Artificial Intelligence Systems, Devices, and Methods for Greenhouse Gas Capture and Conversion
Patent Information
- Authority / Receiving Office
- JP · JP
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- EINSTED CORP
- Filing Date
- 2023-05-16
- Publication Date
- 2026-05-25
Smart Images
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Abstract
Description
Technical Field
[0001] Technical Field The embodiments described herein generally relate to capturing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and converting them into industrially valuable products. More particularly, the embodiments relate to processes and systems for converting carbon dioxide or methane in the gas phase into solid carbon, oxygen, or hydrogen, from the atmosphere (whether gas or liquid) into industrially valuable products.
Background Art
[0002] Background Global warming is one of the most important problems that humanity faces today. The need to address the issues related to the gases generated by the use of fossil fuels is urgent, as is the need to replace fossil fuels with hydrogen and to develop an approved sustainable process for obtaining such hydrogen. The emissions of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide are the main factors contributing to climate change and global warming. The combustion of fossil fuels, deforestation, and industrial processes are the main sources of greenhouse gas emissions.
[0003] In recent years, the world has witnessed a steady increase in global temperatures, an increase in sea levels, and extreme weather phenomena, all of which may be attributed to the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. To address this problem, various measures have been proposed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. These measures include the use of renewable energy sources, energy-efficient technologies, and the implementation of carbon capture and storage (CCS) technologies. CCS is a process of capturing carbon dioxide emitted from power plants and industrial processes and storing it underground, where it is safely stored and prevented from entering the atmosphere.
[0004] CCS is an effective technology for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, but the captured gas can also be converted into useful industrial products such as synthetic fuels, plastics, and chemicals. This process, known as carbon capture and utilization (CCU), not only reduces greenhouse gas emissions but also creates new revenue sources for industry.
[0005] Therefore, there is a need for innovative technologies that can effectively capture greenhouse gas emissions and convert them into useful industrial products. The present invention addresses this need by providing an apparatus that can efficiently capture greenhouse gas emissions and convert them into beneficial products and information.
[0006] Conventional carbon capture methods and apparatuses have mainly focused on the capture and storage of greenhouse gases to prevent their release into the atmosphere. These technologies are effective in reducing emissions, but they do not address the potential to convert these captured gases into useful industrial products. Current CCS methods involve the transportation of the captured gas to a storage site where it is stored indefinitely. This process is energy-intensive and does not provide any economic incentives for industry to reduce emissions. Furthermore, conventional carbon capture technologies are often complex and expensive to implement, making it difficult for small and medium-sized enterprises to adopt.
[0007] The present invention addresses these problems by providing a novel artificial intelligence technology that generates a reactor for capturing greenhouse gas emissions and converting them into products, and by providing a more sustainable and economically viable solution for reducing greenhouse gas emissions through the use of a novel system of nanochannels with electrodes. The present invention also enables the use of very high electric fields through ultra-fast pulses of dark plasma, which is advantageous for reaction selectivity and can be remotely controlled by software.
[0008] Therefore, an artificial intelligence system, apparatus, and method for capturing greenhouse gases from the atmosphere that can convert greenhouse gases into useful industrially valuable products (products) provide various benefits. The prior art mentions similar parts of this system but does not mention the same use and detailed structure. Furthermore, the components mentioned in the prior art do not cooperate to decompose greenhouse gas components to produce predetermined products. Among the references of the topics of the present invention, WO2008 / 134871 provides an example of a carbon dioxide reactor capable of obtaining hydrocarbons by electrolysis. The problem is that this patent only provides an example of a carbon dioxide reactor for the production of hydrocarbons by electrolysis without providing a specific detail or complete description of the invention regarding the predetermined product.
[0009] US6806778B1 discloses an arrangement of three transistors that constitute both a Darlington and a cascode. However, this configuration is limited to only three transistors that constitute both a Darlington and a cascode and does not address other limitations or issues related to Darlington transistors or more broadly transistor drive circuits. On the other hand, CN206878798U describes a type of Darlington transistor drive circuit having additional components, which is different from the present invention because the structure of the present invention focuses on the entire circuit and technology described in the present invention.
[0010] US20170321333A1 describes an electrochemical reactor for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) to hydrocarbons using a membrane-electrode assembly (MEA). However, it is limited to the reduction of CO2 to hydrocarbons by the use of this type of electrochemical reactor. US7855603B1 discloses an array consisting of a temperature-compensated self-biased Darlington pair amplifier and two Darlington arrays, the first of which is a general-purpose array. As described in this patent, the stability of these arrays can be affected by changes in temperature. To solve this, a second Darlington array that self-compensates for deviations due to temperature has been proposed.
Summary of the Invention
Problems to be Solved by the Invention
[0011] This disclosure aims to overcome one or more of the problems discovered by the inventors and introduce an artificial intelligence system that functions towards this technology.
Means for Solving the Problems
[0012] Summary of the Invention In one embodiment, it is a greenhouse gas capture and conversion system, which includes: a greenhouse gas intake device configured to receive intake gas, a nanofilter separation device configured to receive the intake gas and separate the main components of the intake gas, a nanoelectrical reactor system configured to receive the main components from the nanofilter separation device and generate one or more products and earth atmosphere information from the main components received from the nanofilter, and an artificial intelligence system configured to self-iterate data to formulate design solutions using the earth atmosphere information provided by the NERS.
Brief Description of the Drawings
[0013]
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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0014] One embodiment is a nano-electric reactor system, which system comprises a nano-membrane, at least two electrodes, a cathode and an anode, covered with a material developed for electrocatalysis using high electric field nanosecond pulses, and a gas plasma between the cathode and the anode.
[0015] In one embodiment, there is a carbon capture and conversion device, where the system includes a nanofilter comprising polymethyl methacrylate, a graphite component, or a metal-organic framework support; a micrometric (micrometer-scale) sealant film; a filament electrode system having a first anode and a first cathode between the micrometric sealant film and the polymethyl methacrylate, graphite component, or metal-organic framework support; and a membrane having nanopores, and includes a nanoelectrochemical reaction system, which includes a nanomembrane, at least two electrodes, a second cathode and a second anode, covered with a material developed for electrocatalysis using high electric field nanosecond pulses, and a gas plasma between the cathode and the anode.
[0016] In one embodiment, a method for capturing and converting greenhouse gases from the atmosphere and other sources includes taking in greenhouse gases, separating the main components of the intake gas using a nanofilter separation device, generating carbon-based products from the separated main components by a nanoelectrochemical reactor system (NERS), and filtering by-product gases from the output stream of the NERS using a secondary nanofilter separation device.
[0017] One embodiment is a design, modeling, and artificial intelligence system, which includes at least one processor and at least one storage device (memory) configured to implement a learning network model, the learning network model being generated from a training network, the training network being adjusted using user input from a greenhouse gas capture and conversion system, and the intake of specific gases or chemical compounds associated with each of the labeled reference modeling of the system and components representing features associated with the modeling system prototype.
[0018] Details of the embodiments of the present disclosure can be obtained, in part, by considering the accompanying drawings with respect to both their structure and operation, in which like reference numerals refer to like parts.
[0019] The detailed description set forth below in connection with the accompanying drawings is intended as a description of various embodiments and is not intended to represent the only embodiments in which the present disclosure may be practiced. The embodiments for carrying out the invention include specific details for providing a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the embodiments of the present invention can be practiced without these specific details. In some instances, well-known structures and components are shown in simplified form for the sake of brevity. Additionally, it should be understood that the various elements shown in the present specification are not necessarily drawn to scale. In other words, the features disclosed in various aspects can be implemented using relative dimensions within and between elements that are different from those shown in the drawings.
[0020] The present invention includes artificial intelligence, methods, and devices for capturing CO2 and other greenhouse gases from sources such as air, transportation gases, and industrial facilities. As a first step, the nanoelectrospray gas-phase dielectrophoretic mobility molecular technology (nES GDMMS) is used to separate particles and air molecules in the gas phase according to their different mobilities and sizes. This process consists of applying a variable and non-uniform electric field that induces a charge in the particles or molecules of the sample, thereby charging them. The charged molecules are then propelled through the gas phase and classified based on their size and charge using a combination of techniques including electrospray ionization (ESI), gas-phase electrophoresis, and dielectrophoresis.
[0021] In the next step, the present invention preferably converts CO2 into carbon compounds by applying electrical nanosecond pulses that promote the activation of carbon dioxide molecules, ionizing air molecules to form dark plasma. The plasma can be placed between a cathode and an anode. By capturing CO2 and converting it into useful carbon compounds, this process can potentially reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, thereby helping to mitigate the emissions of greenhouse gases that can contribute to climate change. The advantage of this method and apparatus is to reduce the energy cost by using the carbon compounds produced by this method as a fuel source, which can potentially reduce the dependence on fossil fuels. In addition to reducing CO2 emissions, this process can also potentially be used for environmental purification by converting other greenhouse gases such as methane into available carbon compounds and producing chemical raw materials with high market value due to its easy scalability.
[0022] Figure 1 shows a flowchart of the overall CO2 capture and conversion process. This process operates by taking in a source of carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases (gases) 101 and then delivering the gas stream as an input to a nanofilter separation device 102 for gas separation. The source of carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases 101 filtered by the nanofilter separation device 102 is the input gas stream to a nanoelectrical reactor system 103 where products such as carbon-based compounds and information (sensor information) are generated. Alternatively, a co-reactant 104 may be used and it is possible to obtain other reaction products. The output stream of the nanoelectrical reactor system 103 is then supplied to a secondary nanofilter separation device 105. The final product 106 is supplied to a process plant that follows different processes to obtain products of different values.
[0023] The capture and conversion process includes the intake of sources of carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases 101. The sources of carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases 101 (CO2, N2, O2, and H2O) contained in atmospheric air are the pre-stages of the reduction of carbon dioxide in the reactor. The intake is typically achieved by using an intake form that records information regarding the greenhouse gases to be captured, including the type of gas, the source of the gas, and the amount of gas to be captured. The intake may be achieved via a greenhouse gas intake device configured to receive the intake gas. The intake form is used to ensure that the capture and conversion process system is properly designed and operated such that the specific greenhouse gases being emitted are captured and the amount of greenhouse gases being captured is accurately measured.
[0024] The capture and conversion process further includes a nanofilter separation device 102. The separation is achieved using one or more novel nanofilters that enable the separation of molecules by movement under the influence of a high pulsed electric field by dielectrophoresis (DEP). The nanofilter separation device 102 may be configured to receive the intake gas and separate the main components of the intake gas. The novel nanofilter separation device 102 consists of an air stream entering a device that separates the main compounds under the influence of an electric field applied to the gas phase, inducing a change in the species. The species move differently depending on their size and are directed towards a splitting device where they are separated into their main components, as shown in Figure 7 below. Due to the distribution of the electrodes and the operating frequency of the nanofilter separation device 102, the rate of gas separation is improved compared to other processes. The high pulsed electric field (hPEF) may, in some cases, facilitate the activation of carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases and their conversion to carbon compounds and hydrogen. The electric field energy applied may be derived from a renewable energy source such as a solar panel.
[0025] Furthermore, the capture and conversion process includes a nanoelectrochemical reactor system (NERS) 103. Preferably, NERS 103 is associated with a greenhouse gas capture and reaction device and information, and is configured to receive the main components from a nanofilter separation device in order to generate one or more products and earth atmosphere information. NERS 103 destroys the molecules coming from the nanofilter separation device 102, and new structures are created within the molecules. The type of desired structure is triggered, and NERS 103 is preferred for this. NERS 103 produces the final product 106 depending on several variables such as the arrangement of electrodes, centrifugal process, microreactors, variable physical processes, temperature, type of molecules, etc. Although a preferred structure for NERS 103 is described, NERS 103 can include a nanoelectrode array, which is typically a system consisting of a plurality of small electrodes arranged in an array and having a diameter in the range of tens to hundreds of nanometers. They can be used for electrochemical sensing, biosensing, information earth atmosphere, and electrocatalysis. Also, it can include a nanoparticle-based reactor, which is a system that uses nanoparticles, typically metal or metal oxide nanoparticles, as catalysts to promote electrochemical reactions. They can be used for energy storage and conversion such as lithium-ion batteries or fuel cells. Furthermore, NERS 103 can be based on an electrospun nanofiber reactor, which is a system consisting of electrospun nanofibers having a high surface area and porosity as a reactive material. They can be used for water treatment such as removal of contaminants or generation of hydrogen peroxide. Finally, NERS 103 can include a carbon nanotube reactor, which is a system that uses carbon nanotubes having high electrical conductivity and surface area as a reactive material. They can be used for electrochemical sensing, energy storage, and catalysis.
[0026] Preferably, NERS103 consists of at least two electrodes, a nano-membrane, and cathodes and anodes covered with materials developed for electrocatalysis using high electric field nano-pulses. Further, it contains a gas plasma between the cathode and the anode. NERS103 can include a gas sensor for measuring the concentration in real time to track attenuation or increase inside the reactor, and an infrared camera focused on the electrode area records the temperature changes within the reaction area. Finally, it can also include a spectrophotometer for emission monitoring.
[0027] NERS103 includes a plurality of novel nano-channels having electrodes. The process for NERS103 operation starts with the intake of a source of carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases 101, as well as the connection of the electrodes to an energy source. A nano-pulse electric field is applied between the electrodes, providing the energy necessary to generate a dark plasma from the gas source, and in some cases, preferably generating graphene oxide and hydrogen.
[0028] The NERS103 element is manufactured using specific materials that are advantageous for the selectivity of the reaction and also enable the use of a very high electric field (ultra-fast pulses of dark plasma). The capture and conversion system electrodes are optimized with respect to maximum diffusion and maximum exposed electrode surface area. As an example, the electrodes can have a number of holes with a diameter of 1 nm and a center-to-center distance of 4 nm for pairs of 16 and 17 electrodes respectively, as shown in Figure 4A. The perforated area with respect to the total area of the electrodes is 4.25%. The electrode material is specially developed for electrocatalysis and is highly selective for each reaction. Metals are used as electrode catalysts, preferably as Cu-based, stainless steel-based, Ni / Sn-based, and Al-based materials.
[0029] As shown in FIG. 6, NERS103 can use a novel nanomembrane design that enables fluid flow through an optimized nanoporous arrangement. The optimization is based on the pressure drop across the holes, as shown in FIG. 5. Similar to the case of the electrodes, the nanoporous arrangement maximizes diffusion and exposed surface area, as well as enhances the effect of nanosecond pulses of high electric fields. Further, the electrodes may be assembled out of alignment (not aligned) from the array such that the holes allow gas flow through the holes within each electrode, achieving maximum diffusion and maximum exposed electrode surface area.
[0030] NERS103 may be portable and modular for home use or may be scaled up for application in the power industry. Thus, a network of NERS103s is created that is distributed worldwide, which, as shown in FIG. 13, constitutes a system guided by artificial intelligence to develop NERS 103 solutions tailored to actual demand, while at the same time enabling the acquisition of instantaneous real-time atmospheric and industrial gas images of the world. Further, the present invention relates to new developments in picosecond and nanosecond pulsed electric field (PEF) generators that can be remotely controlled by electronic devices, specifically software.
[0031] Alternatively, the capture and conversion process can include a co-reactant 104 and be capable of obtaining other reaction products. The co-reactant 104 is used to supply fuel to different modules in order to promote the conversion to different carbon compounds, using greenhouse gases as the main precursors. The co-reactant 104 is a substance that is added to the NERS 103 to facilitate and improve the electrochemical reactions occurring therein. The co-reactant 104 typically consists of nanoscale electrodes and an electrolyte solution, which are used to cause electrochemical reactions at the nanoscale level. The function of the co-reactant 104 is to help improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of these reactions. This is done by improving the electrochemical properties of the system, such as increasing the electron transfer rate, facilitating ion transport, and reducing the amount of energy required to drive the reaction. As an example, the co-reactant 104 that can be used in the NERS 103 is a reducing medium. This type of substance is used to mediate the electron transfer between the electrode and the electrolyte solution, which can help improve the overall efficiency of the system.
[0032] The capture and conversion process can further include a secondary nanofilter separation device 105. As the nanofilter separation device 102, separation is achieved using one or more novel nanofilter separation devices 102 that enable the separation of molecules but focus on solids. The novel secondary nanofilter separation device 105 consists of the intake sent from the NERS103. The seeds move differently depending on their size and are directed towards a separation device where they are separated into their main components, as shown in Figure 7 below. Due to the electrode distribution and the operating frequency of the secondary nanofilter separation device 105, the gas separation rate is improved compared to other processes. A high pulsed electric field (hPEF) can, in some cases, facilitate the activation of carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases as well as the conversion to carbon compounds and hydrogen.
[0033] Furthermore, the process may be connected to a mobile phone, and all may be managed by the mobile phone through sensors for detecting things on the device or in the environment in order to improve the development of simulation software and to monitor the design according to the environmental specifications.
[0034] Figure 2 shows an electric field vs. current intensity diagram showing the dark plasma discharge zone. Most preferably, the nanoelectrical reactor operates in the dark air plasma zone. This method and system operate in the dark discharge zone, more specifically in the low-temperature plasma zone corresponding to non-thermal plasma. Low-temperature plasma is a partially ionized gas (gas) composed of ions, electrons, neutral particles such as radicals, excited, and ground-state molecules. The main specificity of low-temperature plasma consists of a significant difference between the temperature of the ions, the temperature of the neutral particles and the electrons. For ions and neutral particles, it is close to room temperature at 25 - 100 °C, and the electron temperature is as high as 5000 - 105 °C. This thermal characteristic is what the present invention utilizes. The present invention makes it possible to improve the energy efficiency of the capture and conversion of carbon dioxide, methane and other gases with respect to other technologies.
[0035] In this zone, the electrons in the plasma can no longer obtain sufficient energy from the electric field to ionize the gas molecules. As a result, the ionization rate decreases, the plasma density decreases, and the current intensity decreases. At the same time, the decrease in the electric field strength means that the energy transferred to the electrons is not sufficient to emit visible light, and as a result, the glow disappears. The dark plasma discharge zone represents the limit of the glow discharge regime and is an important characteristic of plasma discharge. In other applications and methods, the plasma discharge becomes unstable and transitions to different regimes such as the arc discharge regime. However, in the present invention, the nanoelectrical reactor operates in the dark air plasma zone and can improve the energy efficiency of the capture and conversion of carbon dioxide, methane and other gases with respect to other technologies.
[0036] Figure 3 shows the decrease in CO2 concentration in parts per million as a function of time. The present invention enables improving the energy efficiency of capturing and converting carbon dioxide, methane, and other gases compared to other technologies. Figure 3 shows the temporal profile of the carbon dioxide concentration in a hydrogen-containing gas mixture. As can be seen, the concentration of carbon dioxide decreases over time. This apparatus uses a hydrogen-fueled module as a co-reactant. Tests such as those corresponding to Figure 3 can use 100 - 500 ns as the PEF on-time, while the PEF off-time can be 100 ms - 1 s.
[0037] Figure 4A shows the detailed design of an electrode optimized with respect to maximum diffusion and maximum exposed electrode surface area across the pores. Another embodiment of the present invention is the detailed design of an electrode optimized with respect to maximum diffusion and maximum exposed electrode surface area as shown in Figure 4A, and the electrode design is composed of a copper electrode surface 401 including an embodiment of a series of hollow through-paths (hollow penetrations) 402 and a hollow connection type n-connector 403. Similarly, the second electrode structure consists of an aluminum electrode surface 405 and is connected via a hollow connection type n-connector 406. Both structures are aligned through an alignment position (alignment location) 404.
[0038] This embodiment includes a novel nanopore assembly and manufacturing process applicable to both the nanomembrane and the electrodes. In the manufacturing process, the nanopores of the solid membrane are obtained by controlled dielectric breakdown. In the manufacturing system, a voltage is applied to the membrane immersed in an aqueous salt solution to generate a high electric field. These nanopores can be of a small size of about 1 nm in diameter. There are other techniques used to generate nanopores in films such as membranes. The electrodes are assembled in a misaligned manner such that the holes of each electrode allow the gas flow to pass through, achieving the maximum diffusion and maximum exposed electrode surface area.
[0039] Figure 4B shows the components of the electrode system following the new assembly process. Another embodiment of the present invention is a detailed design of an electrode optimized for maximum diffusion and maximum exposed electrode surface area as shown in Figure 4B, having additional components that make up the novel assembly process. The electrode design is composed of a copper electrode surface 401, the second electrode structure is composed of an aluminum electrode surface 405, and they are separated by a spacer 408. Both electrodes, the copper electrode surface 401 and the aluminum electrode surface 405, are present between room temperature vulcanizing 820 rubber 407 and room temperature vulcanizing 820 rubber 409.
[0040] Figure 5 shows the pressure drop as a function of the hole diameter (aperture diameter) of the nanofilm assembly and the design of the electrodes. The nanofilm has a hole diameter optimized by the pressure drop, and such a curve is shown in Figure 5. The pressure drop in the nanofilm assembly can be affected by several factors including the size of the holes in the film and the design of the electrodes. As the diameter of the holes in the film decreases, the resistance to flow increases, so the pressure drop across the film increases. This means that smaller holes can result in a higher pressure drop, which can affect the performance of the device. On the other hand, since the distance between the electrodes can affect the flow of fluid through the film, the electrode design can also affect the pressure drop. A shorter distance between the electrodes can result in a lower pressure drop as it reduces the resistance to flow.
[0041] Figure 6 shows the design of the nanofilm, where the electric field is maximized by the edge effect at each pore. A further embodiment of the present invention is an apparatus and preparation method of a nanofilm - electrode assembly that can be used to obtain electrochemical selectivity in several reactions. A new design of the nanofilm consisting of a specific assembly of electrodes has been developed. This nanofilm can be used in a nano - electrochemical reactor system (NERS) to enhance the effect of high - electric - field nanosecond pulses. Further, an electric field can be applied within the film 602 to create an electro - deposition effect for separating solids. A schematic diagram of the nanofilm design consists of pores 601 and the film 602.
[0042] Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram of the separation of the main molecules of air by dielectrophoresis technology using a novel nanofilter separation device. The nanofilter separation device 102 includes a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), graphite component, or metal-organic framework support 704; a micrometric sealant film 703; a filament electrode system having an anode 701 and a cathode 702 between the micrometric sealant film and the polymethyl methacrylate, graphite component, or metal-organic framework support; and a membrane 602 having nanopores 601 (see Figure 6). The upper image in Figure 7 represents an exploded view of the molecular separation process through the nanofilter separation device 102. The lower image in Figure 7 represents a plan view of the structure in the molecular separation process through the nanofilter separation device 102.
[0043] The capture system includes a novel nanofilter separation device that enables the separation of air molecules by movement under the influence of a high pulsed electric field via dielectrophoresis. Figure 7 shows a schematic diagram of the separation of molecules using dielectrophoresis technology. The nanofilter separation device 102 operates as follows: the gas stream supplied by the inlet is distributed and contacts a filament electrode where plasma is generated by dielectric barrier discharge. After the formation of the plasma, a magnetic field is applied and each gas is directed according to the ionic mobility of each chemical species, thereby achieving the separation of different gases.
[0044] The polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), graphite component, or metal-organic framework support 704 is a versatile polymer used in various applications and is included as a support material. Depending on the design requirements, the PMMA support 704 can be of various types. There are different types of PMMA supports 704 that can be used for different application requirements. The solid PMMA support 704 can be used due to its high strength and rigidity. The porous PMMA support 704 is designed to be porous and is used in applications such as filtration, separation, and chromatography. The thermally conductive PMMA support 704 can be used in designs that require it to have a high thermal conductivity and is used in applications where heat dissipation is important.
[0045] The micrometric sealant film 703 is used to provide a thin layer of sealant on the surface, ensuring that it is reliably protected from moisture, air, or other environmental factors. There are different types of sealant films 703 that can be used for different application requirements. Types of filament films 703 include, but are not limited to, PTFE, silicone, polyurethane, epoxy, and acrylic materials.
[0046] Figure 8 illustrates an avalanche bipolar junction transistor (ABJT) and an insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) assembly that is compatible with both ABI Darlington and their secondary components. This assembly shows an input base 801 connected to the equivalent terminal 803 collector and 804 emitter. Further, resistor Rbe1 is for correct polarization in the avalanche region and avoids the automatic trigger problem of the Q1 device. Regarding Rge1, it enables the input impedance of the Q2 transistor in node 802 to be dropped, providing a certain level of safety against the large amount of current flowing from Q1 to node 802. Further, during the turn-off device event, it enables easy Q2 parasitic capacitance discharge. Finally, the Dzge1 diode is for protection, which does not function during normal operation and appears at least when the over-peak input Q2 voltage occurs.
[0047] Currently, in connection with the novel development of the electronic part of the device, preferably consisting of an ABI Darlington driver, there are several proposals for Darlington variants, each having its advantages and benefits. Preferably, the configuration consists of three transistors that make up both Darlington and cascode. This configuration improves the breakdown strength, thermal stability, and bandwidth of the cascode assembly. The nanoelectro reactor system comprises a driver for generating pulsed dark plasma. FIG. 8 represents avalanche bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) and IGBT (referred to as ABI) Darlington and their secondary elements. In avalanche breakdown, the reverse-biased collector-base junction of the transistor is subjected to a high electric field, and the electrons in the junction gain enough energy to collide with other atoms and generate additional electron-hole pairs. These newly generated carriers gain energy, collide with more atoms, and generate a chain reaction that rapidly increases the number of carriers in the junction.
[0048] This process can result in a significant increase in the collector current of the transistor and, if not properly controlled, can lead to potential device failure. However, this can also be utilized for specific applications such as in the use of avalanche photodiodes, which use avalanche breakdown to amplify and detect optical signals.
[0049] FIG. 9 shows the current division to the ABI Darlington group. The short-time current pulse Ic1 enters the avalanche BJT Q1 (solid-line plot), while the large-time current Ic2 flows through the IGBT Q2 device (dashed-line plot). Its proper input control voltage at the input base 801 first triggers the ABJT Q1 device, giving a high and short current pulse Ic1. Then, this Ic1 raises the input IGBT Q2 voltage at node 802, turning it on. The activation of Q2 enables an increment in the device current Ic2 and drops Vce (collector 803 emitter 804) to the VceON voltage. This low Vce voltage drives Q1 out of the avalanche region into the saturation zone and shuts them down.
[0050] Figure 10 shows the voltage profiles Vge and Vout. Vge, that is, the gate-emitter voltage, is the voltage applied across the gate and emitter of the transistor. This voltage controls the flow of current through the transistor and enables the transistor to act as a switch or an amplifier. Vout or the output voltage is the voltage measured at the output terminals of the circuit. The relationship between Vge and Vout depends on the specific circuit configuration and the characteristics of the transistors used. Note that Vge immediately triggers Ic2 to the Q2 transistor. As a result, the output voltage rises in about 10 ns.
[0051] Figure 11 shows an improved driver diagram. It consists of two ABI Darlington arrangements (1107 and 1111) at the driver output (1108). These are used alternately to activate and deactivate the external power transistor M0. The driver circuit 1102 is controlled by an optocoupler (optical coupler) U1 and provides a single control pulse at their outputs 1106. This is used to activate the 1107 ABI Darlington with a positive edge pulse change, thereby turning on the output power transistor M0. The negative edge of the optocoupler pulse 1106 is used in the 1110 sub-circuit to activate (turn on) the second ABI Darlington 1111, set down the driver output 1108, and then turn off the M0 transistor. At the same time, the 1106 optocoupler voltage shuts down the 1107 ABI Darlington. Regarding 1101, this is part of the floating auxiliary power supply for the driver 1102 system and must have a minimum value to enable the ABJT Q1 in Figure 8 to move into the avalanche region. On the other hand, 1103 is the main high power supply voltage (e.g., 800 V) for polarizing the M0 and RL output circuit (1104).
[0052] Another embodiment of the present invention is an apparatus that enables control of high - energy pulses on a nanosecond time scale consisting of an ABI Darlington driver. The ABI (Active - Balance Interface) Darlington driver is an electronic component used in the interface between a digital circuit and a high - power device such as a motor or a solenoid. It consists of a Darlington pair transistor configuration that provides high current gain and high input impedance and is suitable for driving loads that require high current or high voltage.
[0053] The ABI Darlington driver is designed to provide a balanced output, which means that the voltage swing between the output and ground is equal to the voltage swing between the output and the supply voltage. This balanced output helps to reduce electromagnetic interference (EMI) and noise within the system.
[0054] The ABI Darlington driver can be used in various applications such as motor control circuits, power supply voltages, audio amplifiers, etc. It is a common choice for high - power switching applications where a low - power signal needs to control a high - power device.
[0055] This modified Darlington dramatically reduces the slow IGBT / MOS turn - on time to approximately 10 nanoseconds. In addition to this, another Darlington array can be used to significantly reduce the fall time as well. Further, the transition power (turn - on time) of the IGBT / MOS is consumed by the avalanche bipolar transistor and operates very similarly in both IGBT and MOS - FET. When the IGBT / MOS is turned on, the avalanche bipolar transistor immediately turns off. Additionally, the shutdown of the Darlington array enables pulse reproducibility, which makes it possible to be used in switched sources. The improvements described are observed using common and inexpensive components and will be even more significant when applied to modern and faster devices such as SiC or GaN.
[0056] FIG. 12 illustrates a scaled-up system in which the gas inlets to the electrode shell are axially supplied to and distributed in parallel to each cell connected to a nanosecond or picosecond and femtosecond generator. According to this embodiment, the scaled-up system includes an electrode support tube 1201, followed by an O-ring 1202, a positive electrode 1203, an electrode separator 1204, a negative electrode 1205, a secondary O-ring 1206, and a holding lid 1207, and is fixed by a screw 1208 connected to the electrode support tube 1201. The scaled-up system for the capture and conversion of greenhouse gases constitutes another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 12 shows the design of the electrode shell. The scaled-up system consists of 84 cells in parallel, with a power of 4 kW and an inlet flow of the gas to be processed of 560 tons / yr. The electrodes are spaced at the microscale, and the holes of each electrode are spaced at the millimeter scale. Each of the illustrated electrode shells may be fixed and stacked in parallel via a gas distribution system.
[0057] FIG. 13 shows a schematic diagram of an artificial intelligence system for developing the NERS103 solution. A system guided by artificial intelligence to develop a NERS103 solution adapted to actual demand is another embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 13 shows a schematic diagram of a plurality of components that integrate it. The user communicates user input 1301 with artificial intelligence (AI) 1302, and the artificial intelligence (AI) interprets and extracts problem information in the problem-solving 1303 phase. Further, the artificial intelligence system can be configured to self-iterate data in order to formulate a design solution using the earth atmosphere information provided by NERS. In machine learning / deep learning 1304, based on the problems to be solved, the components of the greenhouse gas capture and conversion system are defined by the AI. This process can be defined as a learning network model. The configuration of the solution begins with using machine learning / deep learning 1304 to model the system, essentially the reactor. The physics and chemistry of the system components are simulated under simulation 1308, whereby the optimal operating parameters in the small modular reactor 1305 can be found under design element 1307, making it possible to define its design and elements. The process of trial and testing may be called a training network aimed at finding the optimal parameters of the prototype 1309. The prototype 1309 is constructed to initiate the necessary iterative tests until the final prototype 1309 is reached. The input values for testing can be obtained from the small modular reactor 1305. After the prototype (prototype) 1309 is completed, the trial 1310 continues to verify the performance, finalize the definition of the parameters and design, and for manufacturing 1311, the iterations in the prototype 1309, trial, and final prototype 1309 can be initiated. The results can be used to model a scaled-up greenhouse and conversion system to design the electrode shell, and the gas inlet of the electronic shell can be axially supplied and distributed to each cell.
Claims
1. A system for capturing and converting greenhouse gases by plasma decomposition, A greenhouse gas intake device configured to receive intake gases; External sources of co-reactants; A first nanofilter separation device configured to receive the intake gas and separate the main components of the intake gas; A nanoelectroreactor system (NERS) configured to receive the main component from the nanofilter separation device and to produce one or more products; A second nanofilter separation device configured to receive the output flow of the NPPERS and to filter by-product gases and solids from the one or more products; Nanopulse, picopulse, and femtopulse generators; A system that includes this.
2. The first nanofilter separation apparatus described above: With polymethyl methacrylate, graphite component, or metal-organic skeletal support; Micrometric sealant film and; A filament electrode system having an anode and cathode between the micrometric sealant film and a polymethyl methacrylate, graphite component, or metal-organic skeletal support, A gas stream containing the greenhouse gas to be treated comes into contact with the aforementioned filament electrode system, The system according to claim 1, including the following:
3. The system according to claim 1, wherein in the first nanofilter separation apparatus, a high pulsed electric field between electrodes promotes the separation of gas into its components due to movement caused by the electrophoretic effect.
4. The system according to claim 1, wherein a gas or liquid stream supplied from an external source of co-reactants enters, and the gas stream supplied from the outlet of the first nanofilter separation device comes into contact with the electrode and enters the NERS, and the reaction is carried out using plasma decomposition technology.
5. The aforementioned secondary nanofilter separation device: With polymethyl methacrylate, graphite component, or metal-organic skeletal support; Micrometric sealant film and; A filament electrode system having an anode and cathode between the micrometric sealant film and a polymethyl methacrylate, graphite component, or metal-organic skeletal support, A gas flow that has been pretreated by the NERS and is in contact with the filament electrode system, The system according to claim 1, including the following:
6. The system according to claim 1, It has a nanoelectric reactor system, and the nanoelectric reactor system is: At least two electrodes, one made of aluminum and the other of copper, each having a cathode and an anode, and covered with an electrophoretic material; Micrometric spacer; Rubber sealant; A gas flow containing a greenhouse gas that is converted into plasma and in contact with the cathode and anode. A system that includes this.
7. A gas sensor configured to measure the given concentrations of multiple gases in real time and track decay or increase within the nanoelectric reactor system; An infrared camera configured to focus on the electrode reaction region to record temperature changes; A spectrophotometer configured to measure discharge monitoring; The apparatus of the system according to claim 6, further comprising:
8. The system according to claim 6, wherein the NERS element is manufactured using a material that is advantageous for reaction selectivity and also enables applications in very high electric fields.
9. The system according to claim 6, wherein the design of the electrodes maximizes the electric field generated by the edge effect in each hole.
10. The system according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of electrodes are spaced far enough apart to increase the energy efficiency in plasma generation through the electric field effect.
11. The system according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of electrodes are movable.
12. The system according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of electrodes are fixed.
13. The system according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of electrodes are at a predetermined distance from each other.
14. The system according to claim 6, wherein the system operates in a low-temperature plasma zone.
15. The system according to claim 6, wherein the plurality of electrodes are electrically connected to nanopulse, picopulse and femtopulse generators that enable high electric field applications.
16. The system according to claim 6, wherein the electrodes are not aligned, thereby allowing the gas flow to pass through the holes in each electrode, and thereby achieving maximum diffusion and maximum exposed electrode surface area.
17. The system according to claim 1, wherein the system can be remotely controlled by software.
18. The system according to claim 1, wherein the nanopulse, picopulse, and femtopulse generators further comprises at least one Darlington driver for generating pulsed cryogenic plasma.
19. The system according to claim 18, wherein the shutdown of the Darlington array in the nanopulse, picopulse, and femtopulse generator enables the repeatability of the pulses, thereby enabling use with a switch driver.
20. The aforementioned nanopulse, picopulse, and femtopulse generators are: A resistor configured to correct the polarization of the avalanche region; A resistor configured to lower the input impedance and facilitate parasitic capacitance discharge; The system according to claim 18, including the system described in claim 18.
21. A method for capturing and converting the greenhouse effect by plasma decomposition, Taking in greenhouse gases; The acquisition of co-reactants from an external source; To separate the main components of the taken-in greenhouse gas using a nanofilter separation device; To generate carbon-based products and gaseous products using a nanoelectroreactor system (NERS); Filtering by-product gases from the output flow of the NERS using a secondary nanofilter separation device; and, Generating nanopulses, picopulses, and femtopulses; Methods that include...
22. The method according to claim 21, further comprising inputting a co-reactant from an external source into the NERS.
23. The method according to claim 22, comprising introducing a gas or liquid.
24. It has a filament electrode system, The method according to claim 2, wherein a high pulsed electric field between electrodes promotes the separation of gas into its components due to movement caused by the electrophoretic effect.
25. A method according to claim 22, wherein two flows; namely, a gas or liquid flow supplied from an external source of co-reactants and a gas flow supplied from the first nanofilter separation device enter the NERS, and both flows enter the NERS in contact with the electrodes, and the reaction is carried out using plasma decomposition techniques.
26. The method according to claim 6, comprising assembling multiple electrodes without alignment, thereby allowing a gas flow to pass through the holes in each electrode, thereby achieving maximum diffusion and maximum exposed electrode surface area.
27. The method according to claim 6, wherein the NERS element is made of a material that is advantageous for reaction selectivity and also enables applications in very high electric fields.
28. The method according to claim 6, wherein the electrode design maximizes the electric field through edge effects in each hole.
29. The system according to claim 21, wherein the results of a small modular reactor are converted into a scaled-up greenhouse and conversion system, thereby designing the electrode shell.
30. The system according to claim 6, wherein the gas inlet of the electrode shell is supplied axially and distributed parallel to each cell.
31. The system according to claim 1, wherein the gas to be processed is methane, and the system is configured to produce solid carbon and gaseous hydrogen.
32. The system according to claim 1, wherein the gas to be processed is carbon dioxide, and the system is configured to produce solid carbon, gaseous oxygen, and other components, such as graphene oxide.
33. Further including an external source of co-reactants; The co-reactant is introduced into the NERS, and a reaction is carried out in the NERS using plasma decomposition technology, thereby obtaining different reaction products delivered from the NERS. The system according to claim 1.
34. The system according to claim 33, wherein the co-reaction product supply source is a gas or a fluid.