Electrolyte composition

Abstract

To provide an electrolyte composition for use in a battery comprising an anode including a base and a plurality of branch portions that protrude from the base and are spaced apart from each other along the base to form gaps, and a cathode, during the charging process. [Solution] The electrolyte composition comprises an electrolyte and an additive composition comprising an inhibitor that reduces topographic variations arising from material deposition on the battery anode during the charging process, and / or a leveler that reduces the effect of ion concentration gradients between multiple tips and bases of multiple branches from material deposition on the battery anode during the charging process.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The disclosed subject matter generally relates to electrolyte compositions and batteries containing electrolyte compositions. [Background technology]

[0002] In battery applications, such as rechargeable batteries, uneven material deposition on the anode during recharging can lead to the formation of topographic growth (e.g., bifurcation) on the anode. This topographic growth can negatively impact battery performance over time, including shortening the battery's usable lifespan. For example, topographic growth on the anode can cause internal short circuits in the battery, which can lead to battery failure. [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0003] Therefore, the object of the subject matter disclosed herein is to provide an electrolyte composition and / or battery that overcomes some or all of the defects identified herein. [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] In non-limiting embodiments or aspects, an electrolyte composition is provided for use in a battery having a base and a cathode, the anode having a base and a plurality of branches protruding from the base and spaced apart from each other along the base to form a gap, the electrolyte composition comprising an electrolyte and an additive composition comprising an inhibitor for reducing topographic variation arising from material deposition on the anode of the battery during the charging process, and / or a leveler for reducing the effect of ion concentration gradients between the plurality of tips of the plurality of branches and the base from material deposition on the anode of the battery during the charging process.

[0005] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the additive composition may further include an accelerator that promotes material deposition along the base of the battery anode during the charging process.

[0006] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the additive composition may be adapted to selectively position inhibitors near multiple tips of multiple branches, levelers may be adapted to selectively position gaps along the side walls of multiple branches, and / or accelerators may be adapted to selectively position gaps near the base.

[0007] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the solid electrolyte interface may be formed on the surface of the base and the plurality of branches, and between the base and the plurality of branches and a leveler, inhibitor and / or accelerator.

[0008] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the accelerator may include an ionic material, and the leveler and inhibitor may include a non-ionic material.

[0009] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the inhibitor may have a higher molecular weight than the leveler.

[0010] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the leveler may include a polarizer comprising at least one hybrid atom containing atoms from Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group VIA, Group VIIA, or any combination thereof.

[0011] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least one hybrid atom may include at least one of the following atoms: B, Al, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

[0012] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least one hybrid atom may include at least one of the following atoms: N, P, O, S, or any combination thereof.

[0013] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least one hybrid atom may account for 4 to 80 weight percent of the leveler.

[0014] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the leveler may include an unsaturated bond.

[0015] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the leveler may include an aromatic functional group.

[0016] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the leveler may have a molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol.

[0017] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the inhibitor may include a polarizer comprising at least one hybrid atom comprising an atom from Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group VIA, Group VIIA, or any combination thereof.

[0018] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least one hybrid atom may include at least one of the following atoms: B, Al, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

[0019] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least one hybrid atom may include at least one of the following atoms: N, P, O, S, or any combination thereof.

[0020] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the inhibitor may include at least one functional group containing at least one of a hydroxyl group, an ether group, an ester group, a thiol group, a thiol ester group, a thiol ether group, an epoxy group, or any combination thereof.

[0021] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least one hybrid atom may account for at least 3 weight percent of the inhibitor.

[0022] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the inhibitor may include a polyglycol, a polyglycol ether, and / or a polyglycol ester.

[0023] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the inhibitor may have a molecular weight of at least 200 g / mol.

[0024] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, at least one functional group may have a plurality of functional groups.

[0025] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the accelerator may have an anionic compound.

[0026] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the electrolyte may include an inert solvent.

[0027] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the inert solvent may include a fluorinated ether.

[0028] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the fluorinated ether may include at least one of the following: 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE) fluorinated ethers, and / or any combination thereof.

[0029] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the electrolyte may include a lithium-ion complex.

[0030] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the lithium-ion complex may comprise a lithium ion and a ligand.

[0031] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the ligand may include a mono or polyglycol ether.

[0032] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the anode may include an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or Group IIIA metal anode, which may be deposited on the anode during the charging process.

[0033] In non-limiting embodiments or aspects, a battery is provided comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte composition in contact with the anode and cathode, i.e., the electrolyte composition described herein.

[0034] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the anode may include a base and a plurality of branches protruding from the base and spaced apart from each other along the base to form gaps, and in the additive composition, a leveler may be adapted to be selectively positioned in the gaps along the side walls of the plurality of branches, and / or an inhibitor may be adapted to be selectively positioned near the plurality of tips of the plurality of branches.

[0035] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the solid electrolyte interface may be formed on the surface of the base and the plurality of branches, and between the base and the plurality of branches and levelers, inhibitors and accelerators adapted to be selectively positioned in the gaps near the base.

[0036] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the cathode may include a chalcogen.

[0037] In non-limiting embodiments or aspects, a method for manufacturing a rechargeable battery is provided, comprising placing the electrolyte composition described herein in contact with an anode and a cathode to form a rechargeable battery.

[0038] In non-limiting embodiments or aspects, a method is provided for extending the life of a rechargeable battery, comprising discharging a rechargeable battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte composition in contact with the anode and cathode, i.e., the electrolyte composition described herein, and then recharging the rechargeable battery.

[0039] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the lifespan of a rechargeable battery may be extended by an electrolyte composition that reduces topographic variations arising from material deposition on the battery anode during recharging and / or reduces the effect of ion concentration gradients between multiple tips and bases of multiple branches from the material deposition on the battery anode during recharging.

[0040] In non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the use of the electrolyte composition described herein for extending the life of a rechargeable battery is provided.

[0041] In non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the use of the electrolyte composition described herein as an electrolyte in a rechargeable battery is provided.

[0042] Further embodiments or aspects are described in the following numbered clauses.

[0043] Clause 1: An electrolyte composition for use in a battery comprising an anode having a base and a plurality of branch portions protruding from the base and spaced apart from each other along the base to form gaps, and a cathode, the electrolyte composition comprising an electrolyte and an additive composition comprising an inhibitor for reducing topographic variation arising from material deposition on the anode of the battery during the charging process, and / or a leveler for reducing the effect of ion concentration gradients between the plurality of tips of the plurality of branch portions and the base from material deposition on the anode of the battery during the charging process.

[0044] Clause 2: The electrolyte composition of Clause 1, further comprising an accelerator that promotes material deposition along the base of the anode of the battery during the charging process.

[0045] Clause 3: The electrolyte composition of Clause 2, wherein the additive composition is adapted to selectively position an inhibitor near multiple tips of multiple branches, a leveler is adapted to selectively position a gap along the side walls of multiple branches, and / or an accelerator is adapted to selectively position a gap near the base.

[0046] Clause 4: The electrolyte composition of Clause 3, wherein a solid electrolyte interface is formed on the surface of a base and a plurality of branches, and between the base and the plurality of branches and a leveler, inhibitor and / or accelerator.

[0047] Clause 5: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 2 to 4, wherein the accelerator comprises an ionic material, and the leveler and inhibitor comprise nonionic materials.

[0048] Clause 6: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 1 to 5, wherein the inhibitor has a larger molecular weight than the leveler.

[0049] Clause 7: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 1 to 6, wherein the leveler comprises a polarizer containing at least one hybrid atom containing atoms from Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group VIA, Group VIIA, or any combination thereof.

[0050] Clause 8: The electrolyte composition of Clause 7, wherein at least one hybrid atom comprises at least one of the following atoms: B, Al, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

[0051] Clause 9: The electrolyte composition of Clause 8, wherein at least one hybrid atom comprises at least one of the following atoms: N, P, O, S, or any combination thereof.

[0052] Clause 10: The electrolyte composition of Clause 8 or 9, wherein at least one hybrid atom accounts for 4 to 80 weight percent of the leveler.

[0053] Clause 11: The leveler is an electrolyte composition of any of Clauses 1 to 10, comprising an unsaturated bond.

[0054] Clause 12: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 1 to 11, wherein the leveler contains an aromatic functional group.

[0055] Clause 13: The leveler is an electrolyte composition of any of Clauses 1 to 12, having a molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol.

[0056] Clause 14: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 1 to 13, wherein the inhibitor comprises a polarizer comprising at least one hybrid atom comprising atoms from Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group VIA, Group VIIA, or any combination thereof.

[0057] Clause 15: The electrolyte composition of Clause 14, wherein at least one hybrid atom comprises at least one of the following atoms: B, Al, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

[0058] Clause 16: The electrolyte composition of Clause 15, wherein at least one hybrid atom comprises at least one of the following atoms: N, P, O, S, or any combination thereof.

[0059] Clause 17: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 14 to 16, wherein the inhibitor comprises at least one functional group, which includes at least one of a hydroxyl group, an ether group, an ester group, a thiol group, a thiol ester group, a thiol ether group, an epoxy group, or any combination thereof.

[0060] Clause 18: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 14 to 17, wherein at least one hybrid atom accounts for at least 3 weight percent of the inhibitor.

[0061] Clause 19: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 1 to 18, wherein the inhibitor comprises a polyglycol, a polyglycol ether, and / or a polyglycol ester.

[0062] Clause 20: The inhibitor is an electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 1 to 19, having a molecular weight of at least 200 g / mol.

[0063] Clause 21: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 14 to 20, wherein at least one functional group comprises multiple functional groups.

[0064] Clause 22: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 2 to 21, wherein the accelerator comprises an anionic compound.

[0065] Clause 23: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 1 to 22, wherein the electrolyte comprises an inert solvent.

[0066] Clause 24: The electrolyte composition of Clause 23, wherein the inert solvent comprises a fluorinated ether.

[0067] Clause 25: The electrolyte composition of Clause 24, wherein the fluorinated ether comprises at least one of the following: fluorinated ethers of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE), and / or any combination thereof.

[0068] Clause 26: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 1 to 25, wherein the electrolyte comprises a lithium-ion complex.

[0069] Clause 27: The electrolyte composition of Clause 26, wherein the lithium ion complex comprises lithium ions and ligands.

[0070] Clause 28: The electrolyte composition of Clause 27, wherein the ligand comprises a mono or polyglycol ether.

[0071] Clause 29: An electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 1 to 28, wherein the anode comprises an alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or Group IIIA metal anode, and the alkali metal, alkaline earth metal, or Group IIIA metal is deposited on the anode during the charging process.

[0072] Clause 30: A battery comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte composition in contact with the anode and cathode, i.e., any of the electrolyte compositions of Clauses 1 to 29.

[0073] Clause 31: The battery of Clause 30, wherein the anode comprises a base and a plurality of branch portions protruding from the base and spaced apart from each other along the base to form gaps, and the additive composition is adapted such that a leveler is selectively positioned in the gaps along the side walls of the plurality of branch portions, and / or an inhibitor is selectively positioned near the plurality of tips of the plurality of branch portions.

[0074] Clause 32: A battery according to Clause 30 or 31, wherein a solid electrolyte interface is formed on the surface of a base and a plurality of branching portions, and between the base and the plurality of branching portions and levelers, inhibitors and accelerators adapted to be selectively positioned in gaps near the base.

[0075] Clause 33: A battery of any of Clauses 30 to 32, in which the cathode contains chalcogen.

[0076] Clause 34: A method for manufacturing a rechargeable battery, comprising placing an electrolyte composition according to any of Clauses 1 to 29 in contact with an anode and a cathode to form a rechargeable battery.

[0077] Clause 35: A method for extending the life of a rechargeable battery, comprising discharging a rechargeable battery having an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte composition in contact with the anode and cathode, i.e., any of the electrolyte compositions of Clauses 1 to 29, and then recharging the rechargeable battery.

[0078] Clause 36: The method of Clause 35, which extends the life of a rechargeable battery by an electrolyte composition that reduces topographic variations arising from material deposition on the anode of the battery during recharging and / or reduces the effect of ion concentration gradients between multiple tips and bases of multiple branches from material deposition on the anode of the battery during recharging.

[0079] Clause 37: Use of any electrolyte composition from Clauses 1 to 29 to extend the life of a rechargeable battery.

[0080] Clause 38: Use of any electrolyte composition from Clauses 1 to 29 as an electrolyte in a rechargeable battery.

[0081] These and other features and characteristics of the subject matter disclosed herein, as well as the manner of operation and function of the relevant elements of the structure, and the economics of assembly and manufacture of the parts, will become more apparent by considering the following description and the attached claims with reference to the attached drawings, all of which form part of this specification, and similar reference numbers indicate corresponding parts in different drawings. However, it should be clearly understood that the drawings are for illustrative and explanatory purposes only and are not intended to define limitations of the subject matter disclosed. As used in the specification and claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” refer to plural subjects unless specifically indicated by the context.

[0082] Further advantages and details of the disclosed subject matter are described in more detail below with reference to the exemplary embodiments or aspects illustrated in the accompanying figures. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0083] [Figure 1] Schematic diagrams of batteries according to some non-limiting embodiments or aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein are shown.

[0084] [Figure 2] A schematic diagram of a battery anode is shown, which has a branched section (not to scale) and in which the electrolyte composition is used in some non-limiting embodiments or aspects of the subject disclosed herein. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0085] Hereafter, for the purposes of explanation, “end,” “upper,” “lower,” “right,” “left,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” “top,” “bottom,” “lateral,” “longitudinal,” and their derivatives shall be used in relation to the disclosed subject matter as oriented in the drawings. However, unless explicitly stated otherwise, it should be understood that the disclosed subject matter may be subject to various alternative modifications and sequences of steps. It should also be understood that certain devices and processes illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described in the following specification are merely illustrative embodiments or aspects of the disclosed subject matter. Accordingly, certain dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments or aspects disclosed herein should not be considered limiting unless specifically indicated.

[0086] No aspect, component, element, structure, action, step, function, or instruction used herein should be construed as definitive or essential unless expressly stated otherwise. Furthermore, as used herein, the articles “a” and “an” are intended to include one or more items and are interchangeable with “one or more” and “at least one.” Additionally, as used herein, the term “set” is intended to include one or more items (e.g., related items, unrelated items, or combinations of related and unrelated items) and is interchangeable with “one or more” or “at least one.” When referring to only one item, the term “one” or similar is used. Furthermore, as used herein, terms such as “has,” “have,” and “having” are intended to be open-ended.

[0087] As used herein, the transitional term “comprising” (and other equivalent terms, e.g., “containing” and “including”) is “open-ended” and not limited to including an unspecified amount. While “comprising” has been described, the terms “essentially consisting of” and “consisting of” are also within the scope of this disclosure.

[0088] Non-limiting embodiments or aspects of the disclosed subject matter relate to an electrolyte composition for use in a battery having an anode, which includes a base, and a cathode, which includes a base and a plurality of branches protruding from the base and spaced apart from each other along the base to form a gap, wherein the electrolyte composition comprises an electrolyte and an additive composition which includes an inhibitor for reducing topographic variation arising from material deposition on the anode of the battery during the charging process, and / or a leveler for reducing the effect of ion concentration gradients between the plurality of tips of the plurality of branches and the base from material deposition on the anode of the battery during the charging process.

[0089] Non-limiting embodiments or aspects of the disclosed subject matter also include batteries comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte composition in contact with the anode and cathode, i.e., the electrolyte composition described herein.

[0090] Referring to Figure 1, a battery 100 according to a non-limiting embodiment or aspect is shown. The battery 100 in Figure 1 may comprise a secondary (rechargeable) battery that undergoes a series of discharge (see the lower dotted line in Figure 1) and recharge (see the upper dotted line in Figure 1) steps.

[0091] The battery 100 may include an anode 102 spaced apart from the cathode 104. The electrolyte composition 106 described herein may be in fluid communication with the anode 102 and the cathode 104.

[0092] In the discharge process, the electron flow may be from anode 102 to cathode 104, and the current may be from cathode 104 to anode 102. The ionic material 108 (also referred to herein as plating material 108) can flow from anode 102 to cathode 104 through the electrolyte composition 106. In some non-limiting examples, the ionic material 108 may contain lithium ions.

[0093] In the recharging process, the electron flow may be from cathode 104 to anode 102, and the current may be from anode 102 to cathode 104. The ionic material 108 can flow from cathode 104 to anode 102 through the electrolyte composition 106. At least a portion of the ionic material 108 may be plated on anode 102.

[0094] The battery 100 may include a separator (not shown) between the anode 102 and the cathode 104, which may be configured to allow ion transport (e.g., ionic material 108) through it during charging and / or discharging of the battery 100. The battery 100 may include a charger 109 configured to recharge the battery 100 after at least partial discharge.

[0095] Continuing to refer to Figure 1, in some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, cathode 104 is composed of chalcogen elements (e.g., S, Se, O, and Te), fluorides, and at least one intercalated cathode material (e.g., LiCoO2, LiMnO2, LiNiO2, LiCo x Ni y Mn 1-x-y The material may include at least one of the following: LiFePO4, which may contain O2, as well as various dopants such as Ni, Mg, Al, Cr, Zn, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Nd, and La; at least one supercapacitor material (e.g., metal oxide / hydroxide); a conductive polymer; or any combination thereof. Cathode 104 may contain chalcogen. Cathode 104 may contain sulfur.

[0096] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the cathode 104 may comprise a substrate coated with a coating containing a carbon-chalcogen composite material. The coating may further comprise a binder and conductive carbon. The binder may comprise a polymer material. Non-limiting examples of suitable polymer materials include carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME), conductive polymers (such as poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)), polyacrylic acid (PAA), polyethyleneimine (PEI), latex polymers, acrylates, polyurethanes, polyurethane acrylates, and the like.

[0097] Continuing to refer to FIG. 1, in some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the anode 102 may include at least one element from Group IVA (e.g., C, Si, Sn), at least one element from Group IIIA (e.g., Al), at least one transition metal from Group IB - VIIIB (e.g., Zn, Cd, Ag), at least one alkaline earth metal from Group IIA (e.g., Mg, Ca), at least one alkali metal from Group IA (e.g., Li, Na, K), at least one compound (e.g., Li x Si y 、Li x Ge y 、LiAl, Li x Sn y 、LTO, NiO, SiO x ), or at least one of any combination thereof. The anode 102 may include at least one of an alkali metal from Group IA, an alkaline earth metal from Group IIA, an element from Group IIIA, and / or any combination thereof. The anode 102 may include lithium and / or sodium, e.g., lithium.

[0098] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the battery 100 may comprise a cathode 104 containing a chalcogen and an anode 102 containing lithium, e.g., a sulfur cathode 104 and a lithium anode 102 (e.g., a lithium chalcogen and / or a lithium sulfur battery).

[0099] Referring to Figure 2, the anode 102 of the battery 100 is shown. Branches 110 may be formed on the anode 102, and the formation and / or growth of the branches 110 can be controlled using the electrolyte composition 106 described herein. Thus, an anode 102 having branches 110 may include a variegated topography having branches 110 that protrude from the surface of the anode 102 and form peaks (e.g., tips) and valleys (e.g., bases). The branches 110 may have gaps between them. In some non-limiting examples, the branches 110 may include a dendritic branch structure or may form other variegated topography. The variegated topography may be formed by non-uniform material plating (e.g., back surface) on the anode 102.

[0100] Multiple branching points 110 may be generated on the anode 102. The branching points 110 may be generated on the anode 102 and / or on the branching points 110 generated on the anode 102 by plating with ionic material 108 during the charging process. The branching points 110 may grow in the direction of the cathode 104.

[0101] Multiple branch portions 110 may project from the base 112 of the anode 102, spaced apart from each other along the base 112, forming gaps 114 between them. Each branch portion 110 may include a tip 116 corresponding to the distal end of the branch portion 110 (the proximal end of the branch portion 110 terminates at the base 112). The tip 116 of the branch portion 110 may be the region of the branch portion 110 furthest from the anode 102. Each branch portion 110 may include one or more side walls 115 extending from the tip 116 to the base 112.

[0102] The branch 110 may be undesirable in the battery 100 and may have adverse effects on battery performance over time, including shortening the usable life of the battery 100. For example, if the growth of the branch 110 is not controlled, it may cause an internal short circuit in the battery 100, such as by the branch 110 touching the cathode 104. An internal short circuit may lead to failure of the battery 100.

[0103] The electrolyte composition 106 of this disclosure may suppress (e.g., prevent and / or delay) the growth of the branch portions 110, thereby extending the usable life of the battery 100.

[0104] Continuing to refer to Figure 2, the electrolyte composition 106 may contain an electrolyte. The electrolyte may be a liquid, solid, or gel material. The electrolyte may be positioned between the cathode 104 and the anode 102 (electrode). The electrolyte may wet or penetrate the electrodes.

[0105] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the electrolyte may include an inert solvent. For example, a non-limiting embodiment may include dispersing a coordinated Li ion complex in an inert solvent. In embodiments of coordinated lithium ion complexes in an inert solvent, high Li + While achieving ionic conductivity, it also offers high capacity and good low-temperature performance, 2e - The electrochemical pathway of the Li-S battery is maintained. The inert solvent further overcomes the wetting problem due to a significant decrease in viscosity. According to the embodiment, Raman spectroscopy can be used to confirm that the associated coordination number (ACN) of the lithium-ion complex is maintained in the inert solvent. The ACN is related to the coordination chemistry that forms the complex with the Li ion. The inert solvent does not affect the Raman shift of the anion because it does not participate in the primary coordination sphere of the anion, while the active solvent can interact with the anion, thereby shifting the Raman to a lower wavenumber.

[0106] Inert solvents may include fluorinated chemicals such as fluorinated ethers, fluorinated carbonates, fluorinated esters, fluorinated sulfones, and fluorinated sultones. Non-limiting examples of such inert solvents include 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE), 2,2,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl-1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl ether (TPE), fluorobenzene, difluorobenzene, 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,2-trifluoroethyl ether (HFE-347), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE), and methyl ether. Examples include cyperfluorobutane, methyl 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-3-(methoxy)propionate, methylperfluoro-2,5-dimethyl-3,6-dioxaheptanoate, methyl undecafluoro-2-methyl-3-oxahexanoate, 1,2-bis(1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethoxy)ethane (TFEE), methyl 3,3,3-trifluoropionate (MTFP), and methyl (2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) carbonate (TFEMC).

[0107] The inert solvent may include fluorinated ethers. The fluorinated ethers may include at least one of the following: fluorinated ethers of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethyl-2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl ether (TTE), bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl) ether (BTFE), and / or any combination thereof.

[0108] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the electrolyte composition may include an active solvent. The active solvent may include ethers, carbonates, esters, sulfones, and / or any combination thereof. For example, the active solvent may include 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME).

[0109] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the electrolyte may comprise a lithium-ion complex. The lithium-ion complex may comprise lithium ions and ligands. The ligands may comprise mono- or polyglycol ethers. For example, the ligand may comprise polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether (PEGDME).

[0110] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the electrolyte may comprise at least one salt of lithium tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4), LiC2F6NO4S2 (LiTFSI), LiNS2O4F2 (LiFSI), lithium bis(oxalate)borate (LiBOB), lithium difluorophosphate (LiPO2F2), lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6), or any combination thereof, dissolved in a solvent such as an ester, ether, carbonate, or any combination thereof. The electrolyte salt may comprise halogenated derivatives such as halogenated phosphates, borates, imides, carboxylates, aluminates, chlorates, perfluoroalkyl acetates, methides, or any combination thereof. The electrolyte may be an electrolyte used in a coin cell battery, as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 11,114,696, which is incorporated entirely herein by reference. The electrolyte may comprise an alkali metal such as lithium and / or sodium.

[0111] Any combination of the electrolytes mentioned above can be used.

[0112] Continuing to refer to Figure 2, the electrolyte composition 106 may further comprise an additive composition. The additive composition may comprise an inhibitor 118 and / or a leveler 120. The additive composition may comprise an accelerator 122. The additive composition may comprise, consist of, or essentially consist of, the inhibitor 118, the leveler 120, the accelerator 122, and / or any combination thereof. The additive composition may comprise, consist of, or essentially consist of, the inhibitor 118, the leveler 120, and the accelerator 122.

[0113] The inhibitor 118 in the additive composition may reduce topographic variations resulting from material deposition on the anode 102 of the battery 100 during the charging (e.g., recharging) process (compared to the electrolyte composition 106 without the inhibitor 118). The inhibitor 118 may suppress (e.g., prevent and / or delay) the growth of the branch 110 at the tip 116, for example, by suppressing the deposition of ionic material 108 at the tip 116 of the branch 110. Topographic variations may be reduced by depositing the ionic material 108 more rapidly near the base 112 (e.g., gap 114) and depositing the ionic material 108 more slowly at the tip 116. Thus, the inhibitor 118 may promote more uniform deposition of ionic material 108 on the anode 102.

[0114] Continuing to refer to Figure 2, the inhibitor 118 may be adapted to be selectively located near multiple tips 116 of multiple branching sections 110. "Selectively located" should be understood to mean that the inhibitor 118 may be located near the multiple tips 116 at a higher concentration (compared to other components of the additive composition, for example, the leveler 120 and the accelerator 122), while at the same time, the inhibitor 118 may also be located near other areas of the branching section 110, such as along the side walls 115 and / or near the base 112.

[0115] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the inhibitor 118 may include a polarizer comprising at least one hybrid atom comprising atoms from Group IIIA (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl), Group IVA (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), Group VA (N, P, As, Sb, Bi), Group VIA (O, S, Se, Te), Group VIIA (F, Cl, Br, I), or any combination thereof. The at least one hybrid atom may comprise at least one of the following atoms: B, Al, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. The at least one hybrid atom may comprise at least one of the following atoms: N, P, O, S, or any combination thereof.

[0116] At least one hybrid atom may account for at least 3 weight percent of the inhibitor 118, based on the molecular weight of the inhibitor 118, for example, at least 5 weight percent, at least 10 weight percent, at least 15 weight percent, at least 20 weight percent, at least 25 weight percent, or at least 30 weight percent. At least one hybrid atom may account for up to 85 weight percent of the inhibitor 118, based on the molecular weight of the inhibitor 118, for example, up to 80 weight percent, up to 75 weight percent, up to 70 weight percent, up to 60 weight percent, up to 50 weight percent, or up to 40 weight percent. At least one hybrid atom may account for 3 to 85 weight percent of the inhibitor 118, based on the molecular weight of the inhibitor 118, for example, 10 to 75 weight percent, 15 to 60 weight percent, 20 to 50 weight percent, or 25 to 40 weight percent.

[0117] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the inhibitor 118 may include at least one functional group comprising at least one of a hydroxyl group, an ether group, an ester group, a thiol group, a thiol ester group, a thiol ether group, an epoxy group, or any combination thereof. For example, the functional group may include at least one hydroxyl group. In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the hybrid atom may be part of the at least one functional group. In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the hybrid atom may be separate from the at least one functional group.

[0118] The inhibitor 118 may contain multiple functional groups, such as at least two, at least three, or at least four functional groups. The inhibitor 118 may contain 2 to 6 functional groups, for example, 2 to 4 functional groups.

[0119] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the inhibitor 118 may include polyglycols, polyglycol ethers, polyglycol esters, and / or any combination thereof.

[0120] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the inhibitor 118 may have a molecular weight of at least 200 g / mol, for example, at least 400 g / mol, at least 1,000 g / mol, or at least 2,000 g / mol. The inhibitor 118 may have a molecular weight of up to 20,000 g / mol, for example, up to 15,000 g / mol, up to 10,000 g / mol, or up to 5,000 g / mol. The inhibitor 118 may have a molecular weight of 200 to 20,000 g / mol, for example, 400 to 10,000 g / mol, or 1,000 to 5,000 g / mol.

[0121] The inhibitor 118 may have a higher molecular weight than the leveler 120.

[0122] The inhibitor 118 may contain a nonionic material.

[0123] The inhibitor 118 may constitute 1 to 30,000 ppm by weight of the electrolyte composition, for example, 5 to 25,000 ppm by weight or 10 to 20,000 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition.

[0124] Non-limiting examples of inhibitors 118 suitable for use in this disclosure include: [Table 1]

[0125] Continuing to refer to Figure 2, the leveler 120 of the additive composition may reduce the effect of the ion concentration gradient (e.g., the ion concentration gradient of the ionic material 108) between the multiple tips 116 and base 110 of the multiple branches 110 from the material deposition on the anode 102 of the battery 100 during the charging process (compared to the electrolyte composition 106 without the leveler 120).

[0126] At a certain point in the discharge process, the electrolyte composition 106 of the battery 100 may have a concentration of ionic material 108 such that the concentration of ionic material 108 is higher near the cathode 104 and gradually decreases toward the anode 102. There may be a concentration gradient in which the concentration of ionic material 108 is higher near the tip 116 compared to near the base 112. Such a concentration gradient promotes faster growth of the branch 110 at the tip 116 than at the base 112. The leveler 120 may reduce the effect of this ionic concentration gradient, thereby eliminating and / or reducing the difference in plating rate at the tip 116 compared to the base 112, allowing the ionic material 108 to be deposited more uniformly on the anode 102 during the charging process.

[0127] Continuing to refer to Figure 2, the leveler 120 may be adapted to be selectively positioned in the gaps 114 along the side walls 115 of the multiple branch sections 110. "Selectively positioned" should be understood to mean that the leveler 120 may be positioned near and / or along the side walls 115 at a higher concentration (compared to other components of the additive composition, for example, the inhibitor 118 and the accelerator 122), while at the same time, the leveler 120 may also be positioned near other areas of the branch section 110, such as near the tip 116 and / or near the base 112.

[0128] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the leveler 120 may include a polarizer comprising at least one hybrid atom comprising atoms from Group IIIA (B, Al, Ga, In, Tl), Group IVA (C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb), Group VA (N, P, As, Sb, Bi), Group VIA (O, S, Se, Te), Group VIA (F, Cl, Br, I), or any combination thereof. The at least one hybrid atom may comprise at least one of the following atoms: B, Al, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof. The at least one hybrid atom may comprise at least one of the following atoms: N, P, O, S, or any combination thereof.

[0129] At least one hybrid atom may account for at least 4 weight percent of leveler 120, based on the molecular weight of leveler 120, for example, at least 10 weight percent, at least 15 weight percent, at least 20 weight percent, at least 25 weight percent, at least 30 weight percent, or at least 35 weight percent of leveler 120. At least one hybrid atom may account for up to 80 weight percent of leveler 120, based on the molecular weight of leveler 120, for example, up to 75 weight percent, up to 70 weight percent, up to 60 weight percent, or up to 50 weight percent of leveler 120. At least one hybrid atom may account for 4 to 80 weight percent of leveler, based on the molecular weight of leveler 120, for example, 10 to 60 weight percent, 20 to 50 weight percent, 25 to 40 weight percent, or 30 to 40 weight percent of leveler.

[0130] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the leveler 120 may include at least one unsaturated bond. The leveler 120 may include a double bond, a triple bond, or any combination thereof.

[0131] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the leveler 120 may include an aromatic functional group. The aromatic functional group may include a benzene ring.

[0132] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the leveler 120 may have a molecular weight of at least 50 g / mol, for example, at least 75 g / mol, or at least 100 g / mol. The leveler 120 may have a molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol, for example, less than 400 g / mol, less than 300 g / mol, or less than 200 g / mol. The leveler 120 may have a molecular weight of 50 to 500 g / mol, for example, 75 to 300 g / mol, or 100 to 250 g / mol.

[0133] Leveler 120 may have a lower molecular weight than inhibitor 118.

[0134] Leveler 120 may contain nonionic materials.

[0135] The leveler 120 may account for 1 to 30,000 ppm by weight of the electrolyte composition, for example, 5 to 20,000 ppm by weight or 10 to 10,000 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition.

[0136] Non-limiting examples of leveler 120 suitable for use in this disclosure include: [Table 2]

[0137] The accelerator 122 in the additive composition may promote material deposition (e.g., material deposition of ionic material 108) along the base 112 of the anode 102 of the battery 100 during the charging process (compared to an electrolyte composition without the accelerator 122). By promoting the deposition of ionic material 108 near the base 112, the deposition of ionic material 108 on the anode 102 may become more uniform. By combining the delay of bifurcation 110 growth at the tip 116 by the inhibitor 118 with the promotion of bifurcation 110 growth at the base 112, the topographic variability may be reduced.

[0138] Continuing to refer to Figure 2, the accelerator 122 may be adapted to be selectively located in the gap 114 near the base 112. "Selectively located" should be understood as the accelerator 122 being located near the base 112 at a higher concentration (compared to other components of the additive composition, for example, compared to the inhibitor 118 and leveler 120), while at the same time the accelerator 122 may also be located near other areas of the branch 110, such as along the side wall 115 and / or near the tip 116.

[0139] The accelerator 122 may include an ionic material. The accelerator 122 may include an anionic compound. The anionic compound may include a sulfonate-containing compound.

[0140] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the accelerator 122 may have a molecular weight of at least 60 g / mol, for example, at least 80 g / mol, or at least 100 g / mol. The accelerator 122 may have a molecular weight of less than 100,000 g / mol, for example, less than 50,000 g / mol, or less than 10,000 g / mol. The accelerator 122 may have a molecular weight of 60 to 100,000 g / mol, for example, 80 to 50,000 g / mol, or 100 to 10,000 g / mol. The accelerator 122 may include a nonpolymer or polymer compound having a molecular weight of 100 to 500 g / mol, for example, 150 to 500 g / mol.

[0141] The inhibitor 122 may account for 1 to 30,000 ppm by weight of the electrolyte composition, for example, 5 to 25,000 ppm by weight or 10 to 20,000 ppm by weight, based on the total weight of the electrolyte composition.

[0142] Non-limiting examples of accelerators 122 suitable for use in this disclosure include: [Table 3]

[0143] Continuing to refer to Figure 2, the battery 100 may comprise one or more current collectors 126. The anode 102 and / or cathode 104 may comprise current collectors 126 that function as supports for the electrodes. The current collectors 126 may function as conductors between the electrodes and any external circuits. The current collectors 126 may be made from any suitable material such as aluminum, copper, nickel, titanium, stainless steel, or any combination thereof. For example, the current collector 126 for the anode 102 may be made from copper. For example, the current collector 126 for the cathode 104 (not shown) may be made from aluminum. The current collectors 126 may take any form such as foil, mesh, foam, and / or carbon-coated current collectors 126.

[0144] Continuing to refer to Figure 2, a solid electrolyte interface (SEI) 124 may be formed on the anode 102. For example, the SEI 124 may be formed on a branch 110 plated on the anode 102. The SEI 124 may be formed on the surface of the base 112 and the branch 110, and between the base 112 and the branch 110 and the leveler 120, inhibitor 118 and / or accelerator 122. The SEI 124 may be formed by the reduction of the electrolyte during the first or subsequent battery cycle. The SEI 124 may allow the transport of ionic material 108 while preventing further decomposition of the electrolyte.

[0145] Referring to Figures 1 and 2, the battery 100 may include a secondary (rechargeable) battery 100. The secondary battery 100 can be used by at least partially discharging the battery 100 (for example, by using it) and then at least partially charging the battery 100 (for example, by using a charger 109). The secondary battery 100 may undergo more cycles before exhibiting a parasitic condition compared to the same secondary battery that does not contain additive compositions in the electrolyte composition described herein.

[0146] As used herein, “cycle” refers to a series of events, where a charge event is followed by a discharge event, except that the first cycle includes only the discharge of a fully charged battery. “Cycles to failure” refers to the number of cycles it takes for a battery to enter a parasitic state. A parasitic state is defined as the number of cycles during a charge event in which the voltage fluctuates in a zigzag pattern, typically accompanied by a Coulomb efficiency significantly below 100% (typically 95% or less). The zigzag charge voltage profile fluctuates along non-differentiable peaks. Coulomb efficiency is defined by Equation 1 or Equation 2: Equation 1. Coulomb efficiency (%) = (Discharge capacity / Charge capacity) * 100 or Equation 2. Coulomb efficiency (%) = (Specific discharge capacity / Specific charge capacity) * 100 In the formula, the specific discharge capacity and specific charge capacity are determined by dividing the battery's discharge / charge capacity by the number of grams of active material. Capacity can correspond to current (mA) * time (h), i.e., the amount of energy that can be stored in the battery. Specific capacity can correspond to capacity (mAh) / S active material (g).

[0147] For example, the secondary battery 100 may exhibit a non-parasitic cycle state for the same number of cycles as it recharges before exhibiting a parasitic state, and the secondary battery 100 may exhibit a parasitic state during the first charge, which is cycle #2 in which the secondary battery 100 exhibits a parasitic state.

[0148] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, the secondary battery 100 can be cycled by providing a battery 100 in the form of the secondary battery 100 described herein. The secondary battery 100 can be at least partially discharged and then at least partially charged. The secondary battery 100 can be discharged and charged in the periodic manner described herein, and these cycles can be repeated at least until the secondary battery 100 exhibits a parasitic state during the charging step.

[0149] The secondary battery 100 may include a coin cell battery such as a 2032 coin cell battery. Such a coin cell battery can be manufactured by placing a stainless steel spacer (e.g., 500 μm thick and 18 mm in diameter) in the positive electrode case from bottom to top, placing the cathode on the stainless steel spacer, adding an electrolyte composition (e.g., 100 μl and / or 200 μl), placing a separator (e.g., 20 mm in diameter), adding an additional electrolyte composition (e.g., 100 μl and / or 200 μl), placing one lithium metal disk (e.g., 250 μm thick and 16 mm in diameter), stacking two stainless steel spacers (e.g., 500 μm thick and 18 mm in diameter), placing the lid of the negative electrode case, and then manually crimping it (e.g., using an MTI MSK-110 hydraulic crimper) to a pressure of 1,000 psi, and then releasing the crimping pressure. The order of manufacturing the coin cell may be the reverse of the above description. Furthermore, the number of spacers may be changed. Optionally, wave springs or Ni foam may be included.

[0150] This disclosure also covers a rechargeable battery 100, i.e., a method for manufacturing the rechargeable battery 100 described herein. Referring to Figures 1 and 2, this method may include forming the rechargeable battery 100 by placing an electrolyte composition 106 in contact with both the anode 102 and cathode 104 of the battery 100.

[0151] This disclosure also covers a rechargeable battery 100, i.e., a method for extending the life of the rechargeable battery 100 described herein. The method for extending the life of a rechargeable battery includes discharging a rechargeable battery 100 comprising an anode 102, a cathode 104, and an electrolyte composition 106 in contact with the anode 102 and the cathode 104. This method further includes recharging the rechargeable battery 100. The rechargeable battery 100 can be cycled through the discharge and recharge steps until it fails (e.g., exhibits a parasitic state). The rechargeable battery 100 according to this disclosure may have an extended life (e.g., successfully complete more cycles before failure) compared to the same rechargeable battery 100 without the additive composition described herein. Thus, the rechargeable battery described herein, including the additive composition described herein, may extend the usable life of the rechargeable battery.

[0152] For example, the lifespan of a rechargeable battery 100 can be extended by an electrolyte composition 106 that reduces topographic variations arising from material deposition (e.g., ionic material 108) on the anode 102 of the battery 100 during recharging, and / or reduces the effect of ion concentration gradients between multiple tips 116 and base 112 of multiple branches 110 from the material deposition on the anode 102 of the battery 100 during recharging.

[0153] In some non-limiting embodiments or aspects, a rechargeable battery 100 using the electrolyte composition 106 described herein may have an enhanced capacity compared to the same rechargeable battery 100 without the electrolyte additive composition described herein. Enhanced capacity may refer to a rechargeable battery 100 having an increased discharge capacity (e.g., mAh / g) after the same number of cycles compared to the same rechargeable battery 100 without the electrolyte additive composition described herein.

[0154] This disclosure also covers the use of the electrolyte composition 106 described herein for extending the lifespan of the rechargeable battery 100.

[0155] This disclosure also covers the use of the electrolyte composition 106 described herein as an electrolyte in a rechargeable battery 100. [Examples]

[0156] The following examples are provided to illustrate the general principles of this disclosure. This disclosure should not be considered to be limited to the specific examples provided. Examples 1-3 Preparation of electrolyte composition

[0157] The electrolyte composition was prepared according to the following table: [Table 4]

[0158] The electrolyte composition was included as the electrolyte composition of a coin cell battery arranged as described above herein. This coin cell battery having the electrolyte composition was tested at room temperature as follows:

[0159] Three formation cycles were performed using the following protocol: a potential window of 1-3V, 1 / 2 weight (based on S load) current (C) (0.8mA) discharge and charge (including a 3V constant voltage charge (CVC) step under cutoff conditions: 5 minutes of CVC or if a current of less than C / 50 occurred initially).

[0160] For the fourth and subsequent cycles, the following protocol was followed: a potential window of 1-3V, 1 / weight (based on S load) current (C) (1.675mA) discharge and charge (including a 3V CVC step under cutoff conditions: 2 hours of CVC or if a current of less than C / 50 occurred initially).

[0161] The table above shows the number of parasitic cycles and discharge capacity for coin cell batteries with electrolyte compositions.

[0162] As can be seen from the results above, batteries using the electrolyte composition according to this disclosure have an improved number of cycles before a parasitic state is exhibited and an improved discharge capacity compared to the control electrolyte composition.

[0163] While the disclosed subject matter has been described in detail for illustrative purposes based on what is considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment or aspect at present, such details are for that purpose only, and the disclosed subject matter is not limited to the disclosed embodiments or aspects, but is intended to encompass modifications and equivalent configurations within the spirit and scope of the appended claims. For example, the disclosed subject matter is intended to allow, wherever possible, one or more features of any embodiment or aspect to be combined with one or more features of other embodiments or aspects. [Explanation of symbols]

[0164] 100 batteries 102 Anodes 104 Cathode 106 Electrolyte composition 108 Ionic Materials 109 Charger 110 Branching point 112 Base 114 Gap 115 Side wall 116 Tip 118 Inhibitors 120 Leveler 122 Accelerator 124 Solid Electrolyte Interface (SEI) 126 Current collector

Claims

1. An electrolyte composition for use in a battery comprising an anode including a base and a plurality of branch portions protruding from the base and spaced apart from each other along the base to form gaps, and a cathode, during the charging process, Electrolytes, An inhibitor for reducing topographic variations arising from material deposition on the anode of the battery during the charging process, and / or A leveler that reduces the influence of the ion concentration gradient between the multiple tips and bases of the multiple branches from the material deposition on the anode of the battery during the charging process. Additive composition containing and An electrolyte composition containing the following:

2. The electrolyte composition according to claim 1, wherein the additive composition further comprises an accelerator that promotes material deposition along the base of the anode of the battery during the charging process.

3. In the aforementioned additive composition, The inhibitor is adapted to be selectively positioned near the multiple tips of the multiple branching portions, The leveler is adapted to be selectively positioned in the gap along the side walls of the plurality of branch sections, and / or The accelerator is adapted to be selectively placed in the gap near the base. The electrolyte composition according to claim 2.

4. The electrolyte composition according to claim 2, wherein the accelerator comprises an ionic material, and the leveler and the inhibitor comprise a nonionic material.

5. The electrolyte composition according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitor has a larger molecular weight than the leveler.

6. The electrolyte composition of claim 1, wherein the leveler comprises a polarizer comprising at least one hybrid atom comprising an atom from Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group VIA, Group VIIA, or any combination thereof.

7. The electrolyte composition of claim 6, wherein the at least one hybrid atom comprises at least one of the following atoms: B, Al, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

8. The electrolyte composition according to claim 7, wherein the at least one hybrid atom accounts for 4 to 80 weight percent of the leveler.

9. The electrolyte composition according to claim 1, wherein the leveler includes an unsaturated bond.

10. The electrolyte composition according to claim 1, wherein the leveler contains an aromatic functional group.

11. The electrolyte composition according to claim 1, wherein the leveler has a molecular weight of less than 500 g / mol.

12. The electrolyte composition of claim 1, wherein the inhibitor comprises a polarizer comprising at least one hybrid atom comprising atoms from Group IIIA, Group IVA, Group VA, Group VIA, Group VIIA, or any combination thereof.

13. The electrolyte composition of claim 12, wherein the at least one hybrid atom comprises at least one of the following atoms: B, Al, Si, N, P, O, S, Se, F, Cl, Br, I, or any combination thereof.

14. The electrolyte composition of claim 13, wherein the inhibitor comprises at least one functional group including at least one of a hydroxyl group, an ether group, an ester group, a thiol group, a thiol ester group, a thiol ether group, an epoxy group, or any combination thereof.

15. The electrolyte composition according to claim 13, wherein the at least one hybrid atom accounts for at least 3 weight percent of the inhibitor.

16. The electrolyte composition according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitor comprises a polyglycol, a polyglycol ether, and / or a polyglycol ester.

17. The electrolyte composition according to claim 1, wherein the inhibitor has a molecular weight of at least 200 g / mol.

18. The electrolyte composition according to claim 2, wherein the accelerator comprises an anionic compound.

19. The electrolyte composition according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte comprises an inert solvent.

20. A-scatter, Cathode and, An electrolyte composition in contact with the anode and cathode, i.e., the electrolyte composition of claim 1 and A battery equipped with this feature.

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