Composition for reducing methane emissions

Abstract

There is a need to develop alternative and / or improved compositions for reducing methane emissions from animals such as ruminants and / or for increasing, for example, milk production and / or weight gain of such animals by increasing the availability of nutrients to the animals. 【Solution means】Compositions such as animal feed compositions are described for reducing methane emissions and / or for inhibiting one or more methanogenic organisms (i.e., methanogens). The use of such compositions for reducing methane emissions from animals such as ruminants, for inhibiting one or more methanogeneses in said animals, and / or for increasing milk production and / or weight gain of said animals, as well as related methods, are described.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to compositions such as animal feed compositions for reducing methane emissions and / or for inhibiting one or more methane-producing organisms (i.e., methanogens). The present invention also relates to the use of such compositions for reducing methane emissions from animals such as ruminants, for inhibiting methane production by one or more methane sources in such animals, and / or for increasing the milk production and / or weight gain of such animals, as well as related methods.

Background Art

[0002] Ruminants consume feed containing carbon and nitrogen, which are converted into various materials including carbon-rich lipids, fats, fatty acids, and carbohydrates, as well as nitrogen-rich proteins, nucleic acids, amino acids, and nucleotides.

[0003] However, ruminants such as cows, sheep, and goats are inefficient users of carbon. Methane production by ruminants from carbon represents an energy loss of 2 - 12% of the total energy intake from feed. Certain types of microorganisms in the intestines of ruminants use the end products of fermentation of nutrients consumed by the animal to produce methane as a byproduct. In addition to the adverse effects of methane on climate change, this also reduces the nutrients available for use by the animal, for example, to increase milk production and weight gain.

[0004] There is a need to develop alternative and / or improved compositions for reducing methane emissions from animals such as ruminants and / or for increasing the milk production and / or weight gain of such animals, for example, by increasing the availability of nutrients to the animal.

Summary of the Invention

[0005] The present invention addresses these needs, for example, in the form of animal feed (such as animal feed supplements, animal feed additives, and complementary feeds), by providing a composition that reduces the emission of methane into the environment and / or improves the milk production and / or weight gain of animals, and more generally, improves the growth of animals.

[0006] The present invention addresses this need, at least in part, by providing a composition that inhibits methane production by methane-producing sources.

[0007] According to the present invention, in a first aspect, there is provided a composition for reducing methane emissions, comprising a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane and at least one other compound selected from the following: dibromochloromethane, dibromomethane (DBM), diallyl disulfide (DATS), diallyl trisulfide (DPDS), dipropyl disulfide (DPDS), dimethyl disulfide, prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), bavachin, bavachinin, corylifol (e.g., corylifol A or corylifol C), morsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, xanthohumol, tannic acid, cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, lemon verbena oil, carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), squalene, saponin (e.g., saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C or saponin D), ursolic acid, ginsenoside (ginsenoside, ginsenoside, or ginsenoside) (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), dibromoacetic acid, 3-nitrooxypropanol, pyromellitic diimide and any combination thereof. In certain embodiments, the composition may consist essentially of or consist of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane and the above compounds. The composition is suitable for reducing methane emissions by animals and / or for inhibiting methane production by one or more methane production sources in animals and / or for increasing the milk production and / or weight gain of animals such as ruminants, e.g., cows, goats or sheep.

[0008] Also, according to the present invention, in a second aspect, there is provided an animal feed comprising the composition of the first aspect or any aspect thereof, for example, an animal feed supplement, an animal feed additive or a complementary feed is provided.

[0009] Also, according to the present invention, in a third aspect, there is provided the use of the composition of the first aspect or the animal feed of the second aspect for reducing methane emissions or production by animals and / or for inhibiting methane production by one or more methane generation sources in animals and / or for increasing the milk production and / or weight gain of ruminant animals such as cows, goats or sheep.

[0010] Also, according to the present invention, in a fourth aspect, there is provided a method for reducing methane emissions by animals and / or for inhibiting methane production by one or more methane generations in animals and / or for increasing the milk production and / or weight gain of animals, the method comprising administering a composition to an animal, more specifically a ruminant animal such as a cow, a goat or a sheep (for example, by consumption of the composition or animal feed by the animal).

[0011] Embodiments of the present invention are further described in the detailed description. Any embodiment described herein or any combination of embodiments described herein is applicable to any one or more aspects of the present invention, provided that it is not clearly inconsistent with the context.

Brief Description of the Drawings

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DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0013] Detailed Description of the Invention The present invention is based, at least in part, on the surprising discovery that a combination of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane, such as bromoform (CHBr3) or iodoform (CHI3), and at least one other compound described herein can reduce methane production and / or emissions by animals such as ruminants. Without wishing to be bound by theory, a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane, such as bromoform (CHBr3) or iodoform (CHI3), and at least one other compound are thought to act synergistically to inhibit methane production from methane-producing sources in, for example, the rumen and hindgut of animals such as ruminants, thereby inhibiting methane production. "Act synergistically" means that the methane production inhibitory ability of a composition containing a mixture of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane, such as bromoform (CHBr3) or iodoform (CHI3), and at least one other compound described herein is greater than the sum of the methane production inhibitory abilities when either component is ingested alone. The inhibition of methane production is thought to occur by different modes of action, for example, by reducing the methane production process; by restricting, inhibiting or preventing enzymes involved in methane production from participating in the process; or by reducing methane-producing organisms by restricting their growth or killing them, which is thought to occur by different modes of action.

[0014] The present invention will now be described with reference to the accompanying description, according to preferred embodiments of the invention. However, it should be understood that the description of the preferred embodiments of the invention is merely to facilitate the discussion of the invention, and those skilled in the art will appreciate that various modifications can be devised without departing from the technical scope of the appended claims.

[0015] When the terms "at least one" or "one or more" appear herein above and below, this means, in particular, one to twenty or one to ten, preferably one to five or one to three, in particular one or even two, of the recited features, for example components. When ranges such as weight percent ranges are indicated, these include the indicated limit values, and thus, for example, "between X and Y" means "including X and including Y up to and including Y from X".

[0016] The term "therapeutic treatment" or "treatment method" also includes the prevention and alleviation of the symptoms of diseases and / or disorders in a subject, but not cosmetic treatments. The expressions "treat or prevent" and similar terms used herein refer to all forms of healthcare intended to remove or avoid a disease and / or disorder, or to reduce its symptoms (including preventive and therapeutic care), and are judged according to any of the tests available according to current medical practice. Interventions aimed at achieving a reasonable expectation of a particular result, but not necessarily so, are included in the expression "treat or prevent". Interventions that succeed in delaying or stopping the progression of a disease and / or disorder are included in the expression "treat or prevent".

[0017] The term "organic halogen" refers to an organic compound containing at least one halogen.

[0018] The term "trihalomethane" refers to CHX3 species, where X is a halogen, for example, Cl, Br, I or a mixture thereof. Preferably, X is Br or I. Trihalomethanes are other than dibromochloromethane. Advantageously, the trihalomethane is bromoform (CHBr3) and / or iodoform (CHI3).

[0019] The term "consisting of" excludes any additional elements, steps or components not explicitly recited.

[0020] The term "consisting essentially of" excludes any such additional elements, steps, or components, so long as such additional elements, steps, or components do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the invention. Where one or more additional elements, steps, or components are additional components of a product or composition, the total amount of the additional components in the composition may be limited, for example, to up to 20% by weight. For example, the total amount of the additional components in the composition may be limited to 19% by weight or 18% by weight or 17% by weight or 16% by weight or 15% by weight or 14% by weight or 13% by weight or 12% by weight or 11% by weight or 10% by weight or 9% by weight or 8% by weight or 7% by weight or 6% by weight or 5% by weight or 4% by weight or 3% by weight or 2% by weight or 1% by weight.

[0021] According to the present invention, there is provided a composition for reducing methane emission / production by animals, comprising, for example, a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane (e.g., bromoform or iodoform) and at least one other compound selected from the group consisting of: dibromochloromethane, dibromomethane (DBM), diallyl disulfide (DATS), diallyl trisulfide (DPDS), dipropyl disulfide (DPDS), dimethyl disulfide, prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), babakin, babakinine, koliol (e.g., koliol A or koliol C), morsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, xanthohumol, tannic acid, cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, lemon verbena oil, carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, scularoleol, saponin (e.g., saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C or saponin D), ursolic acid, ginsenoside (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), dibromoacetic acid, 3-nitrooxypropanol, pyromellitic diimide and any combination thereof. The composition may be used to inhibit methane production by one or more methane-producing substances or may be used to increase the milk yield and / or body weight gain of animals.

[0022] Alternatively, at least one other compound may be selected from dibromochloromethane, dibromomethane, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, 8-prenylnaringenin, bavachin, bavachinin, coliphol A, moracin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, silibinin, xanthohumol, tannic acid, cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, lemon verbena oil, carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, α-hexylcinnamaldehyde, abietic acid, squalene, tanshinone IIA, psycosa saponin b2, ursolic acid, ginsenoside Rb2, dibromoacetic acid, 3-nitrooxypropanol, pyromellitic diimide, and any combination thereof.

[0023] The trihalomethane is other than dibromochloromethane. The trihalomethane may be a compound in which the halogens are of the same species. The trihalomethane may be bromoform (CHBr3) and / or iodoform (CHI3). The trihalomethane may be bromoform (CHBr3). The trihalomethane may be iodoform (CHI3).

[0024] Compositions, such as compositions for reducing methane emission / production by animals, may have bromoform and at least one other compound selected from the group consisting of: dibromochloromethane, dibromomethane (DBM), diallyl disulfide (DATS), diallyl trisulfide (DPDS), dipropyl disulfide (DPDS), dimethyl disulfide, prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), babakin, babakinine, koliol (e.g., koliol A or koliol C), morsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, xanthohumol, tannic acid, cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, lemon verbena oil, carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, squalareol, saponin (e.g., saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C or saponin D), ursolic acid, ginsenoside (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), dibromoacetic acid, 3-nitrooxypropanol, pyromellitic diimide and any combination thereof.

[0025] Compositions, such as compositions for reducing methane emission / production by animals, may comprise iodoform and at least one other compound selected from the group consisting of dibromomethane, pyromellitic diimide, naringenin, dipropyl disulfide, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and any combination thereof.

[0026] Trihalomethanes can be obtained synthetically or from natural sources. For example, biological sources of organic halogen compounds such as bromoform or iodoform are marine macroalgae rich in organic halogens. Marine macroalgae rich in organic algae include at least one marine macroalgae selected from the group consisting of Asparagopsis armata; Asparagopsis taxiformis; Dictyota species; Oedogonium species; Ulva species; and Cladophora patentiramea. Thus, in some embodiments, the trihalomethane compound is derived from, for example, marine microalgae rich in organic halogens selected from the group consisting of Asparagopsis armata; Asparagopsis taxiformis; Dictyota species; Oedogonium species; Ulva species; and Cladophora patentiramea.

[0027] Trihalomethane compounds can be produced by bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria. For example, the bacteria include one type of bacteria selected from the group consisting of Streptomyces sp. and Zobellia galactanivorans. For example, the fungi include one type selected from the group consisting of Pyricularia oryzae, Curvularia inaequalis, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Embellisia didymospora, Agaricus species such as Agaricus angusticystidiatus; Agaricus iodoformicus Sp; Agaricus moelleri; Agaricus phaeolepidotus; and Agaricus pseudochitonia, Mycena species such as Mycena pipterygia (Scop.:Fr.) Gray; and Mycena arcangeliana, Jahnoporus species such as Jahnoporus hirtus, Cortinarius species such as Cortinarius obtusus (Fr.) and Cortinarius seidlii, and Hemileccinum impolitum. For example, the cyanobacteria include one type of cyanobacteria selected from the group consisting of Trichodesmium erythraeum, Synechococcus sp., and Acaryochloris marina.

[0028] Trihalomethane may be synthetic, i.e., trihalomethane is chemically synthesized.

[0029] Trihalomethane can be produced by recombinant yeast.

[0030] Bromoform can be obtained synthetically or from natural sources. For example, biological sources of organic halogen compounds such as bromoform are marine macroalgae rich in organic halogens. Species of marine macroalgae include Asparagopsis armata, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Dictyota species, Oedogonium species, Ulva species, and Cladophora patentiramea. Bromoform can be produced by bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria. For example, bacteria include one Streptomyces sp. and Zobellia galactanivorans. For example, fungi include Pyricularia oryzae, Curvularia inaequalis, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, and Embellisia didymospora. For example, cyanobacteria include Trichodesmium erythraeum, Synechococcus sp., and Acaryochloris marina.

[0031] In other embodiments, bromoform is synthesized, i.e., chemically synthesized.

[0032] In other embodiments, bromoform can be produced by recombinant yeast.

[0033] Iodoform can be obtained synthetically or from natural sources. For example, biological sources of organic halogen compounds such as bromoform are marine macroalgae rich in organic halogens. Species of marine macroalgae include Asparagopsis armata, Asparagopsis taxiformis, Dictyota species, Oedogonium species, Ulva species, and Cladophora patentiramea. Iodoform can be produced by bacteria, fungi, and cyanobacteria. For example, bacteria include one Streptomyces sp. and Zobellia galactanivorans. For example, fungi are selected from the group consisting of Pyricularia oryzae, Curvularia inaequalis, Pyrenophora tritici-repentis, Embellisia didymospora, Agaricus species, such as Agaricus angusticystidiatus; Agaricus iodoformicus Sp; Agaricus moelleri; Agaricus phaeolepidotus; and Agaricus pseudochitonia, Mycena species, such as Mycena pipterygia(Scop.:Fr.)Gray; and Mycena arcangeliana, Jahnoporus species, such as Jahnoporus hirtus, Cortinarius species, such as Cortinarius obtusus(Fr.) and Cortinarius seidlii, and Hemileccinum impolitum. For example, cyanobacteria include Trichodesmium erythraeum, Synechococcus sp., and Acaryochloris marina.

[0034] In other embodiments, iodoform is synthesized, i.e., chemically synthesized.

[0035] In other embodiments, iodoform can be produced by recombinant yeast.

[0036] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromochloromethane. This compound can be characterized as an organic halogen. It may be derived from natural products or may be synthesized.

[0037] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromomethane. This compound can be characterized as an organic halogen. It may be derived from natural products or may be synthesized.

[0038] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dipropyl disulfide. These can be characterized as organic sulfur compounds. They may be derived from natural products or may be synthesized. For example, the organic sulfur compounds can be obtained from garlic or another Allium species. For example, the organic sulfur compounds can be obtained from extracts of Allium species such as Allium sativum.

[0039] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), bavachin, bavachinin, khellifolin (e.g., khellifolin A or khellifolin C), morin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin and xanthohumol. These can be characterized as flavonoid / flavonoid-like compounds. They may be derived from natural products or may be synthesized. In one embodiment, prenylnarigenin is 8-prenylnarigenin. In another embodiment, khellifolin is khellifolin A.

[0040] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is tannic acid. This compound can be characterized as a polyphenol. It may be derived from natural products or may be synthesized.

[0041] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and lemon verbena oil.

[0042] These can be characterized as essential oils. They may be derived from natural products or may be synthesized.

[0043] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, and hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α - hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2 - hexyl cinnamaldehyde). These can be characterized as components of essential oils. They can be derived from natural substances, particularly essential oils, or can be synthesized. In one embodiment, the hexyl cinnamaldehyde is α - hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0044] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from esculetin, saponins (e.g., saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C, or saponin D), ursolic acid, and ginsenosides (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, or ginsenoside Rf). These can be characterized as terpenes. These may be derived from natural products or may be synthesized. In one embodiment, the saponin is saponin b2. In another embodiment, the ginsenoside is ginsenoside Rb2.

[0045] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromoacetic acid. This can be characterized as a carboxylic acid. It may be derived from natural products or may be synthesized.

[0046] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is 3-nitrooxypropanol. This can be characterized as a nitrooxy compound.

[0047] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is pyromellitic diimide. This can be characterized as an arylene diimide.

[0048] - Ratio of trihalomethane to at least one other compound In some embodiments, the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to at least one other compound is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:10,000. For example, in some embodiments, the ratio of trihalomethane to at least one other compound is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:100, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:75, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:50. In some embodiments, the ratio of trihalomethane to at least one other compound is from about 1:50 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:100 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:500 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:50 to about 1:100, or from about 1:100 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:100 to about 1:500, or from about 1:500 to about 1:1500, or from about 1:1000 to about 1:3000, or from about 1:10 to about 1:100, or from about 1:1000 to about 1:3000, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:7000 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:8000 to about 1:8500.

[0049] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromochloromethane, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to dibromochloromethane is from about 1:1 to about 1:10, or from about 1:1 to about 1:5, or from about 1:1 to about 1:2, or about 1:1:1.2, or about 1:1.3, or about 1:1.4, or about 1:1.5, or about 1:1.6, or about 1:1.7, or about 1:1.8, or about 1:1.9.

[0050] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromomethane, and the concentration ratio of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to dibromomethane is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:1, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:0.75, or from about 1:0.15 to about 1:0.5, or from about 1:0.2 to about 1:0.3.

[0051] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dipropyl disulfide, and the concentration ratio of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:100 to about 1:10,000, for example, from about 1:500 to about 1:10,000, or from about 1:750 to about 1:1250, or from about 1:7500 to about 1:9000. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dipropyl disulfide, and the concentration ratio of the trihalomethane to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20.

[0052] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl disulfide, and the ratio of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the diallyl disulfide is from about 1:100 to about 1:3000, for example, from about 1:100 to about 1:2500, or from about 1:100 to about 1:2100. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl disulfide, and the ratio of the trihalomethane to the diallyl disulfide is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20, or from about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0053] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl trisulfide, and the concentration ratio of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the diallyl trisulfide is from about 1:500 to about 1:1500, for example, from about 1:750 to about 1:1250, or from about 1:1000 to about 1:1100. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl trisulfide, and the concentration ratio of the trihalomethane to the diallyl trisulfide is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20, or from about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0054] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dimethyl disulfide, and the concentration ratio of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the dimethyl disulfide is from about 1:7500 to 1:9000, for example, from about 1:8000 to 1:8500.

[0055] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dipropyl disulfide, and the concentration ratio of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the dipropyl disulfide is from about 1:7500 to about 1:9000, for example, from about 1:8000 to about 1:8500. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dipropyl disulfide, and the concentration ratio of the trihalomethane to the dipropyl disulfide is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:12.5 to about 1:20, or from about 1:12.5 to about 1:17.5.

[0056] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), babakin, babakinine, colipholl (e.g., colipholl A or colipholl C), morsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, and xanthohumol, and the ratio of the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:10 to about 1:1000, such as from about 1:25 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:50 to about 1:100, from about 1:50 to about 1:150. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), babakin, babakinine, colipholl (e.g., colipholl A or colipholl C), morsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, and xanthohumol, and the ratio of the concentration of the trihalomethane to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:500, or from about 1:5 to about 1:250, or from about 1:10 to about 1:100, or from about 1:25 to about 1:75.

[0057] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is prenylnarigenin, and the ratio of the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:50 to about 1:150, such as from about 1:75 to about 1:125, or from about 1:100 to about 1:110. In one embodiment, the prenylnarigenin is 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin, preferably 8-prenylnarigenin.

[0058] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is babakin, and the ratio of the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:100 to 1:300, such as from about 1:150 to about 1:250, or 1:190 to 1:210.

[0059] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is bavachinin, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:50 to 1:1000, for example, from about 1:100 to about 1:850, or 1:50 to 1:150, or from about 1:75 to about 1:125, or from about 1:100 to about 1:110.

[0060] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is coriolic acid A or coriolic acid C, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:10 to about 1:50, for example, from about 1:15 to about 1:35, or from about 1:20 to about 1:30. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is coriolic acid A.

[0061] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is moracin, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:2 to about 1:100, for example, from about 1:5 to about 1:90, or from about 1:10 to about 1:90, or from about 1:10 to about 1:30, or from about 1:15 to about 1:25.

[0062] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is isobavachalcone, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:10 to about 1:100, for example, from about 1:15 to about 1:75, or from about 1:20 to about 1:60, or from about 1:40 to about 1:60, or from about 1:45 to about 1:55.

[0063] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is naringenin, and the concentration ratio of the trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:500 to about 1:1500, for example, from about 1:650 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:750 to about 1:900, or from about 1:800 to about 1:850. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is naringenin, and the concentration ratio of the trihalomethane to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:500, or from about 1:5 to about 1:250, or from about 1:10 to about 1:100, or from about 1:25 to about 1:75, or from about 1:40 to about 1:60.

[0064] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is quercetin, and the concentration ratio of the trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:100 to about 1:1500, for example, from about 1:250 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:350 to about 1:900, or from about 1:750 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:800 to about 1:850.

[0065] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is xanthohumol, and the concentration ratio of the trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:25 to about 1:150, for example, from about 1:40 to about 1:120, or from about 1:80 to about 1:120, or from about 1:100 to about 1:110.

[0066] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is tannic acid, and the concentration ratio of the trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:500 to about 1:1500, for example, from about 1:750 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:800 to about 1:900, or from about 1:800 to about 1:850.

[0067] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and lemon verbena oil, and the concentration ratio of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the amount of the compound is from about 1:100 to about 1:10,000, for example, from about 1:200 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:500 to about 1:2500, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:7500 to 1:10,000, or from about 1:200 to about 1:300. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and lemon verbena oil, and the concentration ratio of the trihalomethane to the amount of the compound is from about 1:0.5 to about 1:100, or from about 1:1 to about 1:75, or from about 1:2.5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:5 to about 1:30.

[0068] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is cinnamon oil, and the ratio of the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the amount of the compound is from about 1:7500 to about 1:10,000, or from about 1:8000 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:8000 to about 1:8500.

[0069] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is garlic oil, and the ratio of the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the amount of the compound is from about 1:500 to about 1:4000, or from about 1:750 to about 1:3000, or from about 1:1000 to about 1:2500, or from about 1:1500 to about 1:2500, or from about 1:1750 to about 1:2250, or from about 1:2000 to about 1:2100. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is garlic oil, and the ratio of the concentration of the trihalomethane to the amount of the compound is from about 1:0.5 to about 1:100, from about 1:1 to about 1:50, or from about 1:2.5 to about 1:25, or from about 1:5 to about 1:10.

[0070] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is sandalwood oil, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the amount of the compound is about 1:100 to about 1:500, or about 1:200 to about 1:400, or about 1:200 to about 1:300, or about 1:250 to about 1:270.

[0071] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is thyme red oil, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the amount of the compound is about 1:2500 to about 1:7500, or about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or about 1:3750 to about 1:4500, or about 1:4000 to about 1:4500, or about 1:4100 to about 1:4250, or about 1:4100 to about 1:4200. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is thyme red oil, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes to the amount of the compound is about 1:1 to about 1:100, about 1:2.5 to about 1:75, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:40, and is about 1:20 to about 1:30.

[0072] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemongrass oil, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the amount of the compound is about 1:2500 to about 1:7500, or about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or about 1:3750 to about 1:4500, or about 1:4000 to about 1:4500, or about 1:4100 to about 1:4250, or about 1:4100 to about 1:4200. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemongrass oil, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes to the amount of the compound is about 1:1 to about 1:100, about 1:2.5 to about 1:75, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:40, and is about 1:20 to about 1:30.

[0073] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemongrass oil, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the amount of the compound is from about 1:2500 to about 1:7500, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:3750 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4000 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4250, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4200.

[0074] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, and hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:200 to about 1:10,000, for example, from about 1:200 to about 1:300, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:7500 to about 1:10,000. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, and hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20, or from about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0075] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is carvacrol, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:2500 to about 1:7500, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:3750 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4000 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4250, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4200.

[0076] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is citral, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:2500 to about 1:7500, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:3750 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4000 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4250, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4200.

[0077] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is cinnamaldehyde, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:7500 to about 1:10,000, or from about 1:8000 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:8000 to about 1:8500.

[0078] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:100 to about 1:500, or from about 1:200 to about 1:400, or from about 1:200 to about 1:300, or from about 1:250 to about 1:270. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20, or from about 1:10 to about 1:15. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0079] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from squalareol, cycloastragenol (e.g., cycloastragenol A, cycloastragenol b2, cycloastragenol C, or cycloastragenol D), ursolic acid, and ginsenosides (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, or ginsenoside Rf), and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:50 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:50 to about 1:250, or from about 1:750 to about 1:900.

[0080] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is squalareol, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:50 to about 1:500, or from about 1:100 to about 1:350, or from about 1:150 to about 1:250, or from about 1:175 to about 1:225.

[0081] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is cycloastragenol (e.g., cycloastragenol A, cycloastragenol b2, cycloastragenol C, or cycloastragenol D), and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:25 to about 1:150, or from about 1:50 to about 1:100, or from about 1:70 to about 1:90, or from about 1:80 to about 1:85. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is cycloastragenol b2.

[0082] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is ursolic acid, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:500 to about 1:1500, e.g., from about 1:750 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:800 to about 1:900, or from about 1:800 to about 1:850.

[0083] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is a ginsenoside (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is about 1:50 to about 1:350, or about 1:50 to about 1:250, or about 1:100 to about 1:200, or about 1:150 to about 1:175.

[0084] In one embodiment, at least one other compound is ginsenoside Rb2.

[0085] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromoacetic acid, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to dibromoacetic acid is about 1:1000 to about 1:2000, for example, about 1:1500 to about 1:1750, or about 1:1600 to about 1:1700.

[0086] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is 3-nitrooxypropanol, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to 3-nitrooxypropanol is about 1:2 to about 1:20, for example, about 1.5 to about 1:15, or about 1:5 to about 1:10, or about 1:6 to about 1:8.

[0087] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is pyromellitic diimide, and the concentration ratio of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to pyromellitic diimide is about 1:0.05 to about 1:25, or about 1:0.1 to about 1:10, or about 1:0.5 to about 1:5, or about 1:1 to about 1:2.5.

[0088] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane and at least two other compounds, such as a trihalomethane and two other compounds. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane and at least two other compounds selected from the group consisting of dibromomethane, pyromellitic diimide, naringenin, dipropyl disulfide, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane, dibromomethane, and one other compound selected from the group consisting of naringenin, dipropyl disulfide, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide, or diallyl trisulfide.

[0089] In some embodiments, the ratio of the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to at least two other compounds is from about 1:0.05:1 to about 1:1:500. For example, in some embodiments, the ratio of the trihalomethane to at least two other compounds is from about 1:0.05:1 to about 1:0.75:250, or from about 1:0.15:2 to about 1:0.5:100, or from about 1:0.2:5 to about 1:0.3:50.

[0090] In some embodiments, one of the at least two other compounds is dibromomethane, and the ratio of the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to dibromomethane is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:1, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:0.75, or from about 1:0.15 to about 1:0.5, or from about 1:0.2 to about 1:0.3.

[0091] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dipropyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is about 1:1 to about 1:100, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:25, or about 1:10 to about 1:20.

[0092] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is diallyl disulfide, and the ratio of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the diallyl disulfide is about 1:1 to about 1:100, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:25, or about 1:10 to about 1:20, or about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0093] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is diallyl trisulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the diallyl trisulfide is about 1:1 to about 1:100, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:25, or about 1:10 to about 1:20, or about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0094] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is dipropyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the dipropyl disulfide is about 1:1 to about 1:100, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:25, or about 1:12.5 to about 1:20, or about 1:12.5 to about 1:17.5.

[0095] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), babakin, babakinine, koliol (e.g., koliol A or koliol C), morsin, isobavachalcone, narigenin, quercetin, and xanthohumol, and the ratio of the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:500, or from about 1:5 to about 1:250, or from about 1:10 to about 1:100, or from about 1:25 to about 1:75.

[0096] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is narigenin, and the ratio of the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:500, or from about 1:5 to about 1:250, or from about 1:10 to about 1:100, or from about 1:25 to about 1:75, or from about 1:40 to about 1:60.

[0097] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is selected from cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and lemon verbena oil, and the ratio of the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the amount of the compound is from about 1:0.5 to about 1:100, or from about 1:1 to about 1:75, or from about 1:2.5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:5 to about 1:30.

[0098] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is garlic oil, and the ratio of the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to the amount of the compound is from about 1:0.5 to about 1:100, from about 1:1 to about 1:50, or from about 1:2.5 to about 1:25, or from about 1:5 to about 1:10.

[0099] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is thyme red oil, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the amount of the compound is about 1:1 to about 1:100, about 1:2.5 to about 1:75, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:40, and is about 1:20 to about 1:30.

[0100] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is lemongrass oil, and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the amount of the compound is about 1:1 to about 1:100, about 1:2.5 to about 1:75, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:40, and is about 1:20 to about 1:30.

[0101] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is selected from carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, and hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is about 1:1 to about 1:100, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:25, or about 1:10 to about 1:20, or about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0102] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to the compound is about 1:1 to about 1:100, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:25, or about 1:10 to about 1:20, or about 1:10 to about 1:15. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0103] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is pyromellitic diimide, and the concentration ratio of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to pyromellitic diimide is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:25, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:10, or from about 1:0.5 to about 1:5, or from about 1:1 to about 1:2.5.

[0104] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and diallyl disulfide, and the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to dibromomethane to diallyl disulfide is from about 1:0.05:1 to about 1:1:50, or from about 1:0.1:5 to about 1:0.75:25, or from about 1:0.15:10 to about 1:0.5:20, or from about 1:0.2:10 to about 1:0.3:15.

[0105] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and diallyl trisulfide, and the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to dibromomethane to diallyl trisulfide is from about 1:0.05:1 to about 1:1:50, or from about 1:0.1:5 to about 1:0.75:25, or from about 1:0.15:10 to about 1:0.5:20, or from about 1:0.2:10 to about 1:0.3:15.

[0106] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and dipropyl disulfide, and the concentration of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane to dibromomethane to dipropyl disulfide is from about 1:0.05:1 to about 1:1:50, or from about 1:0.1:5 to about 1:0.75:25, or from about 1:0.15:10 to about 1:0.5:20, or from about 1:0.2:12.5 to about 1:0.3:17.5.

[0107] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and naringenin, and the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane to dibromomethane to naringenin is about 1:0.05:5 to about 1:1:250, or about 1:0.1:10 to about 1:0.75:100, or about 1:0.15:25 to about 1:0.5:75, or about 1:0.2:40 to about 1:0.3:60.

[0108] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and garlic oil, and the concentration of iodoform to dibromomethane to garlic oil is about 1:0.05:0.5 to about 1:1:100, or about 1:0.1:1 to about 1:0.75:50, or about 1:0.15:2.5 to about 1:0.5:25, or about 1:0.2:5 to about 1:0.3:10.

[0109] In some embodiments, the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane in the composition is less than 0.30 μM, for example, less than 0.25 μM, or less than 0.20 μM, or less than 0.15 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of trihalomethanes in the composition is at least about 0.05 μM, for example, at least about 0.075 μM, or at least about 0.10 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration is about 0.05 μM to about 0.20 μM, for example, about 0.075 μM to about 0.175 μM, or about 0.10 μM to about 0.15 μM, or about 0.11 μM to about 0.13 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of trihalomethanes in the composition is less than 25 μM, or less than 20 μM, or less than 15 μM, or less than 10 μM, or less than 5 μM, or less than 2.5 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane in the composition is at least about 0.5 μM, for example, at least about 1 μM, or at least about 2 μM, or at least about 5 μM, or at least about 10 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration is about 0.5 μM to about 50 μM, or about 1 μM to about 25 μM, or about 1.5 μM to about 12.5 μM.

[0110] In some embodiments, the concentration of at least one other compound is at least about 0.5 μM, at least about 2.0 μM, for example, at least about 10.0 μM, or at least about 50.0 μM, or at least about 100.0 μM, or at least about 250.0 μM, or at least about 500.0 μM, or at least about 750.0 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of at least one other compound is less than about 5.0 mM, for example, less than about 2.5 mM, or less than about 1.0 mM, or less than about 750.0 μM, or less than about 500.0 μM, or less than about 250.0 μM, or less than about 100.0 μM, or less than about 50 μM, or less than about 10 μM, or less than about 5 μM.

[0111] In some embodiments, the concentration of at least one other compound in the composition is from about 0.15 μM to about 1.0 mM, for example, from about 0.5 μM to about 1.0 mM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 750.0 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 500.0 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 100.0 μM.

[0112] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromochloromethane, and the concentration of dibromochloromethane in the composition is from about 0.15 μM to about 1.0 μM, for example, from about 0.15 μM to about 0.5 μM, or from about 0.15 μM to about 0.25 μM.

[0113] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromomethane, and the concentration of dibromomethane in the composition is from about 0.05 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 0.1 μM to about 25 μM, or from about 0.25 μM to about 12.5 μM.

[0114] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl disulfide, and the concentration of diallyl disulfide in the composition is from about 5.0 μM to about 500.0 μM, such as from about 10.0 μM to about 350.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 250.0 μM. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl disulfide, and the concentration of diallyl disulfide in the composition is from about 0.1 μM to about 100.0 μM, or from about 0.5 μM to about 75.0 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 40.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 30.0 μM.

[0115] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl trisulfide, and the concentration of diallyl trisulfide in the composition is from about 50.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, such as from about 75.0 μM to about 200.0 μM, or from about 100.0 μM to about 150.0 μM. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl trisulfide, and the concentration of diallyl trisulfide in the composition is from about 0.1 μM to about 100.0 μM, or from about 0.5 μM to about 75.0 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 40.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 30.0 μM.

[0116] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dimethyl disulfide, and the concentration of dimethyl disulfide in the composition is from about 500.0 μM to about 1.5 mM, such as from about 750 μM to about 1.25 mM, or from about 900.0 μM to about 1.1 mM.

[0117] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dipropyldisulfide, and the concentration of dipropyldisulfide in the composition is from about 500.0 μM to about 1.5 mM, for example, from about 750.0 μM to about 1.25 mM, or from about 900.0 μM to about 1.1 mM. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dipropyldisulfide, and the concentration of dipropyldisulfide in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 100.0 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 80.0 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 60.0 μM, or from about 10.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 40.0 μM, or from about 20.0 μM to about 40.0 μM.

[0118] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), and the concentration of prenylnarigenin in the composition is from about 2.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, for example, from about 5.0 μM to about 25.0 μM, or from about 10.0 μM to about 15.0 μM. In one embodiment, the prenylnarigenin is 8-prenylnarigenin.

[0119] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is babakin, and the concentration of babakin in the composition is from about 5.0 μM to about 75.0 μM, for example, from about 10.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 35.0 μM, or from about 20.0 μM to about 30.0 μM.

[0120] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is babakinine, and the concentration of babakinine in the composition is from about 2.0 μM to about 200.0 μM, for example, from about 5.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 10.0 μM to about 125.0 μM.

[0121] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is coleonol A or coleonol C, and the concentration of coleonol A or coleonol C in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 10.0 μM, such as from about 1.0 μM to about 7.5 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 5.0 μM.

[0122] In one embodiment, at least one other compound is coleonol A.

[0123] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is morin, and the concentration of morin in the composition is from about 0.25 μM to about 50.0 μM, such as from about 0.50 μM to about 25.0 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 15.0 μM.

[0124] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is isobavachalcone, and the concentration of isobavachalcone in the composition is from about 1.0 μM to about 15.0 μM, such as from about 2.5 μM to about 12.5 μM, or from about 4.0 μM to about 10.0 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 7.5 μM.

[0125] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is naringenin, and the concentration of naringenin in the composition is from about 25.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, such as from about 50.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 75.0 μM to about 125.0 μM, or from about 90.0 μM to about 110.0 μM.

[0126] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is quercetin, and the concentration of quercetin in the composition is from about 25.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, such as from about 50.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 75.0 μM to about 125.0 μM, or from about 90.0 μM to about 110.0 μM.

[0127] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is xanthohumol, and the concentration of xanthohumol in the composition is from about 2.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, for example, from about 5.0 μM to about 25.0 μM, or from about 10.0 μM to about 15.0 μM.

[0128] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is tannic acid, and the concentration of tannic acid in the composition is from about 25.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, for example, from about 50.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 75.0 μM to about 125.0 μM, or from about 90.0 μM to about 110.0 μM.

[0129] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is carbacrol, and the concentration of carbacrol in the composition is from about 250.0 μM to about 1.0 mM, for example, from about 250 μM to about 750.0 μM, or from about 400.0 μM to about 600.0 μM, or from about 450.0 μM to about 550.0 μM.

[0130] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is citral, and the concentration of citral in the composition is from about 250.0 μM to about 1.0 mM, for example, from about 250 μM to about 750.0 μM, or from about 400.0 μM to about 600.0 μM, or from about 450.0 μM to about 550.0 μM.

[0131] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is cinnamaldehyde, and the concentration of cinnamaldehyde in the composition is from about 500.0 μM to about 1.5 mM, for example, from about 750 μM to about 1.25 mM, or from about 900.0 μM to about 1.1 mM.

[0132] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the concentration of hexyl cinnamaldehyde in the composition is from about 10.0 μM to about 75.0 μM, such as from about 15.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, or from about 20.0 μM to about 40.0 μM, or from about 25.0 μM to about 35.0 μM. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0133] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is squalareol, and the concentration of squalareol in the composition is from about 5.0 μM to about 75.0 μM, such as from about 10.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 35.0, or from about 20.0 μM to about 30.0 μM.

[0134] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is saponin (e.g., saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C or saponin D), and the concentration of saponin in the composition is from about 2.0 μM to about 25.0 μM, such as from about 5.0 μM to about 15.0 μM, or from about 8.0 μM to about 12.0 μM. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is saponin b2.

[0135] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is ursolic acid, and the concentration of ursolic acid in the composition is from about 25.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, such as from about 50.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 75.0 μM to about 125.0 μM, or from about 90.0 μM to about 110.0 μM.

[0136] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is a ginsenoside (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), and the concentration of the ginsenoside in the composition is from about 5.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, for example, from about 10.0 μM to about 40.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 30.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 25.0 μM.

[0137] In one embodiment, at least one other compound is ginsenoside Rb2.

[0138] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromoacetic acid, and the concentration of dibromoacetic acid in the composition is from about 50.0 μM to about 500.0 μM, for example, from about 100.0 μM to about 350.0 μM, or from about 150.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, or from about 175.0 μM to about 225.0 μM.

[0139] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is 3-nitrooxypropanol, and the concentration of 3-nitrooxypropanol in the composition is from about 0.25 μM to about 4.0 μM, for example, from about 0.50 μM to about 2.5 μM, or from about 0.50 μM to about 1.75 μM, or from about 0.50 μM to about 1.5 μM, or from about 0.50 μM to about 1.0 μM, or from about 0.70 μM to about 0.85 μM.

[0140] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is cinnamon bark oil, and the amount of cinnamon bark oil in the composition is from about 100 ppm to about 500 ppm, for example, from about 150 ppm to about 350 ppm, or from about 200 ppm to about 300 ppm, or from about 225 ppm to about 275 ppm.

[0141] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is garlic oil, and the amount of garlic oil in the composition is from about 10 ppm to about 250 ppm, such as from about 25 ppm to about 150 ppm, or from about 40 ppm to about 100 ppm, or from about 50 ppm to about 75 ppm. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is garlic oil, and the amount of garlic oil in the composition is about 0.5 ppm, or about 1 ppm, or about 2 ppm, or about 3 ppm, or about 4 ppm, or about 5 ppm.

[0142] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is sandalwood oil, and the amount of sandalwood oil in the composition is from about 1 ppm to about 20 ppm, such as from about 3 ppm to about 15 ppm, or from about 4 ppm to about 10 ppm, or from about 6 ppm to about 8 ppm, or from about 7 ppm to about 8 ppm.

[0143] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is thyme red oil, and the amount of thyme red oil in the composition is from about 10 ppm to about 250 ppm, such as from about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm, or from about 75 ppm to about 150 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 150 ppm. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is thyme red oil, and the amount of thyme red oil in the composition is from about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, or from about 1 ppm to about 40 ppm, or from about 5 ppm to about 35 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, or from about 15 ppm to about 25 ppm.

[0144] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemongrass oil, and the amount of lemongrass oil in the composition is from about 10 ppm to about 250 ppm, such as from about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm, or from about 75 ppm to about 150 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 150 ppm. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemongrass oil, and the amount of lemongrass oil in the composition is from about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, or from about 1 ppm to about 40 ppm, or from about 5 ppm to about 35 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, or from about 15 ppm to about 25 ppm.

[0145] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemon verbena oil, and the amount of lemon verbena oil in the composition is from about 10 ppm to about 250 ppm, such as from about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm, or from about 75 ppm to about 150 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 150 ppm.

[0146] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is pyromellitic diimide, and the amount of pyromellitic diimide in the composition is from about 0.1 ppm to about 10 ppm, or from about 0.25 ppm to about 7.5 ppm, or from about 0.5 to about 5 ppm, or from about 0.75 ppm to about 2.5 ppm.

[0147] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is dibromomethane, and the concentration of dibromomethane in the composition is from about 0.05 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 0.1 μM to about 25 μM, or from about 0.25 μM to about 12.5 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of dibromomethane is from about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, such as from about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM.

[0148] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is diallyl disulfide, and the concentration of diallyl disulfide in the composition is from about 0.1 μM to about 100 μM, or from about 0.5 μM to about 75 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 30 μM.

[0149] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is diallyl trisulfide, and the concentration of diallyl trisulfide in the composition is from about 0.1 μM to about 100 μM, or from about 0.5 μM to about 75 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 30 μM.

[0150] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is dipropyl disulfide, and the concentration of dipropyl disulfide in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 100 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 80 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 60 μM, or from about 10 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 20 μM to about 40 μM.

[0151] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is naringenin, and the concentration of naringenin in the composition is from about 25 μM to about 250 μM, for example, from about 50 μM to about 150 μM, or from about 75 μM to about 125 μM, or from about 90 μM to about 110 μM.

[0152] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the concentration of hexyl cinnamaldehyde in the composition is from about 10 μM to about 75 μM, for example, from about 15 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 20 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 25 μM to about 35 μM. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0153] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is garlic oil, and the amount of garlic oil in the composition is about 0.5 ppm, or about 1 ppm, or about 2 ppm, or about 3 ppm, or about 4 ppm, or about 5 ppm.

[0154] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is thyme red oil, and the amount of thyme red oil in the composition is about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, or about 1 ppm to about 40 ppm, or about 5 ppm to about 35 ppm, or about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, or about 15 ppm to about 25 ppm.

[0155] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is lemongrass oil, and the amount of lemongrass oil in the composition is about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, or about 1 ppm to about 40 ppm, or about 5 ppm to about 35 ppm, or about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, or about 15 ppm to about 25 ppm.

[0156] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is pyromellitic diimide, and the amount of pyromellitic diimide in the composition is about 0.1 ppm to about 10 ppm, or about 0.25 ppm to about 7.5 ppm, or about 0.5 to about 5 ppm, or about 0.75 ppm to about 2.5 ppm.

[0157] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and diallyl disulfide, the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane in the composition is about 0.5 μM to about 10 μM, or about 1 μM to about 5 μM, or about 1.5 μM to about 2.5 μM, the concentration of dibromomethane is about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, for example about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM, and the concentration of diallyl disulfide is about 1.0 μM to about 50 μM, or about 5.0 μM to about 40 μM, or about 15 μM to about 30 μM, or about 20 μM to about 30 μM.

[0158] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and diallyl trisulfide, and the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 10 μM, or from about 1 μM to about 5 μM, or from about 1.5 μM to about 2.5 μM, the concentration of dibromomethane is from about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, for example from about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM, and the concentration of diallyl trisulfide is from about 1.0 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 30 μM, or from about 20 μM to about 30 μM.

[0159] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and dipropyl disulfide, and the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 10 μM, or from about 1 μM to about 5 μM, or from about 1.5 μM to about 2.5 μM, the concentration of dibromomethane is from about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, for example from about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM, and the concentration of dipropyl disulfide is from about 10 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 20 μM to about 40 μM.

[0160] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and naringenin, and the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 10 μM, or from about 1 μM to about 5 μM, or from about 1.5 μM to about 2.5 μM, the concentration of dibromomethane is from about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, for example from about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM, and the concentration of naringenin is from about 50 μM to about 150 μM, or from about 75 μM to about 125 μM, or from about 90 μM to about 110 μM.

[0161] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and garlic oil, the concentration of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 10 μM, or from about 1 μM to about 5 μM, or from about 1.5 μM to about 2.5 μM, the concentration of dibromomethane is from about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, for example from about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM, and the amount of garlic oil is about 1 ppm, or about 2 ppm, or about 3 ppm, or about 4 ppm, or about 5 ppm.

[0162] - Ratio of bromoform to at least one other compound In some embodiments, the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to at least one other compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:10,000. For example, in some embodiments, the ratio of bromoform to at least one other compound is from about 1:50 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:100 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:500 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:50 to about 1:100, or from about 1:100 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:100 to about 1:500, or from about 1:500 to about 1:1500, or from about 1:10 to about 1:100, or from about 1:1000 to about 1:3000, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:7000 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:8000 to about 1:8500.

[0163] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromochloromethane, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to dibromochloromethane is from about 1:1 to about 1:10, or from about 1:1 to about 1:5, or from about 1:1 to about 1:2, or about 1:1:1.2, or about 1:1.3, or about 1:1.4, or about 1:1.5, or about 1:1.6, or about 1:1.7, or about 1:1.8, or about 1:1.9.

[0164] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dipropyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is from about 1:100 to about 1:10,000, for example, from about 1:500 to about 1:10,000, or from about 1:750 to about 1:1250, or from about 1:7500 to about 1:9000.

[0165] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl disulfide, and the ratio of bromoform to the diallyl disulfide is from about 1:100 to about 1:3000, for example, from about 1:100 to about 1:2500, or from about 1:100 to about 1:2100.

[0166] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl trisulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the diallyl trisulfide is from about 1:500 to about 1:1500, for example, from about 1:750 to about 1:1250, or from about 1:1000 to about 1:1100.

[0167] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dimethyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the dimethyl disulfide is from about 1:7500 to 1:9000, for example, from about 1:8000 to 1:8500.

[0168] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dipropyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the dipropyl disulfide is from about 1:7500 to about 1:9000, for example, from about 1:8000 to about 1:8500.

[0169] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), babakin, babakinine, koliol (e.g., koliol A or koliol C), morsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, and xanthohumol, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is about 1:10 to about 1:1000, for example, about 1:25 to about 1:1000, or about 1:50 to about 1:100, about 1:50 to about 1:150.

[0170] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is prenylnarigenin, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is about 1:50 to about 1:150, for example, about 1:75 to about 1:125, or about 1:100 to about 1:110. In one embodiment, the prenylnarigenin is 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin, preferably 8-prenylnarigenin.

[0171] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is babakin, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is about 1:100 to 1:300, for example, about 1:150 to about 1:250, or 1:190 to 1:210.

[0172] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is babakinine, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is about 1:50 to 1:1000, for example, about 1:100 to about 1:850, or 1:50 to 1:150, or about 1:75 to about 1:125, or about 1:100 to about 1:110.

[0173] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is koliol A or koliol C, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is about 1:10 to about 1:50, for example, about 1:15 to about 1:35, or about 1:20 to about 1:30. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is koliol A.

[0174] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is morin, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to that compound is from about 1:2 to about 1:100, for example, from about 1:5 to about 1:90, or from about 1:10 to about 1:90, or from about 1:10 to about 1:30, or from about 1:15 to about 1:25.

[0175] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is isobavachalcone, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to that compound is from about 1:10 to about 1:100, for example, from about 1:15 to about 1:75, or from about 1:20 to about 1:60, or from about 1:40 to about 1:60, or from about 1:45 to about 1:55.

[0176] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is naringenin, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to that compound is from about 1:500 to about 1:1500, for example, from about 1:650 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:750 to about 1:900, or from about 1:800 to about 1:850.

[0177] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is quercetin, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to that compound is from about 1:100 to about 1:1500, for example, from about 1:250 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:350 to about 1:900, or from about 1:750 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:800 to about 1:850.

[0178] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is xanthohumol, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to that compound is from about 1:25 to about 1:150, for example, from about 1:40 to about 1:120, or from about 1:80 to about 1:120, or from about 1:100 to about 1:110.

[0179] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is tannic acid, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the amount of said compound is from about 1:500 to about 1:1500, for example, from about 1:750 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:800 to about 1:900, or from about 1:800 to about 1:850.

[0180] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from cinnamon bark oil (cinnamon bark oil), garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil and lemon verbena oil, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the amount of said compound is from about 1:100 to about 1:10,000, for example, from about 1:200 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:500 to about 1:2500, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:7500 to 1:10,000, or from about 1:200 to about 1:300.

[0181] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is cinnamon bark oil, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the amount of said compound is from about 1:7500 to about 1:10,000, or from about 1:8000 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:8000 to about 1:8500.

[0182] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is garlic oil, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the amount of said compound is from about 1:500 to about 1:4000, or from about 1:750 to about 1:3000, or from about 1:1000 to about 1:2500, or from about 1:1500 to about 1:2500, or from about 1:1750 to about 1:2250, or from about 1:2000 to about 1:2100.

[0183] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is sandalwood oil, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the amount of said compound is from about 1:100 to about 1:500, or from about 1:200 to about 1:400, or from about 1:200 to about 1:300, or from about 1:250 to about 1:270.

[0184] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is thyme red oil, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the amount of the compound is from about 1:2500 to about 1:7500, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:3750 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4000 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4250, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4200.

[0185] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemongrass oil, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the amount of the compound is from about 1:2500 to about 1:7500, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:3750 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4000 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4250, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4200.

[0186] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemon verbena oil, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the amount of the compound is from about 1:2500 to about 1:7500, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:3750 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4000 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4250, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4200.

[0187] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, and hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is from about 1:200 to about 1:10,000, for example, from about 1:200 to about 1:300, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:7500 to about 1:10,000.

[0188] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is carvacrol, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to that compound is from about 1:2500 to about 1:7500, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:3750 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4000 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4250, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4200.

[0189] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is citral, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to that compound is from about 1:2500 to about 1:7500, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:3750 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4000 to about 1:4500, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4250, or from about 1:4100 to about 1:4200.

[0190] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is cinnamaldehyde, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to that compound is from about 1:7500 to about 1:10,000, or from about 1:8000 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:8000 to about 1:8500.

[0191] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to that compound is from about 1:100 to about 1:500, or from about 1:200 to about 1:400, or from about 1:200 to about 1:300, or from about 1:250 to about 1:270. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0192] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from squalareol, psycosaponin (e.g., psycosaponin A, psycosaponin b2, psycosaponin C or psycosaponin D), ursolic acid and ginsenoside (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is about 1:50 to about 1:1000, or about 1:50 to about 1:250, or about 1:750 to about 1:900.

[0193] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is squalareol, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is about 1:50 to about 1:500, or about 1:100 to about 1:350, or about 1:150 to about 1:250, or about 1:175 to about 1:225.

[0194] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is psycosaponin (e.g., psycosaponin A, psycosaponin b2, psycosaponin C or psycosaponin D), and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is about 1:25 to about 1:150, or about 1:50 to about 1:100, or about 1:70 to about 1:90, or about 1:80 to about 1:85. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is psycosaponin b2.

[0195] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is ursolic acid, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is about 1:500 to about 1:1500, for example, about 1:750 to about 1:1000, or about 1:800 to about 1:900, or about 1:800 to about 1:850.

[0196] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is a ginsenoside (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to said compound is from about 1:50 to about 1:350, or from about 1:50 to about 1:250, or from about 1:100 to about 1:200, or from about 1:150 to about 1:175. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is ginsenoside Rb2.

[0197] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromoacetic acid, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to dibromoacetic acid is from about 1:1000 to about 1:2000, for example, from about 1:1500 to about 1:1750, or from about 1:1600 to about 1:1700.

[0198] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is 3-nitrooxypropanol, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to 3-nitrooxypropanol is from about 1:2 to about 1:20, for example, from about 1.5 to about 1:15, or from about 1:5 to about 1:10, or from about 1:6 to about 1:8.

[0199] Bromoform is generally unstable at relatively high concentrations, potentially toxic at such concentrations, and it is advantageous to obtain the effectiveness of reducing methane production at the lowest possible concentration. According to the present invention, this is achievable for bromoform as long as it is used in combination with at least one other compound described herein. In fact, as demonstrated at very low concentrations in the examples, bromoform by itself does not reduce or inhibit methane production. However, when combined with at least one other compound described herein at such low concentrations, reduction or inhibition of methane production is achievable.

[0200] In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform in the composition is less than 0.30 μM, for example, less than 0.25 μM, or less than 0.20 μM, or less than 0.15 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform in the composition is at least about 0.05 μM, for example, at least about 0.075 μM, or at least about 0.10 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration is from about 0.05 μM to about 0.20 μM, for example, from about 0.075 μM to about 0.175 μM, or from about 0.10 μM to about 0.15 μM, or from about 0.11 μM to about 0.13 μM.

[0201] In some embodiments, the concentration of at least one other compound in the composition is higher than the concentration of bromoform. For example, in some embodiments, the concentration of at least one other compound is at least about 2.0 μM, for example, at least about 10.0 μM, or at least about 50.0 μM, or at least about 100.0 μM, or at least about 250.0 μM, or at least about 500.0 μM, or at least about 750.0 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of at least one other compound is less than about 5.0 mM, for example, less than about 2.5 mM, or less than about 1.0 mM, or less than about 750.0 μM, or less than about 500.0 μM, or less than about 250.0 μM.

[0202] In some embodiments, the concentration of at least one other compound in the composition is from about 0.15 μM to about 1.0 mM, for example, from about 2.0 μM to about 1.0 mM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 750.0 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 500.0 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 100.0 μM.

[0203] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromochloromethane, and the concentration of dibromochloromethane in the composition is from about 0.15 μM to about 1.0 μM, for example, from about 0.15 μM to about 0.5 μM, or from about 0.15 μM to about 0.25 μM.

[0204] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl disulfide, and the concentration of diallyl disulfide in the composition is from about 5.0 μM to about 500.0 μM, for example, from about 10.0 μM to about 350.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 250.0 μM.

[0205] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl trisulfide, and the concentration of diallyl trisulfide in the composition is from about 50.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, for example, from about 75.0 μM to about 200.0 μM, or from about 100.0 μM to about 150.0 μM.

[0206] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dimethyl disulfide, and the concentration of dimethyl disulfide in the composition is from about 500.0 μM to about 1.5 mM, for example, from about 750 μM to about 1.25 mM, or from about 900.0 μM to about 1.1 mM.

[0207] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dipropyl disulfide, and the concentration of dipropyl disulfide in the composition is from about 500.0 μM to about 1.5 mM, for example, from about 750 μM to about 1.25 mM, or from about 900.0 μM to about 1.1 mM.

[0208] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), and the concentration of prenylnarigenin in the composition is from about 2.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, for example, from about 5.0 μM to about 25.0 μM, or from about 10.0 μM to about 15.0 μM. In one embodiment, the prenylnarigenin is 8-prenylnarigenin.

[0209] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is babakin, and the concentration of babakin in the composition is from about 5.0 μM to about 75.0 μM, for example, from about 10.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 35.0 μM, or from about 20.0 μM to about 30.0 μM.

[0210] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is bavachinin, and the concentration of bavachinin in the composition is from about 2.0 μM to about 200.0 μM, such as from about 5.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 10.0 μM to about 125.0 μM.

[0211] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is coliphore A or coliphore C, and the concentration of coliphore A or coliphore C in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 10.0 μM, such as from about 1.0 μM to about 7.5 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 5.0 μM. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is coliphore A.

[0212] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is moracin, and the concentration of moracin in the composition is from about 0.25 μM to about 50.0 μM, such as from about 0.50 μM to about 25.0 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 15.0 μM.

[0213] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is isobavachalcone, and the concentration of isobavachalcone in the composition is from about 1.0 μM to about 15.0 μM, such as from about 2.5 μM to about 12.5 μM, or from about 4.0 μM to about 10.0 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 7.5 μM.

[0214] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is naringenin, and the concentration of naringenin in the composition is from about 25.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, such as from about 50.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 75.0 μM to about 125.0 μM, or from about 90.0 μM to about 110.0 μM.

[0215] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is quercetin, and the concentration of quercetin in the composition is from about 25.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, such as from about 50.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 75.0 μM to about 125.0 μM, or from about 90.0 μM to about 110.0 μM.

[0216] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is xanthohumol, and the concentration of xanthohumol in the composition is from about 2.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, such as from about 5.0 μM to about 25.0 μM, or from about 10.0 μM to about 15.0 μM.

[0217] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is tannic acid, and the concentration of tannic acid in the composition is from about 25.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, such as from about 50.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 75.0 μM to about 125.0 μM, or from about 90.0 μM to about 110.0 μM. In some embodiments, at least one other compound is carvacrol, and the concentration of carvacrol in the composition is from about 250.0 μM to about 1.0 mM, such as from about 250 μM to about 750.0 μM, or from about 400.0 μM to about 600.0 μM, or from about 450.0 μM to about 550.0 μM.

[0218] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is citral, and the concentration of citral in the composition is from about 250.0 μM to about 1.0 mM, such as from about 250 μM to about 750.0 μM, or from about 400.0 μM to about 600.0 μM, or from about 450.0 μM to about 550.0 μM.

[0219] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is cinnamaldehyde, and the concentration of cinnamaldehyde in the composition is from about 500.0 μM to about 1.5 mM, such as from about 750 μM to about 1.25 mM, or from about 900.0 μM to about 1.1 mM.

[0220] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the concentration of hexyl cinnamaldehyde in the composition is from about 10.0 μM to about 75.0 μM, such as from about 15.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, or from about 20.0 μM to about 40.0 μM, or from about 25.0 μM to about 35.0 μM. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0221] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is squalareol, and the concentration of squalareol in the composition is from about 5.0 μM to about 75.0 μM, such as from about 10.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 35.0 μM, or from about 20.0 μM to about 30.0 μM.

[0222] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is saponin (e.g., saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C or saponin D), and the concentration of saponin in the composition is from about 2.0 μM to about 25.0 μM, such as from about 5.0 μM to about 15.0 μM, or from about 8.0 μM to about 12.0 μM. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is saponin b2.

[0223] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is ursolic acid, and the concentration of ursolic acid in the composition is from about 25.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, such as from about 50.0 μM to about 150.0 μM, or from about 75.0 μM to about 125.0 μM, or from about 90.0 μM to about 110.0 μM.

[0224] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is a ginsenoside (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), and the concentration of the ginsenoside in the composition is from about 5.0 μM to about 50.0 μM, for example, from about 10.0 μM to about 40.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 30.0 μM, or from about 15.0 μM to about 25.0 μM. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is ginsenoside Rb2.

[0225] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromoacetic acid, and the concentration of dibromoacetic acid in the composition is from about 50.0 μM to about 500.0 μM, for example, from about 100.0 μM to about 350.0 μM, or from about 150.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, or from about 175.0 μM to about 225.0 μM.

[0226] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is 3-nitrooxypropanol, and the concentration of 3-nitrooxypropanol in the composition is from about 0.25 μM to about 4.0 μM, for example, from about 0.50 μM to about 2.5 μM, or from about 0.50 μM to about 1.75 μM, or from about 0.50 μM to about 1.5 μM, or from about 0.50 μM to about 1.0 μM, or from about 0.70 μM to about 0.85 μM.

[0227] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is cinnamon bark oil, and the amount of cinnamon bark oil in the composition is from about 100 ppm to about 500 ppm, for example, from about 150 ppm to about 350 ppm, or from about 200 ppm to about 300 ppm, or from about 225 ppm to about 275 ppm.

[0228] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is garlic oil, and the amount of garlic oil in the composition is from about 10 ppm to about 250 ppm, for example, from about 25 ppm to about 150 ppm, or from about 40 ppm to about 100 ppm, or from about 50 ppm to about 75 ppm.

[0229] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is sandalwood oil, and the amount of sandalwood oil in the composition is from about 1 ppm to about 20 ppm, for example, from about 3 ppm to about 15 ppm, or from about 4 ppm to about 10 ppm, or from about 6 ppm to about 8 ppm, or from about 7 ppm to about 8 ppm.

[0230] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is thyme red oil, and the amount of thyme red oil in the composition is from about 10 ppm to about 250 ppm, for example, from about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm, or from about 75 ppm to about 150 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 150 ppm.

[0231] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemongrass oil, and the amount of lemongrass oil in the composition is from about 10 ppm to about 250 ppm, for example, from about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm, or from about 75 ppm to about 150 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 150 ppm.

[0232] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemon verbena oil, and the amount of lemon verbena oil in the composition is from about 10 ppm to about 250 ppm, for example, from about 50 ppm to about 200 ppm, or from about 75 ppm to about 150 ppm, or from about 100 ppm to about 150 ppm.

[0233] - The ratio of iodoform to at least one other compound In some embodiments, the composition comprises iodoform and at least one other compound, for example, iodoform and one other compound.

[0234] In some embodiments, the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to at least one other compound is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:10,000. For example, in some embodiments, the ratio of iodoform to at least one other compound is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:100, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:75, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:50.

[0235] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromomethane, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to dibromomethane is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:1, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:0.75, or from about 1:0.15 to about 1:0.5, or from about 1:0.2 to about 1:0.3.

[0236] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dipropyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20.

[0237] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl disulfide, and the ratio of iodoform to the diallyl disulfide is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20, or from about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0238] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl trisulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the diallyl trisulfide is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20, or from about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0239] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dipropyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to dipropyl disulfide is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:12.5 to about 1:20, or from about 1:12.5 to about 1:17.5.

[0240] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from prenylnarengenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarengenin or 8-prenylnarengenin), babakin, babakinine, koliol (e.g., koliol A or koliol C), morsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, and xanthohumol, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is about 1:1 to about 1:500, or about 1:5 to about 1:250, or about 1:10 to about 1:100, or about 1:25 to about 1:75.

[0241] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is naringenin, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is about 1:1 to about 1:500, or about 1:5 to about 1:250, or about 1:10 to about 1:100, or about 1:25 to about 1:75, or about 1:40 to about 1:60.

[0242] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and lemon verbena oil, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the amount of the compound is about 1:0.5 to about 1:100, or about 1:1 to about 1:75, or about 1:2.5 to about 1:50, or about 1:5 to about 1:30.

[0243] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is garlic oil, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the amount of the compound is about 1:0.5 to about 1:100, about 1:1 to about 1:50, or about 1:2.5 to about 1:25, or about 1:5 to about 1:10.

[0244] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is thyme red oil, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the amount of the compound is about 1:1 to about 1:100, about 1:2.5 to about 1:75, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:40, and about 1:20 to about 1:30.

[0245] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemongrass oil, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the amount of the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, from about 1:2.5 to about 1:75, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:40, and from about 1:20 to about 1:30.

[0246] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is selected from carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, and hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20, or from about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0247] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20, or from about 1:10 to about 1:15. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0248] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is pyromellitic diimide, and the concentration ratio of iodoform to pyromellitic diimide is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:25, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:10, or from about 1:0.5 to about 1:5, or from about 1:1 to about 1:2.5.

[0249] In some embodiments, the composition comprises iodoform and at least two other compounds, such as iodoform and two other compounds. In some embodiments, the composition comprises iodoform and at least two other compounds selected from the group consisting of dibromomethane, pyromellitic diimide, naringenin, dipropyl disulfide, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the composition comprises iodoform, dibromomethane, and one other compound, and the one other compound is selected from the group consisting of naringenin, dipropyl disulfide, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide, or diallyl trisulfide.

[0250] In some embodiments, the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to at least two other compounds is from about 1:0.05:1 to about 1:1:500. For example, in some embodiments, the ratio of iodoform to at least two other compounds is from about 1:0.05:1 to about 1:0.75:250, or from about 1:0.15:2 to about 1:0.5:100, or from about 1:0.2:5 to about 1:0.3:50.

[0251] In some embodiments, one of the at least two other compounds is dibromomethane, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to dibromomethane is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:1, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:0.75, or from about 1:0.15 to about 1:0.5, or from about 1:0.2 to about 1:0.3.

[0252] In some embodiments, one of the at least two other compounds is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dipropyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20.

[0253] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is diallyl disulfide, and the ratio of iodoform to said diallyl disulfide is about 1:1 to about 1:100, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:25, or about 1:10 to about 1:20, or about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0254] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is diallyl trisulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to said diallyl trisulfide is about 1:1 to about 1:100, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:25, or about 1:10 to about 1:20, or about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0255] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is dipropyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to dipropyl disulfide is about 1:1 to about 1:100, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:25, or about 1:12.5 to about 1:20, or about 1:12.5 to about 1:17.5.

[0256] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is selected from prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), bavachin, bavachinin, khellifolin (e.g., khellifolin A or khellifolin C), moracin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, and xanthohumol, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to said compound is about 1:1 to about 1:500, or about 1:5 to about 1:250, or about 1:10 to about 1:100, or about 1:25 to about 1:75.

[0257] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is naringenin, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to said compound is about 1:1 to about 1:500, or about 1:5 to about 1:250, or about 1:10 to about 1:100, or about 1:25 to about 1:75, or about 1:40 to about 1:60.

[0258] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is selected from cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and lemon verbena oil, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the amount of the compound is from about 1:0.5 to about 1:100, or from about 1:1 to about 1:75, or from about 1:2.5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:5 to about 1:30.

[0259] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is garlic oil, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the amount of the compound is from about 1:0.5 to about 1:100, from about 1:1 to about 1:50, or from about 1:2.5 to about 1:25, or from about 1:5 to about 1:10.

[0260] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is thyme red oil, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the amount of the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, from about 1:2.5 to about 1:75, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:40, and from about 1:20 to about 1:30.

[0261] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is lemongrass oil, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the amount of the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, from about 1:2.5 to about 1:75, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:40, and from about 1:20 to about 1:30.

[0262] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is selected from carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, and hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20, or from about 1:10 to about 1:15.

[0263] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is about 1:1 to about 1:100, or about 1:5 to about 1:50, or about 1:10 to about 1:25, or about 1:10 to about 1:20, or about 1:10 to about 1:15. In one embodiment, at least one of the other compounds is α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0264] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is pyromellitic diimide, and the concentration ratio of iodoform to pyromellitic diimide is about 1:0.05 to about 1:25, or about 1:0.1 to about 1:10, or about 1:0.5 to about 1:5, or about 1:1 to about 1:2.5.

[0265] In some embodiments, the at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and diallyl disulfide, and the concentrations of iodoform to dibromomethane to diallyl disulfide are about 1:0.05:1 to about 1:1:50, or about 1:0.1:5 to about 1:0.75:25, or about 1:0.15:10 to about 1:0.5:20, or about 1:0.2:10 to about 1:0.3:15.

[0266] In some embodiments, the at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and diallyl trisulfide, and the concentrations of iodoform to dibromomethane to diallyl trisulfide are about 1:0.05:1 to about 1:1:50, or about 1:0.1:5 to about 1:0.75:25, or about 1:0.15:10 to about 1:0.5:20, or about 1:0.2:10 to about 1:0.3:15.

[0267] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and dipropyldisulfide, and the concentration of iodoform to dibromomethane to dipropyldisulfide is from about 1:0.05:1 to about 1:1:50, or from about 1:0.1:5 to about 1:0.75:25, or from about 1:0.15:10 to about 1:0.5:20, or from about 1:0.2:12.5 to about 1:0.3:17.5.

[0268] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and naringenin, and the concentration of iodoform to dibromomethane to naringenin is from about 1:0.05:5 to about 1:1:250, or from about 1:0.1:10 to about 1:0.75:100, or from about 1:0.15:25 to about 1:0.5:75, or from about 1:0.2:40 to about 1:0.3:60.

[0269] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and garlic oil, and the concentration of iodoform to dibromomethane to garlic oil is from about 1:0.05:0.5 to about 1:1:100, or from about 1:0.1:1 to about 1:0.75:50, or from about 1:0.15:2.5 to about 1:0.5:25, or from about 1:0.2:5 to about 1:0.3:10.

[0270] Iodoform is generally stable at relatively high concentrations and is less toxic than bromoform at these concentrations.

[0271] In some embodiments, the concentration of iodoform in the composition is at least about 0.5 μM, for example, at least about 1 μM, or at least about 2 μM, or at least about 5 μM, or at least about 10 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration is from about 0.5 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 1 μM to about 25 μM, or from about 1.5 μM to about 12.5 μM. In some embodiments, the iodoform is from about 1 μM to about 5 μM, for example, from 1.5 μM to about 2.5 μM.

[0272] In some embodiments, the concentration of at least one other compound is at least about 0.5 μM, at least about 2.0 μM, for example, at least about 10 μM, or at least about 50 μM, or at least about 100.0 μM, or at least about 250 μM, or at least about 500 μM, or at least about 750 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of at least one other compound is less than about 5.0 mM, for example, less than about 2.5 mM, or less than about 1.0 mM, or less than about 750 μM, or less than about 500 μM, or less than about 250 μM, or less than about 100 μM, or less than about 50 μM, or less than about 10 μM, or less than about 5 μM.

[0273] In some embodiments, the concentration of at least one other compound in the composition is from about 0.15 μM to about 1.0 mM, for example, from about 0.5 μM to about 1.0 mM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 750 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 500 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 250 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 150 μM, or from about 2.0 μM to about 100 μM.

[0274] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dibromomethane, and the concentration of dibromomethane in the composition is from about 0.05 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 0.1 μM to about 25 μM, or from about 0.25 μM to about 12.5 μM.

[0275] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl disulfide, and the concentration of diallyl disulfide in the composition is from about 0.1 μM to about 100 μM, or from about 0.5 μM to about 75 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 30 μM.

[0276] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is diallyl trisulfide, and the concentration of diallyl trisulfide in the composition is from about 0.1 μM to about 100 μM, or from about 0.5 μM to about 75 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 30 μM.

[0277] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is dipropyldisulfide, and the concentration of dipropyldisulfide in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 100 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 80 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 60 μM, or from about 10 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 20 μM to about 40 μM.

[0278] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is naringenin, and the concentration of naringenin in the composition is from about 25 μM to about 250 μM, for example, from about 50 μM to about 150 μM, or from about 75 μM to about 125 μM, or from about 90 μM to about 110 μM.

[0279] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α - hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2 - hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the concentration of hexyl cinnamaldehyde in the composition is from about 10 μM to about 75 μM, for example, from about 15 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 20 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 25 μM to about 35 μM. In one embodiment, at least one other compound is α - hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0280] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is garlic oil, and the amount of garlic oil in the composition is about 0.5 ppm, or about 1 ppm, or about 2 ppm, or about 3 ppm, or about 4 ppm, or about 5 ppm.

[0281] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is thyme red oil, and the amount of thyme red oil in the composition is from about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, or from about 1 ppm to about 40 ppm, or from about 5 ppm to about 35 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, or from about 15 ppm to about 25 ppm.

[0282] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is lemongrass oil, and the amount of lemongrass oil in the composition is from about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, or from about 1 ppm to about 40 ppm, or from about 5 ppm to about 35 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, or from about 15 ppm to about 25 ppm.

[0283] In some embodiments, at least one other compound is pyromellitic diimide, and the amount of pyromellitic diimide in the composition is from about 0.1 ppm to about 10 ppm, or from about 0.25 ppm to about 7.5 ppm, or from about 0.5 to about 5 ppm, or from about 0.75 ppm to about 2.5 ppm.

[0284] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is dibromomethane, and the concentration of dibromomethane in the composition is from about 0.05 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 0.1 μM to about 25 μM, or from about 0.25 μM to about 12.5 μM. In some embodiments, the concentration of dibromomethane is from about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, for example, from about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM.

[0285] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is diallyl disulfide, and the concentration of diallyl disulfide in the composition is from about 0.1 μM to about 100 μM, or from about 0.5 μM to about 75 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 30 μM.

[0286] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is diallyl trisulfide, and the concentration of diallyl trisulfide in the composition is from about 0.1 μM to about 100 μM, or from about 0.5 μM to about 75 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 30 μM.

[0287] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is dipropyldisulfide, and the concentration of dipropyldisulfide in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 100 μM, or from about 1.0 μM to about 80 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 60 μM, or from about 10 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 20 μM to about 40 μM.

[0288] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is naringenin, and the concentration of naringenin in the composition is from about 25 μM to about 250 μM, for example, from about 50 μM to about 150 μM, or from about 75 μM to about 125 μM, or from about 90 μM to about 110 μM.

[0289] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α - hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2 - hexyl cinnamaldehyde), and the concentration of hexyl cinnamaldehyde in the composition is from about 10 μM to about 75 μM, for example, from about 15 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 20 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 25 μM to about 35 μM. In one embodiment, at least one of the other compounds is α - hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0290] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is garlic oil, and the amount of garlic oil in the composition is about 0.5 ppm, or about 1 ppm, or about 2 ppm, or about 3 ppm, or about 4 ppm, or about 5 ppm.

[0291] In some embodiments, one of at least two other compounds is thyme red oil, and the amount of thyme red oil in the composition is from about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, or from about 1 ppm to about 40 ppm, or from about 5 ppm to about 35 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, or from about 15 ppm to about 25 ppm.

[0292] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is lemongrass oil, and the amount of lemongrass oil in the composition is from about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, or from about 1 ppm to about 40 ppm, or from about 5 ppm to about 35 ppm, or from about 10 ppm to about 30 ppm, or from about 15 ppm to about 25 ppm.

[0293] In some embodiments, at least one of the at least two other compounds is pyromellitic diimide, and the amount of pyromellitic diimide in the composition is from about 0.1 ppm to about 10 ppm, or from about 0.25 ppm to about 7.5 ppm, or from about 0.5 to about 5 ppm, or from about 0.75 ppm to about 2.5 ppm.

[0294] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and diallyl disulfide, the concentration of iodoform in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 10 μM, or from about 1 μM to about 5 μM, or from about 1.5 μM to about 2.5 μM, the concentration of dibromomethane is from about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, for example from about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM, and the concentration of diallyl disulfide is from about 1.0 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 30 μM, or from about 20 μM to about 30 μM.

[0295] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and diallyl trisulfide, the concentration of iodoform in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 10 μM, or from about 1 μM to about 5 μM, or from about 1.5 μM to about 2.5 μM, the concentration of dibromomethane is from about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, for example from about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM, and the concentration of diallyl trisulfide is from about 1.0 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 5.0 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 30 μM, or from about 20 μM to about 30 μM.

[0296] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and dipropyldisulfide, the concentration of iodoform in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 10 μM, or from about 1 μM to about 5 μM, or from about 1.5 μM to about 2.5 μM, the concentration of dibromomethane is from about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, for example from about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM, and the concentration of dipropyldisulfide is from about 10 μM to about 50 μM, or from about 15 μM to about 40 μM, or from about 20 μM to about 40 μM.

[0297] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and naringenin, the concentration of iodoform in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 10 μM, or from about 1 μM to about 5 μM, or from about 1.5 μM to about 2.5 μM, the concentration of dibromomethane is from about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, for example from about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM, and the concentration of naringenin is from about 50 μM to about 150 μM, or from about 75 μM to about 125 μM, or from about 90 μM to about 110 μM.

[0298] In some embodiments, at least two other compounds are dibromomethane and garlic oil, the concentration of iodoform in the composition is from about 0.5 μM to about 10 μM, or from about 1 μM to about 5 μM, or from about 1.5 μM to about 2.5 μM; the concentration of dibromomethane is from about 0.1 μM to about 1 μM, for example from about 0.25 μM to about 0.75 μM; and the amount of garlic oil is about 1 ppm, or about 2 ppm, or about 3 ppm, or about 4 ppm, or about 5 ppm.

[0299] - Formulation of animal feed The compositions disclosed herein (including all embodiments and any combination of embodiments) can be provided in the form of an animal feed composition or combined with animal feed to form an animal feed composition.

[0300] Animal feed can be, for example, any composition suitable for providing nutrition to animals, particularly ruminants. For example, animal feed can be suitable for any ruminant, such as cows, goats, sheep, yaks, deer or antelopes. Animal feed can be suitable for any pseudo-ruminant, such as camels and zebras. Animal feed can be suitable for any monogastric animal, such as kangaroos, rats, dogs, pigs, cats, horses, birds (e.g., pigeons, penguins) and rabbits. Animal feed may be suitable for monogastric herbivores such as kangaroos, horses and rabbits.

[0301] Animal feed can be solid (e.g., powder, granule, pellet), semi-solid (e.g., gel, cream, paste) or liquid (e.g., solution, suspension, emulsion). The composition of the present invention can be used, for example, to "top dress" (add on top) animal feedlot feed or to mix it into a total mixed ration. Animal feed can be added, for example, to the drinking water of animals. In certain embodiments, the composition of the present invention can be added to the drinking water of animals immediately before ingestion, such as up to 1 hour before ingestion, or up to 30 minutes before ingestion, or up to 15 minutes before ingestion, or up to 5 minutes before ingestion.

[0302] The three main types of animal feed include roughage, concentrates, and compound feeds. Generally, roughage contains a high percentage of crude fiber and a low proportion of digestible nutrients. For example, roughage can be defined as containing 20% by weight or more of crude fiber and 80% by weight or less of total digestible nutrients, and can be defined, for example, as containing 20% by weight or more of crude fiber and 70% by weight or less of total digestible nutrients, or as containing 20% by weight or more of crude fiber and 60% by weight or less of total digestible nutrients. Roughage can include, for example, dry roughage (such as hay, straw, artificially dehydrated feed containing at least 90% dry matter), silage (formed from green feeds such as grass, alfalfa, sorghum, and corn, and stored in a silo with a dry matter content of 20 - 50%), and pasture (such as green growing pasture that provides feed with a high water content and only 20 - 30% dry matter). Two basic types of roughage include grasses and legumes. Grasses generally have more fiber and dry matter than legumes. Legumes generally have higher protein, energy, vitamins, and minerals.

[0303] Concentrates are the opposite of roughage, containing a low proportion of crude fiber and a high percentage of digestible nutrients. For example, concentrates can be defined as containing less than 20% by weight of crude fiber and more than 60% by weight of total digestible nutrients. Concentrates can include, for example, energy-rich grains and molasses. Corn, barley, wheat, and milo (sorghum grain) are energy-rich grains containing approximately 70 - 80% by weight of total digestible nutrients. Examples of concentrates also include wheat bran, rice bran, wheat middlings, rye middlings, and rice polishings.

[0304] Compound feeds are generally a mixture of roughage and concentrates to provide a "complete" balanced formulation, and can have either high or low energy, protein, or fiber.

[0305] The composition of the present invention can be provided in a concentrated form for addition to animal feed compositions.

[0306] Trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane, such as bromoform or iodoform, and at least one other compound described herein can be combined with animal feed in various amounts depending on, for example, the total amount of trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane, such as bromoform or iodoform, and at least one other compound intended to be administered or consumed by the animal.

[0307] The animal feed composition can contain, for example, from about 0.0001% to about 10% by weight, such as from about 0.01% to about 10% by weight, of the composition of the present invention based on the total dry weight of the animal feed composition. For example, the animal feed composition can be from about 0.1% to about 9.5%, or from about 0.4% to about 9.5%, or from about 0.5% to about 9%, or from about 0.6% to about 8.5%, or from about 0.7% to about 8%, or from about 0.8% to about 7.5%, or from about 0.9% to about 7%, or from about 1% to about 6%, or from about 1.5% to about 5.5%, or from about 2% to about 5%, or from about 2.5% to about 4.5%, or from about 3% to about 4% of the composition of the present invention, based on the total dry weight of the animal feed composition. For example, the animal feed composition can contain from about 0.0001% to about 1.0% by weight, or from about 0.001% to about 0.8% by weight, or from about 0.01% to about 0.5% by weight, or from about 0.1% to about 0.4% by weight of the composition of the present invention based on the total dry weight of the animal feed composition. The animal feed composition may further contain other animal feed supplements, such as, for example, vitamins, minerals, antibiotics, growth stimulants, and combinations thereof. For example, the animal feed composition may contain other biologically active animal feed supplements, such as, for example, animal feed supplements suitable for reducing methane production / emissions and / or increasing the availability of nutrients to the animal. The vitamins can be any one or more of vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, vitamin K, thiamine, riboflavin, pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin, carotenoids (including β-carotene, zeaxanthin, lutein, and lycopene), niacin, folic acid, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin C, choline, inositol, and salts and derivatives thereof. The minerals can be any one or more of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, cobalt, boron, iodine, sodium, potassium, molybdenum, selenium, chromium, fluorine, and chloride. The animal feed composition may contain, for example, from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% of each additional animal feed supplement, or from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, or from about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt% of each additional animal feed supplement. The animal feed composition may contain, for example, in addition to the active substances, other components such as, for example, flavoring agents, coloring agents, stabilizers (such as rosemary), enhancers (such as digestibility enhancers), buffers, emulsifiers, dispersants, thickeners, solubilizers, micronutrients (such as selenium), antioxidants (such as vitamins like vitamin C, vitamin E), feed materials (such as carbohydrates, amino acids, and urea).

[0308] The animal feed composition may be in the form of an animal feed supplement, an animal feed additive, or a complementary feed, or may be provided as an animal feed supplement, an animal feed additive, or a complementary feed.

[0309] An animal feed supplement generally refers to any substance, preparation, or product suitable for complementing animal feed.

[0310] Animal feed additives are substances, preparations or products that are intentionally added to feed (or water), in particular to perform one or more specific functions. For example, they are for the purpose of meeting the nutritional requirements of animals, or improving the quality of feed, or improving the performance and health of animals. Animal feed additives are typically regulated products, i.e., they can be marketed only if they are approved for use and are used only for the purposes described within the approval.

[0311] Complementary feeds are substances, preparations or products that are typically designed to be only a part of an animal's diet and may not meet known nutritional requirements when fed alone. They are typically used in combination with additional food types to meet daily requirements, as described herein.

[0312] - Methods and uses The compositions and animal feed compositions (including all embodiments and combinations of embodiments described herein) can be used to reduce methane production and / or emissions by animals, increase the availability of nutrients to animals, and / or increase and / or enhance the efficiency of milk production and / or weight gain in animals. Without wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the compositions can reduce methane production by microorganisms in the animal's gut, and thus reduce the nutrients used by those microorganisms, increasing the availability of nutrients to the animal. The compositions can improve feed digestion to increase the availability of nutrients to the animal.

[0313] In certain embodiments, the animal is a ruminant. Examples of ruminants include, for example, cows, goats, sheep, yaks, deer or antelopes. In certain embodiments, the animal is a pseudo-ruminant. Examples of pseudo-ruminants include, for example, camels and llamas. In certain embodiments, the animal is a monogastric animal. Examples of monogastric animals include, for example, kangaroos, rats, dogs, pigs, cats, horses, birds (e.g., chickens and penguins) and rabbits. In certain embodiments, the animal is a monogastric herbivore. Examples of monogastric herbivores include, for example, kangaroos, horses and rabbits.

[0314] The compositions and animal feed compositions described herein can be orally administered to animals. The compositions and animal feed compositions described herein can be administered, for example, daily to animals.

[0315] The amount of the animal feed composition administered to or consumed by an animal can vary depending on the requirements of the animal and the magnitude of methane production by the animal. The total daily amount of the animal feed composition administered to or ingested by an animal can be, for example, from about 1 g to about 1000 g per day, or from about 10 g to 100 g per day, or from about 10 g to about 1000 g per day, or from about 100 g to about 1000 g per day, or from about 200 g to about 1000 g per day, or from about 300 g to about 700 g per day, or from about 400 to about 500 g per day. This amount can vary depending on the requirements of the animal and the severity of methane production by the animal. For example, the amount of the animal feed composition administered to or ingested by an animal can vary depending on the type of the animal subject, the size of the animal, the age of the animal and / or the gut microbiota. Determination of the appropriate amount for a particular subject is within the scope of those skilled in the art. The total daily amount can be divided and administered little by little during the day as needed (e.g., 2 or 3 times per day). Generally, the appropriate daily dose of the active agent is the amount that is the lowest dose effective to produce the desired effect. Increasing the amount of the active agent (bromoform and at least one other compound described herein) administered / ingested by the animal can, for example, reduce the amount of methane production.

[0316] The compositions or animal feed compositions described herein can reduce methane production and / or emissions by, for example, at least about 1%, such as at least 5% or at least 10% (compared to methane production and / or emissions when the composition or animal feed composition is not consumed). For example, the composition or animal feed composition can reduce methane production and / or emissions by at least about 15%, or at least about 20%, or at least about 25%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 45%, or at least about 50%. The compositions or animal feed compositions described herein can, for example, reduce methane production and / or emissions up to 100%. For example, the composition or animal feed composition can reduce methane production and / or emissions to about 99%, or about 98%, or about 97%, or about 96%, or about 95%, or about 90%, or about 85%, or about 80%, or about 75%, or about 70%. This can be evaluated, for example, according to the methods described in the following examples.

[0317] The animal feed composition described herein can increase milk production and / or weight gain by at least about 1% (compared to milk production and / or weight gain when the composition or animal feed composition is not consumed). For example, the composition or animal feed composition can increase milk production and / or weight gain by at least about 5%, or at least about 10%, or at least about 15%, or at least about 20%, or at least about 25%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 45%, or at least about 50%. The composition or animal feed composition described herein can increase milk production and / or weight gain by up to 100%, for example. For example, the composition or animal feed composition can increase milk volume and / or weight gain by up to about 95%, or up to about 90%, or up to about 85%, or up to about 80%, or up to about 75%, or up to about 70%. This can be measured, for example, by the volume of milk produced per day or the weight of the animal. Other measurement techniques include computerized tomography (CT) scans for measuring empty body weight (total mass excluding intestinal contents), carcass mass, and compositional analysis (defatted muscle, fat, and major fat distribution; as well as changes in organs including the liver).

[0318] The compositions or animal feed compositions described herein can, for example, increase the milk production efficiency and / or weight gain of an animal by at least about 1% (compared to the milk production efficiency and / or weight gain of the animal if the composition or animal feed composition had not been consumed). For example, the composition or animal feed composition can increase the milk yield and / or efficiency of weight gain of an animal by at least about 5%, or at least about 10%, or at least about 15%, or at least about 20%, or at least about 25%, or at least about 30%, or at least about 35%, or at least about 40%, or at least about 45%, or at least about 50%. The compositions or animal feed compositions described herein can, for example, increase the milk production efficiency and / or weight gain of an animal up to 100%. For example, the composition or animal feed composition can increase the milk production efficiency and / or weight gain of an animal up to about 95%, or up to about 90%, or up to about 85%, or up to about 80%, or up to about 75%, or up to about 70%. Efficiency relates to the extent to which a particular biological process (e.g., milk, weight gain) occurs per unit of nutrients ingested. This can be measured, for example, by the change in the amount of milk produced per day, or by dividing the weight of the animal by the total nutrients consumed by the animal.

[0319] As described herein, the components of the composition or animal feed composition can act synergistically to reduce methane production in an animal, inhibit methane generation, and / or increase milk volume and / or weight gain. A synergistic combination of a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane, e.g., bromoform or iodoform, and at least one other compound described herein provides an effect greater than the sum of the effects of the individual components alone, and thus can provide improved performance.

[0320] In some embodiments, one or more methane sources belong to the genus Methanobacterium, Methanosarcina, Methanobrevibacter, Methanosarcina, Methanoculleus, Methanosphaera, Methanocorpusculum, Methanofollis, Methanogenium, Methanomicrobium, Methanopyrus, Methanoregula, Methanasaeta, Methanthermobacter or Methanococcus. In some embodiments, one or more methane sources are selected from Methanobacterium formicicum, Methanobacterium bryantii, Methanobrevibacter ruminantium, Methanobrevibacter millerae, Methanobrevibacter olleyae, Methanomicrobium mobile, Methanoculleus olentangyi, Methanosarcina barkeri, Methanobrevibacter boviskoreani, Methanobacterium beijingense, Methanoculleus marisnigri, Methanoculleus bourgensis, Methanosarcina mazei, Methanobrevibacter gottschalkii, Methanobrevibacter thaueri, Methanobrevibacter smithii, Methanosphaera stadtmanae, Methanobrevibacter woesei and Methanobrevibacter wolinii. In some examples, one or more methane sources (methanogens) are Methanococcus maripaludis.

[0321] - Manufacturing method The compositions described herein can be prepared by combining a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane, such as bromoform or iodoform, with at least one other compound described herein. The animal feed compositions described herein can be prepared by combining animal feed with the compositions described herein, i.e., trihalomethanes other than dibromochloromethane, such as bromoform or iodoform, and at least one other compound described herein. These components are combined in appropriate amounts to obtain a composition having the desired amounts and / or concentrations of each component. Each component can be combined with one or more other components in any order and combination suitable for obtaining the desired product. For example, each component can be combined by mixing or blending, such as by top dressing. Such methods are well known in the art. The composition can be prepared in a dry solid form, such as a powder form, and can be subjected to further processing steps depending on the type of formulation for the intended finished product. The method may preferably further include a shaping step, in which the mixture is shaped, compressed, spray dried, or otherwise formed into a shape having dimensions and / or texture suitable for consumption by an animal of the type described herein (e.g., rod, ball, pellet, cluster, tablet form). The method can include housing the composition or animal feed composition in a specific delivery device such as a syringe. The method can include forming the composition or animal feed composition into a bolus administration tablet form intended to remain in the stomach of the animal (e.g., the rumen of a ruminant).

[0322] The compositions and animal feed compositions described herein can be packaged in a protective packaging material such as a flexible intermediate bulk container (FIBC), woven bag, paper bag, aluminum bag, or polyethylene bag. The compositions and animal feed compositions can be placed in a box or vacuum pack and packaged with a water-tight and / or air-tight material. The animal feed composition may be filled under nitrogen to prevent decomposition by oxygen.

[0323] This disclosure can be illustrated by one or more of the following paragraphs:

[0324] 1. A composition comprising bromoform and at least one other compound selected from the following: dibromochloromethane, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), babakin, babakinine, koliol (e.g., koliol A or koliol C), morsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, xanthohumol, tannic acid, cinnamon resin oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, lemon verbena oil, carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, citral, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), squalene, saponin (e.g., saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C or saponin D), ursolic acid, ginsenoside (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), dibromoacetic acid and 3-nitrooxypropanol, and any combination thereof.

[0325] 2. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein the at least one other compound is dibromochloromethane.

[0326] 3. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein the at least one other compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dipropyl disulfide.

[0327] 4. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein at least one other compound is selected from prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), babakin, babakinine, colipholl (e.g., colipholl A or colipholl C), molsidomine, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, and xanthohumol.

[0328] 5. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein at least one other compound is tannic acid.

[0329] 6. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein at least one other compound is selected from cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and lemon verbena oil.

[0330] 7. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein at least one other compound is selected from carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, and hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde).

[0331] 8. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein at least one other compound is selected from esculetin, saponins (e.g., saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C, or saponin D), ursolic acid, and ginsenosides (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, or ginsenoside Rf).

[0332] 9. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein at least one other compound is dibromoacetic acid.

[0333] 10. The composition according to paragraph 1, wherein at least one other compound is 3-nitrooxypropanol.

[0334] 11. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 10 above, wherein the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the at least one other compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:10,000.

[0335] 12. The composition according to paragraph 1, which is as follows: (i) The compound is dibromochloromethane, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to dibromochloromethane is from 1:1 to 1:2; or (ii) The compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dipropyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is from about 1:100 to about 1:10,000, for example, from about 1:500 to about 1:10,000, or from about 1:750 to about 1:1250, or from about 1:7500 to about 1:9000; or (iii) The compound is selected from 8-prenylnaringenin, babakin, babakinine, koliol A, molsidomine, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, and xanthohumol, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is from about 1:10 to about 1:1000, for example, from about 1:25 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:50 to about 1:100, or from about 1:50 to about 1:150; or (iv) The compound is tannic acid, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to tannic acid is from about 1:500 to about 1:1500, for example, from about 1:750 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:800 to about 1:900; or (v) The compound is selected from cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and lemon verbena oil, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the amount of the above compound is from about 1:100 to about 1:10,000, for example, from about 1:200 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:500 to about 1:2500, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:7500 to 1:10,000, or from about 1:200 to about 1:300; or (vi) The compound is selected from carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde and α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the above compound is from about 1:200 to about 1:10,000, for example, from about 1:200 to about 1:300, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:7500 to about 1:10,000; or (vii) The compound is selected from squalareol, psycodosaponin b2, ursolic acid and ginsenoside Rb2, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the above compound is from about 1:50 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:50 to about 1:250, or from about 1:750 to about 1:900; or (viii) The compound is dibromoacetic acid, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to dibromoacetic acid is from about 1:1000 to about 1:2000, for example from about 1:1500 to about 1:1750; or (ix) The compound is 3-nitrooxypropanol, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to 3-nitrooxypropanol is from about 1:2 to about 1:20, for example, from about 1:5 to about 1:15.

[0336] 13. The concentration of bromoform in the composition is less than about 0.20 μM, for example, less than about 0.15 μM, and optionally, the concentration of bromoform in the composition is at least about 0.05 μM, for example, at least about 0.10 μM, the composition according to any one of paragraphs 1. to 12.

[0337] 14. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1. to 13., wherein the concentration of at least one other compound is from about 1 μM to about 1.5 mM, for example from about 10 μM to about 1 mM, relative to: dibromochloromethane, diallyl disulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dipropyl disulfide, prenylingenin (for example, 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylingenin), bavachin, bavachinin, colipholl (for example, colipholl A or colipholl C), moracin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, xanthohumol, tannic acid, carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (for example, α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), squalene, saponin (for example, saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C or saponin D), ursolic acid, ginsenoside (for example, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), dibromoacetic acid and 3-nitrooxypropanol.

[0338] 15. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 1. to 13., wherein the amount of at least one other compound in the composition is from about 10 ppm to about 500 ppm, for example from about 10 ppm to about 250 ppm, relative to cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil and lemon verbena oil.

[0339] 16. For example, an animal feed comprising the composition according to any one of paragraphs 1. to 14., wherein the animal feed is an animal feed supplement, or an animal feed additive, or a complementary feed.

[0340] 17. Of the composition according to paragraphs 1. to 15. or the animal feed according to paragraph 16. a. For reducing methane emissions by animals. And / or b. For inhibiting methane production by one or more methane sources in an animal, and / or c. For increasing milk yield and / or increasing the body weight of an animal, Use.

[0341] 18. The use according to paragraph 17., wherein the composition is consumed by an animal.

[0342] 19. The use according to paragraph 17. or 18., wherein the animal is a ruminant such as a cow, a goat or a sheep.

[0343] 20. a. Reducing methane emissions by an animal, and / or b. Inhibiting methane production by one or more methane sources in an animal, and / or c. Increasing the milk production and / or weight gain of an animal, The method comprising: administering to the animal the composition according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 15 or the animal feed according to paragraph 16.

[0344] 21. The method according to paragraph 20., wherein the animal is a ruminant such as a cow, a goat or a sheep.

[0345] 22. A composition comprising iodoform and at least one other compound selected from the following: dibromochloromethane, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), babakin, babakinine, koliol (e.g., koliol A or koliol C), molsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, xanthohumol, tannic acid, cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, lemon verbena oil, carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), squalareol, saponin (e.g., saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C or saponin D), ursolic acid, ginsenoside (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), dibromoacetic acid and 3-nitrooxypropanol, and any combination thereof.

[0346] 23. The composition according to paragraph 22, wherein at least one other compound is dibromomethane.

[0347] 24. The composition according to paragraph 22, wherein at least one other compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, and dipropyl disulfide.

[0348] 25. The composition according to paragraph 22, wherein at least one other compound is naringenin.

[0349] 26. The composition according to paragraph 22, wherein at least one other compound is selected from garlic oil, thyme red oil, and lemongrass oil.

[0350] 27. The composition according to paragraph 22, wherein at least one other compound is hexyl cinnamaldehyde, such as α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde.

[0351] 28. The composition according to paragraph 22, wherein at least one other compound is pyromellitic diimide.

[0352] 29. The composition according to any one of paragraphs 22 to 28, wherein the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to at least one other compound is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:10,000.

[0353] 30. The composition according to paragraph 22, wherein the composition comprises iodoform and at least two other compounds selected from the group consisting of dibromomethane, pyromellitic diimide, naringenin, dipropyl disulfide, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and any combination thereof.

[0354] 31. The composition according to paragraph 30, wherein the at least two other compounds are: (i) dibromomethane and (ii) naringenin, dipropyl disulfide, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide, or diallyl trisulfide.

[0355] 32. The composition according to paragraphs 22 to 31, wherein: (i) the compound is dibromomethane and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to dibromomethane is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:1, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:0.75, or from about 1:0.15 to about 1:0.5, or from about 1:0.2 to about 1:0.3; and / or (ii) The compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, and dipropyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20; or (iii) The compound is naringenin, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:500, or from about 1:5 to about 1:250, or from about 1:10 to about 1:100, or from about 1:25 to about 1:75, or from about 1:40 to about 1:60; or (iv) The compound is selected from garlic oil, thyme red oil, and lemongrass oil, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the amount of the compound is from about 1:0.5 to about 1:100, or from about 1:1 to about 1:75, or from about 1:2.5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:5 to about 1:30; or (v) The compound is α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20, or from about 1:10 to about 1:15; or (vi) The compound is pyromellitic diimide, and the concentration ratio of iodoform to pyromellitic diimide is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:25, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:10, or from about 1:0.5 to about 1:5, or from about 1:1 to about 1:2.5; A composition.

[0356] 33. The composition according to paragraphs 22 - 31, wherein the concentration of iodoform in the composition is from about 1 μM to about 25 μM, for example, from about 1.5 μM to about 12.5 μM.

[0357] 34. The composition described in paragraphs 22 to 31, wherein the concentration of at least other compounds is about 0.05 μM to about 50 μM with respect to dibromomethane, for example about 0.25 μM to about 12.5 μM, and about 0.1 μM to about 100.0 μM with respect to diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide, for example about 15.0 μM to about 30.0 μM, about 0.5 μM to about 100.0 μM with respect to dipropyl disulfide, for example about 20.0 μM to about 40.0 μM, about 25.0 μM to about 250.0 μM with respect to naringenin, for example about 90.0 μM to about 110.0 μM, and about 10.0 μM to about 75.0 μM with respect to α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, for example about 25.0 μM to about 35.0 μM.

[0358] 35. The composition described in paragraphs 22 to 31, wherein the amount of at least one other compound in the composition is about 0.5 ppm with respect to garlic oil, for example about 5 ppm with respect to garlic oil; about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm with respect to thyme red oil and lemongrass oil, for example about 15 ppm to about 25 ppm; and about 0.1 ppm to about 10 ppm with respect to pyromellitic diimide, for example about 0.75 ppm to about 2.5 ppm.

[0359] 36. An animal feed comprising the composition of any one of paragraphs 22 to 35, for example, the animal feed is an animal feed supplement, or an animal feed additive, or a complementary feed.

[0360] 37. Of the composition described in paragraphs 22 to 35 or the feed described in paragraph 36: a. For reducing methane emissions by animals and / or b. For inhibiting methane production by one or more methane sources in animals and / or c. For increasing the milk yield and / or increasing the body weight of animals , Use.

[0361] 38. Use according to paragraph 37, wherein the composition is consumed by an animal.

[0362] 39. Use according to paragraph 37 or 38, wherein the animal is a ruminant such as a cow, a goat or a sheep.

[0363] 40. a. Reduction of methane emissions by an animal and / or b. Inhibition of methane production by one or more methane sources in an animal, and / or c. Increase in the milk production and / or weight gain of an animal The method comprises administering to the animal a composition according to any one of paragraphs 1 to 35 or the animal feed according to paragraph 36.

[0364] 41. Method according to paragraph 40, wherein the animal is a ruminant such as a cow, a goat or a sheep.

[0365] Here, the present invention is described in the following non-limiting examples for mere reference.

Example

[0366] Example 1 - Inhibition of methane production by Methanococcus maripaludis, a methane-producing archaea, by a combination of bromoform and various other compounds (each called compound X).

[0367] For this experiment, bromoform was prepared at 100 mM by adding 8.75 μl of bromoform to 991 μl of DMSO. This was diluted 10-fold to produce a 10 mM solution and further diluted to produce a 0.12 mM stock solution. A compound X stock solution was prepared in DMSO (except for tannic acid diluted with deionized water) to obtain the desired stock solution required for the test. The test was prepared by adding 5 ml of M141 medium (https: / / www.dsmz.de / microorganisms / medium / pdf / dsmz_Medium141.pdf) to a screw-cap Hungate tube, followed by adding 5 μl of compound X and / or 5 μl of bromoform or 5 / 10 μl of DMSO as follows: Tube 1: DMSO (10 μl) Tube 2: Bromoform (5 μl, 0.120 mM) (final 120 nM) + 5 μl of DMSO Tube 3: Compound X (5 μl of stock solution) + 5 μl of DMSO Tube 4: Bromoform (5 μl 0.120 mM) (final 120 nM) + Compound X (5 μl stock solution)

[0368] The concentration of bromoform was fixed at 0.12 μM. This concentration is too low to inhibit the methane source by itself.

[0369] After the addition of the test substance, 500 μl of an overnight M. maripaludis culture was added to each reaction tube. The gas in each tube was replaced with 80% H2 / 20% CO2 at 240 kPa and incubated at 37 °C for 24 hours.

[0370] After 24 hours of culture, the pressure inside the tube was measured using a manometer. Assuming that 5 moles of H2 / CO2 are consumed to produce 1 mole of CH4, the amount of methane by the control and test reactions was calculated using the observed pressure drop, and the inhibition percentage was calculated based on this.

[0371] Table 1 below summarizes the concentration ranges and the fold increase in the inhibition of Compound X when tested with bromoform, compared to the inhibition levels of Compound X when tested alone.

[0372]

Table 1

[0373] Example 2 - Inhibition of Methane Production by a Combination of Iodoform and at Least One Other Compound

[0374] Various samples of single species, extracts, two - component combinations, and three - component combinations were evaluated for their potential to inhibit methane production. This evaluation was performed using an in vitro fermentation assay known as a gas test. In each gas test, a 250 mg total mixed ration (TMR) containing 30% grass, 30% corn, and 40% complete feed was introduced into 100 ml serum vials as a substrate for the fermentation process. First gastric juice obtained from a fistulated cow at the University of Reading was mixed with degassed reaction buffer (1.6 L) and supplemented with Na2S (82 ml). Subsequently, 30 ml of the first gastric juice / buffer mixture was added to each serum vial.

[0375] The test substances were dissolved in 100% ethanol, and 100 μl of each test substance was added to the serum vials containing the first gastric juice / buffer mixture. All test substances and controls were tested three times for each experiment. After adding the test substances and controls, the vials were sealed with butyl rubber stoppers and aluminum crimps and then incubated at 39 °C for 24 hours. After incubation, gas samples were taken from both control and test vials, and methane levels were determined using gas chromatography.

[0376] For each test compound, the "inhibition rate of methane production" was calculated using the following formula: % Inhibition = 100 - (methane テスト / methane コントロール×100)

[0377] The test substances were evaluated in three independent gas tests, and the average inhibition ratio was calculated for each substance.

[0378] Two combinations The synergism between substances was determined using the Bliss Independence Model with the following equation: I AB = I A +I B -I A I B

[0379] Here, I AB is the predicted methane inhibition ratio of both substances together, and I A and I B are the observed methane inhibition ratios of the individual substances. Using the predicted methane inhibition percentage of both substances (I AB ) and the observed methane inhibition percentage of both substances (I ob ), the combination index (Ci) is calculated as follows: Ci = I AB / I ob

[0380] If Ci < 1, the two substances are synergistic.

[0381] Three combinations The synergism between substances was determined using the following calculation: I ABC = I A + I B + I C -I A I B -I A I C -I B I C -I A I B I C

[0382] Here, I ABCis the predicted methane inhibition ratio of three substances combined, I A , I B and I C are the observed methane inhibition ratios of the individual substances.

[0383] The predicted methane inhibition percentage (I ABC ) of the three substances and the observed methane inhibition percentage (I ob ) of the combination of the three substances are used to calculate the combination index (Ci) as follows: Ci = I ABC / I ob

[0384] If Ci < 1, the two substances are synergistic.

[0385] Table 1 shows the observed methane inhibition of a single species.

[0386] Table 2 shows the methane inhibition of two combinations, along with the Ci values for each combination.

[0387] Table 3 shows the methane inhibition of three combinations, along with the Ci values for each combination.

[0388] The corresponding graphs showing the methane inhibition of single species, two combinations, and three combinations can be seen in the figure section.

[0389]

Table 2

Table 3

[0390]

Table 4

[0391] The results obtained from the combination of iodoform with both pure compounds and plant extracts / oils demonstrated a significant synergistic effect in methane inhibition, providing valuable insights for developing effective strategies to mitigate methane emissions.

[0392] When iodoform was combined with specific pure compounds such as dibromomethane, pyromellitic diimide, DPDS, DATS, α-hexylcinnamaldehyde, and naringenin, as well as plant extracts / oils such as garlic oil, thyme oil, and lemongrass oil, a synergistic effect was observed. This indicates that utilizing these combinations can result in more potent methane inhibition compared to using the species individually. Furthermore, the synergistic interactions suggest the potential to reduce the required amounts of each compound and enhance the cost-effectiveness in methane mitigation strategies.

[0393] The identification of synergistic interactions provides an opportunity to develop sustainable approaches for reducing methane emissions in livestock. These combinations can help achieve more potent methane inhibition while potentially minimizing the required amounts of each compound. This has important implications for optimizing methane reduction strategies in terms of both effectiveness and resource utilization.

[0394] Implementing these synergistic combinations is promising for promoting environmentally friendly practices in the agricultural sector, fostering sustainable livestock production, and mitigating the environmental impact of methane emissions.

Claims

1. A composition comprising a trihalomethane other than dibromochloromethane and at least one other compound selected from the following: dibromodichloromethane, dibromomethane, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, dipropyl disulfide, prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), babakin, babakinine, koliol (e.g., koliol A or koliol C), morsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, xanthohumol, tannic acid, cinnamon resin oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, lemon verbena oil, carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), squalareol, saponin (e.g., saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C or saponin D), ursolic acid, ginsenoside (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), dibromoacetic acid and 3-nitrooxypropanol, pyromellitic diimide and any combination thereof.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one other compound is dibromochloromethane.

3. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one other compound is dibromomethane.

4. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one other compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dipropyl disulfide.

5. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one other compound is selected from prenylnarigenin (e.g., 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylnarigenin), babakin, babakinine, koliol (e.g., koliol A or koliol C), morsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin and xanthohumol.

6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one other compound is tannic acid.

7. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one other compound is selected from cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and lemon verbena oil.

8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one other compound is selected from carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, and hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde).

9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one other compound is selected from withaferin A, saponins (e.g., saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C, or saponin D), ursolic acid, and ginsenosides (e.g., ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1, or ginsenoside Rf).

10. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one other compound is dibromoacetic acid.

11. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one other compound is 3-nitrooxypropanol.

12. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the at least one other compound is pyromellitic diimide.

13. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the ratio of the concentration of the at least one other compound to the trihalomethane is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:10,000.

14. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the trihalomethane is bromoform.

15. The composition according to any one of claims 1 to 13, wherein the trihalomethane is iodoform.

16. The composition according to claim 15, wherein the composition comprises iodoform and at least two other compounds selected from the group consisting of dibromomethane, pyromellitic diimide, naringenin, dipropyl disulfide, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (e.g., α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and any combination thereof.

17. The at least two other compounds are: (i) dibromomethane, and (ii) Naringenin, dipropyl disulfide, garlic oil, diallyl disulfide, or diallyl trisulfide The composition according to claim 16, which is as described above.

18. The composition according to claim 14, which is as follows: (i) The compound is dibromochloromethane, and the concentration ratio of bromoform to dibromochloromethane is 1:1 to 1:2; or (ii) The compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide, and dipropyl disulfide, and the concentration ratio of bromoform to the compound is about 1:100 to about 1:10,000, for example, about 1:500 to about 1:10,000, or about 1:750 to about 1:1250, or about 1:7500 to about 1:9000; or (iii) The compound is selected from 8-prenylnaringenin, bavachin, bavachinin, coliphore A, moracin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, and xanthohumol, and the concentration ratio of bromoform to the compound is about 1:10 to about 1:1000, for example, about 1:25 to about 1:1000, or about 1:50 to about 1:100, or about 1:50 to about 1:150; or (iv) The compound is tannic acid, and the concentration ratio of bromoform to tannic acid is about 1:500 to about 1:1500, for example, about 1:750 to about 1:1000, or about 1:800 to about 1:900; or (v) The compound is selected from cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil, and lemon verbena oil, and the concentration ratio of bromoform to the amount of the compound is about 1:100 to about 1:10,000, for example, about 1:200 to about 1:9000, or about 1:500 to about 1:2500, or about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or about 1:7500 to 1:10,000, or about 1:200 to about 1:300; or (vi) The compound is selected from carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, and α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is from about 1:200 to about 1:10,000, for example, from about 1:200 to about 1:300, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:9000, or from about 1:3000 to about 1:5000, or from about 1:7500 to about 1:10,000; or (vii) The compound is selected from squalene, psycodosaponin b2, ursolic acid, and ginsenoside Rb2, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to the compound is from about 1:50 to about 1:1000, or from about 1:50 to about 1:250, or from about 1:750 to about 1:900 (viii) The compound is dibromoacetic acid, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to dibromoacetic acid is from about 1:1000 to about 1:2000, for example, from about 1:1500 to about 1:1750; or (ix) The compound is 3-nitrooxypropanol, and the ratio of the concentration of bromoform to 3-nitrooxypropanol is from about 1:2 to about 1:20, for example, from about 1:5 to about 1:

15.

19. The composition according to claims 15 to 17, which is as follows: (i) The compound is dibromomethane, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to dibromomethane is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:1, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:0.75, or from about 1:0.15 to about 1:0.5, or from about 1:0.2 to about 1:0.3; and / or (ii) The compound is selected from diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, and dipropyl disulfide, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20; or (iii) The compound is naringenin, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:500, or from about 1:5 to about 1:250, or from about 1:10 to about 1:100, or from about 1:25 to about 1:75, or from about 1:40 to about 1:60; or (iv) the compound is selected from garlic oil, thyme red oil and lemongrass oil, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the amount of the compound is from about 1:0.5 to about 1:100, or from about 1:1 to about 1:75, or from about 1:2.5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:5 to about 1:30; or (v) the compound is α-hexylcinnamaldehyde, and the ratio of the concentration of iodoform to the compound is from about 1:1 to about 1:100, or from about 1:5 to about 1:50, or from about 1:10 to about 1:25, or from about 1:10 to about 1:20, or from about 1:10 to about 1:15; or (vi) the compound is pyromellitic diimide, and the concentration ratio of iodoform to pyromellitic diimide is from about 1:0.05 to about 1:25, or from about 1:0.1 to about 1:10, or from about 1:0.5 to about 1:5, or from about 1:1 to about 1:2.

5. [

20. ] The composition according to claim 14, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the composition is less than about 0.20 μM, for example less than about 0.15 μM, and optionally, the concentration of bromoform in the composition is at least about 0.05 μM, for example at least about 0.10 μM. [

21. ] The concentration of said at least one other compound is about 1 μM to about 1.5 mM, for example about 10 μM to about 1 mM, with respect to dibromochloromethane, diallyl disulfide, diallyl trisulfide, dimethyl disulfide and dipropyl disulfide, prenylnarigenin (for example, 6-prenylnarigenin or 8-prenylingenin), bavachin, bavachinin, khellifole (for example, khellifole A or khellifole C), morsin, isobavachalcone, naringenin, quercetin, xanthohumol, tannic acid, carvacrol, citral, cinnamaldehyde, hexyl cinnamaldehyde (for example, α-hexyl cinnamaldehyde or 2-hexyl cinnamaldehyde), squalareol, saponin (for example, saponin A, saponin b2, saponin C or saponin D), ursolic acid, ginsenoside (for example, ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rb2, ginsenoside Rc, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, ginsenoside Rg1 or ginsenoside Rf), dibromoacetic acid and 3-nitrooxypropanol, the composition according to claim 14.

22. The amount of said at least one other compound in the composition is about 10 ppm to about 500 ppm, for example about 10 ppm to about 250 ppm, with respect to cinnamon bark oil, garlic oil, sandalwood oil, thyme red oil, lemongrass oil and lemon verbena oil, the composition according to claim 14.

23. The concentration of iodoform in the composition is about 1 μM to about 25 μM, for example about 1.5 μM to about 12.5 μM, the composition according to claims 15 to 17.

24. The concentration of said at least one other compound is from about 0.05 μM to about 50 μM, such as from about 0.25 μM to about 12.5 μM with respect to dibromomethane; from about 0.1 μM to about 100.0 μM, such as from about 15.0 μM to about 30.0 μM with respect to diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide; from about 0.5 μM to about 100.0 μM, such as from about 20.0 μM to about 40.0 μM with respect to dipropyl disulfide; from about 25.0 μM to about 250.0 μM, such as from about 90.0 μM to about 110.0 μM with respect to naringenin; from about 10.0 μM to about 75.0 μM, such as from about 25.0 μM to about 35.0 μM with respect to α-hexylcinnamaldehyde, the composition according to claims 15 to 17.

25. The amount of said at least one other compound in said composition is from about 0.5 ppm, such as from about 5 ppm, with respect to garlic oil; from about 0.5 ppm to about 50 ppm, such as from about 15 ppm to about 25 ppm with respect to thyme red oil and lemongrass oil; from about 0.1 ppm to about 10 ppm, such as from about 0.75 ppm to about 2.5 ppm with respect to pyromellitic diimide, the composition according to claims 15 to 17.

26. An animal feed comprising the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 25, wherein, for example, the animal feed is an animal feed supplement, or an animal feed additive, or a complementary feed.

27. Of the composition according to claims 1 to 25, or of the animal feed according to claim 16: a. For reducing methane emissions by an animal; and / or, b. For inhibiting methane production by one or more methane sources in an animal; and / or c. For increasing the milk production and / or weight gain of an animal Use.

28. The use according to claim 27, wherein the composition is consumed by the animal.

29. The use according to claim 27 or 28, wherein the animal is a ruminant such as a cow, a goat or a sheep.

30. a. Reducing methane emissions by an animal, and / or b. Inhibiting methane production by one or more methane sources in an animal, and / or c. Increasing the milk production and / or weight gain of an animal A method, wherein the method comprises administering to the animal the composition according to any one of claims 1 to 25, or the animal feed according to claim 26.

31. The method according to claim 30, wherein the animal is a ruminant such as a cow, a goat or a sheep.

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