Anti-reflective coating for application to waveguide optical systems and articles comprising same

Abstract

To provide an article including an antireflection film capable of reducing and preventing absorption of an optical path while maintaining excellent transmission characteristics.SOLUTION: An article having a light guide in which light propagates by total internal reflection and an anti-reflective coating disposed on a surface of the light guide, the anti-reflective coating having a plurality of first layers each including a first material having a relatively high refractive index and a plurality of second layers each including a second material having a relatively low refractive index. The first material includes at least one of Nb2O5, TiO2, and the like, and when the first material includes Nb2O5, the second material includes MgF2, AlF3, or a combination thereof. The total thickness of the first layers is less than or equal to 120nm and less than the total thickness of the second layers. Absorption of light by the antireflection coating film per one reflection of an average of s-polarized light and p-polarized light of light is 0.05% or less in all wavelengths of 425nm to 495nm when light propagates inside the light guide by total internal reflection.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Description

Priority

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 016406, filed April 28, 2020, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. [Technical Field]

[0002] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE The present disclosure relates to antireflective coatings, articles including antireflective coatings, and methods of forming the same. In particular, the present disclosure relates to antireflective coatings for reducing reflections on optical lenses and eyeglasses. [Background technology]

[0003] Glass cover articles are used in many electronic products to protect critical components within the electronics and as the basis for user interfaces and displays. Examples of such products include augmented and virtual reality devices, mobile devices, night vision systems, and medical imaging devices. Other applications of glass cover articles include eyeglasses, camera lenses, and laser glasses. The performance of these products depends on the optical components used in the design of the glass cover article. For example, glass cover articles must have sufficient transmittance while minimizing unwanted light reflection. Furthermore, some applications require that the color and brightness perceived by a user through the glass cover article remain unchanged as the user's viewing angle changes. A noticeable change in color or brightness with a change in viewing angle can degrade the display quality experienced by the user.

[0004] Traditionally, glass cover articles comprise a substrate and a coating. The substrate is typically formed of a highly reflective material, and the coating is typically one or more continuous layers applied to the substrate. In the case of augmented reality and virtual reality devices, the substrate is an optical waveguide.

[0005] The anti-reflective coatings disclosed herein are highly beneficial for the aforementioned applications because they have low reflectivity and are designed to reduce glare. For example, the anti-reflective coatings disclosed herein are particularly beneficial in optical lenses and eyeglasses for augmented reality and virtual reality devices. In these devices, the optical path of a virtual image propagates multiple times through a light guide, undergoing total internal reflection (TIR). The optical path of the virtual image propagates along the axis of the light guide through TIR and reaches a diffractive optical element, where the optical path is combined and exits the light guide. While the optical path of the virtual image propagates through the light guide through TIR, the optical path of the real image transmits through the light guide. The optical paths of the virtual image and the real image are combined and either exit the light guide or transmit through the light guide, and then overlap in the user's eye, creating the user's augmented or virtual reality experience.

[0006] The optical path of the virtual image propagating in the optical waveguide is bent at an angle greater than the critical angle of the optical waveguide, thereby realizing total reflection. In other words, when the optical path of the virtual image bounces off in the optical waveguide, it collides with the edge of the optical waveguide at an angle greater than the critical angle of the optical waveguide. In order for the optical path to propagate by total reflection, the angle of this optical path must be greater than the critical angle. The critical angle of the optical waveguide can be calculated by Snell's law as shown in equation (1): θ c =sin -1 (n2 / n1) (1) In the formula, θ c is the critical angle, n1 is the refractive index of the optical medium (e.g., optical waveguide) through which the virtual image travels, and n2 is the refractive index of the medium adjacent to the optical medium through which the optical path of the virtual image travels.

[0007] In addition, anti-reflection coatings have been applied to the optical waveguide to improve the optical transmission efficiency of the real image. This improved transmission suppresses unwanted reflections that occur when light travels backward through the system. However, while conventional anti-reflection coatings are beneficial in terms of transmittance, they have the problem of absorbing some of the light propagating through the optical waveguide. Specifically, each time the light bounces off the edge of the optical waveguide, some of the virtual image light is absorbed by the coating. This results in a situation where the amount of light at the beginning of the optical path is greater than at the end of the optical path within the optical waveguide. This light loss due to absorption causes changes in color and brightness when the user's viewing angle changes.

[0008] As light propagates through the optical waveguide, it bounces off the edges of the waveguide multiple times, so even a small amount of absorption can accumulate and significantly affect the user's visual quality. Even if the amount of absorption caused by a single bounce is small, the light path will bounce multiple times, so the amount of absorption will accumulate and become large.

[0009] The anti-reflective coatings disclosed herein have the advantage of reducing or preventing absorption of such optical paths while maintaining excellent transmission properties. Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0010] Thus, the anti-reflective coatings disclosed herein provide improved viewing quality for the user. [Means for solving the problem]

[0011] An embodiment disclosed herein includes an antireflective coating having a plurality of first layers, each comprising a first material having a relatively high refractive index, and a plurality of second layers, each comprising a second material having a relatively low refractive index. The total thickness of the first layers comprising the first material is about 120 nm or less. Furthermore, the antireflective coating is configured such that, when light propagates by total internal reflection, the average light absorption per reflection for s-polarized and p-polarized light is about 0.25% or less across all wavelengths from about 425 nm to about 495 nm.

[0012] The embodiments disclosed herein further include an antireflection waveguide including an optical waveguide configured to propagate light by total internal reflection and an antireflection coating. The antireflection waveguide includes an antireflection coating disposed on the surface of the optical waveguide, the antireflection coating comprising a plurality of first layers, each including a first material having a relatively high refractive index, and a plurality of second layers, each including a second material having a relatively low refractive index. The total thickness of the first layers including the first material is about 120 nm or less. The antireflection coating is further configured such that, when light propagates by total internal reflection, the average light absorption per reflection of s-polarized and p-polarized light is about 0.25% or less across all wavelengths from about 425 nm to about 495 nm.

[0013] Additionally, embodiments disclosed herein further include a method for propagating light in an anti-reflection waveguide, the method comprising: a light guide and an anti-reflection coating disposed on a surface of the light guide, the method including propagating the light in the light guide by total internal reflection with an average absorption loss of about 0.25% or less per reflection for s-polarized and p-polarized light over all wavelengths from about 425 nm to about 495 nm.

[0014] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary only and are intended to provide an overview or framework for understanding the nature and features of the claimed invention. In addition, the accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding, and are incorporated into and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate one or more embodiments and, together with the following detailed description, serve to explain the principles and operation of various embodiments. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0015] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of an article having an anti-reflective coating according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 2] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an article, including a detailed view of a multilayer anti-reflective coating, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 3] Graph of the number of bounces of light versus reflectance for blue-violet wavelengths [Figure 4A] 1 is another cross-sectional view of an article, including a detailed view of a multilayer anti-reflective coating, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4B] 1 is another cross-sectional view of an article, including a detailed view of a multilayer anti-reflective coating, according to an embodiment of the present disclosure. [Figure 4C] 1 is a cross-sectional view of an article, including a detailed view of a comparative multilayer anti-reflective coating. [Figure 5A] Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings [Figure 5B] Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings [Figure 5C] Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings [Figure 6A] Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings [Figure 6B] Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings [Figure 6C] Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings [Figure 7A]Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings [Figure 7B] Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings [Figure 7C] Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings [Figure 8A] Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings [Figure 8B] Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings [Figure 8C] Graph of angle vs. percentage reflectance for exemplary and comparative coatings DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0016] Additional features and advantages of the present disclosure will be described in the following detailed description, and will become apparent to those skilled in the art from that description, or may be learned by practice of the present disclosure as set forth in the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the claims and the accompanying drawings.

[0017] As used herein, the term "and / or," when used in conjunction with a list of two or more items, means that any one of the listed items may be used alone, or any two or more of the listed items may be used in any combination. For example, if a composition is described as containing components A, B, and / or C, the composition can contain A alone, B alone, C alone, a combination of A and B, a combination of A and C, a combination of B and C, or a combination of A, B, and C.

[0018] As used herein, relational terms such as first and second, top and bottom, etc. are used only to distinguish one entity or action from another and do not necessarily require or imply any actual relationship or order between those entities or actions.

[0019] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the configurations and other components of the present disclosure are not limited to any particular materials, and other exemplary embodiments of the present disclosure described herein can be constructed from a wide variety of materials unless otherwise stated herein.

[0020] It is also important to note that the configuration and arrangement of elements of the present disclosure as shown in the exemplary embodiments are illustrative only. While only a limited number of embodiments have been described in detail in this disclosure, those skilled in the art will immediately recognize upon reviewing this disclosure that numerous modifications (e.g., changes in the size, dimensions, structure, shape, and proportions of various elements, as well as changes in parameter values, mounting arrangements, materials used, colors, orientations, etc.) are possible without materially departing from the novel and unobvious teachings and advantages of the subject matter described herein. For example, elements shown as integrally formed elements can be comprised of multiple pieces, or elements shown as multiple pieces can be integrally formed. Furthermore, interface operation can be reversed or otherwise modified, and the structure of the system and / or the length or width of elements, such as members or connections, can be modified, as can the nature and number of adjustment points between elements. It should be noted that the elements and / or assemblies of the present system can be constructed from any of a wide variety of materials providing sufficient strength or durability, in a wide variety of colors, textures, and combinations. Accordingly, all such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the present disclosure. Other substitutions, variations, modifications, and omissions may be made in the design, operating conditions, and arrangement of other desired exemplary embodiments without departing from the spirit of the present disclosure.

[0021] Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings.

[0022] Referring to FIG. 1 , an article 1 according to one or more embodiments includes a substrate 10 and an antireflective coating 20 disposed on the substrate. The substrate 10 has opposing surfaces 12 and 14, with the antireflective coating 20 disposed on surface 12. However, it is contemplated that the antireflective coating 20 may be disposed on only surface 14 or on both surfaces 12 and 14. In the embodiment of FIG. 1 , surface 14 may be located closer to the user's eye than surface 12. Furthermore, the antireflective coating 20 may be disposed on the entire substrate 10 or on a portion of the substrate 10 along surfaces 12 and / or 14. The antireflective coating 20 may be in direct or indirect contact with the substrate 10. For example, one or more materials (e.g., adhesives) may be disposed between the antireflective coating 20 and the substrate 10. In the embodiment of FIG. 1 , a diffractive optical element (not shown) is disposed at one or more locations on surface 14.

[0023] Substrate 10 can be an optical waveguide as described above and can include glass or glass-ceramic, such as types of glass such as silicate glass, aluminosilicate glass, alkali aluminosilicate glass, alkaline earth aluminosilicate glass, borosilicate glass, aluminoborosilicate glass, alkali aluminoborosilicate glass, alkaline earth aluminoborosilicate glass, soda-lime glass, quartz glass (fused silica), etc. Exemplary glass substrates include, but are not limited to, HPFS® fused silica, available from Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY) under glass codes 7980, 7979, and 8655, and EAGLE XG® aluminoborosilicate glass, also available from Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY). Other glass substrates include, but are not limited to, Lotus™ NXT glass, Iris™ glass, WILLOW® glass, GORILLA® glass, VALOR® glass, or PYREX® glass, available from Corning Incorporated (Corning, NY). In other embodiments, the substrate 10 comprises one or more transparent polymers. Examples of transparent polymers include thermoplastic resins such as polystyrene (PS) (including styrene copolymers and blends), polycarbonate (PC) (including copolymers and blends), polyester (including copolymers and blends such as polyethylene terephthalate copolymers and polyethylene terephthalate copolymers), polyolefins (PO) and cyclic polyolefins (cyclic PO), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylic polymers (including copolymers and blends) including polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), thermoplastic urethanes (TPU), polyetherimides (PEI), and blends of these polymers. Other exemplary polymers include epoxy resins, styrene resins, phenolic resins, melamine resins, and silicone resins. The materials for the anti-reflective coating 20 are described in more detail below.

[0024] As shown in FIG. 1 , virtual image light 30 propagates through substrate 10 along axis A of substrate 10. As light 30 propagates, it is reflected by the surfaces of substrate 10 at an angle θ. As discussed above, for light 30 to propagate by total internal reflection, angle θ must be greater than the critical angle of substrate 10 (calculated from Snell's Law). In embodiments disclosed herein, angle θ is greater than about 35 degrees, or greater than about 40 degrees, or between about 35 degrees and about 80 degrees, or between about 40 degrees and about 80 degrees, or between about 35 degrees and about 70 degrees, or between about 40 degrees and about 70 degrees, or between about 50 degrees and about 60 degrees.

[0025] As discussed above, with conventional coatings, some absorption losses may occur, reducing the amount of light 30 as it continues to propagate along axis A. For example, if a conventional coating is applied to substrate 10, the coating may absorb some light 35. Each time light 30 propagating along axis A bounces, some of the absorbed light 35 may be absorbed. Thus, with a conventional coating, the amount of light at position C is less than the amount of light at position B. However, the antireflective coating of the present disclosure reduces the amount of absorbed light 35 compared to conventional coatings. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, as described in more detail below, the amount of absorbed light 35 is 0.0%, and therefore the amount of light at position C is equal to the amount of light at position B.

[0026] As shown in FIG. 2, antireflective coating 20 has multiple layers of material. For example, antireflective coating 20 can have multiple layers 21-24. Note that while FIG. 2 discloses a four-layer embodiment, more or fewer layers are contemplated. For example, antireflective coating 20 can have 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, or more than 12 layers. In some embodiments, antireflective coating 20 has seven or fewer layers to achieve a desired thickness, as described in more detail below.

[0027] The term "layer" can include a single layer or one or more sublayers. Such sublayers can be in direct contact with each other. Sublayers can be formed of the same material or two or more different materials. In one or more alternative embodiments, intervening layers of different materials can be disposed between sublayers. In one or more embodiments, a layer can include one or more continuous, unbroken layers and / or one or more discontinuous layers (i.e., layers having different materials formed adjacent to each other). Furthermore, each layer, e.g., layers 21-24, can be in direct or indirect contact with adjacent layers.

[0028] The layers or sublayers can be formed by any method known in the art, including discontinuous or continuous deposition processes, and in one or more embodiments, the layers can be formed exclusively by continuous or exclusively discontinuous deposition processes.

[0029] As described in more detail below, the number of layers, the thickness of each layer, and the materials of each layer are optimized to minimize or eliminate light absorption in the coating. Therefore, the coatings disclosed herein have improved total internal reflection reflectance. Additionally, the coatings disclosed herein also have improved transmission of real images.

[0030] The individual layers of the antireflective coating 20 can include the same or different materials as the other layers and can have the same or different refractive indices as the other layers. For example, each layer can include either a first material having a relatively high refractive index or a second material having a relatively low refractive index. Thus, for example, layers 21 and 23 can include a first material having a relatively high refractive index, and layers 22 and 24 can include a second material having a relatively low refractive index. In this embodiment, it is contemplated that both layers 21 and 23 may include a material having a relatively high refractive index, and the material of layer 21 may be the same or different from the material of layer 23. Similarly, both layers 22 and 24 may include a material having a relatively low refractive index, and the material of layer 22 may be the same or different from the material of layer 24.

[0031] The first material can have a refractive index higher than that of the substrate 10. In some embodiments, the first material has a refractive index at 850 nm of about 1.6 or greater, or about 1.7 or about 1.8 or greater, or about 1.9 or greater, or about 2.0 or greater, or about 2.1 or greater, or about 2.2 or greater, or about 2.3 or greater, or about 2.4 or greater, or about 2.5 or greater, or about 2.6 or greater. Exemplary materials include, for example, Nb2O5, TiO2, Ta2O5, HfO2, Sc2O3, SiN, SiO2, and the like. x N, and AlO x N is one example.

[0032] The second material can have a refractive index lower than that of the substrate 10. In some embodiments, the second material has a refractive index at 850 nm of about 1.6 or less, or about 1.5 or less, or about 1.4 or less, or about 1.3 or less, or about 1.2 or less. Exemplary materials include, for example, SiO2, MgF2, and AlF3.

[0033] In some embodiments, the substrate 10 comprises glass having a refractive index of about 1.5, or about 1.6, or about 1.7 at 850 nm, the first material having a refractive index greater than about 1.5, or greater than about 1.6, or greater than about 1.7 at 850 nm, and the second material having a refractive index less than about 1.5, or less than about 1.6, or less than about 1.7 at 850 nm.

[0034] The ratio of the refractive index of the first material to the refractive index of the second material is about 1.3 or greater, or about 1.4 or greater, or about 1.5 or greater, or about 1.6 or greater, or about 1.7 or greater, with the advantage that a higher ratio allows for a higher transmittance while keeping the total number of layers low, thereby reducing the total thickness of the coating.

[0035] The layers of the antireflective coating 20 can be composed of alternating layers of a first material and layers of a second material. The layer of the antireflective coating 20 directly adjacent to the substrate 10 (e.g., layer 21) can include the first material. Additionally, the layer of the antireflective coating 20 furthest from the substrate 10 (e.g., layer 24) can include the second material.

[0036] The total thickness of the antireflective coating 20 can be about 300 nm or less, or about 250 nm or less, or about 200 nm or less. Additionally or alternatively, the total thickness of the antireflective coating 20 can be about 50 nm or more, or about 75 nm or more, or about 80 nm or more, or about 90 nm or more, or about 100 nm or more, or about 125 nm or more, or about 150 nm or more. In some embodiments, the coating has a total thickness ranging from about 75 nm to about 300 nm, or from about 100 nm to about 250 nm, or from about 200 nm to about 250 nm, or from about 125 nm to about 225 nm.

[0037] The total thickness of the antireflective coating 20 can be adjusted and optimized depending on the materials selected for the layers. Furthermore, the total thickness must be thick enough to allow adequate propagation of light 30, while it is desirable to have a thin enough total thickness to provide sufficient flexibility and reduce manufacturing costs. In some embodiments, the total thickness of the antireflective coating 20 is less than about 250 nm to achieve the desired light propagation while maintaining flexibility and reducing manufacturing costs.

[0038] To reduce the amount of absorbed light 35, the total thickness of all layers including the first material can be less than the total thickness of all layers including the second material. Absorption of light 30 by the first material, which has a relatively high refractive index, begins before absorption of light 30 by the second material, which has a relatively low refractive index. Therefore, to reduce absorption, the total thickness of the first material layers can be reduced.

[0039] The ratio of the total thickness of the first material layers to the total thickness of the second material layers is in the range of about 0.2 to about 0.8, or about 0.3 to about 0.7, or about 0.4 to about 0.6, or about 0.5. The total thickness of the first material layers can be about 120 nm or less, or about 110 nm or less, or about 100 nm or less, or about 90 nm or less, or about 80 nm or less, or about 70 nm or less, or about 60 nm or less, or about 50 nm or less. In some embodiments, the total thickness of the first material layers is in the range of about 20 nm to about 70 nm, or about 30 nm to about 60 nm, or about 40 nm to about 55 nm. For example, the total thickness of the first material layers is about 31 nm, or about 35 nm, or about 38 nm, or about 50 nm, or about 54 nm, or about 55 nm. The total thickness of the second material layer can be about 100 nm or more, or about 120 nm or more, or about 130 nm or more, or about 140 nm or more, or about 150 nm or more, or about 160 nm or more, or about 170 nm or more. In some embodiments, the total thickness of the second material layer is in the range of about 100 nm to about 180 nm, or about 115 nm to about 165 nm, or about 130 nm to about 150 nm. For example, the total thickness of the second material layer is about 130 nm, or about 140 nm, or about 149 nm, or about 155 nm.

[0040] Also, within the scope of the present disclosure, one or more first material layers can have a different thickness than one or more other first material layers. Similarly, one or more second material layers can have a different thickness than one or more other second material layers. For example, with reference to FIG. 2, layers 21 and 23 can both include a first material, but layer 21 can have a different thickness than layer 23. Additionally or alternatively, layers 22 and 24 can both include a second material, but layer 22 can have a different thickness than layer 24. It is also contemplated that all layers 21-24 can have different thicknesses from one another.

[0041] For example, the layer of antireflective coating 20 directly adjacent to substrate 10 (layer 21 in FIG. 2) can have a thickness in the range of about 5 nm to about 60 nm, or about 10 nm to about 50 nm, or about 15 nm to about 45 nm, or about 20 nm to about 40 nm, or about 25 nm to about 35 nm. As discussed above, the thickness of this layer of antireflective coating 20 directly adjacent to substrate 10 can be reduced to reduce absorption. In some embodiments, this layer of antireflective coating 20 has a thickness of about 15 nm, or about 17 nm, or about 20 nm, or about 23 nm, or about 25 nm, or about 27 nm. This layer of antireflective coating 20 can include a first material and can have a thickness less than each of the remaining layers including the first material.

[0042] The thickness of each first material layer may increase with increasing distance from substrate 10 (i.e., toward the top in FIG. 2 ). Thus, in some embodiments in which layers 21 and 23 comprise a first material, layer 23 may have a greater thickness than layer 21. The thickness of each second material layer may also increase with increasing distance from substrate 10. Thus, in some embodiments in which layers 22 and 24 comprise a second material, layer 24 may have a greater thickness than layer 22.

[0043] As described above, the number of layers of the anti-reflective coating, the thickness of each layer, and the material of each layer are optimized to reduce absorption of light 30 during total reflection. Therefore, the anti-reflective coating 20 allows light of all wavelengths within the red wavelength range (e.g., 625 nm to 740 nm) to propagate within the substrate 10 with approximately 0.0% absorption loss per reflection (i.e., bounce) of the light. Additionally or alternatively, the anti-reflective coating 20 allows light of all wavelengths within the green wavelength range (e.g., 500 nm to 565 nm) to propagate within the substrate 10 with approximately 0.0% absorption loss per reflection (i.e., bounce) of the light. Additionally or alternatively, the antireflective coating 20 allows light of all wavelengths within the blue-violet wavelength range (e.g., 425 nm to 495 nm) to propagate into the substrate 10 with an absorption loss per reflection (i.e., bounce) of light of about 6.0% or less, or about 5.0% or less, or about 4.0% or less, or about 3.0% or less, or about 2.0% or less, or about 1.5% or less, or about 1.0% or less, or about 0.75% or less, or about 0.60% or less, or about 0.50% or less, or about 0.40% or less, or about 0.25% or less, or about 0.20% or less, or about 0.10% or less, or about 0.05% or less, or about 0.04% or less, or about 0.03% or less, or about 0.02% or less, or about 0.01% or less, or about 0.0%. It should be noted that light in the blue-violet wavelength range has a shorter wavelength and therefore more energy than light in the red and green wavelength ranges. Therefore, conventional anti-reflective coatings have absorbed more light in the blue-violet wavelength range than light in the red and green wavelength ranges. However, the anti-reflective coating of the present disclosure reduces the absorption of not only red and green light, but also blue-violet light.

[0044] As described above, because light 30 propagates multiple times within substrate 10, even small amounts of absorption accumulate as light reflects (i.e., bounces) multiple times. Therefore, even if light 30 absorbs only a small amount of light per reflection within substrate 10, if light 30 reflects within substrate 10 20 or 25 times, for example, small amounts of absorbed light accumulate, and the amount of absorption quickly increases. For example, as shown in FIG. 3, light path D has a reflectance of 99% per bounce (corresponding to an absorption loss of 1% per bounce), and light path H has a reflectance of 99.9% per bounce (corresponding to an absorption loss of 0.1% per bounce). Note that in total internal reflection, light is either absorbed by the coating or reflected by the coating. Therefore, if A is the amount of absorbed light and R is the amount of reflected light, then in total internal reflection, A + R = 100%. It should also be noted that high reflectivity (which corresponds to low absorptivity) is desirable to reduce the amount of light lost as it propagates through total internal reflection.

[0045] As further shown in Figure 3, for light in the blue-violet wavelength range, the difference in reflected light between light path D and light path H after five bounces is relatively small (approximately 95% for light path D and approximately 99% for light path H). However, for light in the blue-violet wavelength range, the difference in reflected light between light path D and light path H after 20 bounces is larger (approximately 81% for light path D and approximately 98% for light path H). Furthermore, for light in the blue-violet wavelength range, the difference in reflected light between light path D and light path H after 30 bounces is even larger (approximately 75% for light path D and approximately 97% for light path H). The difference in absorption loss per bounce between light path D and light path H is very small. However, this small difference becomes very large when the light bounces multiple times during total internal reflection. As mentioned above, the anti-reflective coatings disclosed herein are optimized to minimize or eliminate absorption of light after multiple bounces during total internal reflection.

[0046] The anti-reflective coating disclosed herein has a transmittance of about 95.0% or more, or about 96.0% or more, or about 97.0% or more, or about 98.0% or more, or about 98.5% or more, or about 99.0% or more, or about 99.2% or more, or about 99.5% or more, or about 99.6% or more, or about 99.7% or more, or about 99.8% or more, or about 99.9% or more, or 100% for all wavelengths of red, green, and blue-violet light. The above transmittances are those measured in a direction perpendicular to the longitudinal direction of the anti-reflective waveguide. As described above, the optical paths of the virtual image and the real image are combined and exit the optical waveguide or pass through the optical waveguide, overlapping in the user's eye to create an augmented or virtual reality sensation for the user. Therefore, the anti-reflective coating of the present disclosure has the advantage of having high transmittance, thereby improving the quality of the image produced for the user.

[0047] 4A illustrates an exemplary embodiment of article 100 in which layers 210 and 230 of antireflective coating 200 both comprise NbO (first material layers), and layers 220 and 240 of antireflective coating 200 both comprise MgF (second material layers). In this embodiment, layer 210 is directly adjacent to substrate 10 and has a thickness less than that of layer 230. More specifically, layer 210 has a thickness of 17.50 nm, and layer 230 has a thickness of 21.20 nm. Furthermore, layer 220 has a thickness of 38.23 nm, which is less than the thickness of layer 240, 111.70 nm. The total thickness of the first material layers (layer 210 + layer 230) is 38.70 nm, and the total thickness of the second material layers (layer 220 + layer 240) is 149.93 nm. The total thickness of the anti-reflection coating 200 in this embodiment is 188.63 nm.

[0048] 4B illustrates a second exemplary embodiment of article 1000 in which layers 2100 and 2300 of antireflective coating 2000 both comprise TaO (first material layers), and layers 2200 and 2400 of antireflective coating 2000 both comprise MgF (second material layers). In this embodiment, layer 2100 is directly adjacent to substrate 10 and has a thickness less than that of layer 2300. More specifically, layer 2100 has a thickness of 25.17 nm, and layer 2300 has a thickness of 28.85 nm. Furthermore, layer 2200 has a thickness of 31.91 nm, which is less than the thickness of layer 2400, 108.94 nm. The total thickness of the first material layers (layer 2100 + layer 2300) is 54.02 nm, and the total thickness of the second material layers (layer 2200 + layer 2400) is 140.85 nm. The total thickness of the anti-reflection coating 2000 in this embodiment is 194.87 nm.

[0049] FIG. 4C illustrates a comparative article having an antireflective coating 3000 with six material layers. As shown in FIG. 4C, comparative coating 3000 has more layers and a greater total thickness than the exemplary coatings shown in FIGS. 4A and 4B. Specifically, comparative coating 3000 has a total thickness of 261.70 nm, which is greater than the 188.63 nm of exemplary coating 200 and the 194.87 nm of exemplary coating 2000. Furthermore, the total thickness of the high refractive index material (TaO) in comparative coating 3000 in FIG. 4C is 126.25 nm, which is significantly greater than the 38.70 nm and 54.02 nm thicknesses of the high refractive index material in coating 200 and coating 2000, respectively. The comparative coating's greater amount of high refractive index material results in higher absorption (and therefore lower reflectivity), as described below.

[0050] 5A-5C show a comparison of the reflectance (percentage) of the exemplary coatings 200 and 2000 and the comparative coating 3000 for a 425 nm light path. Note that in FIGS. 5A-5C, the light is propagated by total internal reflection at angles between about 40 degrees and about 70 degrees, which is greater than the critical angle of the light guide. As discussed above, in order for light to propagate by total internal reflection, the light path must propagate within the light guide at an angle greater than the critical angle.

[0051] It should also be noted that polarized light has two orthogonal linear polarization states: s-polarized light (polarized perpendicular to the plane of incidence) and p-polarized light (polarized parallel to the plane of incidence). Figures 5A to 5C show the reflectance (percentage) of s-polarized light, the reflectance (percentage) of p-polarized light, and the average reflectance (percentage) of s-polarized light and p-polarized light. Below, we compare the average reflectance (percentage) of s-polarized light and p-polarized light. The higher the reflectance (percentage) of the average reflectance (percentage) of s-polarized light and p-polarized light, the less color shift and brightness non-uniformity the image seen by the user will have. Furthermore, the image is less likely to have stripes or streaks, improving the user's visual quality.

[0052] The graphs of average s-polarized light and average p-polarized light show higher percentage reflectance for exemplary coating 200 (FIG. 5A) and exemplary coating 2000 (FIG. 5B) than for comparative coating 3000 (FIG. 5C). For example, the graphs of average s-polarized light and average p-polarized light for exemplary coating 200 (FIG. 5A) or exemplary coating 2000 (FIG. 5B) show reflectances greater than 99.75% over the angular range of 40 to 70 degrees. In contrast, the graph of average s-polarized light and average p-polarized light for comparative coating 3000 (FIG. 5C) shows reflectances less than 99.75% over that angular range. Thus, comparative coating 3000 has a lower percentage reflectance (and therefore a higher percentage absorption) for 425 nm light.

[0053] 6A-6C show a comparison of the percentage reflectance of exemplary coatings 200 and 2000 and comparative coating 3000 for a 435 nm optical path. Similar to FIGS. 5A-5C, the averaged plots of s-polarized and p-polarized light show higher percentage reflectance for exemplary coating 200 (FIG. 6A) and exemplary coating 2000 (FIG. 6B) than for comparative coating 3000 (FIG. 6C). For example, the averaged plots of s-polarized and p-polarized light for exemplary coating 200 (FIG. 6A) or exemplary coating 2000 (FIG. 6B) show reflectances of 99.85% or greater over an angular range of 40 degrees to 70 degrees. Meanwhile, the averaged plots of s-polarized and p-polarized light for comparative coating 3000 (FIG. 6C) show reflectances below 99.85% over that angular range. Therefore, Comparative Coating 3000 has a lower percentage reflectance (and therefore a higher percentage absorption) when using 435 nm light.

[0054] 7A-7C show a comparison of the percentage reflectance of exemplary coatings 200 and 2000 and comparative coating 3000 for a 445 nm optical path. Similar to FIGS. 5A-5C, the average s- and p-polarized light plots show higher percentage reflectance for exemplary coating 200 (FIG. 7A) and exemplary coating 2000 (FIG. 7B) than for comparative coating 3000 (FIG. 7C). For example, the average s- and p-polarized light plots for exemplary coating 200 (FIG. 7A) or exemplary coating 2000 (FIG. 7B) show greater than 99.85% reflectance over the angular range of 40 degrees to 70 degrees. In contrast, the average s- and p-polarized light plot for comparative coating 3000 (FIG. 7C) shows less than 99.85% reflectance over that angular range. Therefore, Comparative Coating 3000 has a lower percentage reflectance (and therefore a higher percentage absorption) when using 445 nm light.

[0055] 8A-8C show a comparison of the percentage reflectance of exemplary coatings 200 and 2000 and comparative coating 3000 for a 448 nm optical path. Similar to FIGS. 5A-5C, the average s- and p-polarized light plots show higher percentage reflectance for exemplary coating 200 (FIG. 8A) and exemplary coating 2000 (FIG. 8B) than for comparative coating 3000 (FIG. 8C). For example, the average s- and p-polarized light plots for exemplary coating 200 (FIG. 8A) or exemplary coating 2000 (FIG. 8B) show greater than 99.85% reflectance over the angular range of 40 degrees to 70 degrees. In contrast, the average s- and p-polarized light plot for comparative coating 3000 (FIG. 8C) shows less than 99.85% reflectance over the same angular range. Therefore, Comparative Coating 3000 has a lower percentage reflectance (and therefore a higher percentage absorption) when using 448 nm light.

[0056] In the exemplary coatings disclosed herein, the number of material layers, the thickness of each layer, and the specific materials in each layer are optimized to achieve reduced reflectance, reduced glare, increased transmission, and reduced color shift when the image is viewed from different angles.

[0057] The present disclosure also includes a method of propagating an optical path in an anti-reflective waveguide comprising an optical waveguide and an anti-reflective coating of the present disclosure, and thus includes propagating the optical path by total internal reflection while achieving reduced absorption losses (increased reflectivity) and increased transmittance, as described above.

[0058] While multiple embodiments of the present disclosure have been described above, the above description is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the present disclosure. While specific embodiments and examples of the present disclosure have been described herein for illustrative purposes, those skilled in the art will recognize that various equivalent modifications are possible within the scope of the present disclosure. Such modifications may include, but are not limited to, changes in the dimensions and / or materials shown in the disclosed embodiments.

[0059] Preferred embodiments of the present invention will be described below in detail.

[0060] Embodiment 1 a plurality of first layers each including a first material having a relatively high refractive index; a plurality of second layers each including a second material having a relatively low refractive index; An anti-reflective coating having the first layer including the first material has a total thickness of about 120 nm or less; An antireflection coating configured so that, when light propagates by total reflection, the absorption of the light by the antireflection coating per average reflection of s-polarized light and p-polarized light is approximately 0.25% or less across all wavelengths from approximately 425 nm to approximately 495 nm.

[0061] Embodiment 2 2. The antireflective coating according to embodiment 1, wherein the antireflective coating is configured so that, when light propagates by total internal reflection, the absorption of the light by the antireflective coating per average reflection of s-polarized and p-polarized light is about 0.20% or less over the entire wavelength range from about 425 nm to about 495 nm.

[0062] Embodiment 3 2. The antireflective coating according to embodiment 1, wherein the antireflective coating is configured so that, when light propagates by total internal reflection, the absorption of the light by the antireflective coating per average reflection of s-polarized and p-polarized light is about 0.15% or less over the entire wavelength range from about 425 nm to about 495 nm.

[0063] Embodiment 4 4. The antireflective coating according to any one of embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the antireflective coating is formed by alternately laminating layers of the first material and layers of the second material.

[0064] Embodiment 5 5. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1 to 4, wherein the refractive index of the first material at 850 nm is about 1.8 or greater.

[0065] Embodiment 6 6. The antireflective coating of embodiment 5, wherein the first material has a refractive index at 850 nm of about 1.9 or greater.

[0066] Embodiment 7 7. The antireflective coating of embodiment 6, wherein the refractive index of the first material at 850 nm is greater than or equal to about 2.0.

[0067] Embodiment 8 8. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1 to 7, wherein the first material comprises at least one of Nb2O5, TiO2, Ta2O5, HfO2, Sc2O3, SiN, SiOxN, and AlOxN.

[0068] Embodiment 9 9. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1 to 8, wherein the total thickness of the first layer is about 100 nm or less.

[0069] Embodiment 10 10. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1 to 9, wherein a first layer of the plurality of first layers has a thickness in the range of about 10 nm to about 50 nm.

[0070] Embodiment 11 11. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1 to 10, wherein the second material has a refractive index at 850 nm of about 1.5 or less.

[0071] Embodiment 12 12. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1-11, wherein the second material comprises at least one of SiO2, MgF2, and AlF3.

[0072] Embodiment 13 13. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the second layer has a total thickness of about 150 nm or less.

[0073] Embodiment 14 14. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1 to 13, wherein the total thickness of the first layer is less than the total thickness of the second layer.

[0074] Embodiment 15 15. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1 to 14, wherein the ratio of the total thickness of the first layer to the total thickness of the second layer is in the range of about 0.3 to about 0.7.

[0075] Embodiment 16 16. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1 to 15, wherein the total thickness of the first layer plus the total thickness of the second layer is less than or equal to about 250 nm.

[0076] Embodiment 17 17. The antireflective coating according to any one of embodiments 1 to 16, wherein the total number of the first layers and the second layers is 7 or less.

[0077] Embodiment 18 18. The antireflective coating of embodiment 17, wherein the total number of the first layers plus the second layers is four layers.

[0078] Embodiment 19 19. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1 to 18, wherein the antireflective coating has a transmittance of about 98.0% or greater.

[0079] Embodiment 20 20. The antireflective coating of embodiment 19, wherein the transmittance of the antireflective coating is about 98.5% or greater.

[0080] Embodiment 21 21. The antireflective coating of embodiment 20, wherein the transmittance of the antireflective coating is about 99.0% or greater.

[0081] Embodiment 22 22. The antireflective coating of embodiment 21, wherein the transmittance of the antireflective coating is about 99.5% or greater.

[0082] Embodiment 23 23. The antireflective coating of any one of embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the optical path of the light propagates by total internal reflection with a bending angle in the range of about 40 degrees to about 70 degrees.

[0083] Embodiment 24 an optical waveguide configured to propagate an optical path by total internal reflection; an anti-reflection coating provided on a surface of the optical waveguide, the anti-reflection coating having a plurality of first layers each including a first material having a relatively high refractive index and a plurality of second layers each including a second material having a relatively low refractive index; An anti-reflection waveguide comprising: the first layer including the first material has a total thickness of about 120 nm or less; An antireflection waveguide, wherein the antireflection coating is configured so that, when light propagates by total reflection, the average absorption of s-polarized and p-polarized light per reflection is approximately 0.25% or less over the entire wavelength range from approximately 425 nm to approximately 495 nm.

[0084] Embodiment 25 25. An anti-reflection waveguide as described in embodiment 24, wherein the first material has a refractive index greater than the refractive index of the optical waveguide, and the second material has a refractive index less than the refractive index of the optical waveguide.

[0085] Embodiment 26 26. The anti-reflection waveguide according to embodiment 24 or 25, wherein the first layer directly adjacent to the optical waveguide among the plurality of first layers has a thickness in the range of about 5 nm to about 60 nm.

[0086] Embodiment 27 27. The anti-reflection waveguide according to embodiment 26, wherein the first layer directly adjacent to the optical waveguide among the plurality of first layers has a thickness in the range of about 15 nm to about 45 nm.

[0087] Embodiment 28 A method for propagating light in an anti-reflection waveguide, the anti-reflection waveguide comprising an optical waveguide and an anti-reflection coating provided on a surface of the optical waveguide, the method comprising: A method comprising the step of propagating said light within said optical waveguide by total internal reflection with an average absorption loss per reflection of s-polarized and p-polarized light of about 0.25% or less over the entire wavelength range from about 425 nm to about 495 nm.

[0088] Embodiment 29 29. The method of embodiment 28, further comprising propagating said optical path by total internal reflection with an average absorption loss per reflection of s-polarized and p-polarized light of about 0.20% or less over the entire wavelength range from about 425 nm to about 495 nm.

[0089] Embodiment 30 30. The method of embodiment 29, further comprising propagating said optical path by total internal reflection with an average absorption loss per reflection of s-polarized and p-polarized light of about 0.15% or less over the entire wavelength range from about 425 nm to about 495 nm.

[0090] Embodiment 31 31. The method of any one of claims 28-30, further comprising transmitting the optical path through the anti-reflection coating, the anti-reflection waveguide having a transmittance of about 98.0% or greater in a direction perpendicular to the length of the anti-reflection coating.

[0091] Embodiment 32 32. The method of claim 31, further comprising transmitting the optical path through the anti-reflective coating, the anti-reflective waveguide having a transmission perpendicular to the length of the anti-reflective coating of at least about 98.5%.

[0092] Embodiment 33 33. The method of claim 32, further comprising transmitting the optical path through the anti-reflective coating, the anti-reflective waveguide having a transmission perpendicular to the length of the anti-reflective coating of at least about 99.0%.

[0093] Embodiment 34 34. The method of embodiment 33, further comprising transmitting the optical path through the anti-reflective coating, the anti-reflective waveguide having a transmission perpendicular to the length of the anti-reflective coating of at least about 99.5%. [Explanation of symbols]

[0094] 1, 100, 1000 items 10 Substrate 12, 14 surface 20, 200, 2000 Anti-reflective coating 21, 23, 210, 230, 2100, 2300 First material layer 22, 24, 220, 240, 2200, 2400 Second material layer 30 Virtual Image Light 35 Absorption of light 3000 Anti-reflection coating (comparative example)

Claims

1. 1. An article having an optical waveguide through which light propagates by total internal reflection and an anti-reflective coating disposed on a surface of the optical waveguide, The anti-reflective coating is a plurality of first layers each including a first material having a relatively high refractive index, the first material being Nb ２ O ５ , TiO ２ , Ta ２ O ５ , HfO ２ , Sc ２ O ３ , SiN, SiO ｘ N, and AlO ｘ a first layer including at least one of a plurality of second layers each including a second material having a relatively low refractive index; and The first material is Nb ２ O ５ When the second material comprises MgF ２ , AlF ３ or a combination thereof, a total thickness of the first layer including the first material is 120 nm or less and is smaller than a total thickness of the second layer including the second material; When the light propagates through the optical waveguide by total reflection, the absorption of the light by the antireflection coating per average reflection of s-polarized light and p-polarized light is 0.05% or less over the entire wavelength range of 425 nm to 495 nm. Goods.

2. 2. The article of claim 1, wherein the antireflection coating is configured so that, when the light propagates through the optical waveguide by total internal reflection, the absorption of the light by the antireflection coating per average reflection of s-polarized and p-polarized light is 0.04% or less over all wavelengths from 425 nm to 495 nm.

3. 3. The article of claim 1, wherein the anti-reflective coating is comprised of alternating layers of the first material and layers of the second material.

4. The article according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the first material has a refractive index of 1.8 or more at 850 nm.

5. The article according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the second material has a refractive index of 1.5 or less at 850 nm.

6. The second material is SiO ２ , MgF ２ , and AlF ３ The article according to any one of claims 1 to 5, comprising at least one of:

7. 1. An article having an optical waveguide through which light propagates by total internal reflection and an anti-reflective coating disposed on a surface of the optical waveguide, The anti-reflective coating is a plurality of first layers each including a first material having a relatively high refractive index, the first material being TiO ２ , Ta ２ O ５ , HfO ２ , Sc ２ O ３ , SiN, SiO ｘ N, AlO ｘ a first layer comprising: a plurality of second layers each including a second material having a relatively low refractive index; and the refractive index of the first material is greater than the refractive index of the second material; The total thickness of the first layer is 120 mm or less, When the light propagates through the optical waveguide by total reflection, the absorption of the light by the antireflection coating per average reflection of s-polarized light and p-polarized light is 0.05% or less over the entire wavelength range of 425 nm to 495 nm. Goods.

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