Fish and shellfish feed

Abstract

To provide fish and shellfish feed, fish and shellfish feed additives, a method for producing fish and shellfish feed, and a method for raising fish and shellfish that can produce fish and shellfish in good health. [Solution] The following components (A) and (B): (A) Non-polymerized catechins 0.001-1.5% by mass (B) Oligosaccharides A fish and shellfish feed containing [this ingredient].

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a feed for fishery products, a feed additive for fishery products, a method for producing a feed for fishery products, and a method for raising fishery products.

Background Art

[0002] In aquaculture, the occurrence of fish diseases and deaths due to dense stocking and excessive feeding in order to increase production efficiency often occur, causing great economic losses to aquaculture farmers. In disease control in aquaculture, it is essential to improve the immunity and disease resistance of fishery products by means of an appropriate breeding environment and feeding management, etc., and to keep the health state of fishery products sound.

[0003] On the other hand, non-polymeric catechins are a kind of polyphenol contained in tea leaves of the genus Camellia. For example, it has been reported that adding catechin to a feed for cultured fish can improve the meat quality of the cultured fish (Patent Document 1), and that feeding a composition containing a polyphenol compound such as (+)-catechin to cultured fish can prevent the oxidation of fish meat during storage (Patent Document 2), etc. In addition, it has been reported that when juvenile yellowtail is reared with a rapeseed meal-based feed supplemented with 0.5% oligosaccharide, its growth and feeding efficiency are improved (Non-Patent Document 1). However, no reports have been made regarding the effects of non-polymeric catechins and oligosaccharides on the health state of fishery products.

Prior Art Documents

Patent Documents

[0004]

Patent Document 1

Patent Document 2

Non-Patent Documents

[0005]

Non-Patent Document 1

[0006] The present invention relates to providing fish and shellfish feed, fish and shellfish feed additives, a method for producing fish and shellfish feed, and a method for raising fish and shellfish, which can produce fish and shellfish in good health. [Means for solving the problem]

[0007] The inventors have found that when fish and shellfish are fed non-polymerized catechins and oligosaccharides, beneficial intestinal bacteria increase in the fish and shellfish, and liver function and blood lipids improve.

[0008] In other words, the present invention relates to the following 1) to 5). 1) The following components (A) and (B): (A) Non-polymerized catechins 0.001-1.5% by mass (B) Oligosaccharides A fish and shellfish feed containing [this ingredient]. 2) The following components (A) and (B): (A) Non-polymerized catechins (B) Oligosaccharides A fish and shellfish feed additive containing [A] and having a mass ratio of component (B) to component (A) [(B) / (A)] of 0.06 to 2000. 3) A method for producing fish and shellfish feed comprising (A) nonpolymerized catechins and (B) oligosaccharides, wherein the amount of component (A) in the fish and shellfish feed is 0.001 to 1.5% by mass. 4) A method for raising fish and shellfish, comprising feeding the fish and shellfish a fish and shellfish feed containing 0.001 to 1.5% by mass of (A) non-polymerized catechins and (B) oligosaccharides. 5) A method for increasing beneficial bacteria in the intestines of fish and shellfish, comprising feeding them (A) non-polymerized catechins and (B) oligosaccharides. [Effects of the Invention]

[0009] The present invention provides a fish and shellfish feed, a fish and shellfish feed additive, a method for producing fish and shellfish feed, and a method for raising fish and shellfish, all of which are capable of producing fish and shellfish in good health. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0010] [Figure 1] A graph showing the prevalence of Brautia and Faecalibacterium bacteria in the intestines of farmed yellowtail. [Figure 2] A graph showing the levels of ALT, AST, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol in the blood of farmed yellowtail. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0011] The fish and shellfish feed of the present invention contains non-polymerized catechins as component (A). In this specification, "non-polymerized catechins" is a general term encompassing non-gallate compounds such as catechin, gallocatechin, epicatechin, and epigallocatechin, and gallate compounds such as catechin gallate, gallocatechin gallate, epicatechin gallate, and epigallocatechin gallate. In the present invention, it is sufficient to contain at least one of the above eight types of non-polymerized catechins.

[0012] (A) The origin of nonpolymer catechins is not particularly limited; for example, they may be chemically synthesized or extracted from plants containing nonpolymer catechins. Non-polymerized catechins are generally found in tea extracts extracted from tea leaves, their concentrates, or their purified products (hereinafter collectively referred to as "tea extracts, etc."), and therefore, those obtained from these are preferred. Here, "tea extract" refers to an extract obtained from tea leaves using water or a hydrophilic organic solvent, without any concentration or purification processes. Examples of water include tap water, natural water, distilled water, membrane-filtered water, and ion-exchanged water. Examples of hydrophilic organic solvents include lower alcohols such as ethanol. As extraction methods, known methods such as kneader extraction, stirring extraction, drip extraction, column extraction, etc. can be adopted. The "concentrate of tea extract" refers to a product obtained by removing at least a part of the solvent from the above tea extract to increase the concentration of non-polymeric catechins. The concentrate of tea extract can be prepared, for example, by the methods described in JP-A-59-219384, JP-A-4-20589, JP-A-5-260907, JP-A-5-306279, etc. Furthermore, the "purified product of tea extract" refers to a product obtained by treating the tea extract or its concentrate with a solvent or an adsorbent to increase the purity of non-polymeric catechins in the solid content, and can be prepared, for example, by the methods described in JP-A-2004-147508, JP-A-2007-282568, JP-A-2006-160656, JP-A-2008-079609, etc.

[0013] As the tea leaves used for extraction, tea leaves of the genus Camellia can be mentioned, for example, tea leaves obtained from C. sinensis var. sinensis (including the Yabukita variety), C. sinensis var. assamica or their hybrids. The tea leaves include, in addition to the freshly picked raw tea leaves, those obtained by drying, freezing, etc. of these, or those obtained by tea processing. The tea leaves are classified into non-fermented tea leaves, semi-fermented tea leaves, and fermented tea leaves according to their processing methods. Examples of non-fermented tea leaves include green tea leaves such as sencha, deep-steamed sencha, roasted tea, bancha, gyokuro, kabusecha, matcha, kamairi-cha, stem tea, stick tea, sprout tea, etc. Examples of semi-fermented tea leaves include oolong tea leaves such as Tieguanyin, Sezhong, Huangjingui, Wuyi rock tea, etc. Examples of fermented tea leaves include black tea leaves such as Darjeeling, Assam, Sri Lanka, etc. One kind or two or more kinds of tea leaves can be used. Also, in addition to the tea leaves, stems can be used. Among them, green tea leaves are preferred in terms of having a high content of non-polymeric catechins.

[0014] In the feed for fish and shellfish, the content of component (A) is 0.001 to 1.5% by mass. From the viewpoint of improving the health condition, it is preferably 0.005% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, still more preferably 0.02% by mass or more. Also, from the viewpoint of the feeding rate of farmed fish, it is preferably 1.2% by mass or less, more preferably 1.1% by mass or less, still more preferably 1.0% by mass or less. The content of component (A) in the feed for fish and shellfish is 0.001 to 1.5% by mass, preferably 0.005 to 1.2% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 1.1% by mass, still more preferably 0.02 to 1.0% by mass. In this specification, the content of component (A) is defined based on the total amount of the above eight non-polymeric catechins. The content of component (A) can be measured by an analytical method suitable for the situation of the measurement sample among the commonly known measurement methods. For example, it can be analyzed by liquid chromatography. Specifically, the method described in the examples below can be mentioned. In addition, when measuring, in order to conform to the detection range of the device, the sample may be lyophilized, or impurities in the sample may be removed in order to conform to the resolution of the device, and appropriate treatment may be performed as necessary.

[0015] The feed for fish and shellfish of the present invention contains oligosaccharide as component (B). From the viewpoints of growth rate and improvement of health condition, the oligosaccharide is preferably a sugar having 2 to 10 monosaccharides, more preferably 3 to 7, and still more preferably 3 to 4. Examples of the constituent sugars constituting the oligosaccharide include glucose, fructose, galactose, xylose, mannose, arabinose and the like. Among them, from the viewpoints of growth rate and improvement of health condition, it is preferably at least one selected from glucose, fructose and galactose, and more preferably glucose. The bonding mode of the sugars is not particularly limited as long as they can be linked in a linear or branched chain. For example, α-1,4 bond, α-1,6 bond, β-1,1 bond, β-1,2 bond, β-1,3 bond, β-1,4 bond, β-1,6 bond and the like can be mentioned, and it may be only a single bonding mode or two or more bonding modes.

[0016] Examples of such oligosaccharides include isomaltoligosaccharides, galactooligosaccharides, maltooligosaccharides, fructooligosaccharides, and xylooligosaccharides. Isomaltooligosaccharides include isomaltose, panose, isomalttriose, isomalttetraose, isomaltopentaose, etc., or are composed of combinations thereof. Galactooligosaccharides include raffinose, stachyose, lactosucrose, 4'-galactosyllactose, etc., or are composed of combinations thereof. Maltooligosaccharides include maltotriose, maltotetraose, maltopentaose, etc., or are composed of combinations thereof. Fructooligosaccharides include 1-kestose, nystose, fructofuranosylnistose, etc., or are composed of combinations thereof. Xylooligosaccharides include xylobiose, xylotriose, etc., or are composed of combinations thereof. In particular, from the viewpoint of growth rate and improvement of health status, it is preferably at least one selected from isomaltoligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides.

[0017] In fish and shellfish feed, the content of component (B) is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.05% by mass or more, and even more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, from the viewpoint of improving health, and preferably 2% by mass or less, more preferably 1.5% by mass or less, and even more preferably 1.0% by mass or less, from the viewpoint of growth rate. The content of component (B) in fish and shellfish feed is preferably 0.01 to 2% by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 1.5% by mass, and even more preferably 0.1 to 1.0% by mass. In this specification, the content of component (B) can be measured by an analytical method suitable for the condition of the sample from among commonly known measurement methods. Specifically, this can be done by the method described in the examples below. When measuring, the sample may be freeze-dried to match the detection range of the instrument, or impurities in the sample may be removed to match the separation capabilities of the instrument, or other appropriate treatments may be performed as needed.

[0018] The mass ratio of component (A) to component (B) [(B) / (A)] in the fish and shellfish feed of the present invention is preferably 0.06 to 2000, more preferably 0.1 to 1000, and even more preferably 0.15 to 500, from the viewpoint of improving health.

[0019] The fish and shellfish feed of the present invention may optionally contain, in addition to the above components (A) and (B), one or more of the following feed ingredients: animal protein raw materials such as fish meal, fish soluble, meat meal, meat and bone meal, blood meal, krill meal, and squid meal; grain flours such as corn gluten meal, oilseed meal, soybean flour, wheat flour, and various starches; oils and fats such as fish oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, beef tallow, and pork tallow; and feed ingredients such as yeasts, seaweed powder, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. The content of these other feed ingredients can be appropriately set within a range that does not impair the purpose of the present invention.

[0020] The fish and shellfish feed of the present invention can take any suitable form, such as pellets, flakes, mash, or liquid.

[0021] The frequency and amount of feeding of the fish and shellfish feed of the present invention can be appropriately adjusted according to the type, size, age, etc. of the fish and shellfish, but generally, it is preferable to feed them until they are full. The feeding of fish and shellfish feed may be carried out continuously for the entire period from the start of rearing to shipment, or it may be carried out for a certain period from the start of rearing to shipment. For example, feeding may be carried out for 14 to 60 days. Examples of seafood include fish such as yellowtail, amberjack, kingfish, sea bream, tuna, skipjack tuna, flounder, pufferfish, eel, sweetfish, carp, bonito, salmon, trout, crucian carp, and ornamental fish; crustaceans such as shrimp and crab; and shellfish such as scallops, oysters, clams, and Manila clams. Note that the aforementioned fish include the same fish under different names. The water used to raise these fish and shellfish can be any water suitable for them, and may be seawater, freshwater, or brackish water.

[0022] The fish and shellfish feed of the present invention can be manufactured by any appropriate method. For example, it can be manufactured by combining component (A) and component (B), and other components as needed. The mixing order of each component is not particularly limited, and they may be added in any order or simultaneously. The amount of component (A) in the fish and shellfish feed is 0.001 to 1.5% by mass, but from the viewpoint of improving health, it is preferably 0.005% by mass or more, more preferably 0.01% by mass or more, and even more preferably 0.02% by mass or more, and from the viewpoint of the feeding rate of farmed fish, it is preferably 1.2% by mass or less, more preferably 1.1% by mass or less, and even more preferably 1.0% by mass or less. The amount of component (A) in the fish and shellfish feed is 0.001 to 1.5% by mass, preferably 0.005 to 1.2% by mass, more preferably 0.01 to 1.1% by mass, and even more preferably 0.02 to 1.0% by mass. The amount of component (B) is preferably 0.01% by mass or more, more preferably 0.05% by mass or more, and even more preferably 0.1% by mass or more, from the viewpoint of improving health status, and preferably 2% by mass or less, more preferably 1.5% by mass or less, and even more preferably 1.0% by mass or less, from the viewpoint of growth rate. The amount of component (B) in the fish and shellfish feed is preferably 0.01 to 2% by mass, more preferably 0.05 to 1.5% by mass, and even more preferably 0.1 to 1.0% by mass.

[0023] In the production of fish and shellfish feed, the ratio of the amount of component (B) to the amount of component (A) [(B) / (A)] is preferably 0.06 to 2000, more preferably 0.1 to 1000, and even more preferably 0.15 to 500, from the viewpoint of improving health.

[0024] In this specification, a fish and shellfish feed additive is an additive added to fish and shellfish feed and contains component (A) and component (B). The specific composition of (A) nonpolymerized catechins and (B) oligosaccharides, as well as the fish and shellfish feed, are as described above. The content of component (A) and component (B) in the fish and shellfish feed additive of the present invention should be adjusted so that they fall within the range of the above-mentioned content of each component when added to fish and shellfish feed.

[0025] In the fish and shellfish feed additive of the present invention, the mass ratio of component (A) to component (B) [(B) / (A)] is preferably 0.06 to 2000, more preferably 0.1 to 1000, and even more preferably 0.15 to 500, from the viewpoint of improving health.

[0026] When the fish and shellfish feed of the present invention is fed to fish and shellfish, as shown in the examples below, the number of Blautia and Faecalibacterium bacteria in the fish and shellfish's intestines increases, and liver function and blood lipids (triglycerides, LDL cholesterol) improve. Blautia and Faecalibacterium bacteria are commensal bacteria in the intestines of fish and shellfish and are known as beneficial bacteria useful for maintaining the health of fish and shellfish. Therefore, the combination of component (A) and component (B) is useful as an intestinal beneficial bacteria increasing agent, liver function improving agent, and blood lipid improving agent (triglyceride reduction, LDL reduction) for increasing beneficial bacteria in the intestines of seafood. It can also be used to increase beneficial bacteria in the intestines of seafood, improve liver function, and improve blood lipids. Maintaining the health of seafood reduces the risk of disease and mortality, and is expected to improve the productivity of aquaculture. An increase in the genera Blautia and Faecalibacterium can be evaluated, for example, by analyzing the gut microbiota of intestinal contents and assessing the types and composition of bacterial genera and species that constitute the gut microbiota. Methods for analyzing the gut microbiota include, for example, metagenomic analysis, which analyzes the bacterial phylogenetic composition in the gut microbiota based on the base sequence of the 16S rRNA gene contained in the bacterial genomic DNA. [Examples]

[0027] (1) Analysis of nonpolymer catechins The feed was extracted with 50% methanol, and the resulting extract was measured using a high-performance liquid chromatograph (model SCL-10AVP, Shimadzu Corporation) equipped with an octadecyl group-introduced liquid chromatograph packed column (L-column ODS, 4.6 mmφ × 250 mm, particle size 5 μm, manufactured by the Chemicals Evaluation and Research Institute) at a column temperature of 35°C using the gradient method. The mobile phase A was a distilled aqueous solution containing 0.1 mol / L of acetic acid, and the mobile phase B was an acetonitrile solution containing 0.1 mol / L of acetic acid. The flow rate was 1 mL / min, the sample injection volume was 10 μL, and the UV detector wavelength was 280 nm. The gradient conditions were as follows: Concentration gradient conditions (volume %) Time A liquid concentration B liquid concentration 0 minutes 97% 3% 5 minutes 97% 3% 37 minutes 80% 20% 43 minutes 80% 20% 43.5 minutes 0% 100% 48.5 minutes 0% 100% 49 minutes 97% 3% 60 minutes 97% 3%

[0028] (2) Analysis of oligosaccharides The sample was weighed, added to 50% ethanol, and subjected to ultrasonic extraction for 30 minutes, then diluted to volume in a volumetric flask. The sample was then filtered, the filtrate was concentrated and dried, water was added to dissolve it, and the solution was filtered through a membrane filter. The filtrate was then measured using a high-performance liquid chromatography (HCM) system with an anionic column and a gradient method at a column temperature of 32°C. Mobile phase A was a distilled aqueous solution, mobile phase B was a 0.2 mol / L sodium hydroxide solution, and mobile phase C was a mixture of 0.1 mol / L sodium hydroxide and 0.1 mol / L sodium chlorate (1:1). The flow rate was 1 mL / min, the sample injection volume was 5 μL, and a PAD detector was used. The gradient was as follows: Time A solution concentration B solution concentration C solution concentration 0 minutes 100% 0% 0% 1 minute 100% 0% 0% 18 minutes 50% 50% 0% 40 minutes 0% 0% 0% 45 minutes 0% 0% 0%

[0029] (1) Method for preparing fish and shellfish feed Example 1 Using an extruder, EP feed A was obtained by blending 45% by mass of fish meal, 17% by mass of vegetable oilseed meal, 10% by mass of grains, 27.5% by mass of oligosaccharides and nutrient raw materials, and 0.5% by mass of tea extract. The amount of non-polymerized catechins contained in EP Feed A was 0.07% by mass, and the total amount of oligosaccharides was 0.37% by mass. The oligosaccharides consisted of raffinose (0.12%) and stachyose (0.25%).

[0030] Comparative Example 1 EP feed B was obtained by blending 45% by mass of fish meal, 17% by mass of vegetable oil cakes, 10% by mass of grains, and 28% by mass of oligosaccharides and nutrient raw materials, in the same manner as EP feed A. The amount of non-polymerized catechins in EP feed B was 0.0% by mass, and the total amount of oligosaccharides was 0.37% by mass. The oligosaccharides consisted of raffinose (0.12%) and stachyose (0.25%).

[0031] (2) Fish pond test A rearing trial was conducted on yellowtail in a fish farm. The rearing management conditions at the fish farm are shown in Table 1. Two-year-old yellowtail were fed satiety with EP feed A or EP feed B every two or three days and reared for two months. After the experiment, five test fish were selected, blood was collected, and the fish were immediately killed to obtain intestinal contents. Anticoagulants were added to the blood, and then the levels of ALT (aspartate aminotransferase), AST (alanine aminotransferase), triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol were measured. Furthermore, the gut microbiota of the intestinal contents was analyzed using a stool collection kit owned by Techno Suruga Labs Co., Ltd. Each gut microbiota was identified using amplicon sequencing analysis targeting the base sequence of the rDNA (16S rRNA gene) portion. For primers, Pro341F-Pro805R was used, and PCR was performed according to the prior literature (Development of a prokaryotic universal primer for simultaneous analysis of Bacteria and Archaea using next-generation sequencing. PLoS One. 2014 Aug 21;9(8):e105592.doi:10.1371 / journal.pone.0105592.eCollection 2014). The obtained DNA fragments were subjected to amplicon sequencing analysis using a sequencer (Miseq, Illumia) and a sequencing kit (MiSeq ReagentKit v3, Illumia).Data preprocessing was performed according to the following prior literature: Inter- and intra-individual variations in seasonal and daily stabilities of the human gut microbiota in Japanese. Arch Microbiol. 2015 Sep;197(7):919-34.doi:10.1007 / s00203-015-1125-0.Epub 2015 Jun 12 and cutPrimers: A New Tool for Accurate Cutting of Primers from Reads of Targeted Next Generation Sequencing. J Comput Biol. 2017 Nov;24(11):1138-1143.doi:10.1089 / cmb.2017.0096.Epub 2017 Jul 17. Homology searches were performed using the software Metagenome@KIN (World Fusion, Japan). The database used was RDP Classifier ver.2.13 (Naive Bayesianclassifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007 Aug;73(16):5261-7. doi:10.1128 / AEM.00062-07. Epub 2007 Jun 22). The abundance of *Blautia* and *Faecalibacterium* bacteria was calculated by dividing the copy number of *Blautia* bacteria by the total number of bacterial copies.

[0032] [Table 1]

[0033] (3) Results Figure 1 shows the prevalence of Brautia and Faecalibacterium bacteria in the intestinal tract of farmed yellowtail. From Figure 1, it was confirmed that both Brautia and Faecalibacterium bacteria were increased in Group 1 of Example compared to Group 1 of Comparative Example. Figure 2 shows the levels of ALT, AST, triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol. It was confirmed that the group in Example 1 showed better scores in each category compared to the group in Comparative Example 1.

Claims

1. The following components (A) and (B): (A) Non-polymerized catechins 0.001 to 1.5% by mass (B) Oligosaccharides A fish and shellfish feed containing [this ingredient].

2. The fish and shellfish feed according to claim 1, wherein the mass ratio of component (A) to component (B) [(B) / (A)] is 0.06 to 2000.

3. The fish and shellfish feed according to claim 1 or 2, wherein component (B) is at least one selected from isomaltoligosaccharides and galactooligosaccharides.

4. The following components (A) and (B): (A) Non-polymerized catechins (B) Oligosaccharides A fish and shellfish feed additive containing [A] and having a mass ratio of component (B) to component (A) [(B) / (A)] of 0.06 to 2000.

5. A method for producing fish and shellfish feed, comprising (A) non-polymerized catechins and (B) oligosaccharides, wherein the amount of component (A) in the fish and shellfish feed is 0.001 to 1.5% by mass.

6. A method for raising fish and shellfish, comprising feeding the fish and shellfish a fish and shellfish feed containing 0.001 to 1.5% by mass of (A) non-polymerized catechins and (B) oligosaccharides.

7. A method for increasing beneficial bacteria in the intestines of fish and shellfish, comprising feeding them (A) non-polymerized catechins and (B) oligosaccharides.

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