of spaced apart permanent magnets including the first permanent magnet, each of the first plurality of spaced apart permanent magnets having a north pole side and a south pole side; and a first plurality of pole portions interposed between adjacent permanent magnets of the first plurality of permanent magnets, the first plurality of permanent magnets being arranged such that each pole portion of the first plurality of pole portions is one of a north pole portion adjacent to the north pole sides of two permanent magnets of the first plurality of permanent magnets and a south pole portion adjacent to the south pole sides of two permanent magnets of the first plurality of permanent magnets. a second platter comprising: a second plurality of spaced apart permanent magnets including second permanent magnets, each of the second plurality of spaced apart permanent magnets having a north pole side and a south pole side; and a second plurality of pole portions interposed between adjacent permanent magnets of the second plurality of permanent magnets, the second plurality of permanent magnets being arranged such that each pole portion of the first plurality of pole portions is one of a north pole portion adjacent to the north pole sides of two permanent magnets of the second plurality of permanent magnets and a south pole portion adjacent to the south pole sides of two permanent magnets of the second plurality of permanent magnets.

[0014] In yet a further embodiment thereof, the second permanent magnet is translatable relative to the first permanent magnet to change the position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

[0015] In yet a further embodiment thereof, at least one of the first state, the second state, and the third state is a partially on state of the magnetic coupling device.

[0016] In a still further embodiment thereof, at least one of the first state, the second state, and the third state At least two each have a corresponding partially on state of the magnetic coupling device.

[0017] In yet a further embodiment, each of the first state, the second state, and the third state is a corresponding partially on state of the magnetic coupling device.

[0018] In yet another embodiment thereof, each of the plurality of pole shoes extends below a lower side of the housing.

[0019] In a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a magnetic coupling device for magnetically coupling to a ferromagnetic workpiece positioned on a support is provided, the magnetic coupling device including: a housing having a lower side; a plurality of pole shoes extending below the lower side of the housing, each pole shoe having a workpiece contact interface adapted to contact a ferromagnetic workpiece; a first permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair providing a generally constant level of magnetic flux; and a coil positioned around the first permanent magnet, the first state including: (a) a first state in which a first level of current is provided to the coil, the coil and the first permanent magnet providing a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes based on the first level of current and the first permanent magnet, the first state including the first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes being insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support; and (b) a second state in which a second level of current is provided to the coil, the coil and the first permanent magnet providing a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes based on the first level of current and the first permanent magnet, the first state including the first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes being insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support; and an electronic controller including logic to control the level of current supplied to the coil to provide each of (a) a first state in which the permanent magnet of the plurality of pole shoes provides a second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes based on the second level of current and the first permanent magnet, the second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes being sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support, the second level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux, and (b) a third state in which a third level of current is provided to the coil, the coil and the first permanent magnet providing a third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes based on the third level of current and the first permanent magnet, the third level of magnetic flux being greater than each of the first level of magnetic flux and the second level of magnetic flux.

[0020] In that embodiment, the magnetic coupling device further comprises a sensing system supported by the housing, the sensing system including at least one sensor that monitors a level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes.

[0021] In a variation of that embodiment, the at least one sensor is an electrical current sensor that monitors the level of current provided to the coil.

[0022] In another variation of that embodiment, current is passed through the coil in a first direction in the first state and in a second direction in the third state, and in the refinement, the third level of current is less than the second level of current.

[0023] In yet another embodiment, the actuator is a fluid actuator, and the at least one sensor monitors a level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes by monitoring a fluid property of a working fluid of the fluid actuator, the working fluid controlling the position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

[0024] In yet another embodiment, the actuator is a fluidic actuator and at least one sensor monitors the position of the output of the fluidic actuator.

[0025] In yet a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a magnetic coupling device for magnetically coupling to a ferromagnetic workpiece positioned on a support, the magnetic coupling device comprising: a housing; a plurality of pole shoes, each pole shoe having a workpiece contact interface suitable for contacting a ferromagnetic workpiece; a first permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair; a second permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair, the second permanent magnet being movable relative to the first permanent magnet; an actuator operatively coupled to the second permanent magnet to move the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet; an electronic controller operatively coupled to the actuator, the electronic controller including logic for operating the actuator to position the second permanent magnet in a plurality of distinct orientations relative to the first permanent magnet; and a brake supported by the housing, the brake having an engaged state in which the brake holds the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet and a disengaged state in which the brake allows rotation of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

[0026] In the embodiment, an electronic controller is operably coupled to the brake, and logic in the electronic controller engages the brake when the second permanent magnet is in one of a plurality of distinct orientations relative to the first permanent magnet.

[0027] In a variation of that embodiment, a first orientation of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet corresponds to a first state of the magnetic coupling device to provide a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes, the first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes being insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support, and a second orientation of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet corresponds to a second state of the magnetic coupling device to provide a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes being insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support. a third orientation of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet corresponding to a third state of the magnetic coupling device, the third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes being sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support, the second level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux; a third orientation of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet corresponding to a third state of the magnetic coupling device, the third level of magnetic flux being greater than each of the first level of magnetic flux and the second level of magnetic flux.

[0028] In yet a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, there is provided a lifting apparatus for lifting a ferromagnetic workpiece, the lifting apparatus comprising: a support structure; and a magnetic coupling device operably coupled to the support structure, the magnetic coupling device being described in any one of the embodiments, examples, variations, and improvements referred to herein.

[0029] In that embodiment, the support structure includes a robotic arm having a plurality of movable arm segments, and a magnetic coupling device is coupled to the end of the robotic arm.

[0030] In another embodiment thereof, the support structure includes a mechanical gantry, and the magnetic coupling device is suspended from the mechanical gantry.

[0031] In yet another embodiment thereof, the support structure comprises a crane hoist and the magnetic coupling device The device is suspended from a crane hoist.

[0032] In yet a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a fixture for holding a ferromagnetic workpiece is provided, comprising: a frame; and at least one magnetic coupling device positioned to support a lower side of the ferromagnetic workpiece. Each magnetic coupling device comprises: a housing having a first side; a plurality of pole shoes extending from the first side of the housing, each pole shoe having a workpiece contact interface adapted to contact the ferromagnetic workpiece; a first permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair; a second permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair, the second permanent magnet being movable relative to the first permanent magnet; an actuator operably coupled to the second permanent magnet for moving the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet; and an electronic controller operably coupled to the actuator. and an electronic controller including logic to operate the actuator to position the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet in at least each of: (a) a first state in which the second permanent magnet has a first position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a first level of magnetic flux available to a ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes, the first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes being insufficient to hold the ferromagnetic workpiece against a support; and (b) a second state in which the second permanent magnet has a second position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes, the second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the plurality of pole shoes being sufficient to hold the ferromagnetic workpiece against a support, the second level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux.

[0033] In that embodiment, the at least one magnetic coupling device includes a plurality of magnetic coupling devices, each having an associated pole shoe with a workpiece contact interface shaped to match a corresponding contour of the ferromagnetic workpiece.

[0034] In a variation of that embodiment, the multiple magnetic coupling devices are spaced apart. In yet a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for moving a ferromagnetic workpiece positioned on a support with a magnetic coupling device is provided, comprising the steps of: contacting the ferromagnetic workpiece with a plurality of pole shoes of the magnetic coupling device, each of the plurality of pole shoes having a workpiece contact interface that contacts the ferromagnetic workpiece, the magnetic coupling device having at least one permanent magnet that contributes to a level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes; and transitioning the magnetic coupling device from a first state having a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes to a second state having a second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes. the second level being greater than the first level; moving the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support with the magnetic coupling device from the first position to the second position while the magnetic coupling device is in the second state; transitioning the magnetic coupling device from the second state to a third state in which the ferromagnetic workpiece has a third level of magnetic flux available to the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes, the third level being greater than the second level; moving the ferromagnetic workpiece with the magnetic coupling device from the second position to the third position while the magnetic coupling device is in the third state; and decoupling the ferromagnetic workpiece from the magnetic coupling device.

[0035] In yet a further exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, a method for moving a ferromagnetic workpiece positioned on a support with a magnetic coupling device is provided, comprising the steps of: receiving an identification of a ferromagnetic workpiece to be moved with a magnetic coupling device having a plurality of pole shoes, each of the plurality of pole shoes having a workpiece contact interface adapted to contact the ferromagnetic workpiece, the magnetic coupling device having at least one permanent magnet that contributes to a level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes; and determining at least one state of the magnetic coupling device corresponding to the identified ferromagnetic workpiece, the at least one state having a corresponding level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes of the magnetic coupling device. a step of contacting the identified ferromagnetic workpiece with workpiece contact interfaces of a plurality of pole shoes of a magnetic coupling device; a step of moving the identified ferromagnetic workpiece relative to a support on the magnetic coupling device from an initial position to a final position while sequentially configuring the magnetic coupling device into at least three states, each of the three states having a corresponding level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes of the magnetic coupling device, the at least three states including at least one state of the magnetic coupling device corresponding to the identified ferromagnetic workpiece; and a step of disconnecting the identified ferromagnetic workpiece from the magnetic coupling device.

[0036] Other aspects and optional and / or preferred embodiments will become apparent from the following description provided below with reference to the accompanying drawings. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0037] [Figure 1] 1 shows a representative view of the front of an exemplary switchable magnetic coupler device in an exemplary off state positioned on top of a stack of multiple ferromagnetic workpieces. [Figure 2] 2 illustrates a perspective view of the relative orientation of permanent magnets of the magnetic coupler device of FIG. 1 for the exemplary off state of FIG. 1. [Figure 3] 2 shows a representative view of the front of the example switchable magnetic coupler device of FIG. 1 in an example on state positioned on top of the stack of ferromagnetic workpieces illustrated in FIG. 1. [Figure 4] 4 illustrates a perspective view of the relative orientation of the permanent magnets of the magnetic coupler device of FIG. 1 for the exemplary on-state of FIG. 3. [Figure 5] 1 in the exemplary on-state of FIG. 3 being moved upwardly along with a plurality of sheets of the stack of ferromagnetic workpieces illustrated in FIG. 1. [Figure 6] 2 illustrates a representative view of the front of the example switchable magnetic coupler device of FIG. 1 in an example partially on state. [Figure 7] 7 illustrates a perspective view of the relative orientation of the permanent magnets of the magnetic coupler device of FIG. 1 for the exemplary partially on state of FIG. 6. [Figure 8] 1. FIG. 7 shows the exemplary partially on magnetic coupler device of FIG. 6 being moved upward with the top sheet of the stack of ferromagnetic workpieces depicted in FIG. [Figure 9] 9 illustrates the magnetic coupler device of FIG. 8 being moved upward to transition from the exemplary partially on state of FIG. 6 to the exemplary on state of FIG. 3. [Figure 10] 10 shows the arrangement of FIG. 9 in which the magnetic coupler device includes an electric motor for the actuator and a first exemplary sensing system. [Figure 11] 10 illustrates the arrangement of FIG. 9 in which the magnetic coupler device includes a second exemplary sensing system. [Figure 12] 10 shows the arrangement of FIG. 9 in which the magnetic coupler device includes a third exemplary sensing system. [Figure 13] 2 shows a pin carried by a rotatable permanent magnet of the magnetic coupling device of FIG. 1 received in a recess in the housing of the magnetic coupling device of FIG. 1 in the off state of FIG. 1. [Figure 14]14 shows the system of FIG. 13 with the rotatable permanent magnet in the partial state of FIG. 6 and the blocker positioned to maintain the rotational position of the rotatable permanent magnet. [Figure 15] 14 shows the system of FIG. 13 with the rotatable permanent magnet in the on state of FIG. 3. [Figure 16] 1 shows an exploded perspective view of an exemplary magnetic coupling device and sensor arrangement. [Figure 17] 1 shows an exploded perspective view of an exemplary platter having multiple permanent magnets and poles. [Figure 18] 18 shows an assembled view of the top of the platter of FIG. 17. [Figure 19] 18 shows a perspective view of two instances of the platter of FIG. 17. [Figure 19A] 20 is a partial cross-sectional view of the platter of FIG. 19 in an on state coupled to a workpiece. [Figure 19B] 20 is a partial cross-sectional view of the platter of FIG. 19 in an off state coupled to a workpiece. [Figure 20] 1 shows a schematic diagram of an exemplary magnetic coupling device in an on state having upper and lower assemblies each including a plurality of permanent magnets and pole pieces arranged in a linear array. [Figure 21] 21 shows the magnetic coupling device of FIG. 20 in a partially on state. [Figure 22] 21 shows the magnetic coupling device of FIG. 20 in an off state. [Figure 23] 1 shows an exploded perspective view of another exemplary magnetic coupling device including a permanent magnet and an electric coil. [Figure 24] 24 illustrates an assembled view of the exemplary magnetic coupling device of FIG. 23. [Figure 24A] 1 illustrates an exemplary configuration of an exemplary magnetic coupling device. [Figure 24B] 1 illustrates an exemplary configuration of an exemplary magnetic coupling device. [Figure 24C] 1 illustrates an exemplary configuration of an exemplary magnetic coupling device. [Figure 25]2 illustrates a support structure including one of the exemplary magnetic coupling devices of FIG. 1 mounted thereon. [Figure 25A] 2 illustrates a robotic system including one of the example magnetic coupling devices of FIG. 1 mounted as the end of an arm coupler. [Figure 25B] 2 illustrates a mechanical gantry with one of the exemplary magnetic coupling devices of FIG. 1 suspended therefrom. [Figure 25C] 2 illustrates a crane hoist with one of the example magnetic coupling devices of FIG. 1 suspended therefrom. [Figure 26] 1 illustrates an exemplary collection of status data information stored on the memory of an electronic controller of an exemplary magnetic coupling device. [Figure 27] 1 illustrates an exemplary data record of the state stored on the memory of an electronic controller of an exemplary magnetic coupling device. [Figure 28] 1 illustrates an exemplary data record for a ferromagnetic workpiece and corresponding conditions stored on the memory of an electronic controller of an exemplary magnetic coupling device. [Figure 29] 1 shows an exemplary processing sequence. [Figure 30] 4 illustrates another exemplary processing sequence. [Figure 31] 1 illustrates an exemplary fixture. [Figure 32A] 2 illustrates an exemplary brake in an engaged state for the magnetic coupling device of FIG. 1. [Figure 32A] 32B illustrates the example brake of FIG. 32A in a disengaged state. [Figure 33] 1 shows a representative diagram of an exemplary fluid, pneumatic, or hydraulic actuator system. [Figure 34] 1 shows a perspective view of an exemplary linear array magnetic coupling device including a sensor and a controller for determining the operating state of the magnetic coupling device. [Figure 35] FIG. 35 shows a bottom view of the linear array magnetic coupling device of FIG. 34. [Figure 36]1 shows a perspective view of an exemplary circular array magnetic coupling device including a sensor and a controller that determine the operational state of the magnetic coupling device. [Figure 37] FIG. 37 shows a bottom view of the circular array magnetic coupling device of FIG. 36.

[0038] While the disclosed subject matter is susceptible to various modifications and alternative forms, specific embodiments have been shown by way of example in the drawings and are described in detail below. The intention, however, is not to limit the disclosure to the specific embodiments described. On the contrary, the disclosure is intended to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0039] FIELD OF THE INVENTION The embodiments provided herein relate to switchable magnetic devices. An exemplary switchable magnetic device is described in U.S. Patent No. 7,012,495, entitled "SWITCHABLE PERMANENT MAGNETIC DEVICE," and in U.S. Patent No. 6,012,495, entitled "MODULAR MAGNETIC DEVICE." U.S. Patent No. 7,161,451 entitled "PERMANENT MAGNET CHUCK," U.S. Patent No. 8,878,639 entitled "MAGNET ARRAYS," U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 248,804, filed October 30, 2015, Docket No. MTI-0007-01-US-E, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH A ROTARY ACTUATION SYSTEM," German Utility Model No. DE2020 / 16006696U1, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH A ROTARY ACTUATION SYSTEM," No. 62 / 252,435, filed November 7, 2015, entitled "DEVICE WITH A LINEAR ACTUATION SYSTEM," Docket No. MTI-0006-01-US-E, and U.S. Patent Application No. 15 / 964,884, filed April 27, 2018, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH AT LEAST ONE OF A SENSOR ARRANGEMENT AND A DEGAUSS CAPABILITY," Docket No. MTI-0013-02-US, the entire disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0040] The embodiments illustrated herein in Figures 1-13 provide exemplary switchable magnetic devices having a first permanent magnet and a second permanent magnet that is movable relative to the first permanent magnet, similar to the exemplary switchable magnetic devices of the '495 patent, which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. The permanent magnets may each be a cylindrical single dipole of one type of rare earth magnetic material, such as NdFeB or SmCo. Additional types of switchable magnetic devices may be implemented. Each type of switchable magnetic device includes at least a first permanent magnet that is movable relative to the second permanent magnet.

[0041] Additionally, an exemplary switchable magnetic device may include a first plurality of permanent magnets that are movable relative to a second plurality of permanent magnets. Examples are provided in Figures 17-19. Exemplary systems are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 248,804, filed October 30, 2015, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH A ROTARY ACTUATION SYSTEM," Docket No. MTI-0007-01-US-E, German Utility Model No. DE2020 / 16006696U1, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 252,435, filed November 7, 2015, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH A LINEAR ACTUATION SYSTEM," Docket No. MTI-0006-01-US-E, U.S. Patent No. 7,161,451, and U.S. Patent No. 7,161,451, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH AT LEAST ONE OF A SENSOR ARRANGEMENT AND A DEGAUSS This invention is disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. (Unknown), Docket No. MTI-0013-02-US, filed April 27, 2018, entitled "METHOD OF USE IN A SUBJECT TO APPLICATION CAPABILITY," the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0042] Further, exemplary switchable magnetic devices include a pole extension of at least the first permanent magnet. The magneto-optical device may include at least a first permanent magnet positioned within a first housing that functions as a pole extension of the magneto-optical device, the first housing being movable relative to a second housing having at least a second permanent magnet positioned within the second housing, the second housing functioning as a pole extension of the at least second permanent magnet.

[0043] Referring to FIG. 1 , an exemplary magnetic coupling device 10 is shown. The magnetic coupling device 10 is an exemplary switchable magnetic device including a magnetic flux source 15 including an upper permanent magnet 12 and a lower permanent magnet 14 positioned in a stacked relationship in a housing 28. The permanent magnet 12 includes an south-pole portion 18 and an n-pole portion 20. Similarly, the permanent magnet 14 includes an north-pole portion 22 and an south-pole portion 24. The housing 28 may include multiple components assembled together to form the housing. Additionally, the housing 28 may include features for maintaining the permanent magnet 12 spaced apart from the permanent magnet 14 or for incorporating a spacer, such as the spacer 13 in the illustrated embodiment, that maintains the permanent magnet 12 in a spaced apart relationship relative to the permanent magnet 14. The spacer 13 is made of a non-magnetic material to separate the permanent magnet 12 from the permanent magnet 14.

[0044] Although permanent magnet 12 and permanent magnet 14 are each shown as a single magnet, the switchable magnet device may include multiple permanent magnets that provide the functionality of permanent magnet 12 and multiple permanent magnets that provide the functionality of permanent magnet 14. Furthermore, permanent magnet 12 (or multiple magnets that provide the functionality of permanent magnet 12) and permanent magnet 14 (or multiple magnets that provide the functionality of permanent magnet 14) may be positioned within respective housings that function as pole extensions for the respective magnets. Furthermore, in embodiments, permanent magnets 12, 14 may include more than two poles. Examples include quadrupole magnets and other magnets with more than two poles.

[0045] The pole shoes 16', 16" are illustratively shown removably coupled to the housing 28. In an embodiment, the pole shoes 16', 16" are integrally formed as part of the housing 28. The pole shoes 16', 16" are made of a ferromagnetic material and are magnetically coupled to the permanent magnets 12, 14 through a portion of the housing 28. A lower portion of each of the pole shoes 16', 16" includes a workpiece contact interface 17', 17" that can be brought into contact with a workpiece 27, illustratively the upper sheet 27' of ferromagnetic material of the stack of sheets 27', 27" and 27".

[0046] The workpiece contact interfaces 17', 17" of the pole shoes 16', 16" cooperate with the magnets 12, 14 through the pole shoes 16', 16" and the housing 28 to form first and second poles of the magnets 12, 14. In one embodiment, one single pole shoe forms each of the pole shoes 16', 16". In another embodiment, multiple pole shoes form each of the pole shoes 16', 16". Additional pole shoe arrangements are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 623,407, Docket No. MTI-0015-01-US, filed January 29, 2018, entitled "MAGNETIC LIFTING DEVICE HAVING POLE SHOES WITH SPACED APART PROJECTIONS," the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. The pole shoes 16 ′, 16 ″ extend beyond the lower surface of the housing 28 to provide an air gap 60 between the housing 28 and the workpiece 27 .

[0047] In an embodiment, the permanent magnet 14 is fixed relative to the housing 28, and the permanent magnet 12 is movable within the housing 28 relative to the permanent magnet 14 to change the alignment of the magnet portions 18, 20 of the permanent magnet 12 relative to the magnet portions 22, 24 of the permanent magnet 14. In one embodiment, permanent magnet 12 is rotatable relative to permanent magnet 14. While permanent magnets 12, 14 are shown vertically stacked with permanent magnet 12 rotatable about vertical axis 55, in other embodiments, permanent magnets 12, 14 are vertically stacked and permanent magnet 12 is rotatable about a horizontal axis. Additional layouts of permanent magnets 12, 14 are contemplated.

[0048] The switchable magnetic coupling device 10, based on the configuration of the permanent magnets 12, 14, establishes multiple magnetic circuits. Specifically, the switchable magnetic device 10 can be configured into at least three states, each of which has corresponding magnetic circuit characteristics. As described in more detail herein, the switchable magnetic device 10 can maintain the configuration of the permanent magnets 12, 14 in each of the at least three states for an extended period of time. In one embodiment, the current state of the magnetic coupling device 10 is maintained until a different state is desired.

[0049] In a first state, referred to herein as the off state, the permanent magnet 12 has a first position relative to the permanent magnet 14 to provide a first level of magnetic flux available to a ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16". In the off state, the first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16" is insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece with the magnetic coupling device 10.

[0050] 1 and 2, the permanent magnets 12, 14 of the magnetic coupling device 10 are positioned in an off-state. In the off-state, the permanent magnet 12 is rotated relative to the permanent magnet 14 so that the south pole 18 of the permanent magnet 12 is adjacent to the north pole 22 of the permanent magnet 14 and the north pole 20 of the permanent magnet 12 is adjacent to the south pole 24 of the permanent magnet 14 (as shown in FIG. 2). The permanent magnets 12, 14 each function essentially as a dipole with a magnetization axis MA perpendicular to a vertical plane dividing the respective north poles 20, 22 from the respective south poles 18, 24. In the configuration shown in FIG. 2, the south pole 18 of the permanent magnet 12 is aligned with the north pole 22 of the permanent magnet 14 and the north pole 20 of the permanent magnet 12 is aligned with the south pole 24 of the permanent magnet 14 so that the magnetization axis MA of the permanent magnet 12 is parallel to the magnetization axis MA of the permanent magnet 14.

[0051] In the OFF state, the majority of the magnetic flux of the permanent magnets 12, 14 remains in the housing 28 as part of the first magnetic circuit between the permanent magnets 12, 14 and is not available to pass through the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interfaces 17, 17′ of the pole shoes 16′, 16″, as shown in FIG. 1 . In some embodiments, it is contemplated, but not preferred, that a portion of the magnetic flux of the permanent magnets 12, 14 be available to pass through the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interfaces 17′, 17″ of the pole shoes 16′, 16″. In one example, up to 4% of the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnets 12, 14 is available to pass through the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interfaces 17′, 17″ of the pole shoes 16′, 16″, in the OFF state. In another embodiment, up to 1% percent of the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnets 12, 14 is available to pass through the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 in the off state at the workpiece contact interfaces 17', 17'' of the pole shoes 16', 16''.

[0052] In a second state, referred to herein as the on state, the permanent magnet 12 has a second position relative to the permanent magnet 14 to provide a second level of magnetic flux available to a ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17'' of the pole shoe 16', 16''. In the on state, the second level of magnetic flux available to a ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17'' of the pole shoe 16', 16'' is greater than the first level of magnetic flux available in the off state. 1 level, sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece with the magnetic coupling device 10.

[0053] 3 and 4, the permanent magnets 12, 14 of the magnetic coupling device 10 are positioned in an on state. In the on state, the permanent magnet 12 is rotated relative to the permanent magnet 14 so that the south pole 18 of the permanent magnet 12 is adjacent to the south pole 24 of the permanent magnet 14 and the north pole 20 of the permanent magnet 12 is adjacent to the north pole 22 of the permanent magnet 14 (as shown in FIG. 4). In the configuration shown in FIG. 4, the south pole 18 of the permanent magnet 12 is aligned with the south pole 24 of the permanent magnet 14 and the north pole 20 of the permanent magnet 12 is aligned with the north pole 22 of the permanent magnet 14 so that the magnetization axis MA of the permanent magnet 12 is parallel to the magnetization axis MA of the permanent magnet 14.

[0054] In the ON state, a majority of the magnetic flux of the permanent magnets 12, 14 is available to pass through the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interfaces 17', 17" of the pole shoes 16', 16", as shown in FIG. 3. In the ON state, one or more workpieces 27 made of a ferromagnetic material, such as iron or steel, are held by the switchable magnetic device 10 by completing a magnetic circuit from the aligned or substantially aligned north-pole portions 20, 22 of the upper and lower magnets 12, 14, respectively, through the housing 28 and pole shoe 16', through one or more workpiece seats 27, through the pole shoe 16" and housing 28, and to the aligned or substantially aligned south-pole portions 18, 24 of the upper and lower magnets 12, 14, respectively. The workpiece contact interface 17' of the pole shoe 16' functions as the north pole of the switchable magnetic device 10. The workpiece contact interface 17 ″ of the pole shoe 16 ″ functions as the south pole of the switchable magnetic device 10 .

[0055] In a third state, referred to herein as a partially on state, the permanent magnet 12 has a third position relative to the permanent magnet 14 to provide a third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16". In the partially on state, the third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16" is higher than the first level in the off state and lower than the second level in the on state, and is sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece with the magnetic coupling device 10. In embodiments, the magnetic coupling device 10 may be placed in multiple partially on states.

[0056] 6 and 7, the permanent magnets 12, 14 of the magnetic coupling device 10 are positioned in a partially on state. In the partially on state, the permanent magnet 12 is rotated relative to the permanent magnet 14 such that the magnetization axis MA of the permanent magnet 12 is angled relative to the magnetization axis MA of the permanent magnet 14. In the first partially on state, the south pole 18 of the permanent magnet 12 is adjacent to the south pole 24 of the permanent magnet 14, and the north pole 20 of the permanent magnet 12 is adjacent to the north pole 22 of the permanent magnet 14 (shown in FIG. 4). In the second partially on state, the south pole 18 of the permanent magnet 12 is adjacent to the north pole 22 of the permanent magnet 14, and the north pole 20 of the permanent magnet 12 is adjacent to the south pole 24 of the permanent magnet 14. In one embodiment, in the partially on state, the magnetization axis MA of permanent magnet 12 is angled from 0.5° to about 179.5° relative to the magnetization axis MA of permanent magnet 14 (relative to the south-pole portion 18 of permanent magnet 12 that is aligned with the south-pole portion 24 of permanent magnet 14). In another embodiment, in the partially on state, the magnetization axis MA of permanent magnet 12 is angled from 5° to about 175° relative to the magnetization axis MA of permanent magnet 14 (relative to the south-pole portion 18 of permanent magnet 12 that is aligned with the south-pole portion 24 of permanent magnet 14). In a further embodiment, in the partially on state, the magnetization axis MA of permanent magnet 12 is angled from 15° to about 165° relative to the magnetization axis MA of permanent magnet 14 (relative to the south-pole portion 18 of permanent magnet 12 that is aligned with the south-pole portion 24 of permanent magnet 14). There are.

[0057] In each of the partially on states, a portion of the magnetic flux of the permanent magnets 12, 14 is available to pass through the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interfaces 17', 17" of the pole shoes 16', 16", as shown in FIG. 3, and a portion of the magnetic flux of the permanent magnets 12, 14 remains in the housing due to the angled nature of the magnetization axes of the permanent magnets 12, 14. In each of the partially on states, one or more workpieces 27 made of a ferromagnetic material such as iron or steel can be held by the switchable magnetic device 10 by completing a magnetic circuit from the angled north-pole portions 20, 22 of the upper and lower magnets 12, 14, through the housing 28 and pole shoe 16', through one or more workpiece seats 27, through the pole shoe 16" and housing 28, and to the angled south-pole portions 18, 24 of the upper and lower magnets 12, 14, respectively. The workpiece contact interface 17' of the pole shoe 16' functions as the north pole of the switchable magnetic device 10. The workpiece contact interface 17 ″ of the pole shoe 16 ″ functions as the south pole of the switchable magnetic device 10 .

[0058] As described in more detail herein, the ability to position and maintain the magnetic switching device 10 in at least three states enhances the ability to configure the magnetic coupling device 10 for destacking ferromagnetic workpieces arranged in a stack and enhances the ability to use the magnetic coupling device 10 for multiple different types of ferromagnetic workpieces.

[0059] As an example, in the on state shown in FIG. 3 , the magnetic coupling device 10 makes available to the workpiece sheet 27 a level of magnetic flux that more than saturates the capacitance of the top sheet 27′, and thus extends downward into the second-to-top sheet 27″. As shown in FIG. 5 , when the magnetic coupling device 10 is raised in the on state in direction 33, both the top sheet 27′ and the sheet 27″ are raised along with the magnetic coupling device 10 in direction 33. Thus, the magnetic device 10 did not destack the sheet 27′ from the rest of the stack of sheets 27. However, by configuring the magnetic coupling device 10 in the partially on state shown in FIG. 6 , the magnetic coupling device 10 makes available to the workpiece sheet 27 a level of magnetic flux that holds the top sheet 27′ to the magnetic coupling device 10 with sufficient holding force to lift the top sheet 27′, but does not hold the second-to-top sheet 27″ to the magnetic coupling device 10 with sufficient holding force to lift the second-to-top sheet 27″. Thus, as shown in Figure 8, when magnetic coupling device 10 is raised in direction 33 in the partially on state of Figure 6, only top sheet 27' is raised along with magnetic coupling device 10 in direction 33. Although Figure 6 shows that magnetic flux is confined to top sheet 27', in some embodiments, some of the magnetic flux provided by magnetic coupling device 10 to workpiece sheet 27 may enter sheet 27'' of workpiece sheet 27, but not to a level that would cause sheet 27'' to be lifted along with workpiece sheet 27' by magnetic coupling device 10.

[0060] When raised in direction 33, magnetic coupling device 10 may be configured in an on state or further partially on state, as illustrated in Figure 9, in which workpiece contact interfaces 17', 17" of pole shoes 16', 16" have a level of magnetic flux available to increase the holding force between magnetic coupling device 10 and sheet 27' between the previously disclosed partially on state of Figure 6 and the on state of Figure 3. For example, the level of magnetic flux available to workpiece contact interfaces 17', 17" of pole shoes 16', 16" in Figure 6 is sufficient to destack ferromagnetic workpiece 27' from the remainder of the stack of workpieces 27, and once separated, the level of magnetic flux available to workpiece contact interfaces 17', 17" of pole shoes 16', 16" in Figure 6 is , to a level that moves the workpiece at a required velocity limited by the maximum flux saturation capacity of the workpiece 27'. In one embodiment, as referred to herein, the magnetic coupling device 10 is an end-of-arm tool of a robotic system 700, and the required velocity is the velocity of the robot arm 704 of the robotic system 700 as it moves between poses (see FIG. 25A).

[0061] Returning to FIG. 1 , the magnetic coupling device 10 includes an engagement portion 30 and an actuator 32. The engagement portion 30 couples the actuator 32 to the permanent magnet 12 such that the actuator 32 can reorient the permanent magnet 12 relative to the permanent magnet 14. Exemplary engagement portions 30 include one or more recesses in the permanent magnet 12 and / or a housing supporting the permanent magnet 12, one or more protrusions extending from the permanent magnet 12 and / or a housing supporting the permanent magnet 12, and / or one or more linkages or gear systems coupled to the permanent magnet 12 and / or a housing coupled to the permanent magnet 12. Exemplary actuators include rotary actuators and linear actuators, each of which reorient the permanent magnet 12 relative to the permanent magnet 14 through the engagement portion 30.

[0062] Exemplary engagement portions and actuators are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 7,012,495, entitled "SWITCHABLE PERMANENT MAGNETIC DEVICE," U.S. Patent No. 7,161,451, entitled "MODULAR PERMANENT MAGNET CHUCK," U.S. Patent No. 8,878,639, entitled "MAGNET ARRAYS," U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 248,804, filed October 30, 2015, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH A ROTARY ACTUATION SYSTEM," Docket No. MTI-0007-01-US-E, German Utility Model No. DE2020 / 16006696U1, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH A LINEAR ACTUATION No. 62 / 252,435, filed November 7, 2015, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH AT LEAST ONE OF A SENSOR ARRANGEMENT AND A DEGAUSS CAPABILITY," Docket No. MTI-0006-01-US-E, and U.S. Patent Application No. (unknown), filed April 27, 2018, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH AT LEAST ONE OF A SENSOR ARRANGEMENT AND A DEGAUSS CAPABILITY," the entire disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0063] In an embodiment, the actuators 32 may be electric motors, pneumatic drive systems, hydraulic drive systems, or other systems suitable for reorienting the permanent magnets 12 relative to the permanent magnets 14. In an embodiment, the actuators 32 are coupled to a controller 34 that controls the operation of each actuator 32 and, therefore, the alignment of the permanent magnets 12 relative to the permanent magnets 14 through the engagement portions 30. In an embodiment, the controller 34 is an electronic controller that controls the operation of each actuator 32.

[0064] 1 , the electronic controller 34 includes a processor 36 with associated computer-readable media, illustratively a memory 38. The memory 38 includes magnetic coupler state logic 40 that, when executed by the processor 36, causes the electronic controller 34 to instruct the actuator 32 to move the permanent magnet 12 such that the magnetic coupling device 10 is placed in one of a plurality of states of the magnetic coupling device 10. As used herein, the term "logic" includes software and / or firmware executing on one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, digital signal processors, hardwired logic, or combinations thereof. Thus, according to an embodiment, various logics may be implemented in any suitable manner and still be in accordance with the embodiments disclosed herein. Logic A non-transitory machine-readable medium including the electronic controller 34 may further be considered to be embodied in any tangible form of a computer-readable carrier, such as a solid-state memory, a magnetic disk, or an optical disk, that contains a suitable set of computer instructions and data structures for causing a processor to execute the techniques described herein. The present disclosure contemplates other embodiments in which the magnetic coupler state logic is not microprocessor-based, but rather is configured to control the operation of the magnetic coupling device 10 based on one or more sets of hardwired and / or software instructions stored in memory 38. Furthermore, the electronic controller 34 may be included within one device or may be multiple devices networked together to provide the functionality described herein.

[0065] In embodiments, the electronic controller 34 changes the state of the magnetic coupling device 10 in response to input signals received from the input device 42. Exemplary input devices include switches, buttons, touchscreens, microphones, detectors, controllers, and other devices by which an operator can provide one of tactile, audio, or visual input commands. For example, in one embodiment, the magnetic coupling device 10 is coupled to the end of a robotic arm, and the input device 42 is a network interface through which the controller 34 receives instructions from the robotic controller regarding when to place the magnetic coupling device 10 in one of its states. Exemplary network interfaces include wired network connections and wireless network connections including one or more of an antenna, an optical receiver or transceiver, or other suitable wireless communication receiver or transceiver. While the embodiments discussed herein relate to electronic, pneumatic, or hydraulic actuation, in alternative embodiments, versions of the magnetic coupling device are provided without the electronic controller 34 and are manually actuated. Exemplary manual actuators include handles, knobs, and other devices actuable by a human operator. In contrast, the electronic controller 34 of the magnetic coupling device 10 can automatically control the actuator 32 without human intervention. Thus, the electronic controller 34 can execute logic that automatically places the magnetic device 10 into a series of states based on the parameters of the logic, at least one of which is a partially on state. In an embodiment, the functionality of the magnetic coupling device state logic 40 is executed by the controller 770 of the robotic system 700 or other remote processing device.

[0066] The magnetic coupling device 10 further includes one or more output devices 44. Exemplary output devices include visual output devices and audio output devices. Exemplary visual output devices include lights, display screens, and other types of visual indicators or communication devices. Exemplary audio output devices include speakers and other types of audio indicator devices.

[0067] 10-12, an exemplary sensor system for the magnetic coupling device 10 is disclosed. Referring to FIG. 10, the actuator 32 is an electric motor 58. A first sensor 60 is provided that monitors a characteristic of the electric motor 58. The electric motor 58 may include feedback electronics for regulating its motion. In one embodiment, a DC motor is provided with limit switches or encoders and a proportional-integral-derivative controller for driving the permanent magnet 12 through a specific range of motion.

[0068] In another embodiment, a stepper motor is provided. The stepper motor may be operated open loop, assuming it has sufficient drive torque to operate the unit without missing a step. A sensor may be provided to help establish the angular position of the stepper motor's output, such as the shaft or an opening for receiving the shaft, and therefore the position of the permanent magnet 12. For example, the sensor 61 may count the pulses used to drive the stepper motor and, based on the number of pulses, determine the position of the stepper motor. The angular position of the shaft of the stepper motor is determined by counting the number of pulses the permanent magnet 12 is moved relative to the permanent magnet 14 to a defined position by the steps the motor moves. In another embodiment, a stepper motor is provided that integrates an encoder with the stepper to ensure the proper actuation angle is maintained.

[0069] Exemplary pneumatic rotary actuators are semi-rotary actuators with rotating blades or semi-rotary actuators driven by a linear pneumatic piston coupled to a central output shaft by a rack and pinion.

[0070] Referring to FIG. 33 , an exemplary fluid, pneumatic, or hydraulic actuator system 360 is illustrated. Pneumatic actuators use gas as the working fluid. Hydraulic actuators use liquid as the working fluid. The actuator system 360 includes a fluid actuator having a housing 362 and an internal paddle 364 in fluid communication with an A port 366 through a fluid line 368 and a B port 370 through a fluid line 372. A conventional fluid actuator system pressurizes the fluid line 368 and exhausts the fluid line 372 to rotate the paddle 364 to a first limit position, and pressurizes the fluid line 372 and exhausts the fluid line 368 to rotate the paddle 364 to a second limit position. Rotation of the paddle 364 causes rotation of an output 374 operably coupled to the engagement portion 30. The first limit position can be an on-state position of the magnet 12, and the second limit position can be an off-state position of the magnet 12.

[0071] The controller 34 is coupled to a pressurization / exhaust system 376 in fluid communication with the A port 366 through a fluid line 378 and a pressurization / exhaust system 380 in fluid communication with the B port 370 through a fluid line 382. In an embodiment, the pressurization / exhaust system 376 and the pressurization / exhaust system 380 are one system. Each of the pressurization / exhaust system 376 and the pressurization / exhaust system 380 may supply working fluid to or exhaust working fluid from the respective A port 366 and B port 370.

[0072] The controller 34, through the pressure / exhaust system 376 and the pressure / exhaust system 380, establishes a desired pressure on each side of the paddle 364 to maintain the paddle 364 in an intermediate position, such as a desired partially on state, between the first and second extreme positions of the paddle 364. In an embodiment, the controller 34 stores in the memory 38 desired fluid characteristics of the working fluid, such as pressure or other suitable fluid characteristics, corresponding to various desired intermediate positions. Additionally, the controller 34 monitors a fluid characteristic, such as pressure or other suitable fluid characteristic, associated with each side of the paddle 364 through sensors 386 and 388. In an embodiment, the controller 34 further monitors another fluid characteristic of the working fluid, the flow of the working fluid through the fluid lines 368 and 372. In an embodiment, instead of and / or in addition to monitoring the fluid characteristic of the working fluid, the fluid actuator 360 monitors the rotational position of the output 374 of the fluid actuator 362. For example, in an embodiment, the output 374 is an output shaft, and the sensor 384, illustratively a rotary encoder sensor system, is used to monitor the rotational position of the output shaft. In one embodiment where fluid actuator 362 is a hydraulic actuator, the volume of the flow of working fluid is monitored by controller 34. In another embodiment where fluid actuator 362 is a pneumatic actuator, the rotational position of output 374 of fluid actuator 362 is monitored by controller 34.

[0073] In another embodiment, the first sensor 61 is a current sensor that monitors the current draw of the electric motor 58. Based on the position of the permanent magnet 12 relative to the permanent magnet 14, changes in the torque required to move the permanent magnet 12 relative to the permanent magnet 14 change the amount of current drawn by the electric motor 58. By measuring the motor current drawn by motor 58, the rotational position of permanent magnet 12 can be inferred by comparison to a table of values ​​stored on memory 38 or a function stored on memory 38. In one embodiment, the table of values ​​includes rows of positions of permanent magnet 12 relative to permanent magnet 14 and the corresponding current draw of motor 58 when workpiece interface 17', 17" of magnetic coupling device 10 is in contact with workpiece 27. The corresponding current draw values ​​are determined experimentally by measuring the current draw of motor 58 for various positions of permanent magnet 12 relative to permanent magnet 14 when workpiece interface 17', 17" of magnetic coupling device 10 is in contact with workpiece 27.

[0074] Additionally, positioning the magnetic coupling device 10 in close proximity to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 alters the current required to move the permanent magnet 12. Thus, controlled actuation of the motor 58 through its range of movement as the magnetic coupling device 10 approaches the workpiece 27 can be used to determine the proximity of the magnetic coupling device 10 to the workpiece 27.

[0075] For example, as the magnetic coupling device 10 approaches the workpiece 27, the motor 58 may be periodically actuated to move the permanent magnet 12 relative to the permanent magnet 14 from a first known position, such as an off position, to a second known position, such as a known partially on position, and then back to the first known position. The current draw to effectuate the actuation to move the permanent magnet 12 relative to the permanent magnet 14 from the first known position to the second known position may be compared to a table of values ​​stored on the memory 38 to infer the proximity of the magnetic coupling device 10 to the workpiece 27. The table of values ​​may include a row of measured proximity of the workpiece interface 17′, 17″ of the magnetic coupling device 10 to the workpiece 27 and a corresponding measured current drawn by the motor 58 for actuation to move the permanent magnet 12 relative to the permanent magnet 14 from the first known position to the second known position at the measured proximity of the workpiece interface 17′, 17″ of the magnetic coupling device 10 to the workpiece 27.

[0076] Additionally, coupling multiple workpieces to magnetic coupling device 10 alters the current required to move permanent magnet 12 relative to permanent magnet 14 compared to coupling a single workpiece. Thus, a determination can be made whether magnetic coupling device 10 is coupled to a single workpiece 27 or multiple workpieces by experimentally determining the current draw required to complete controlled actuation of motor 58 through its range of motion.

[0077] 11, another sensor 64 is provided. The sensor 64 is provided to measure the rotational position of the permanent magnet 12 and / or the housing supporting the permanent magnet 12. An exemplary sensor includes an optical sensor that monitors a reflective strip attached to the permanent magnet 12 and / or the housing coupled to the permanent magnet 12. Other sensor systems may be used to determine the rotational position of the permanent magnet 12.

[0078] Referring to FIG. 12, another sensor system is shown that includes multiple magnetic flux sensors 70. The magnetic flux sensors 70 include a first sensor 70A positioned generally above the pole shoe 16'' and a second sensor 70B positioned generally above the pole shoe 16'. An exemplary magnetic flux sensor includes a Hall effect sensor. The sensors 70A, 70B measure leakage flux proximate the respective north and south poles of the magnetic coupling device 10. The amount of leakage flux at each sensor 70A, 70B varies based on the position of the permanent magnet 12 relative to the permanent magnet 14 and the amount of flux passing through the respective pole shoe 16', 16'' workpiece contact interface 17', 17'' to the workpiece 27'. Pole By monitoring the magnetic flux at a location opposite the workpiece interface 17' of the shoe 16' and opposite the workpiece interface 17'' of the pole shoe 16'', the relative position of the permanent magnet 12 can be determined. In an embodiment, the magnetic operating device 10 is positioned above the top of the workpiece 27, and the magnetic flux measured by the sensors 70A,B is recorded as a function of the position of the permanent magnet 12, with the first set of measurements being assigned to the desired partially on position of the permanent magnet 12. Exemplary sensing systems having sensor 70 are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 490,705, filed April 27, 2017, entitled "SMART SENSE EOAMT," and U.S. Patent Application No. (unknown), Docket No. MTI-0013-02-US, filed April 27, 2018, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH AT LEAST ONE OF A SENSOR ARRANGEMENT AND A DEGAUSS CAPABILITY," the entire disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference. Additional sensors may be used to determine proximity to a workpiece and determine the quality of the magnetic connection between the magnetic coupling device and the workpiece, as described in more detail in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 490,705, filed April 27, 2017, entitled "SMART SENSE EOAMT," and U.S. Patent Application No. (unknown), Docket No. MTI-0013-02-US, filed April 27, 2018, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH AT LEAST ONE OF A SENSOR ARRANGEMENT AND A DEGAUSS CAPABILITY."

[0079] As referred to herein, the switchable magnetic coupling device 10 is capable of maintaining the configuration of the permanent magnets 12, 14 in each of at least three states for an extended period of time, as described in more detail herein. In one example, the current state of the magnetic coupling device 10 is maintained until a different state is requested. In an embodiment, the actuator 32 is a stepper motor, and the ability of a stepper motor to hold its output shaft in a current position also holds the permanent magnets 12 in their current position, and therefore the magnetic coupling device 10 in its current state.

[0080] 13-15, another exemplary system for maintaining the position of permanent magnet 12 relative to permanent magnet 14 is shown. Referring to FIG. 13, housing 28 includes an arcuate recess 90 having a first end 91 and a second end 92. Recess 90 may be a groove on an interior surface of housing 28, such as the lower side of a cover of housing 28. A pin 94 is coupled to permanent magnet 12 or to the housing that is rotatable with permanent magnet 12. Pin 94 extends into recess 90 of housing 28.

[0081] 1 and 2, with the magnetic coupling device 10 in the off state, the pin 94 is located at the first end 91 of the recess 90. When the pin 94 contacts the first end 91 of the recess 90, further rotation of the permanent magnet 12 in the direction 95 is prevented. Furthermore, the magnetic circuit completed between the permanent magnets 12, 14 resists further rotation of the permanent magnet 12 due to the aligned state of the magnetization axes of the permanent magnets 12, 14.

[0082] 15, with the permanent magnet 12 positioned as shown in FIGS. 3 and 4, in the on state for the magnetic coupling device 10, the pin 94 is located at the second end 92 of the recess 90. When the pin 94 contacts the second end 92 of the recess 90, further rotation of the permanent magnet 12 in direction 96 is prevented. In one example, the configuration shown in FIG. 15 is in a partially on state due to over-rotation of the permanent magnet 12 in direction 96 beyond the alignment of the magnetization axes of the permanent magnets 12, 14. This over-rotation of up to 5° results in the permanent magnet 12 being urged to rotate further in direction 96 due to the attractive force with the permanent magnet 14, as opposed to being urged to rotate back in direction 95.

[0083] Referring to FIG. 14 , the permanent magnet 12 is positioned as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 , with the magnetic coupling device 10 in a partially on state, and the pin 94 is positioned in an intermediate position along the recess 90. The pin 94 contacts a blocker 97 that prevents the permanent magnet 12 from further rotating back in the direction 95. The blocker 97 is a retractable pin extendable from a housing 98. In an embodiment, the pin 94 is retractable with an electric solenoid. The position of the blocker 97 is controlled by the controller 34. The blocker 97 can be positioned in an open position outside the envelope of the recess 90, as shown in FIGS. 13 and 15 , and in a closed position extending above the recess 90 to contact the pin 94. The end of the blocker 97 is positioned opposite the pin 99. Other systems may be used to maintain the position of the permanent magnet 12 relative to the permanent magnet 14. In an embodiment, the blocker 97 is carried by a movable support that allows the blocker 97 to be positioned at various locations along the recess 90. An exemplary movable support includes a base coupled to housing 28 through a ratchet system and having at least one indexing feature that cooperates with at least one indexing feature on housing 28 to position blocker 97 relative to recess 90. Exemplary indexing features include protrusions, such as pins, and recesses. In an embodiment, the movable support is moved under the control of an electric motor.

[0084] In an embodiment, the magnetic coupling device 10 includes a brake, such as a friction brake, that may interact with a rotatable member coupled to the permanent magnet 12. The friction brake may be applied to maintain the current position of the rotatable member, and therefore the current position of the permanent magnet 12. In an embodiment, the controller 34 activates the brake to maintain the current position of the permanent magnet 12 when power to the magnetic coupling device 10 is interrupted. In another embodiment, the brake is normally applied to maintain the current position of the permanent magnet 12 and is activated to allow movement of the permanent magnet 12.

[0085] Referring to FIGS. 32A and 32B, an exemplary brake 270 is illustrated. The permanent magnet 12 is housed in a housing 272, which functions as a pole extension. Further, the housing 272 can be frictionally engaged by brake pads 274′, 274″ of the brake 270. The brake pads 274′, 274″ are supported by the housing 28. As shown in FIG. 32A, the brake pads 274′, 274″ are illustrated engaged and contacting the housing 272, preventing further rotation of the permanent magnet 12 relative to the housing 28. As shown in FIG. 32B, the brake pads 274′, 274″ are illustrated disengaged and spaced apart from the housing 272, allowing further rotation of the permanent magnet 12 relative to the housing 28. The engagement and disengagement of the brake pads 274′, 274″ relative to the housing 272 is controlled by a brake actuator 280. Example brake actuators include conventional hydraulic brake systems and pneumatic brake systems.

[0086] In an embodiment, magnetic coupling device 10 has an elongated housing for holding multiple instances of magnetic flux source 15 in a linear array. An exemplary device having multiple instances of magnetic flux source 15 is the LAY series unit, such as those manufactured and sold by Magswitch Technology Inc. Referring to FIGS. 34 and 35 , magnetic coupling device 400 is shown. Magnetic coupling device 400 includes a housing 402 containing multiple instances of magnetic flux source 15, illustratively flux sources 15A-C. Pole extension shoes 404 are provided along the lower side of housing 402. The relative position of the respective magnets 12 of each instance of magnetic flux source 15 is controlled through actuators 406. Each instance of magnetic flux source 15 operates similarly to magnetic coupling device 10 and is configurable in any one of an on state, an off state, and a partially on state.

[0087] Additionally, magnetic coupling device 400 includes a magnetic field sensor 98 positioned within housing 402. Magnetic field sensor 98 is shown positioned proximate pole shoes 404 of two of magnetic flux sources 15, illustratively magnetic flux sources 15A and 15C. In an embodiment, magnetic field sensor 98 is associated with only one magnetic flux source 15 of multiple magnetic flux sources 15A-C. In an embodiment, magnetic field sensor 98 is associated with each flux source 15 of multiple magnetic flux sources 15A-C. Controller 34, by monitoring magnetic field sensor 98, can determine the operational state (one of an on state, an off state, or a partially on state) of the monitored magnetic flux source 15. Other sensing systems disclosed herein may be used in place of or in addition to magnetic field sensor 98.

[0088] In an embodiment, magnetic coupling device 10 has an elongated housing for holding multiple instances of magnetic flux source 15 in a circular array. An exemplary device having multiple instances of magnetic flux source 15 is the AY series unit, such as those manufactured and sold by Magswitch Technology Inc. Referring to FIGS. 36 and 37 , magnetic coupling device 450 is shown. Magnetic coupling device 450 includes a housing 452 that supports multiple instances of magnetic flux source 15, illustratively flux sources 15A-F, each having its own pair of workpiece contact interfaces 454. The relative position of magnet 12 with respect to each instance of magnetic flux source 15 is controlled through actuator 456. Each instance of magnetic flux source 15 operates to form a magnetic actuation circuit therebetween through workpiece 27. Operation of magnetic coupling device 450 is described in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 9,484,137, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference.

[0089] The magnetic coupling device 450 further includes magnetic field sensors 98 positioned within the housing 452. In an embodiment, the magnetic field sensors 98 are positioned on cylindrical protrusions 458 extending downward from a lower surface 460 of the housing 452. In the illustrated embodiment, two magnetic sensors 98 are positioned on each protrusion 458, one positioned between magnetic flux sources 15F and 15A and the other positioned between magnetic flux sources 15C and 15D. In an embodiment, a magnetic field sensor 98 is positioned on the protrusion 458 between any two of the magnetic flux sources. In an embodiment, a magnetic field sensor 98 is positioned on each protrusion between each pair of adjacent magnetic flux sources 15A-F along the diameter of the circular array. The controller 34, by monitoring the magnetic field sensors 98, can determine the operating state (one of an on state, an off state, or a partially on state) of the monitored magnetic flux source 15. Other sensing systems disclosed herein may be used in place of or in addition to the magnetic field sensors 98.

[0090] Referring to FIG. 16 , an exemplary embodiment of the magnetic coupling device disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 490,705 is provided. In FIG. 16 , an exploded view of magnetic coupling device 100 is shown. Magnetic coupling device 100 includes a switchable permanent magnet assembly 116 and an actuator / electronic sensor / feedback assembly 118. Switchable permanent magnet assembly 116 includes a switchable permanent magnet device 120 such as described in U.S. Pat. No. 7,012,495, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. Switchable permanent magnet device 120 illustratively includes a ferromagnetic steel housing 122 with a rectangular footprint. A circular bore 124 extends axially from the bottom to the top of the housing 122, its axis coinciding with the intersection of the width and depth symmetry planes of the housing 122, resulting in small webs of material 126 standing on opposite depth ends of the housing 122, which subdivide the housing 122 into substantially magnetically separated sections along its height. The wall thickness of the widthwise housing sections 128 is strong enough to fully carry the magnetic flux provided by two cylindrical, diametrically magnetized rare earth permanent magnets 130, 132 received in the bore 124. A plate 134 is inserted to close the bottom end of bore 124. Bottom magnet 130 is fixed against rotation in bore 124 with the north-south polar separation face (p) of magnet 130 bisecting web portion 126 and polarizing opposite widthwise housing portions with the respective north and south polarities of dipole magnet 130. Top magnet 132 ideally has as similar magnetization characteristics as possible to bottom magnet 130, although it has a hexagonal prismatic recess on its upper surface to allow insertion of hexagonal prismatic drive shaft 136 therein.

[0091] Two identical ferromagnetic pole shoes 138 of a substantially rectangular prismatic configuration (apart from chamfered edges on the exterior) of magnetically compatible or same material as the housing 122 are attached to the widthwise sides of the lower portion of the housing 122 using bolts 140 and locating pins 142 to complement the shape of the upper portion of the housing 122. The pole shoes 138 define respective workpiece contact interfaces 144 at their lower surfaces, which are planar in the illustrated embodiment but may be of a different shape and / or contour so as to form a snug abutment against the target surface of a workpiece magnetically coupled to and handled by the magnetic coupling device 100. As noted above, the pole shoes 138 define workpiece contact interfaces 144 at their lower ends, while the upper surface of the thick-walled widthwise portion of the housing 122 defines what is referred to herein as a flux detection surface 146. In the absence of an external magnetic operating circuit, and even when one is generated, magnetic flux lines pass through both the workpiece contact interface 144 and the flux sensing surface 146 of the housing 122 .

[0092] The actuator / electronic sensor / feedback assembly 118 includes a lower rectangular-footprint actuator housing portion 150 made from a non-ferromagnetic material, such as aluminum, and includes a rectangular recess 152 with a through opening toward the lower face of the housing portion 150 that serves to house a rotary actuator 154. The rotary actuator 154 has a torque output shaft 156 that extends through four bores in the lower housing portion 150 and is inserted into a hexagonal drive insert 136 present in an engagement member, illustratively the upper magnet 132, in the assembled state of the magnetic coupling device 100, where the lower housing portion 150 is sealingly secured to the top of the magnet assembly housing 122 using four fastening bolts 158 that engage threaded bores on the top face of the housing 122. This enables the actuator 154 to apply selective torque to rotate the upper magnet 132 in its housing 122 and turn the switchable permanent magnet device 120 between various states. Exemplary rotary actuators, as referred to herein, include hydraulic actuators, pneumatic actuators, and electric actuators. The lines across the upper surfaces of both magnets 130, 132 indicate the separation planes of the north and south active poles of magnets 130, 132, respectively.

[0093] The middle aluminum (or other non-ferromagnetic metal) housing section 166 of the housing assembly 118 has a rectangular footprint and is secured to the lower housing section 150 by the aforementioned fastening bolts 158. On top of the middle housing section 166 is a rectangular, frame-like upper housing section 172, also made from a non-ferromagnetic metal material, the upper open end of which is closed by a rectangular non-ferromagnetic cover plate 174, which is sealed and sandwiched between the cover plate 174 and the middle housing section 166 by four fastening screws 176 extending through bores at the four corners of the upper housing section 172.

[0094] The assembly 118 further includes a magnetic field sensor and sensor signal processing circuit unit 190 that includes two legs 196 that each carry a linear Hall effect type magnetic flux sensor 198 at each end. The processing circuit unit 190 includes an M12 electronic connector 192 for interfacing I / O signals to / from the sensor and microcontroller with external equipment. Other suitable connectors may be used depending on the connection to be established.

[0095] The legs 196 of the processing circuit unit 190 extend into the two cylindrical passage channels 170 in the lower housing portion 150 when the upper housing assembly 118 is assembled. The overall arrangement ensures that the Hall effect sensors 198 are fixedly located in defined positions a short distance from the flux sensing surface 146 of the housing 122. Essentially, this arrangement ensures that one magnetic flux sensor 198 is positioned on a first of the pole shoes 138 and a second magnetic flux sensor 198 is positioned on a second of the pole shoes 138. Further details of the magnetic coupling device 100 are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 490,705, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0096] As mentioned herein, other configurations of magnets may be used in place of the permanent magnets 12, 14 or the permanent magnets 130, 132. Referring to FIGS. 17-19 , an exemplary switchable magnetic coupling device 200 of the present disclosure is shown. The switchable permanent magnetic coupling device 200 may replace the magnetic flux source 15 of the magnetic coupling device 10 (permanent magnets 12, 14) or the magnetic coupling device 100 (permanent magnets 130, 132). Furthermore, the switchable magnetic coupling device 200 is located in a non-ferrous housing, as opposed to the housing 28 for the magnetic coupling device 10 and the housing 150 for the magnetic coupling device 100. As described in more detail herein, the pole portion 250 of the switchable magnetic coupling device 200 is located on the lower side of the housing and contacts the workpiece 27 (see FIGS. 19A and 19B ) or has a pole extension member positioned directly below the pole portion 250 and contacts the workpiece 27.

[0097] The switchable magnetic coupling device 200 includes an upper platter 212 and a lower platter 214. Each of the platters 212 and 214 includes a plurality of spaced-apart permanent magnets 230 and a plurality of pole pieces 250. While illustratively shown as a single permanent magnet, each of the plurality of spaced-apart permanent magnets 230 may comprise a plurality of permanent magnets and / or at least one permanent magnet positioned within a housing. Exemplary platters are provided in U.S. Patent No. 7,161,451, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 248,804, filed October 30, 2015, entitled "MAGNETIC COUPLING DEVICE WITH A ROTARY ACTUATION SYSTEM," Docket No. MTI-0007-01-US-E, and German Utility Model No. DE 2020 / 16006696U1, the entire disclosures of which are expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0098] Returning to the embodiment of FIGS. 17-19, each permanent magnet 230 has a north pole side 232 and a south pole side 234. The permanent magnets 230 and pole portions 250 of the platters 212 and 214 are each arranged to form a closed shape, with one of the pole portions 250 positioned between two permanent magnets 230. Furthermore, the permanent magnets 230 are arranged such that two permanent magnets 230 that contact a pole portion 250 between them each have either their north pole side or their south pole side contacting the pole portion 250. When the north pole side of an adjacent permanent magnet 230 contacts a pole portion 250, the pole portion 250 is referred to as a north pole portion. When the south pole side of an adjacent permanent magnet 230 contacts a pole portion 250, the pole portion 250 is referred to as a south pole portion.

[0099] Each of the upper and lower platters 212, 214 includes an equal, even number of permanent magnet sections and an equal number of pole pieces 250. In one embodiment, on each of the upper and lower platters 212, 214, the permanent magnets 230 and pole pieces 250 are arranged in a circular configuration.

[0100] In an embodiment, the lower platter 214 is held stationary relative to the housing containing the lower platter 214, similar to the magnet 14 in the magnetic coupling device 10, and the upper platter 2 12 rotates relative to the lower platter 214, similar to the magnets 12 in the magnetic coupling device 10. The upper platter 212 is rotatable relative to the lower platter 214 in directions 290, 292 about a central axis 294 to change the alignment of the permanent magnets 230 and poles 250 of the upper platter 212 relative to the permanent magnets 230 and poles 250 of the lower platter 214.

[0101] The magnetic coupling device 200 is considered to be in an ON state when the south pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214 is aligned with the south pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212 and the north pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214 is aligned with the north pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212. In the ON state, the workpiece 27 is held by the magnetic coupling device 10 by completing a magnetic circuit from the aligned north pole portions 250 of the upper and lower platters 212, 214, through the workpiece 27 to the aligned south pole portions 250 of the upper platters 212 and 214.

[0102] The magnetic coupling device 200 is considered to be in the off state when the south pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214 is aligned with the north pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212 and the north pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214 is aligned with the south pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212. In the off state, the workpiece 27 is not being held by the magnetic coupling device 10 by completing a magnetic circuit within the upper platter 212 and lower platter 214 from the aligned north pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212 to the south pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214, and from the aligned north pole portion of the upper platter 212 to the south pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214.

[0103] When the south pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212 partially overlaps the north pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214 and the north pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212 partially overlaps the south pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214, the magnetic coupling device 200 is considered to be in a partially on state. When in the partially on state, the workpiece 27 may be held by the magnetic coupling device 10 by completing a magnetic circuit from the overlapping north pole portions 250 of the upper and lower platters 212, 214, through the workpiece 27 to the overlapping south pole portions 250 of the upper and lower platters 212, 214. The strength of the magnetic circuit increases as the degree of overlap between the overlapping north pole portions 250 of the upper and lower platters 212, 214 and the overlapping south pole portions 250 of the upper and lower platters 212, 214 increases.

[0104] Referring to FIG. 17, an upper platter 212 is illustrated. The upper platter 212 includes a cylindrical base component 220 having a central opening 222 and a plurality of radially extending openings 224. Each of the radially extending openings 224 is sized and shaped to receive a permanent magnet 230. Each permanent magnet 230 has a north side 232, a south side 234, a radially inward-facing side 236, a radially outward-facing side 238, a top 240, and a bottom 242 (see FIG. 19A).

[0105] 18 , a top view of the upper platter 212 is shown. The cylindrical base component 220 surrounds each of the north side 232, south side 234, radially inwardly facing side 136, and radially outwardly facing side 138 of the permanent magnet 230. In one embodiment, the opening 224 is not a through opening, but rather a depth opening not visible from the bottom side of the cylindrical base component 220, so that the cylindrical base component 220 also surrounds the top 240 of the permanent magnet 230. In the illustrated embodiment, the cylindrical base component 220 is one unitary component. In one embodiment, the cylindrical base component 220 is made up of two or more components joined together.

[0106] 18, the permanent magnets 230 are arranged such that the north sides 232 of adjacent magnets face each other and the south sides 234 of adjacent magnets 230 face each other. This arrangement results in portions 250 of the cylindrical base component 220 between the permanent magnets 230 acting as polar extensions for the permanent magnets 230. In an embodiment, the base component 220 0, and therefore pole piece 250, is made of steel. Other suitable ferromagnetic materials may be used for base component 220.

[0107] 19, the upper platter 212 is shown exploded relative to the lower platter 214. The lower platter 214 is generally identical to the upper platter 212. The upper platter 212 can rotate relative to the lower platter 214 to place the magnetic coupling device 10 in an on state, a partially on state, or an off state.

[0108] 19A , the upper platter 212 and the lower platter 214 are arranged in an ON state with the south pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212 adjacent to the south pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214 and the north pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212 adjacent to the north pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214. In the ON state, a workpiece 27 made of a ferromagnetic material is held by the magnetic coupling device including the upper and lower platters 212, 214 by completing a magnetic circuit from the aligned north pole portions 250 of the upper platters 212 and lower platters 214 through the workpiece 27 to the aligned south pole portions 250 of the upper platters 212 and lower platters 214. The lower surfaces of the north and south pole portions 250 form the workpiece contact interface. Alternatively, instances of pole shoes 16', 16'' may be shaped differently than in FIG. 1 but positioned between the lower surfaces of the north and south pole portions 250 and the workpiece 27 to provide a workpiece contact interface with the workpiece 27.

[0109] 19B , the upper and lower platters 212, 214 are positioned in the off state when the south pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212 is adjacent to the north pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214 and the north pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212 is adjacent to the south pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214. In the off state, the workpiece 27, which is made of a ferromagnetic material, is not held by the magnetic coupling device including the upper and lower platters 212, 214 due to the magnetic circuits being completed between the aligned south pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212 and the north pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214, and between the aligned north pole portion 250 of the upper platter 212 and the south pole portion 250 of the lower platter 214. In other words, the platters 212, 214 shunt the magnetic circuit within the pole portion 150, weakening the external magnetic field. The upper platter 212 and the lower platter 214 may also be arranged to provide one or more partially on states of a magnetic coupling device that includes the upper platter 212 and the lower platter 214 .

[0110] In an embodiment, at least one of the north pole portions 250 and at least one of the south pole portions 250 has a sensor 98 associated therewith for monitoring the leakage flux associated with the respective north pole portion and the respective south pole portion. As shown in FIG. 18 , a first sensor 98 may be placed proximate to the north pole portion 250, such as directly above or radially outside the north pole portion 250, and a second sensor 98 may be placed proximate to the south pole portion 250, such as directly above or radially outside the south pole portion 250. The controller 34 may perform calibration runs of the switchable permanent magnet assembly 200 in a manner similar to that described herein and store sensor values ​​for determining the operating state of a device including the switchable permanent magnet assembly 200, such as the leakage flux associated with the monitored pole portion 250, for the on state, the off state, and at least one desired partially on state for a given workpiece 27.

[0111] 20-22, an exemplary magnetic coupling device 300 of the present disclosure is shown. The magnetic coupling device 300 includes an upper assembly 312 and a lower assembly 314. Each of the assemblies 312 and 314 includes a plurality of spaced apart permanent magnets 330 and a plurality of pole pieces 350. While each of the plurality of spaced apart permanent magnets 330 is illustratively shown as a single permanent magnet, it may be a plurality of permanent magnets and / or pole pieces positioned within a housing. or at least one permanent magnet. Additionally, magnetic coupling device 300 is located in a non-ferrous housing, in contrast to housing 28 for magnetic coupling device 10 and housing 150 for magnetic coupling device 100. As described in more detail herein, pole portion 350 of magnetic coupling device 300 is located on the lower side of the housing and contacts workpiece 27, or has a pole extension member positioned directly below pole portion 250 and contacts workpiece 27 (see FIGS. 20-22).

[0112] Each permanent magnet 330 has a north pole side (N) and a south pole side (S). The permanent magnets 330 and pole portions 350 of assemblies 312 and 314 are each arranged in a linear array, with one of the pole portions 350 positioned between two permanent magnets 330. Furthermore, the permanent magnets 330 are arranged such that two permanent magnets 330 that contact a pole portion 350 between them each have either their north pole side (N) or their south pole side (S) contacting the pole portion 350. When the north pole side (N) of an adjacent permanent magnet 330 contacts a pole portion 350, the pole portion 350 is referred to as a north pole portion. When the south pole side (S) of an adjacent permanent magnet 330 contacts a pole portion 350, the pole portion 350 is referred to as a south pole portion.

[0113] In the embodiment, the lower assembly 314 is held stationary relative to the housing containing the lower assembly 314, similar to the permanent magnets 14 in the magnetic coupling device 10 or the permanent magnets 130 in the magnetic coupling device 100, and the upper assembly 312 rotates relative to the lower assembly 314, similar to the permanent magnets 12 in the magnetic coupling device 10 or the permanent magnets 132 in the magnetic coupling device 100. The upper assembly 312 is translatable relative to the lower assembly 314 in directions 390 and 392 to change the alignment of the permanent magnets 330 and pole pieces 350 of the upper assembly 312 with respect to the permanent magnets 330 and pole pieces 350 of the lower assembly 314. The permanent magnets 330 of the lower assembly 312 are spaced from the workpiece 27 by pole shoes 340 coupled to the pole pieces 350. Alternatively, the pole pieces may be extended to provide spacing. Additionally, spacers (not shown) are provided between the permanent magnets of the upper and lower assemblies 312, 314.

[0114] When the south pole portion 350 of the lower assembly 314 is aligned with the south pole portion 350 of the upper assembly 312 and the north pole portion 350 of the lower assembly 314 is aligned with the north pole portion 350 of the upper assembly 312 (see FIG. 20 ), the magnetic coupling device 300 is considered to be in an on state. In the on state, the workpiece 27 is held by the magnetic coupling device 300 by completing a magnetic circuit from the aligned north pole portions 350 of the upper and lower assemblies 312, 314, through the workpiece 27, to the aligned south pole portions 350 of the upper and lower assemblies 312, 314.

[0115] When the south pole portion 350 of the lower assembly 314 is aligned with the north pole portion 350 of the upper assembly 312 and the north pole portion 350 of the lower assembly 314 is aligned with the south pole portion 350 of the upper assembly 312 (see FIG. 22 ), the magnetic coupling device 300 is considered to be in an off state. In the off state, the workpiece 27 is not held by the magnetic coupling device 10 by completing a magnetic circuit within the upper assembly 312 and lower assembly 314 from the aligned north pole portion 350 of the upper assembly 312 to the south pole portion 350 of the lower assembly 314, and from the aligned north pole portion of the upper assembly 312 to the south pole portion 350 of the lower assembly 314.

[0116] The magnetic coupling device 300 is considered to be in a partially on state when the south pole portion 350 of the upper assembly 312 partially overlaps the north pole portion 350 of the lower assembly 314, and when the north pole portion 350 of the upper assembly 312 partially overlaps the south pole portion 350 of the lower assembly 314. When in the partially on state, the workpiece 27 is forced from the overlapping north pole portions 350 of the upper assembly 312 and lower assembly 314 through the workpiece 27 and into the upper assembly. A magnetic circuit may be maintained by magnetic coupling device 10 by completing the magnetic circuit at overlapping south pole portions 350 of upper assembly 312 and lower assembly 314. The strength of the magnetic circuit increases as the degree of overlap between overlapping north pole portions 350 of upper assembly 312 and lower assembly 314 and overlapping south pole portions 350 of upper assembly 312 and lower assembly 314 increases.

[0117] In an embodiment, at least one of the north pole portions 350 and at least one of the south pole portions 350 has a sensor 98 associated therewith for monitoring the leakage flux associated with the respective north pole portion and the respective south pole portion. As shown in FIG. 20 , a first sensor 98 may be placed proximate to the north pole portion 350, such as directly above or radially outward of the north pole portion 350, and a second sensor 98 may be placed proximate to the south pole portion 350, such as directly above or radially outward of the south pole portion 350. The controller 34 may perform calibration runs of the magnetic coupling device 300 in a manner similar to that described herein and store sensor values ​​for determining the operating state of a device including the magnetic coupling device 300, such as the leakage flux associated with the monitored pole portion 350, for an on state, an off state, and at least one desired partially on state for a given workpiece 27.

[0118] 23 and 24 , another exemplary magnetic coupling device 400 is illustrated. The magnetic coupling device 400 includes a housing 402 made of a ferromagnetic material (i.e., a low-magnetic-reluctance material) having a central parallelepiped section 404 extending between a first end 406 and a second end 408. Pole shoes 16′, 16″ may be coupled to the ends 406 and 408. A central cylindrical cavity 410, occupying a substantial portion of the volume of the housing 400, extends between the upper and lower end faces of the central section 404 and has a diameter such that relatively thin-walled vertical wall sections 412 remain only at the front and rear of the section 404, while wall sections on either side of the wall section 412 have increasing wall thicknesses toward the ends 406, 408. This configuration of the housing 402 separates the housing 402 into two magnetically decoupled sections 426 and 428.

[0119] A permanent magnet 420 having a north pole 422 and a south pole 424 is positioned in the central cavity 410. The permanent magnet 420 provides a generally constant level of magnetic flux. Because the central section 404 is made of a ferromagnetic material, sections 406, 408 of the housing 402 act as pole extensions for the south pole portion 424 and the north pole portion 422, respectively. The permanent magnet 420 is fixed to the housing 402 to prevent it from rotating relative to the housing 402. Fixing the orientation of the permanent magnet 420 within the housing 402 can be achieved by selecting the respective diameters of the cavity 410 and the magnet 420 to provide a press or interference fit, or by bonding the permanent magnet 420 in the cavity 410 or by any other suitable method for holding the permanent magnet 420 relative to the housing 402.

[0120] A coil 450, comprising one or more windings of electrically insulated wire, is wound around the central section 412 of the housing 402. The ends 406, 408 of the housing 402 act as containment walls between which the coil 450 is wound. The coil 450 may comprise, for example, one coil of copper wire wound around the wall section 412 of the central section 404, effectively enveloping the central cavity 410 of the housing 402 and the permanent magnet 420 received therein.

[0121] Coil 450 is operably coupled to an electrical power source through connection 460. An exemplary connection includes a switch or circuit that controls the level of current supplied to coil 450. As shown in FIG. 14 , connection 460 is connected to controller 34. Controller 34 provides a signal to connection 460 to control the level of current supplied to coil 450, the current level through coil 450, and the direction of current through coil 450. By controlling the current sensor 462, the magnetic field made available by the magnetic coupling device 400 at the workpiece contact interface 17′, 17″ of the pole shoe 16′, 16″ can be increased or decreased such that the magnetic flux generated by the current flowing through the coil 450 is either an addition of the generally constant magnetic flux of the permanent magnet 420 or a subtraction of the generally constant magnetic flux of the permanent magnet 420, depending on the direction of current flow through the coil 450. In an embodiment, a current sensor 462 is provided to maintain the current through the coil 450. When the current travels in a first direction through the coil 450, the resulting magnetic field increases the magnetic flux available at the workpiece contact interface 17′, 17″ of the pole shoe 16′, 16″. When the current travels in a second direction through the coil 450, the resulting magnetic field decreases the magnetic flux available at the workpiece contact interface 17′, 17″ of the pole shoe 16′, 16″. A current level that sets the degree of increase or decrease in magnetic flux available at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17'' of the pole shoe 16', 16''.

[0122] Based on the characteristics of the permanent magnet 420 and the characteristics of the electrical current level and direction passing through the coil 450, the magnetic coupling device 400 can establish multiple magnetic circuits. Specifically, the magnetic coupling device 400 can be configured into at least three states, each with corresponding magnetic circuit characteristics. The magnetic coupling device 400 can maintain each of the at least three states for an extended period of time by maintaining a substantially constant current level through the coil 450 or by maintaining no current through the coil 450. In one embodiment, the extended period of time is up to 120 seconds. In another embodiment, the extended period of time is up to 10 seconds. In a further embodiment, the extended period of time is up to 5 seconds. In yet another embodiment, the extended period of time is up to 2 seconds. In yet another embodiment, the extended period of time is up to 1 second. In still further embodiments, the above exemplary ranges have a minimum period of time set based on system requirements, such as at least 0.1 seconds.

[0123] In an embodiment, a temperature sensor is included to monitor the temperature of the coil 450. In one example, the magnetic coupling device 400 is operated as long as the measured temperature is below a threshold temperature. An exemplary threshold temperature is 80 degrees Celsius.

[0124] In the first state, referred to herein as the off state, a first current level passes through the coil 450 to substantially reduce or nullify the magnetic flux of the permanent magnet 420, providing a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16". In the off state, the first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16" is insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece with the magnetic coupling device 420. In one embodiment, at least 96% of the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet 420 is nullified by the coil 450 when the magnetic coupling device 400 is in the off state. In another embodiment, at least 99% of the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet 420 is nullified by the coil 450 when the magnetic coupling device 400 is in the off state.

[0125] In a second state, referred to herein as the on state, a second current level passes through the coil 450 to provide a second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16". In one embodiment, no current passes through the coil 450 so that the entire amount of magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet 420 is available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16". In the on state, the second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16" is higher than the first level in the off state, providing a magnetic coupling In one embodiment, the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet 420 alone is sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece 27. Thus, if power is accidentally cut to the coil 450, the magnetic coupling device 400 will retain the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 coupled to the magnetic coupling device 400.

[0126] In a third state, referred to herein as a partially on state, a third current level passes through the coil 450 to provide a third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16". The third current level neutralizes at least a portion of the magnetic flux available at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16". In the partially on state, the third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interface 17', 17" of the pole shoe 16', 16", is higher than the first level in the off state and lower than the second level in the on state, and is sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece with the magnetic coupling device 400. In one embodiment, the partially on state is sufficient to lift the top sheet 27' of the stack 27, but is insufficient to lift both the top sheet 27' and the second sheet 27" from the top.

[0127] In an embodiment, a sensor 462 is provided to monitor a characteristic of the coil 450. In one example, the sensor 462 is a current sensor that monitors the level of current passing through or supplied to the coil 450.

[0128] As described in more detail herein, being able to configure magnetic coupling device 400 into at least three states enhances the ability to configure magnetic coupling device 400 to de-stack ferromagnetic workpieces 27 arranged in a stack and enhances the ability to use magnetic coupling device 400 for multiple different types of ferromagnetic workpieces 27. Further details regarding exemplary magnetic coupling device 400 are disclosed in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 517,043, MTI-0004-02-US, filed June 8, 2017, entitled "SWITCHABLE MAGNETIC APPARATUS," the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0129] In an embodiment, a coil 450 is wrapped around both permanent magnets 12, 14 of the magnetic coupling device 10 and is used to further increase the magnetic flux available to the workpiece contact interfaces 17', 17" of the pole shoes 16', 16" beyond the on state. In an embodiment, a coil 450 is wrapped around the permanent magnet 14 of the magnetic coupling device 10 to nullify or reduce the effective magnetic flux of the permanent magnet 14 acting on the permanent magnet 12, thereby lowering the torque required to rotate the permanent magnet 12 relative to the permanent magnet 14.

[0130] In an embodiment, instead of being fixed with the housing 402, the permanent magnet 420 is rotatable with the housing 402. An actuation system 470 is operably coupled to the permanent magnet 420 to rotate the permanent magnet 420 relative to the housing 402. In one embodiment, the actuation system may be an electric actuation system such as a stepper motor, a hydraulic actuation system, a pneumatic actuation system, or other suitable actuation system. In one embodiment, the permanent magnet 420 is rotated with respect to the housing 402 through electrical current applied to one or more coils positioned around the permanent magnet 420. Further details of an exemplary coil actuation system are provided in U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 517,057, filed June 8, 2017, entitled "ELECTROMAGNET-SWITCHABLE PERMANENT MAGNET DEVICE," Attorney Docket No. MTI-0001-02-US, the entire disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference.

[0131] Referring to FIG. 24C , the arrangement of the permanent magnet 420 relative to the housing 402 is illustrated. The arrangement of FIG. 24C is a first state, referred to herein as the off state, in which a first level of magnetic flux is available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interfaces 17′, 17″ of the pole shoes 16′, 16″ that is insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece with the magnetic coupling device 420. The majority of the magnetic flux is passively shunted within the housing 402. In one embodiment, at least 96% of the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet 420 is negated by the coil 450 when the magnetic coupling device 400 is in the off state. In another embodiment, at least 99% of the magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet 420 is negated by the coil 450 when the magnetic coupling device 400 is in the off state.

[0132] 24A, an arrangement of the permanent magnet 420 relative to the housing 402 is illustrated. The arrangement of FIG. 24A is a second state, referred to herein as the on state, in which a second level of magnetic flux generated by the permanent magnet 420 is available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interface 17′, 17″ of the pole shoe 16′, 16″ attached to the housing 402. In the on state, the second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interface 17′, 17″ of the pole shoe 16′, 16″ is higher than the first level in the off state and is sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece with the magnetic coupling device 400.

[0133] Referring to FIG. 24B, the arrangement of the permanent magnets 420 relative to the housing 402 is illustrated. The arrangement of FIG. 24B is a third state, referred to herein as a partially on state, in which a third level of magnetic flux is available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interfaces 17', 17" of the pole shoes 16', 16". In the partially on state, the third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece 27 at the workpiece contact interfaces 17', 17" of the pole shoes 16', 16", is higher than the first level in the off state and lower than the second level in the on state, sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece with the magnetic coupling device 400. In one embodiment, the partially on state is sufficient to lift the top sheet 27' of the stack 27, but insufficient to lift both the top sheet 27' and the second sheet 27" from the top.

[0134] Each of the disclosed magnetic coupling devices can be used in combination with a mechanical lifting apparatus 430 (see FIG. 25) having a support structure 431. The mechanical lifting apparatus 430 lifts and transports ferromagnetic workpieces from a first location to a second location through one or more magnetic coupling devices. An exemplary mechanical lifting apparatus 430 includes a mechanical gantry 432 (see FIG. 25B), a crane hoist 434 (see FIG. 25C), and a robotic system 700 (see FIG. 25A).

[0135] The exemplary mechanical gantry 432 includes a pair of vertical support members with a horizontal cross member extending therebetween. The magnetic coupling device 10 may be suspended from or coupled to the horizontal cross member through a mechanism for raising and lowering the magnetic coupling device 10 relative to the horizontal cross member, and thus lifting and transporting the ferromagnetic workpiece coupled to the magnetic coupling device 10.

[0136] The exemplary crane hoist 434 includes a chain mechanism that raises and lowers a first portion of the chain hoist 434 relative to a second portion of the chain hoist 434. The magnetic coupling device 10 may be suspended from or coupled to the first portion of the chain hoist 434. Thus, the magnetic coupling device 10 is raised and lowered by the first portion of the chain hoist 434, which in turn raises and lowers the ferromagnetic workpiece coupled to the magnetic coupling device 10. Lift and transport.

[0137] 25C, an exemplary robotic system 700 is illustrated. The embodiments described with respect to the robotic system 700 may be applied to other types of machines (e.g., mechanical gantries, crane hoists, pick-and-place machines, etc.).

[0138] The robotic system 700 includes an electronic controller 770. The electronic controller 770 includes additional logic stored in an associated memory 774 for execution by a processor 772. A robot movement module 702 is included that controls movement of a robotic arm 704. In the illustrated embodiment, the robotic arm 704 includes a first arm segment 706 that is rotatable relative to a base about a vertical axis. The first arm segment 706 is movably coupled to a second arm segment 708 through a first joint 710, such that the second arm segment 708 can be rotated relative to the first arm segment 706 in a first direction. The second arm segment 708 is movably coupled to a third arm segment 711 through a second joint 712, such that the third arm segment 711 can be rotated relative to the second arm segment 708 in a second direction. The third arm segment 711 is movably coupled to the fourth arm segment 714 through a third joint 716, such that the fourth arm segment 714 can be rotated relative to the third arm segment 711 in a third direction, and the orientation of the fourth arm segment 714 relative to the third arm segment 711 can be changed by a revolute joint 718. A magnetic coupling device 10 is illustratively shown fixed to the end of the robot arm 704. The magnetic coupling device 10 is used to couple a workpiece 27 (not shown) to the robot arm 704. Although a magnetic coupling device 10 is illustrated, any of the magnetic coupling devices described herein, and any number of the magnetic coupling devices described herein, can be used in the robot system 700.

[0139] In one embodiment, the electronic controller 770, with the processor 772 executing the robot transfer module 702, moves the robot arm 704 to a first pose, where the magnetic coupling device 100 contacts the workpiece at a first location. The electronic controller 770, with the processor 772 executing the magnetic coupler state module 776, commands the magnetic device 10 to move the upper magnet 12 relative to the lower magnet 14 and place the magnetic coupling device 10 in one of an on state or a partially on state to couple the workpiece to the robot system 700. The electronic controller 770, with the processor 772 executing the robot transfer module 702, moves the workpiece from the first location to a second desired spaced location. Once the workpiece is in the desired second position, the electronic controller 770, with the processor 772 executing the magnetic coupler state module 76, commands the magnetic device 10 to move the upper magnet 12 relative to the lower magnet 14 and place the magnetic coupling device 10 in an off state to decouple the workpiece from the robot system 700. In one embodiment, the electronic controller 770, with processor 772 executing magnetic coupler state module 76, sequentially commands the magnetic coupling device 10 to place the magnetic coupling device 10 in a partially on state to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece 27′, command the magnetic coupling device 10 to move the robot arm 704 to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece 27′, command the magnetic coupling device 10 to move the upper magnet 12 relative to the lower magnet 14 to increase the holding force of the magnetic coupling device 10 on the ferromagnetic workpiece 27′ by placing the magnetic coupling device 10 in an on state or another partially on state, command the magnetic coupling device 10 to position the ferromagnetic workpiece 27′ in a desired location by further moving the robot arm 704, and command the magnetic coupling device 10 to move the upper magnet 12 relative to the lower magnet 14 to place the magnetic coupling device 10 in an off state to decouple the ferromagnetic workpiece 27′ from the robot system 700. The electronic controller 770 then repeats the process of coupling, moving, and decoupling another workpiece 27.

[0140] 26, an exemplary collection of status data information 46 stored on memory 38 of controller 34 is shown. Status data information 46 may be part of a database or other type of data structure. Status data information 46 includes information on each saved state of each magnetic coupling device, such as magnetic coupling device 10. As shown in FIG. 26, status data information 46 includes magnetic coupling device on state information 46A, magnetic coupling device off state information 46B, first partially on state information 46C, second partially on state information 46D, and nth partially on state information 46E.

[0141] 27, an exemplary data record 80 for stored state information 46 stored on memory 38 of controller 34 is illustrated. Data record 80 includes a state identifier 82 and at least one sensor value 84 corresponding to the respective state. For example, if the data record is for one of the partially on states, the sensor value may be a magnetic flux reading for one or both of sensors 70 of the embodiment of magnetic coupling device 10 shown in FIG. 12, a position value for a sensor of the embodiment of magnetic coupling device 10 shown in FIG. 11, the position of a stepper motor used for actuator 32 in the embodiment of magnetic coupling device shown in FIG. 10, an electrical current value for sensor 462 of the embodiment of magnetic coupling device 400 shown in FIG. 14, or any other sensor value that provides an indication of the position of permanent magnet 12 for magnetic coupling device 10, 100 or the electrical current value for coil 450 of magnetic coupling device 400. In another example, if the data recording is for one of the on or off states, the sensor value may be a magnetic flux reading for one or both of the sensors 70 of the embodiment of the magnetic coupling device 10 shown in FIG. 12, a position value for a sensor of the embodiment of the magnetic coupling device 10 shown in FIG. 11, the position of a stepper motor used for the actuator 32 in the embodiment of the magnetic coupling device shown in FIG. 10, the activation of a limit switch positioned on the housing 28 that interacts with the rotatable pin 94 together with the permanent magnet 12 of the magnetic coupling device 10, an electrical current value for the sensor 462 of the embodiment of the magnetic coupling device 400, or any other sensor value that provides an indication of the position of the permanent magnet 12 of the magnetic coupling device 10 or the electrical current value for the coil 450 of the magnetic coupling device 400.

[0142] The magnetic coupling device state logic 40 may select the appropriate data record based on the requested state of the magnetic coupling device 10, 100, 200, 300, or 400 requested by the input device 42. As mentioned herein, in an embodiment, the magnetic coupling device 10, 100, 200, 300, or 400 may be coupled to a robotic arm 704 of a robotic system 700, and an electronic controller 770 of the robotic system 700 may request a desired state of the magnetic coupling device 10, 100, 200, 300, or 400 based on the position of the robotic arm 704 by providing a state identifier 82 of the desired state to the controller 34 of the magnetic coupling device 10, 100, 200, 300, or 400.

[0143] In practice, an operator of magnetic coupling device 10, 100, 200, 300, or 400 may position magnetic coupling device 10, 100, 200, 300, or 400 over a stack of ferromagnetic workpieces, such as sheets 27. The operator may manually request actuation of actuator 32 through input device 42 to rotate permanent magnet 12 to a partially on position or a similar movement for magnetic coupling device 100, 200, or 300. Through experimentation or monitoring sensor readings, the operator continues to reposition permanent magnet 12 until it reaches a position that provides sufficient lifting force to lift top sheet 27' in direction 33, but insufficient lifting force to lift second sheet 27'' from the top sheet in direction 33. The sensor value associated with this orientation of permanent magnet 12 is used to identify the partially on state. The state identifier 82 is stored in the data record 80 as corresponding to the identifier 82. The robotic system 700 can then, when operating with the seat 27, assign the correct state identifier 82 to the part on the data record. In a similar manner, the current in the coil 450 can be monitored and recorded for the system 400.

[0144] The sensor values ​​for multiple partially on states may be stored in corresponding data records 80 on memory 38. In one embodiment, a data record 80 is stored for each state to which the magnetic coupling device is to be configured.

[0145] In an embodiment, the robot system 700 or magnetic coupling device 10 includes a workpiece data record 86 that correlates a given workpiece identifier 88 with a given state identifier 82, as illustrated in FIG. 28 . Thus, an operator may configure multiple partially on states for multiple different ferromagnetic workpieces for later retrieval. For example, an operator of the robot system 700 may specify a workpiece to be handled by the robot system 700. Assuming the specified workpiece has a corresponding workpiece data record 86, the correct settings for the magnetic coupling device 10 and the partially on states for the specified workpiece may be easily selected without further experimental testing or configuration. Among other advantages, the robot system 700 or other mechanical lifting system may be used with multiple workpiece types, such as different thicknesses of ferromagnetic sheet, without incurring system downtime for switching magnetic coupling devices, as long as the new ferromagnetic workpiece has a corresponding workpiece data record 86.

[0146] 29 illustrates an exemplary process sequence 500 for moving a ferromagnetic workpiece with a magnetic coupling device, such as one of the disclosed magnetic coupling devices. The process sequence 500 includes contacting the ferromagnetic workpiece with multiple pole shoes of the magnetic coupling device, each of the multiple pole shoes having a workpiece contact interface that contacts the ferromagnetic workpiece, and the magnetic coupling device having at least one permanent magnet that contributes to a level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the multiple pole shoes, as indicated by block 502. The pole shoes may be attached to or be an integral part of the housing of the magnetic coupling device. Then, as indicated by block 504, the magnetic coupling device is transitioned from a first state having a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the multiple pole shoes to a second state having a second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the multiple pole shoes, the second level being greater than the first level. In one embodiment, the first state is an off state and the second state is a partially on state. In another embodiment, the first state is a partially on state and the second state is a partially on state. As indicated by block 506, the ferromagnetic workpiece is moved with the magnetic coupling device from the first position to the second position while the magnetic coupling device is in the second state. As indicated by block 508, the magnetic coupling device is transitioned from the second state to a third state having a third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes, the third level being greater than the second level. In one embodiment, the second state is a partially on state, and the third level is one of a second partially on state and an on state. As indicated by block 510, the ferromagnetic workpiece is moved with the magnetic coupling device from the second position to a third position while the magnetic coupling device is in the third state.The ferromagnetic workpiece is decoupled from the magnetic coupling device, as represented by block 512. In one embodiment, the ferromagnetic workpiece is decoupled by transitioning the magnetic coupling device back to a first state, the first state being an OFF state. In another embodiment, the ferromagnetic workpiece is decoupled from the OFF state and the WA state. The workpiece is disengaged by transitioning the magnetic coupler to one of a partially on state having a level of magnetic flux available at the pole shoe-workpiece contact interface below a level that can hold the workpiece to the magnetic coupling device. Any of the example magnetic coupling devices disclosed herein may be used to perform process sequence 500. Additionally, any of the example magnetic coupling devices disclosed herein may be used in combination with robot system 700 to perform process sequence 500.

[0147] In an embodiment, between steps 510 and 512, the magnetic coupling device is transitioned from the third state to a fourth state having a fourth level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the fourth level being less than the third level but still sufficient to hold the workpiece against the magnetic coupling device. In one example, the fourth level is used when a workpiece is approaching a second stack of workpieces to be placed on top of the stack. By reducing the level of magnetic flux, a workpiece already on the stack may be displaced by the magnetic flux of the magnetic coupling device. In another example, a workpiece is nested relative to a second workpiece, and as the second workpiece is placed, the magnetic flux level is increased so that both workpieces are coupled to the magnetic coupling device with sufficient magnetic flux to displace the workpieces.

[0148] In an embodiment, the second level of magnetic flux at the second stack is sufficient to couple the workpieces in the stack of workpieces to the magnetic coupling device. Once the workpieces are coupled, the workpieces are moved to a second location. At this point, the magnetic flux level may be increased to enhance the level of connection with the magnetic coupling device. In one example, the magnetic coupling device moves the workpieces to a first drop location, and the magnetic flux level is lowered to release the bottom workpiece of the workpieces. This is repeated at different locations until all of the workpieces are released.

[0149] FIG. 30 illustrates an exemplary process sequence 550 for moving a ferromagnetic workpiece with a magnetic coupling device. The process sequence includes receiving an identification of a ferromagnetic workpiece to be moved with a magnetic coupling device having multiple pole shoes, each of the multiple pole shoes having a workpiece contact interface suitable for contacting the ferromagnetic workpiece, as indicated by block 552. The pole shoe may be attached to or be an integral part of the housing of the magnetic coupling device. The magnetic coupling device has at least one permanent magnet that contributes to a level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the multiple pole shoes. At least one state of the magnetic coupling device corresponding to the identified ferromagnetic workpiece is determined, as indicated by block 554. The at least one state has a corresponding level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the multiple pole shoes of the magnetic coupling device. The identified ferromagnetic workpiece is contacted with the workpiece contact interfaces of the multiple pole shoes of the magnetic coupling device, as indicated by block 556. As indicated by block 558, the identified ferromagnetic workpiece is moved with the magnetic coupling device from an initial position to a final position while sequentially configuring the magnetic coupling device into at least three states, each of the three states having a corresponding level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces of the plurality of pole shoes of the magnetic coupling device, the at least three states including at least one state of the magnetic coupling device corresponding to the identified ferromagnetic workpiece. As indicated by block 560, the identified ferromagnetic workpiece is decoupled from the magnetic coupling device.

[0150] In an embodiment, the magnetic coupling device having at least three states has at least one An electro-permanent magnetic coupling device includes a first permanent magnet, at least one second permanent magnet, and an electric coil disposed around the at least one second permanent magnet. The at least one first permanent magnet is a high-coercivity magnet, and the at least one second permanent magnet is a low-coercivity magnet, the magnetic poles of which can be changed by the influence of an electric current supplied to the electric coil disposed around the at least one second permanent magnet. An exemplary high-coercivity magnet is an NdFeB (neodymium, iron, boron) magnet. An exemplary low-coercivity magnet is an AlNiCo (aluminum, nickel, cobalt) magnet.

[0151] At least one first permanent magnet, at least one second permanent magnet, and an electric coil are contained in a housing having an associated pole shoe with a workpiece contact interface. The magnetic pole orientation of the at least one second permanent magnet may have a first orientation, where a first level of magnetic flux is available at the pole shoe-workpiece contact interface, the first level being sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece 27. Further, the magnetic pole orientation of the at least one second permanent magnet may have a second orientation, where a second level of magnetic flux is available at the pole shoe-workpiece contact interface, the second level being insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece 27. When in the first orientation, a first current level may be applied to the coil to reduce the magnetic flux available at the pole shoe-workpiece contact interface to a third level less than the first level and greater than the second level. The third level corresponds to a partially on state. In one embodiment, the third level is sufficient to destack the ferromagnetic workpiece 27' from the remainder of the ferromagnetic workpiece. A first current level is insufficient to change the magnetic pole of at least one second permanent magnet to the second orientation. A second current may be applied to the coil when in the second orientation, increasing the magnetic flux available at the pole shoe-workpiece contact interface to a fourth level less than the first level and greater than the second level. The fourth level corresponds to a partially on state. In one embodiment, the fourth level is sufficient to destack the ferromagnetic workpiece 27' from the rest of the ferromagnetic workpiece. The second current level is insufficient to change the magnetic pole of at least one second permanent magnet to the first orientation.

[0152] 31 , a fixture 486 for holding a ferromagnetic workpiece 490 is illustrated. The fixture 486 may be an inspection fixture that holds the ferromagnetic workpiece 490 for inspection. The fixture 486 includes a frame 496 and a plurality of magnetic coupling devices 10 positioned to support a lower side 492 of the ferromagnetic workpiece 490. Each of the magnetic coupling devices 10 includes a plurality of pole shoes 16 having a workpiece contact interface suitable for contacting the ferromagnetic workpiece 490. The pole shoes may be attached to a housing of the magnetic coupling device 10 or may be an integral part of the housing of the magnetic coupling device 10.

[0153] The ferromagnetic workpiece 490 may be inspected with one or more probes 488 that contact an upper side 494 of the ferromagnetic workpiece 490. In an embodiment, the electronic controller 34 of each magnetic coupling device 10 orients the magnets of the magnetic coupling device 10 to provide a level of magnetic flux available at the workpiece contact interface 17 of the pole shoe 16 to hold the ferromagnetic workpiece 490 against the fixture 486, but low enough so as not to alter the operation of the probes inspecting the upper side 494 of the ferromagnetic workpiece 490.

[0154] In an embodiment, each of the plurality of magnetic coupling devices 10 has an associated pole shoe 16 with a workpiece contact interface 17 that is shaped to match a corresponding contour of the underside 492 of the ferromagnetic workpiece 490. In an embodiment, the plurality of magnetic coupling devices 10 are spaced apart.

[0155] Various modifications and additions can be made to the exemplary embodiments discussed without departing from the scope of this disclosure. For example, while the above embodiments refer to particular features, the scope of the invention also includes embodiments having different combinations of features and embodiments that do not include all of the described features. Accordingly, the scope of the present invention is intended to encompass all such alternatives, modifications, and variations as fall within the scope of the claims, together with all equivalents thereof.

Claims

1. 1. A magnetic coupling device for magnetically coupling to a ferromagnetic workpiece positioned on a support, comprising: Housing and a plurality of workpiece contact interfaces supported by the housing and adapted to contact the ferromagnetic workpiece; a first permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair; a second permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair, the second permanent magnet being movable relative to the first permanent magnet; an actuator operatively coupled to the second permanent magnet to move the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet; an electronic controller operably coupled to the actuator, (a) a first state in which the second permanent magnet has a first position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface being insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support; (b) a second state in which the second permanent magnet has a second position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface being sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support, the second level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux; and (c) an electronic controller including logic to operate the actuator to position the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet in at least each of a third state in which the second permanent magnet has a third position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the third level of magnetic flux being greater than each of the first level of magnetic flux and the second level of magnetic flux.

2. 10. The magnetic coupling device of claim 1, further comprising a sensing system supported by the housing, the sensing system including at least one sensor that monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface.

3. 3. The magnetic coupling device of claim 2, wherein the actuator is a stepper motor, and the at least one sensor monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface by monitoring a position of an output of the stepper motor that controls the position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

4. 4. The magnetic coupling device of claim 2 or 3, further comprising a memory accessible by the electronic controller, wherein the actuator is a motor, the at least one sensor monitors a current draw of the motor, and the electronic controller determines the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface by monitoring the current draw of the motor and comparing the current draw to at least one stored reference value.

5. 5. The magnetic coupling device of claim 2, further comprising a memory accessible by the electronic controller, wherein a first sensor value of the at least one sensor is stored on the memory for at least one of the first state, the second state, and the third state.

6. The magnetic coupling device of claim 5 , wherein the first sensor value corresponds to the second state.

7. 7. The magnetic coupling device of claim 5, wherein the first sensor value corresponds to the first state, a second sensor value corresponding to the second state is stored on the memory, and a third sensor value corresponding to the third state is stored on the memory.

8. 8. The magnetic coupling device of claim 5, wherein the electronic controller includes logic to operate the actuator to position the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet in a fourth state, wherein the second permanent magnet has a fourth position relative to the first permanent magnet and provides a fourth level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the fourth level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface being sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support, the fourth level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux and less than the third level of magnetic flux, and one of a level greater than the second level of magnetic flux and a level less than the second level of magnetic flux.

9. 9. The magnetic coupling device of claim 2, wherein the at least one sensor monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface by monitoring the rotational position of the second permanent magnet.

10. 10. The magnetic coupling device of claim 2, wherein the at least one sensor monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface by monitoring a first leakage magnetic flux associated with a first workpiece contact interface of the plurality of workpiece contact interfaces with a first magnetic flux sensor.

11. 11. The magnetic coupling device of claim 10, wherein the at least one sensor monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface by further monitoring with a second magnetic flux sensor a second leakage magnetic flux associated with a second workpiece contact interface of the plurality of workpiece contact interfaces.

12. 12. The magnetic coupling device of claim 11, further comprising a memory accessible by the electronic controller, wherein a first sensor value of the first sensor is stored on the memory for at least one of the first state, the second state, and the third state.

13. The magnetic coupling device of claim 12 , wherein the first sensor value corresponds to the second state.

14. The first sensor value corresponds to the first state, a second sensor value corresponding to the second state is stored in the memory, and a third sensor value corresponding to the third state is stored in the memory. The magnetic coupling device according to claim 12 or 13, wherein a value is stored in the memory.

15. 15. The magnetic coupling device of claim 12, wherein the electronic controller includes logic to operate the actuator to position the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet in a fourth state, wherein the second permanent magnet has a fourth position relative to the first permanent magnet and provides a fourth level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the fourth level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface being sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support, the fourth level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux and less than the third level of magnetic flux, and one of a level greater than the second level of magnetic flux and a level less than the second level of magnetic flux.

16. 16. The magnetic coupling device of claim 1, wherein the second permanent magnet is rotatable relative to the first permanent magnet about an axis that intersects the second permanent magnet to change a position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

17. 17. The magnetic coupling device of claim 1, wherein the second permanent magnet is rotatable relative to the first permanent magnet about an axis in non-intersecting relationship to the second permanent magnet to change the position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

18. a first platter supported by the housing; and a second platter supported by the housing, the second platter movable relative to the first platter to change the position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet; The first platter comprises: a first plurality of spaced apart permanent magnets including the first permanent magnet, each of the first plurality of spaced apart permanent magnets having a north pole side and a south pole side; a first plurality of pole portions interposed between adjacent permanent magnets of the first plurality of permanent magnets, the first plurality of permanent magnets being arranged such that each pole portion of the first plurality of pole portions is one of a north pole portion adjacent to the north pole side of two permanent magnets of the first plurality of permanent magnets and a south pole portion adjacent to the south pole side of two permanent magnets of the first plurality of permanent magnets; the second platter: a second plurality of spaced apart permanent magnets including the second permanent magnet, each of the second plurality of spaced apart permanent magnets having a north pole side and a south pole side; and a second plurality of pole portions interposed between adjacent permanent magnets of the second plurality of permanent magnets, the second plurality of permanent magnets being arranged such that each pole portion of the first plurality of pole portions is one of a north pole portion adjacent to the north pole side of two permanent magnets of the second plurality of permanent magnets and a south pole portion adjacent to the south pole side of two permanent magnets of the second plurality of permanent magnets.

19. 19. The magnetic coupling device of claim 1, wherein the second permanent magnet is translatable relative to the first permanent magnet to change the position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

20. The magnetic coupling device of any one of claims 1 to 19, wherein at least one of the first state, the second state, and the third state is a partially on state of the magnetic coupling device.

21. 21. The magnetic coupling device of claim 1, wherein at least two of the first state, the second state, and the third state are each corresponding partially on states of the magnetic coupling device.

22. The magnetic coupling device of any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein each of the first state, the second state, and the third state is a corresponding partially on state of the magnetic coupling device.

23. The magnetic coupling device of any one of claims 1 to 22, further comprising a plurality of removable pole shoes, each pole shoe supporting a respective one of the plurality of workpiece contact interfaces.

24. 24. The magnetic coupling device of claim 2, wherein the actuator is a fluid actuator and the at least one sensor monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface by monitoring a fluid property of a working fluid of the fluid actuator, the working fluid controlling the position of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

25. The magnetic coupling device of any one of claims 2 to 24, wherein the actuator is a fluidic actuator and the at least one sensor monitors a position of an output of the fluidic actuator.

26. 1. A magnetic coupling device for magnetically coupling to a ferromagnetic workpiece positioned on a support, comprising: a housing having a lower side; a plurality of workpiece contact interfaces supported by the housing and adapted to contact the ferromagnetic workpiece; a first permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair that provides a generally constant level of magnetic flux; a coil positioned around the first permanent magnet; an electronic controller including logic, said logic comprising: (a) a first state in which a first level of current is provided to the coil, the coil and the first permanent magnet providing a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface based on the first level of current and the first permanent magnet, the first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface being insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support; (b) a second state in which a second level of current is provided to the coil, the coil and the first permanent magnet providing a second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface based on the second level of current and the first permanent magnet, the second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface being sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support, the second level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux; and (c) a third state in which a third level of current is provided to the coil, and the coil and the first permanent magnet are in a state in which the third level of current ... and a magnetic coupling device controlling the level of the current supplied to the coil to provide a third state where the third level of magnetic flux is greater than each of the first level of magnetic flux and the second level of magnetic flux, providing a third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface based on the third level of magnetic flux.

27. 27. The magnetic coupling device of claim 26, further comprising a sensing system supported by the housing, the sensing system including at least one sensor that monitors the level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface.

28. 28. The magnetic coupling device of claim 27, wherein the at least one sensor is an electrical current sensor that monitors the level of current provided to the coil.

29. 29. The magnetic coupling device of claim 27 or 28, wherein the current passes through the coil in a first direction in the first state and in a second direction in the third state.

30. 30. The magnetic coupling device of claim 29, wherein the third level of current is less than the second level of current.

31. 1. A magnetic coupling device for magnetically coupling to a ferromagnetic workpiece positioned on a support, comprising: Housing and a plurality of workpiece contact interfaces supported by the housing and adapted to contact the ferromagnetic workpiece; a first permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair; a second permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair, the second permanent magnet being movable relative to the first permanent magnet; an actuator operatively coupled to the second permanent magnet to move the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet; an electronic controller operably coupled to the actuator, the electronic controller including logic for operating the actuator to position the second permanent magnet at a plurality of distinct orientations relative to the first permanent magnet; a brake supported by the housing, the brake having an engaged state in which the brake holds the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet and a disengaged state in which the brake allows rotation of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet.

32. 32. The magnetic coupling device of claim 31 , wherein the electronic controller is operably coupled to the brake, and the logic of the electronic controller engages the brake when the second permanent magnet is in one of the plurality of distinct orientations relative to the first permanent magnet.

33. a first orientation of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet corresponding to a first state of the magnetic coupling device to provide a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface being insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support; and a second orientation of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet corresponding to a second state of the magnetic coupling device to provide a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface being insufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support.

33. The magnetic coupling device of claim 32, wherein the workpiece contact interface provides a second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece, the second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface being sufficient to lift the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support, the second level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux, and a third orientation of the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet corresponds to a third state of the magnetic coupling device and provides a third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the third level of magnetic flux being greater than each of the first level of magnetic flux and the second level of magnetic flux.

34. 1. A lifting device for lifting a ferromagnetic workpiece, comprising: a support structure; and A lifting apparatus comprising: a magnetic coupling device according to claim 1 operably coupled to the support structure.

35. 35. The lifting apparatus of claim 34, wherein the support structure includes a robotic arm having a plurality of movable arm segments, and the magnetic coupling device is coupled to an end of the robotic arm.

36. 36. A lifting apparatus according to claim 34 or 35, wherein the support structure includes a mechanical gantry, and the magnetic coupling device is suspended from the mechanical gantry.

37. A lifting apparatus according to any one of claims 34 to 36, wherein the support structure includes a crane hoist and the magnetic coupling device is suspended from the crane hoist.

38. 1. A fixture for holding a ferromagnetic workpiece, comprising: The frame and at least one magnetic coupling device positioned to support an underside of the ferromagnetic workpiece, each magnetic coupling device comprising: a housing having a first side; a plurality of workpiece contact interfaces supported by the housing and adapted to contact the ferromagnetic workpiece; a first permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair; a second permanent magnet supported by the housing and having an active north-south pole pair, the second permanent magnet being movable relative to the first permanent magnet; an actuator operatively coupled to the second permanent magnet to move the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet; an electronic controller operably coupled to the actuator, the electronic controller comprising: (a) a first state in which the second permanent magnet has a first position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface being insufficient to hold the ferromagnetic workpiece against the magnetic coupling device; and (b) a second state in which the second permanent magnet has a second position relative to the first permanent magnet to provide a second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the second state being in a forward position at the workpiece contact interface; and logic for actuating the actuator to position the second permanent magnet relative to the first permanent magnet in at least each of a second state in which the second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece is sufficient to hold the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the magnetic coupling device, the second level of magnetic flux being greater than the first level of magnetic flux.

39. 39. The fixture of claim 38, wherein the at least one magnetic coupling device comprises a plurality of magnetic coupling devices, each of the plurality of magnetic coupling devices having an associated pole shoe with a workpiece contact interface shaped to match a corresponding contour of the ferromagnetic workpiece.

40. 40. The fixture of claim 39, wherein the plurality of magnetic coupling devices are spaced apart.

41. 1. A method for moving a ferromagnetic workpiece positioned on a support with a magnetic coupling device, comprising: contacting the ferromagnetic workpiece with a plurality of workpiece contact interfaces of the magnetic coupling device, the magnetic coupling device having at least one permanent magnet that contributes to a level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces; transitioning the magnetic coupling device from a first state having a first level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface to a second state having a second level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the second level being greater than the first level; moving the ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support with the magnetic coupling device from a first position to a second position while the magnetic coupling device is in the second state; transitioning the magnetic coupling device from the second state to a third state having a third level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface, the third level being greater than the second level; moving the ferromagnetic workpiece with the magnetic coupling device from the second position to a third position while the magnetic coupling device is in the third state; and decoupling the ferromagnetic workpiece from the magnetic coupling device.

42. 1. A method for moving a ferromagnetic workpiece positioned on a support with a magnetic coupling device, comprising: receiving an identification of a ferromagnetic workpiece being moved with a magnetic coupling device having a plurality of workpiece contact interfaces adapted to contact the ferromagnetic workpiece, the magnetic coupling device having at least one permanent magnet that contributes to a level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interfaces; determining at least one state of the magnetic coupling device corresponding to the identified ferromagnetic workpiece, the at least one state having a corresponding level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the magnetic coupling device; contacting the identified ferromagnetic workpiece with the workpiece contact interface of the magnetic coupling device; While sequentially configuring the magnetic coupling device into at least three states, from an initial position to a final position, moving the identified ferromagnetic workpiece relative to the support with the magnetic coupling device to an end position, each of the three states having a corresponding level of magnetic flux available to the ferromagnetic workpiece at the workpiece contact interface of the magnetic coupling device, the at least three states including the at least one state of the magnetic coupling device corresponding to the identified ferromagnetic workpiece; and c) decoupling the identified ferromagnetic workpiece from the magnetic coupling device.

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