Small sprinkler

Abstract

The sprinkler includes an axially extending, generally tubular sprinkler frame having an inlet located at a proximal end and extending toward a distal end. A plurality of pins are anchored to the sprinkler frame and extend distally. A fluid deflector is oriented in a first position in the sprinkler's inoperative configuration and is slidable distally along the pins to be in a second position in the sprinkler's operative configuration. A thermal trigger is supported by the sprinkler frame in the sprinkler's inoperative configuration at an axial position distal from the deflector. The sprinkler frame is configured to be attached to a fire protection piping network.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] (CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS) This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 438,870, entitled "Storage Occupancy Sprinkler Head," filed January 13, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 543,526, entitled "Storage Occupancy Sprinkler Head," filed October 11, 2023, the contents of each of which are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

[0002] FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE This disclosure relates generally to sprinklers, and more particularly to miniature sprinklers, including those for use in storage facilities. [Background technology]

[0003] Fire sprinkler systems are generally approved by a local regulatory authority, usually an Authority Having Jurisdiction (AHJ), to ensure that the system complies with relevant codes and other requirements. Accordingly, AHJs may rely on various national and internationally recognized standards, such as NFPA 13: Standard for the Installation of Sprinkler Systems (2022), which imposes specific requirements for the design and installation of fire sprinkler systems related to the items, facilities, and the manner in which protection is provided, including sprinkler type and various sprinkler characteristics. Similarly, the FM has promulgated Global Loss Prevention Data Sheets, which also address the design and installation of fire sprinkler systems, taking into account the above factors. Additionally, AHJs may rely on what is known as a "listing certification" provided by nationally recognized testing laboratories (or listing certification organizations) that promulgate performance-based standards for fire protection equipment, which demonstrate that such equipment, including fire sprinklers, is suitable to provide fire protection when used in accordance with the laboratory's listing and installation rules, such as NFPA 13 or FM Data Sheets. Industry-recognized testing laboratories that provide such listing certification services include UL (formerly known as Underwriter's Laboratories) and FM Approvals.

[0004] These standards and listing certifications take into account various characteristics of the sprinkler itself, including, among other characteristics, the sprinkler's discharge coefficient or nominal K-factor, installation orientation (whether downward, upward, or sidewall), installation location (either in a ceiling, wall, or storage facility rack), sprinkler thermal sensitivity or sprinkler response time index (RTI), sprinkler spacing, the pressure required to be applied to the sprinkler, and the sprinkler's coverage area. The discharge coefficient or K-factor is determined by the sprinkler's inlet geometry and orifice size and is expressed in GPM / psi.1 / 2 It is measured in units of K-factor and represents the sprinkler's fluid flow rate relative to the system pressure. Sprinklers with higher K-factors tend to deliver greater water volumes to handle more challenging fires or more challenging sprinkler installations. Thermal response triggers, which react to heat from a fire event, typically have a nominal operating temperature, e.g., about 125°F to about 300°F, and a time (m·s) 1 / 2 The thermal trigger is evaluated in terms of both RTI, which is a measure of the thermal sensitivity of the thermal trigger in units of 80 (m s). 1 / 2 ~350(m·s) 1 / 2 A sprinkler with an RTI of 50 (m·s) is defined as a "standard response" sprinkler. 1 / 2 A sprinkler with the following RTIs is defined as a "fast response" sprinkler: In addition to these characteristics, testing laboratories may also specify water spray tests and live fire tests to evaluate sprinkler performance and provide listing certification services.

[0005] In particular, to be considered a "standard spray sprinkler" as defined in, for example, NFPA 13, a listing authority may require dispersion and fire testing. In UL's standard UL 199, this testing includes 10 and 16 pan water spray tests and a 350 pound wooden crib fire test. Similarly, FM's FM 2000 standard requires that dispersion tests and a 350 pound crib fire test be conducted.

[0006] Conventional storage facility sprinkler systems generally include ceiling-mounted systems, in-rack systems, or a combination of both ceiling-mounted and in-rack systems. Storage facilities typically have ceiling heights of 20 feet or more. However, with the advent of improved automated storage and retrieval systems that can retrieve goods from higher heights, ceiling heights in storage facilities have increased dramatically, for example, up to and exceeding 100 feet.

[0007] Storage sprinklers are generally defined as sprinklers that are listed and approved by a nationally accredited testing laboratory to protect storage facilities. Such sprinklers generally have a k-factor of at least 11.2 and typically include Early Suppression Rapid Response ("ESFR") sprinklers, Control Mode Specific Application (CMSA) sprinklers, and Control Mode Congested Area (CMDA) sprinklers, among others. To be listed as a CMDA sprinkler, both UL 199 and FM 2000 require specialized large-scale fire testing.

[0008] As used herein, a sprinkler is said to be "qualified" for a particular recognized sprinkler classification, such as a standard spray sprinkler, intermediate or in-rack sprinkler, or storage sprinkler, if it has passed the appropriate water spray test, live fire test, and / or has been certified listed by an appropriate testing agency as meeting the performance requirements of that recognized sprinkler classification.

[0009] Where ceiling-only storage facility sprinkler systems are employed, as ceiling heights have increased, the orifice size and resulting fire extinguishing fluid flow of the storage sprinklers employed in these facilities has correspondingly increased. Ceiling-only storage sprinkler systems may be sized to support up to 12 sprinklers operating simultaneously, or in some cases as many as nine sprinklers, typically allowing for excessive fire extinguishing fluid flow rates with nominal K-factors of up to K25.2, and even K28 and K34. Such excessive fire extinguishing fluid flow rates are required so that the extinguishing fluid can penetrate from the sprinkler location near the ceiling to the source of the fire (a distance that increases as ceiling height increases). Furthermore, in order for a fire from a potentially lower rack to reach and activate a sprinkler, the fire often must extend far beyond the extinguishing capacity of a single sprinkler or several sprinklers, resulting in a larger fire, greater risk to firefighters, and greater property loss due to fire / smoke damage and fire extinguishing fluid damage.

[0010] The advent of storage facilities with higher ceilings has made overhead ceiling-mounted sprinkler systems ineffective, making the incorporation of in-rack systems, which are mounted directly within the storage rack, particularly important. However, in-rack systems do not employ purpose-built sprinklers with spray patterns specifically designed to effectively and efficiently distribute fire-extinguishing fluid throughout the storage rack. Rather, current in-rack sprinkler systems employ sprinklers qualified as standard spray sprinklers or sprinklers designed for other purposes, such as standard commercial sprinklers, including ESFR sprinklers.

[0011] Another drawback of current in-rack sprinkler systems relates to the mounting method of the sprinklers within the storage rack. Currently, the sprinklers are mounted in an exposed manner within the storage rack and have perimeter guards added for protection. Nevertheless, the sprinklers are susceptible to damage. For example, the use of machinery such as forklifts to move items in and out of the storage rack often results in contact with and potential damage to the sprinklers.

[0012] Yet another drawback of the exposed mounting of sprinklers in current in-rack sprinkler systems is that the spray of fire extinguishing fluid from a sprinkler located on one level of the storage rack can cool the thermal elements of exposed sprinklers located on lower levels of the storage rack, thereby causing cold soldering of the lower sprinklers. In-rack sprinkler systems are often referred to as "mid-level" protection systems, and to minimize the possibility of cold soldering, in addition to the guards mentioned above, the sprinklers may also be equipped with a shield above each sprinkler to protect its operating element from the water discharge of sprinklers on higher levels.

[0013] Therefore, it may be advantageous to manufacture and employ miniature sprinklers, such as sprinklers configured for in-rack sprinkler systems, which may qualify as standard spray sprinklers, CMDA sprinklers, or other sprinkler classifications and may be useful in other applications in addition to combating fires in storage facilities. Summary of the Invention

[0014] Briefly, one aspect of the present disclosure is directed to a sprinkler including an axially extending, generally tubular sprinkler frame having an inlet located at a proximal end and extending toward a distal end. A plurality of pins are anchored to the sprinkler frame and extend distally. A fluid deflector is oriented in a first position in the sprinkler's inoperative configuration and is slidable distally along the pins to a second position in the sprinkler's operative configuration. A thermal trigger is supported by the sprinkler frame in the sprinkler's inoperative configuration at an axial position distal from the deflector. The sprinkler frame is configured for attachment to a fire protection piping network.

[0015] In one configuration, the pin terminates at its proximal end within the sprinkler frame.

[0016] In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler may further include a protective cap slidably mounted to the sprinkler frame and extending distally beyond the distal end of the sprinkler frame. In one configuration, the protective cap includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced airflow openings. In one configuration, the sprinkler frame has an axial axis, and the thermal trigger is a fusible link oriented at an oblique angle relative to the axial axis and at least partially axially overlapping the airflow openings. In one configuration, the fluid deflector remains within the axial extent of the protective cap in both the first and second positions.

[0017] In any one of the preceding configurations, the proximal portion of the sprinkler frame defines a proximal inlet, a distal outlet, and an internal fire-extinguishing fluid passageway extending therebetween, and the sprinkler may further include an annular seal positioned proximally relative to the fluid deflector configured to seal the distal outlet of the internal fire-extinguishing fluid passageway in a non-operating configuration of the sprinkler.

[0018] In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler may further include a splitter positioned proximally relative to the fluid deflector, the circumferential extent of the splitter extending radially in a proximal-to-distal direction. In one configuration, the splitter defines an internal cavity having an opening at a proximal end thereof.

[0019] In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler may further include a seal and splitter assembly supported within the sprinkler frame, the seal and splitter assembly configured to support a fluid deflector and a Belleville seal covering the fluid deflector, and including a splitter covering the Belleville seal, the splitter configured to stabilize the fluid deflector in the operating configuration.

[0020] One aspect of the present disclosure is also directed to a sprinkler including an axially extending, generally tubular sprinkler frame having a proximal portion and a distal portion. A fluid deflector is oriented in a first position in the sprinkler's inoperative configuration and is slidable distally to a second position in the sprinkler's operative configuration. A splitter is positioned proximally relative to the fluid deflector, with the splitter's circumferential extent radially expanding in the proximal-to-distal direction. A thermal trigger is supported by the sprinkler frame in the sprinkler's inoperative configuration at an axial position distal from the splitter. The sprinkler frame is configured for attachment to a fire protection piping network.

[0021] In one configuration, the splitter includes a closed internal cavity having an access opening at its proximal end, hi one configuration, the profile of the internal cavity generally follows the exterior profile of the splitter.

[0022] In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler may further include a protective cap slidably mounted to the sprinkler frame. In one configuration, the protective cap includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced airflow openings.

[0023] In any one of the preceding configurations, the proximal portion of the sprinkler frame defines a proximal inlet, a distal outlet and an internal fire suppression fluid passageway extending therebetween, the splitter being positioned within the internal fire suppression fluid passageway in the inoperative configuration.

[0024] One aspect of the present disclosure is also directed to a sprinkler including a sprinkler frame having a proximal portion and a distal portion, the sprinkler frame extending in an axial direction, and a fluid deflector slidable distally to be oriented in a first position in a non-operational configuration of the sprinkler and to be oriented in a second position in an operation configuration of the sprinkler. A fusing link is supported by the sprinkler frame in the non-operational configuration of the sprinkler, the fusing link being oriented in an axially oblique manner. The sprinkler frame is configured to be attached to a fire protection piping network.

[0025] In one configuration, the sprinkler further includes a load bar stabilized within the sprinkler frame in the sprinkler's inoperative configuration, the load bar positioned proximal to the trigger or the fusible link. A first lever arm is stabilized by the load bar near one end and engaged with the fusible link near the opposite end in the sprinkler's inoperative configuration, and a second lever arm is stabilized by the load bar near one end and engaged with the fusible link near the opposite end in the sprinkler's inoperative configuration. In one configuration, the second lever arm projects distally beyond the first lever arm, thereby orienting the fusible link in an axially oblique manner. In any one of the preceding configurations, the first lever arm may be integrally formed with the load bar and project distally therefrom.

[0026] In any one of the preceding configurations, the proximal portion of the sprinkler frame may define a proximal inlet, a distal outlet, and an internal fire-extinguishing fluid passageway extending therebetween, and the sprinkler may further include a Belleville seal positioned proximal to the fluid deflector and configured to seal the distal outlet of the internal fire-extinguishing fluid passageway in a non-operating configuration of the sprinkler.

[0027] In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler may further include a splitter positioned proximal to the fluid deflector, the circumferential extent of the splitter extending radially in a proximal-to-distal direction. In one configuration, the splitter defines an internal cavity having an opening at a proximal end thereof.

[0028] In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler may include a protective cap extending distally beyond a distal portion of the sprinkler frame, the protective cap including a plurality of circumferentially spaced airflow openings. In one configuration, the fusible link at least partially axially overlaps the airflow openings.

[0029] In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler may further include a pair of pins anchored to the distally extending sprinkler frame, the fluid deflector being slidable along the pair of pins.

[0030] In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler frame may include a convergent nozzle extending distally and terminating distally at an orifice, a first stepped cavity distally adjacent the orifice, the first stepped cavity having a diameter larger than the orifice, a second stepped cavity distally adjacent the first stepped cavity, the second stepped cavity having a diameter larger than the first stepped cavity, a third stepped cavity distally adjacent the second stepped cavity, the third stepped cavity having a diameter larger than the second stepped cavity, and a lip overhanging the third stepped cavity, the lip defining a diameter smaller than the third stepped cavity. In one configuration, the sprinkler includes a load bar stabilized within the sprinkler frame in the sprinkler's non-operating configuration, the load bar being located within the third stepped cavity. In one configuration, the lip includes two recesses sized and dimensioned to allow the load bar to be assembled into the sprinkler frame during its manufacture.

[0031] One aspect of the present disclosure is also directed to a sprinkler including an axially extending, generally tubular sprinkler frame having a proximal portion and a distal portion. A protective cap extends distally beyond the distal portion of the sprinkler frame and has a plurality of circumferentially spaced airflow openings. A fluid deflector is oriented in a first position in the sprinkler's non-operational configuration and is slidable distally to a second position in the sprinkler's operative configuration. The fluid deflector is positioned within the axial extent of the protective cap in the first position. A fusing link is supported by the sprinkler frame in the sprinkler's non-operational configuration at an axial position within the axial extent of the protective cap and at least partially axially overlaps the airflow openings. The sprinkler frame is configured for attachment to a fire protection piping network.

[0032] In one configuration, the protective cap extends distally to the same axial extent as or axially beyond the distal extent of any other component of the sprinkler.

[0033] In any one of the preceding configurations, the protective canopy defines a perimeter and a series of air flow windows about the perimeter, the air flow windows being sized and configured to qualify the sprinkler as a fast response sprinkler.

[0034] In any one of the preceding configurations, the fluid deflector is positioned within the axial extent of the protective cap in the second position.

[0035] In any one of the preceding configurations, the fluid deflector is positioned beyond the axial extent of the protective cap in the second position.

[0036] In any one of the preceding configurations, the protective cap is rotatably secured to the sprinkler frame.

[0037] In any one of the preceding configurations, the protective cap is slidably attached to the sprinkler frame.

[0038] In any one of the preceding configurations, the protective cap is integrally formed with the sprinkler frame.

[0039] In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler frame is configured to attach to a fire protection piping network via a coupling, whereby the fluid deflector is recessed within at least one of the piping network and the coupling, the thermal trigger is recessed within at least one of the piping network and the coupling, and at least a portion of the sprinkler frame is recessed within at least one of the piping network and the coupling.

[0040] In any one of the preceding configurations, at least the proximal portion is configured for a substantially complementary slidable fit within the outlet of the piping network, thereby being substantially concealed within the outlet.

[0041] In any one of the preceding configurations, the proximal portion of the sprinkler frame defines a proximal inlet, a distal outlet, and an internal fire suppression fluid passage extending therebetween, the splitter being positioned within the internal fire suppression fluid passage in the non-operative configuration. In one configuration, the circumferential extent of the splitter extends radially in a proximal-to-distal direction. In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler may further include a Belleville seal positioned proximal to the fluid deflector, the Belleville seal configured to seal the distal outlet of the internal fire suppression fluid passage in the non-operative configuration of the sprinkler.

[0042] In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler may further include a seal and splitter assembly supported within the sprinkler frame and configured to support a fluid deflector and a Belleville seal covering the fluid deflector, the Belleville seal being below the fluid deflector, the splitter configured to adjust the angle of fire extinguishing fluid moving from the internal fire extinguishing fluid passage toward the fluid deflector.

[0043] One aspect of the present disclosure is also directed to a miniature sprinkler that qualifies as a standard spray sprinkler. The miniature sprinkler includes an axially extending sprinkler frame having an inlet located at a proximal end and extending toward a distal end, and a passageway extending distally from the inlet through the sprinkler frame. A fluid deflector is attached to the frame, the fluid deflector having a first position in the sprinkler's inoperative configuration and a second position in the sprinkler's operative configuration, the inlet and passageway defining a nominal K-factor greater than 5.6.

[0044] In one configuration, the distance from the proximal side of the fluid deflector in the second position to the proximal end of the sprinkler frame is less than 1.25 inches.

[0045] In any one of the preceding configurations, the distance from the proximal end of the sprinkler frame to the distal end of the sprinkler frame is less than 1.7 inches.

[0046] In any one of the preceding configurations, the sprinkler may further include a cap, the distance from the proximal end of the sprinkler frame to the distal end of the cap being less than 1.75 inches. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0047] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a schematic perspective view of the piping network of an in-rack sprinkler system in a storage facility. [Figure 1B] 1B is a partial cross-sectional view of a branch pipe of the in-rack sprinkler system piping network of FIG. 1A taken along section line 1B-1B, having a branch pipe outlet for mounting a sprinkler thereon. [Figure 2] FIG. 1 is a front elevational view of a sprinkler according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure attached to and primarily concealed in a manifold outlet via a coupling, the sprinkler in a non-operating configuration, and showing a removable cap. [Figure 3] 3 is a partial cross-sectional view of the manifold outlet, sprinkler, and coupling of FIG. 2 taken along section line 3-3. [Figure 4] FIG. 3 is a front elevation view of the sprinkler of FIG. 2 in its non-operating configuration. [Figure 5] 5 is a cross-sectional view of the sprinkler of FIG. 4 in its non-operating configuration, taken along section line 5-5. [Figure 6] 6 is a cross-sectional view of the sprinkler of FIG. 4 in its non-operating configuration, taken along section line 6-6. [Figure 7] 6 is a cross-sectional view of the sprinkler of FIG. 4 in its operational configuration, taken along section line 6-6. [Figure 8] FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of a sprinkler according to a second embodiment of the present disclosure attached to a manifold outlet via a coupling and primarily concealed therein, the sprinkler being in a non-operating configuration and showing a removable cap. [Figure 9]9 is a cross-sectional view of the sprinkler of FIG. 8 attached to a manifold outlet via a coupling, the sprinkler in an operational configuration. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a perspective view of a sprinkler according to a third embodiment of the present disclosure, the sprinkler in an inoperative configuration and having a coupling attached thereto. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a top perspective view of the sprinkler of FIG. 10 with a coupling attached thereto. [Figure 12] FIG. 11 is a side elevation view of the sprinkler of FIG. [Figure 13] FIG. 11 is an exploded side elevation view of the sprinkler of FIG. [Figure 14] 14 is a side elevation cross-sectional view of the sprinkler of FIG. 10 in a non-operating configuration, taken along section line 14-14 of FIG. 12. [Figure 15] 15 is a front elevation cross-sectional view of the sprinkler of FIG. 10 in a non-operating configuration, taken along section line 15-15 of FIG. 11, showing the removable cap. [Figure 16] 16 is a side elevation cross-sectional view of the sprinkler of FIG. 10 in an operational configuration, taken along section line 16-16 of FIG. 11. [Figure 17] FIG. 11 is a bottom plan view of the sprinkler of FIG. 10. [Figure 18] FIG. 14 is a side elevation cross-sectional view of a sprinkler according to a fourth embodiment of the present disclosure taken along section line 14-14 of FIG. 12, the sprinkler being in a non-operational configuration. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0048] The following description of the present disclosure will be better understood when read in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, it being understood, however, that the present disclosure is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown.

[0049] Certain terminology is used in the following description for convenience only and is not limiting. The terms "lower," "lower / bottom," "upper," and "top" designate directions in the drawings to which reference is made. The terms "inwardly," "outwardly," "upwardly," and "downwardly" refer to directions toward and away from the geometric center, respectively, of the sprinkler system and / or mini sprinkler according to the present disclosure and designated portions thereof. When describing a sprinkler system and / or mini sprinkler, the term "proximal" is used in relation to the end of the device near an associated branch pipe, and the term "distal" is used in relation to the end of the device remote from an associated branch pipe. Unless otherwise explained herein, the terms "a," "an," and "the" should be read to mean "at least one" rather than being limited to one element. The terminology includes the above terms, derivatives thereof, and terms of similar import.

[0050] It should also be understood that the terms "about," "approximately," "generally / roughly / roughly," "substantially / approximately," and similar terms used herein when referring to dimensions or characteristics of components of the present disclosure indicate that the described dimensions / characteristics are not precise boundaries or parameters, but do not exclude minor variations thereof that result in functionally similar results. At a minimum, such references involving numerical parameters will include variations without altering the least significant digit using mathematical and industrial principles accepted in the art (e.g., rounding, measurement or other systematic errors, manufacturing tolerances, etc.).

[0051] Referring in detail to the drawings, wherein like numerals indicate like elements throughout, a sprinkler 10 according to a first embodiment of the present disclosure is shown in FIGS. 2-7. In one non-limiting configuration, the sprinkler 10 is configured for use in an in-rack sprinkler system 90 (as shown schematically in FIG. 1A). As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the in-rack sprinkler system 90 generally is employed in a multi-tiered racked storage area, warehouse, or other facility and may be a wet or dry system. The in-rack sprinkler system 90 typically includes a plurality of cross-main conduits 92 extending laterally throughout the facility. Riser conduits 94 are fluidly connected to the cross-main conduits 92 near individual arrays 95 of multi-tiered storage racks 97 and extend generally vertically from the cross-main conduits 92. At least one branch conduit 96 is fluidly connected to the riser conduit 94 and extends generally horizontally from the riser conduit 94 through each tier of storage racks 97.

[0052] The manifold 96 includes a plurality of spaced-apart outlets 98 for mounting respective sprinklers thereto (see the example of a single outlet 98 in FIG. 1B ). That is, the outlets 98 form a component of the manifold 96. In one configuration, as shown in FIG. 1B , the outlets 98 may be welded to corresponding through-openings 96 a in the sidewall of the manifold 96. By way of example and without limitation, the outlets 98 may take the form of a Victaulic No. 142 Saddle-Cut Welded Outlet sold by Victaulic, Inc., although the disclosure is not so limited. For example, the outlets 98 may be fastened to the manifold 96 by other fastening means now known or later known, such as, without limitation, a mechanical T-connection, or the outlets 98 may be integrally formed with the manifold 96. Additionally, as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the outlets 98 may extend from the manifold 96 in an orientation for an up-firing sprinkler installation, a down-firing sprinkler installation, a sidewall sprinkler installation, or a combination thereof. The sprinkler 10 is attached to the outlet 98 as described in more detail below.

[0053] As best seen in Figures 4-7, the sprinkler 10 includes a sprinkler frame 12, a seal and splitter assembly 14, a fluid deflector 16, a thermal sensor / thermal trigger (i.e., heat-sensitive element) 18, and a removable cap 20. The sprinkler frame 12 is generally tubular, i.e., elongated along an axial axis A, and has a proximal portion 22 and a distal portion 24. As should be understood, the term "tubular" is not limited to axially elongated bodies having a circular cross-section and uniform internal and external cross-sectional perimeters. Rather, the term "tubular" includes axially elongated bodies having cross-sections with either noncircular shapes, varying internal cross-sectional perimeters, or varying external cross-sectional perimeters. The proximal portion 22 defines a proximal inlet 22a, a distal outlet 22b, and an internal fire suppression fluid passage 22c extending therebetween. In a wet system, a branch pipe 96 is in continuous fluid communication with the internal fire suppression fluid passage 22c. In the described embodiment, distal portion 24 defines an outer diameter (i.e., outer cross-sectional perimeter dimension) that is generally larger than the outer diameter (i.e., outer cross-sectional perimeter dimension) of proximal portion 22, and defines an inner diameter (i.e., inner cross-sectional perimeter dimension) that is generally larger than the inner diameter (i.e., inner cross-sectional perimeter dimension) of proximal portion 22, although the disclosure is not so limited.

[0054] As shown in Figures 2-7, cap 25 forms the distal end of distal portion 24. Cap 25 includes a plurality of spaced, distally extending tabs (tines) 25a forming a periphery, e.g., a circumferential periphery, of cap 25, each having an airflow opening (aperture) 25b therebetween. Cap 20 is removably attached to the distal end of cap 25. In one configuration, cap 20 may act as a protective shield over the otherwise open distal end of sprinkler frame 12 during transportation, installation, etc., and may be removed after sprinkler 10 is installed. Alternatively, the cap 20 may take the form of a cover plate welded onto the sprinkler frame 12, for example onto the cap 25, and the weld material (e.g., solder) may have a sufficiently low melting point (e.g., without limitation, about 100°F to about 120°F) so that the cover plate (cap) 20 will fall off the sprinkler frame 12 if heated above the melting point of the weld material.

[0055] Distal outlet 22b of fire suppression fluid passageway 22c is sealable via seal and splitter assembly 14, which includes splitter 26 attached to lower base body 27. Base body 27 includes center post 27a having radially outwardly extending flange 27b. The proximal end of center post 27a includes first socket 27c formed therein. The distal end of center post 27a includes second socket 27d, spaced distally from radially outwardly extending flange 27b and bounded by radially outwardly extending lip 27e.

[0056] The spacing along the central post 27a between the radially outwardly extending flange 27b and the radially outwardly extending lip 27e is configured to securely receive the deflector 16 therein, such that the deflector 16 is supported at least in part by the lower radially outwardly extending lip 27e. In one configuration, for example, the deflector 16 is first attached to the central post 27a (through a central opening in the deflector 16) and abuts the underside of the first radially outwardly extending flange 27b, and the end of the central post 27a is crimped or otherwise mechanically attached to form the radially outwardly extending lip 27e along the underside of the deflector 16, thereby sandwiching the deflector 16 between the radially outwardly extending flange 27b and the radially outwardly extending lip 27e.

[0057] In the illustrated embodiment, the seal takes the form of an annular seal, e.g., a Belleville washer or disk that functions as seal 28, although the disclosure is not so limited. Belleville seal 28 is sealingly mounted on a central post 27a of base body 27 (through a generally central opening therein, as will be understood by those skilled in the art) and positioned on a first radially outwardly extending flange 27b. In one configuration, the central opening and central post 27a of Belleville seal 28 form an interference fit therebetween. The face-to-face engagement between Belleville seal 28 and the lower first radially outwardly extending flange 27b also enhances the integrity of the seal. As will be understood by those skilled in the art (and as will be further described below), Belleville seal 28 is employed to seal sprinkler 10 in a concealed / deactivated, i.e., non-spray, configuration.

[0058] In the inactivated configuration of the sprinkler 10, the splitter 26 is positioned within the internal fire-extinguishing fluid passageway 22c. The splitter 26 is mounted on a base body 27. As shown, the splitter 26 is generally conical in shape, has a generally triangular cross-section, and includes a plug 26a projecting axially outward from the underside of its base. The plug 26a is configured to securely insert into a socket 27c in the base body 27 to secure the splitter 26 on the base body 27. In the illustrated configuration, the sidewall 26b of the splitter 26, i.e., from its apex to its base, is generally concave, although the disclosure is not so limited. As described in more detail below, the splitter 26 is configured, for example, by its size and shape, to angle the fire-extinguishing fluid traveling from the internal fire-extinguishing fluid passageway 22c toward the fluid deflector 16 to generally bypass the intervening Belleville seal 28 and contact the fluid deflector 16.

[0059] In the described embodiment, thermal trigger 18 takes the form of fusible link 21, although the disclosure is not so limited, as sprinkler 10 may employ any type of thermal trigger 18 now known or later known, such as, for example, without limitation, a glass bulb-type trigger. Advantageously, however, fusible link 21 is oriented generally transversely rather than axially, which helps minimize the axial footprint of sprinkler 10 in its inoperative configuration.

[0060] The fusible link 21 (when unfused) also helps hold the Belleville seal 28 in place against the distal outlet 22b of the proximal portion 22 of the sprinkler frame 12 in the inactivated configuration of the sprinkler 10. As best shown in FIG. 5 , the sprinkler 10 further includes a load bar 30 and a pair of generally arcuate lever arms 32 positioned generally between the seal and splitter assembly 14 and the fusible link 21. The distal portion 24 of the sprinkler frame 12 also includes a stepped portion 24a extending radially inward from its interior sidewall. Within the distal portion 24, the lever arms 32 are positioned diametrically opposite one another, e.g., about the axial axis A, with their respective first proximal ends 32a axially supported on the stepped portions 24a. The load bar 30 is axially supported on the proximal ends 32a of the lever arms 32 to secure the lever arms 32 on the stepped portions 24a. The generally arcuate lever arms 32 extend distally along axial axis A until they engage the fusible link 21. As shown, each lever arm 32 protrudes through a corresponding opening 21c in the fusible link 21. As explained further below, the load bar 30 generates an axial load on the proximal ends 32a of the opposing arcuate lever arms 32, which in turn generates a radially outwardly directed torque on each of the distal ends 32b of the arcuate lever arms 32, thereby providing a tension force on the fusible link 21 (via contact with the periphery of the opening 21c) that contributes to axially stabilizing the fusible link 21. Additionally or alternatively, each of the distal ends 32b of the respective terminal lever arms 32 axially below the fusible link 21 may take the form of a step, upon which the fusible link 21 may be axially supported.

[0061] The load bar 30 includes a central threaded throughbore 30a axially aligned with the second socket 27d in the base body 27. An externally threaded load screw 34 is threadedly engaged with the throughbore 30a and protrudes into the second socket 27d. When the proximal end of the load screw 34 engages the closed end of the second socket 27d, additional advancement of the load screw 34 (by further engagement with the throughbore 30a) drives the seal and splitter assembly 14 proximally toward the interior fire-extinguishing fluid passage 22c until the Belleville seal 28 is sufficiently pressed against the distal outlet 22b of the passage 22c to form a fluid-tight seal. The Belleville seal 28 is sufficiently pressed against the distal outlet 22b of the passage 22c to oppose pressurized fire-extinguishing fluid upstream within the fire-extinguishing fluid passage 22c and maintain the seal until the sprinkler 10 is activated by a fire event.

[0062] When the load screw 34 engages the closed end of the second socket 27d, further threaded engagement with the through-hole 30a also urges the load bar 30 distally against the proximal end 32a of the lever arm 32 (and against the lower step 24a). The axial load on the proximal end of the arcuate lever arm 32 generated by the load bar 30 creates a torque directed radially outward on the distal end 32b of the arcuate lever arm 32, which results in a tension force on the fusible link 21. The fusible link 21 is configured to remain unfused (in the absence of a fire event), thereby withstanding and resisting the tension force thereon. Thus, when the fusing link is not fused, a force balance exists between the fire extinguishing fluid in the fluid passageway 22c, the seal and splitter assembly 14, the load bar 30, the lever arm 32, and the fusing link 21, maintaining the Belleville seal 28 adequately sealed against the distal outlet 22b of the passageway 22c until the sprinkler 10 is activated by a fire event.

[0063] As will be understood by those skilled in the art and as described in more detail below, upon actuation of thermal trigger 18, for example, when the solder between two metal plates 21 a, 21 b of fusible link 21 reaches a designated temperature at which the solder melts and the two metal plates separate from one another (as will be understood by those skilled in the art), Belleville seal 28 is broken by upstream pressurized fire-extinguishing fluid from within fluid passageway 22 c. Fire-extinguishing fluid ejects from passageway 22 c and is guided by splitter 26 to impinge on deflector 16 for distribution within respective storage racks 97, for example, in a desired spray pattern depending on the design of deflector 16. When thermal trigger 18 is heated above a predetermined temperature, it ruptures, shrinks, shatters, or separates, thus disrupting the balance of forces holding Belleville seal 28 in place and thereby allowing fire-extinguishing fluid to flow into deflector 16. In one non-limiting configuration, the fusible link 21 may have a temperature rating, i.e., a temperature at which the fusible link 21 separates, of between about 125° F. and about 300° F., such as, without limitation, about 165° F., about 212° F., and about 286° F. In one non-limiting configuration, the sprinkler 10 is configured to operate with a water pressure of between about 7 psi and about 300 psi, such as, for example, between about 10 psi and about 175 psi.

[0064] As best shown in Figures 5 and 7, the sprinkler 10 may further include a plurality of axially oriented drop pins 36 slidably engaged with the sprinkler frame 12. In the illustrated embodiment, there is a pair of drop pins 36 disposed oppositely, e.g., diametrically, within the sprinkler frame 12 and slidably, e.g., telescopically, received within respective axially oriented passages 38 drilled therein. As will be appreciated, the passages 38 are dimensioned to permit the drop pins 36 to telescope thereby. In the illustrated embodiment, the passages 38 are drilled in the side walls of a portion of the proximal portion 22 and a portion of the distal portion 24 of the sprinkler frame 12, although the disclosure is not so limited. The drop pins 36 are secured to the deflector 16 near their distal ends 36b in a manner well understood by those skilled in the art, such as, without limitation, by welding, locking, crimping (e.g., riveting), combinations thereof, and the like. For example, the distal end 36b of each of the drop pins 36 shown in FIGS. 5 and 7 may be riveted to also axially secure the deflector 16 to the drop pins 36.

[0065] As shown in FIG. 6 , in the compressed, unactivated state of sprinkler 10, drop pins 36 are telescopically extended and / or retracted within their respective flow channels 38, i.e., extended and retracted proximally within sprinkler frame 12, and deflector 16 is positioned within sprinkler frame 12, such as, for example, without limitation, within distal portion 24 and proximally relative to casing 25. As shown, drop pins 36 do not contact fire extinguishing fluid when extended within flow channels 38 in the unactivated state. In the unactivated state, deflector 16 is retracted / concealed within, and also protected by, sprinkler frame 12. In one configuration, for example, as shown in FIG. 6 , deflector 16 may be positioned near distal outlet 22 b of fire extinguishing fluid passageway 22 c, although the disclosure is not so limited. In the extended operating position of the sprinkler 10, as shown in FIG. 7, the drop pin 36 and the deflector 16 are slidably extended / lowered into the flow passage 38 through the respective open distal ends of the flow passage 38, i.e., slid down the flow passage 38.

[0066] As shown in FIGS. 5-7 , the sprinkler frame 12 includes retaining clips 40 secured adjacent the open distal ends of the flow channels 38. In one non-limiting example, the retaining clips 40 may be press-fit into corresponding orifices in the lower portions of the open distal ends of the flow channels 38. The retaining clips 40 include respective through-holes 40 a axially aligned with each of the flow channels 38. The through-holes 40 a are sized to allow the drop pins 36 to slide therethrough. However, the through-holes 40 a are sized slightly smaller than the flow channels 38. Thus, the proximal end 36 a of each drop pin 36 is sized larger than the remainder of the drop pin 36, e.g., has a larger diameter, and is slidable through the corresponding flow channel 38 but is restrained by the retaining clip 40 as a result of being larger than the corresponding through-hole 40 a. Thus, the retaining clips 40 limit the axial distance that the deflector 16 can travel from the inactivated state to the activated state of the sprinkler 10 (as described in more detail below).

[0067] 2 and 3, sprinkler 10 is shown attached to manifold outlet 98 via coupling 80. In one non-limiting example, coupling 80 may take the form of a Victaulic FireLock™ V9 coupling sold by Victaulic, Inc. As best shown in FIG. 3, generally tubular proximal portion 22 of sprinkler frame 12 is dimensioned for substantially complementary slidable reception within manifold outlet 98, and coupling 80 is fastened around an outer portion of manifold outlet 98 and an outer portion of sprinkler frame 12. As shown, coupling 80 may include an internal gasket 82 sandwiched between coupling 80, manifold outlet 98, and sprinkler frame 12. The manifold outlet 98 may include an external circumferential groove 98a, and the sprinkler frame 12 may include an external circumferential groove (spaced distally from the manifold outlet 98) for that portion thereof not recessed within the manifold outlet 98, for example, along a portion of the distal portion 24, thereby forming proximal and distal grooves for corresponding lips 80a, 80b of the coupling portion 80 to engage and fasten the sprinkler 10 to the manifold outlet 98 in a fluid-tight manner.

[0068] It will be appreciated that the sprinkler of the present disclosure is not limited to being attached to an in-rack sprinkler system, for example, via the coupling 80, but rather may be employed in other fire protection systems, including those in which the manifold is located near the ceiling of a facility. It will also be appreciated that the sprinkler 10 of the present disclosure is not limited to being attached to the manifold outlet 98 via the coupling 80, but may be attached thereto by other means now known or later known that provide the functionality and advantages described herein. As a non-limiting alternative (discussed below), the proximal portion 22 of the sprinkler frame 12 may be externally threaded and the manifold outlet 98 may be internally threaded, such that at least the proximal portion 22 of the sprinkler frame 12 is concealed within the manifold outlet 98. In another non-limiting alternative, the proximal portion 22 may be snap-fit ​​to the manifold outlet 98, such that at least the proximal portion 22 is concealed within the manifold outlet 98.

[0069] As best shown in FIG. 4, in the illustrated embodiment, outer circumferential groove 24b is located adjacent the proximal end of cap 25, with distal step 24b1 of groove 24b defining a common boundary with cap 25. That is, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, distal step 24b1, which is a non-load-bearing step portion of groove 24b, defines a proximal portion of tab 25a of cap 25. Similarly, a notch in distal step 24b1 defines a proximal portion of airflow opening 25b, such that airflow opening 25b extends from the distal end of sprinkler frame 12 and terminates within outer circumferential groove 24b.

[0070] As best shown in FIG. 6, the fusible link 21 is generally axially positioned within the cap 25 in the inoperative configuration of the sprinkler 10. That is, in addition to the metal plates 21a, 21b of the fusible link 21 being positioned within the cap 25, the heat collection fins 21d, which protrude generally axially and proximally from the proximal metal plate 21a of the fusible link 21, are located within the axial extension / depth of the airflow openings 25b. In other words, the airflow openings 25b define a proximal extension that extends proximally beyond the heat collection fins 21d of the fusible link. However, the disclosure is not so limited (see, e.g., FIG. 9). Also, as best shown in FIG. 6, the fusible link 21 may be angularly mounted within the cap 25 such that each of the heat collection fins 21d is angularly aligned with at least one of the airflow openings 25b. Thus, advantageously (as discussed above and as will be appreciated by those skilled in the art), the angular arrangement of the heat collection fins 21d in combination with the airflow openings 25b, and the axial extent of the airflow openings 25b relative to the elevation of the fusible link 21, maintains sufficient airflow to the fusible link 21 for its proper function.

[0071] Advantageously, the generally tubular sprinkler frame 12 provides protection for the operating components of the sprinkler 10 that are housed / concealed within the sprinkler frame 12 in the sprinkler's 10 non-operational state. For example, in the non-operational state, the drop pins 36 are positioned within their respective flow passages 38, and the splitter 26 is positioned within the fire-extinguishing fluid passage 22c. Furthermore, the larger outer peripheral dimensions of the distal portion 24 relative to the proximal portion 22 of the sprinkler frame 12 help protect the operating components, such as the deflector 16, thermal element (thermal trigger) 18, and the connecting elements therebetween, that are recessed within the distal portion 24 in the sprinkler's 10 non-operational state. Further advantageously, the mounting relationship between the sprinkler 10 and the manifold 96 (via its outlet 98) results in a largely concealed sprinkler frame 12 that provides an additional layer of protection for the internal operating components of the sprinkler 10 necessary for its successful operation. For example, in the illustrated embodiment in which the internal peripheral groove 24b is positioned adjacent and proximally to the cap 25, the manifold outlet 98 and coupling 80 conceal and protect the entire sprinkler frame 12 and its components proximal to the cap 25. That is, at least the seal and splitter assembly 14, including the deflector 16, are concealed within the manifold outlet and / or coupling 80. In addition to the aforementioned advantageous effects of the cap 25 structure, e.g., with respect to airflow, the tabs (tines) 25a of the cap 25 are also configured to act as guards for the purpose of protecting the internal working components of the sprinkler 10, eliminating the need for a dedicated external guard. Further advantageously, the concealment within the manifold outlet 98 of the sprinkler 10 also acts as a shield against low-temperature soldering from sprinklers taller in height, eliminating the need for a dedicated external shield.

[0072] In operation, sprinkler 10 is mounted to manifold 96 in a downward orientation, for example, in the previously described embodiment. As previously described, sprinkler 10 is maintained in a non-operating configuration in the absence of a fire / thermal event. Airflow opening 25b is concealed, yet advantageously maintains sufficient airflow to thermal trigger 18. Thus, in the event of a fire / thermal event, if the temperature reaches or exceeds the melting point of the solder within fusible link 21, the two metal plates of fusible link 21 will disengage from one another, disrupting the aforementioned balance of forces that maintains Belleville seal 28 in sealing engagement with distal outlet 22b of passageway 22c. That is, lever arm 32 will no longer be held in place by the fusible link and may fall off, causing load bar 30 and load screw 34 to also fall off. Thus, the Belleville seal 28 is breached by the upstream pressurized fire-extinguishing fluid from within the fluid passageway 22c, thereby bringing the seal and splitter assembly 14 into the operative position of the sprinkler 10, as shown in FIG. 7. The deflector 16 attached to the assembly 14 is also depressed along with the drop pin 36 attached to the deflector. The drop pin 36 slides down the corresponding passageway 38 until its respective proximal end 36a is restrained by the retaining clip 40, thereby stabilizing the seal and splitter assembly 14 and attached deflector 16 in its operative position. In the described embodiment, the deflector 16 is advanced axially beyond the cap 25 in the operative position, although the disclosure is not so limited. The fire-extinguishing fluid emerges from the passageway 22c and is guided by the splitter 26 to impinge on the deflector 16 for distribution in a desired spray pattern depending on the design of the deflector 16, e.g., toward the respective storage rack 97. As will be appreciated, when the cap 20 is attached to the sprinkler frame 12 (by a direct or indirect solder joint), the solder material of the cap 20 is also configured to melt and cause the cap 20 to fall off along with or prior to the fused link 21.

[0073] 8-9 illustrate a second embodiment of a sprinkler 110. Reference numerals in the second embodiment are generally distinguishable from those in the first embodiment (FIGS. 2-7) described above by the addition of the number one hundred (100), but otherwise refer to the same elements as above, unless otherwise noted. The sprinkler 110 of this embodiment is similar to that of the first embodiment. Accordingly, a description of certain similarities and modes of operation between the embodiments may be omitted herein for the sake of brevity and convenience, and therefore is not intended to be limiting.

[0074] The primary difference between the second embodiment sprinkler 110 and the first embodiment sprinkler 10 relates to the mechanism by which the operating internal components drop from the inoperative / retracted position to the operative / extended position. Rather than employing a slidable drop pin 36 through a passage 38 formed in the sidewall of the sprinkler frame 12 as previously described with respect to the first embodiment sprinkler 10, the sprinkler 110 includes a slidable support assembly 142 that slidably engages the internal fire suppression fluid passage 122c. The slidable support assembly 142 includes a proximal ring 143. A plurality of pins 136 extend axially distally from the ring 143 to the lower seal and splitter assembly 114. In the illustrated embodiment, three pins 136 extend distally from the ring 143, although the disclosure is not so limited. As will be appreciated, two, four, or more pins 136 may be employed. In the illustrated embodiment, the pin 136 extends axially at its distal end to a base plate 144 that connects the pin 136. The base plate 144 is configured to mount onto the central post 127a of the base body 127 (through a generally central opening therein, as will be understood by those skilled in the art). The radial periphery of the central opening in the base plate 144 is smaller than the radial periphery of the base of the splitter 126, and thus the base plate 144 abuts the base of the splitter 126 when mounted onto the base body 127. This allows the seal and splitter assembly 114 to be supported in height by the slidable support assembly 142.

[0075] In the retracted / concealed, non-operational state of the sprinkler 110 (FIG. 8), an annular seal, e.g., a Belleville seal 128, is pressed against a stepped portion 122d that projects radially inward near the distal outlet 122b of the passage 122c and into the passage 122c, forming a fluid-tight seal with the same components and balance of forces as described above with respect to the first embodiment sprinkler 10.

[0076] In the event of a fire / thermal event, the force balance is disturbed as described above, resulting in the disengagement of the fusible link 121, lever arm 132, and load bar 130, thereby placing the seal and splitter assembly 114 in the operational position of the sprinkler 110 (FIG. 9). This causes the slidable support assembly 142 to slide distally through the internal fire-extinguishing fluid passageway 122c. The pin 136 is spaced sufficiently radially inward from the periphery of the passageway 122c to slide over the radially inwardly projecting step 122d. Conversely, the ring 143 is sized to engage the step 122d. Thus, the ring 143 slides distally through the passageway 122c until it abuts and is stopped by the radially inwardly projecting step 122d, stabilizing the seal and splitter assembly 114 and attached deflector 116 in its operational position.

[0077] 10-17 illustrate a miniature sprinkler 210 according to a third embodiment of the present disclosure. Reference numerals in the third embodiment are generally distinguishable from those in the first and second embodiments (FIGS. 1-9) described above by the addition of the number one hundred (100), but otherwise refer to the same elements as those described above unless otherwise noted. The miniature sprinkler 210 of this embodiment is similar to those in the first and second embodiments and may similarly be employed in an in-rack sprinkler system. Accordingly, the description of the sprinkler 210 will generally focus on the differences from the previous embodiments, and a description of certain similarities and modes of operation between the embodiments may be omitted herein for brevity and convenience, and therefore not by way of limitation.

[0078] One difference between the third embodiment sprinkler 210 and the first and second embodiment sprinklers 10 and 110 is that the sprinkler 210 is smaller. That is, the axial extent of the sprinkler frame 212 is reduced relative to the axial extent of the sprinkler frames 12, 112 of the sprinklers 10, 110, respectively. In one non-limiting example in which a coupling 80 is utilized to attach the sprinkler 210 to a manifold outlet 98, as best shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 , the axial extent of the proximal portion 222 is shorter than the axial extent of the coupling 80. For example, the proximal portion 222 may extend axially approximately midway within the coupling 80, although the disclosure is not so limited. In one non-limiting example, the proximal portion 222 may define an axial extent that is less than half the axial extent of the coupling 80. As such, the proximal portion 222 does not extend into the manifold outlet 98 when attached thereto via the coupling 80. However, alternatively, as will be understood by those skilled in the art, sprinkler 210 may be attached to manifold outlet 98 by other mechanisms now known or that later become known. For example, and without limitation, manifold outlet 98 may include internal threads (not shown) and proximal portion 222 may include complementary external threads (not shown) for threadably engaging within manifold outlet 98. In this configuration, at least a portion of proximal portion 222 may extend within manifold outlet 98.

[0079] Aspects of a particular configuration of the mini sprinkler 210 include dimensions of various aspects of the sprinkler, including the relative dimensions of certain components. As shown in FIG. 14 , the sprinkler 210 defines an overall length OAL from the proximal inlet 222a of the sprinkler frame 212 to the distal-most edge of the cap 225, a frame length FL from the proximal inlet 222a of the sprinkler frame 212 to the distal-most edge 224b of the sprinkler frame 212, an outer diameter OD of the proximal portion 222, and a nozzle length NL from the proximal inlet 222a to the distal outlet 222b. In a configuration intended to be connected to a branch pipe outlet sized to correspond to NPS1-sized piping, the OD may be approximately 1.315 inches in diameter (e.g., having a range of approximately 1.1 inches to approximately 1.4 inches in diameter) in a threaded or grooved configuration. In certain configurations, the OAL may be less than 1.75 inches, preferably less than 1.5 inches. In other aspects, OAL may be approximately equal to OD (e.g., within ±0.020 inches of OD). FL may be less than 1.5 inches, preferably less than 1.25 inches. NL may be less than 0.8 inches, preferably about 0.6 inches. A further aspect of certain embodiment mini sprinklers relates to the operating length OL from inlet 222a to the proximal edge of deflector 216 when in the second position, which may be less than 1.75 inches, preferably less than about 1.25 inches. In other aspects, OL is less than the maximum diameter FD of the sprinkler frame.

[0080] As best shown in Figures 10, 12, and 13, sprinkler frame 212 defines an exterior peripheral groove / undercut 224b at the bottom of proximal portion 222. When coupling 80 is utilized to attach sprinkler 210 to manifold outlet 98, lower lip 80b of coupling 80 is received within and engages undercut 224b. Axial lower undercut 224b defines a radially outwardly angled surface 224b1 extending therefrom to the proximal end of distal portion 224. Similar to sprinklers 10, 110, distal portion 224 defines interior and exterior cross-sectional peripheral dimensions (e.g., diameters) that are greater than the interior and exterior cross-sectional peripheral dimensions (e.g., diameters) of proximal portion 222, respectively.

[0081] Internally, the proximal portion (or inlet portion) 222 is nozzle-shaped in a proximal-to-distal direction, i.e., the internal fire extinguishing fluid passageway 222c generally converges in a proximal-to-distal direction to terminate in a distal outlet 222b in the form of an orifice. In this configuration, the passageway 222c converges all the way to the distal outlet 222b. The sprinkler frame 212 defines a first stepped cavity 215a distally adjacent to the orifice (distal outlet) 222b, i.e., in series with the distal outlet. As best shown in FIGS. 14-16, the first stepped cavity 215a defines a larger cross-sectional dimension, e.g., diameter, than the orifice 222b. A second stepped cavity 215b is distally adjacent to the first stepped cavity 215a. The second stepped cavity 215b defines a larger cross-sectional dimension, e.g., diameter, than the first stepped cavity 215a. A radially inwardly projecting step / lip 224a overhangs the second stepped cavity 215b, thereby defining a smaller cross-sectional dimension than that of the second stepped cavity 215b. In this embodiment, the annular seal 228 and fluid deflector 216 are positioned within the first stepped cavity 215a, and the load bar 230 is positioned within the second stepped cavity 215b in the non-operating configuration. As best shown in FIG. 17 , the lip 224a includes two diametrically opposed recesses 224a1 sized and dimensioned to allow the load bar 230 to be assembled into the sprinkler frame 212, for example, during manufacture.

[0082] Another difference between the third embodiment sprinkler 210 and the first and second embodiment sprinklers 10 and 110 is that the casing 225 is a separate component from the sprinkler frame 212. In one configuration, the casing 225 may be constructed of a different material than the sprinkler frame 212, although the disclosure is not so limited. As a non-limiting example, the casing 225 may be constructed of a stronger material, such as steel, which advantageously increases the strength of the casing 225 and therefore makes it more effective at protecting the internal working components of the sprinkler 210, while reducing manufacturing costs. Further advantageously, the two-piece construction of the sprinkler frame 212 and casing 225 simplifies assembly of the sprinkler 210. That is, the internal components, such as the seal and splitter assembly 214, the fluid deflector 216, the thermal sensor / thermal trigger 218, and the load bar 230, among other internal components, may be assembled first before attaching the cap 225 to the sprinkler frame 212.

[0083] In the illustrated embodiment, the cap 225 takes the form of a collar 229 that is slidably engageable with the sprinkler frame 212. As best seen in FIG. 14 , the distal portion 224 defines a generally flat, axially proximal-most surface 224c that acts as a shoulder for supporting the collar 229 thereon. The collar 229 includes a proximal, radially inwardly projecting, laterally extending peripheral step 229a that defines an opening 229b therein. The step 229a and opening 229b are dimensioned to be greater than the outer cross-sectional peripheral dimension of the proximal portion 222 and less than the outer cross-sectional peripheral dimension of the distal portion 224. This allows the collar 229 to slide from the proximal end of the sprinkler frame 212 over the proximal portion 222, with the step 229a supporting on the proximal-most surface 224c of the distal portion 224.

[0084] Collar 229 further includes a skirt-like peripheral sidewall 229c extending distally from stepped portion 229a. Sidewall 229c is axially sized to extend beyond the internal components of sprinkler 210 when cap 225 is attached to sprinkler frame 212 for protection of the internal components. Sidewall 229c includes a plurality of spaced-apart airflow windows 225b formed therein about the circumferential periphery of sidewall 229c. Windows 225b are sized and / or positioned to at least partially overlap vertically with fusible link 221 and function similarly to airflow openings 25b and 125b of sprinklers 10 and 110, respectively. Advantageously, side wall 229c is circumferentially continuous distally from window 225b, thereby providing cap 225 with increased structural integrity and robustness for protection of the internal components of sprinkler 210 while still allowing airflow through window 225b.

[0085] The size of the airflow windows 225b can be advantageously selected to control the amount of heated air from the fire plume that is accessible to the fusible link 221. One way of defining the size of the airflow windows 225b and how they affect the amount of heated air accessible to the fusible link 221 is by expressing the total area of ​​all airflow windows 225b with respect to the cap 225 relative to the area of ​​the cap 225's exterior (without the windows) measured from the distal edge 224b of the sprinkler frame to the distal-most edge of the cap 225. By increasing the relative area of ​​the airflow windows 225b, more heated air is made accessible to the fusible link 221, shortening the time it takes for the solder to melt and the sprinkler to activate. This effect can be employed to control the RTI characteristics of the sprinkler without modifying the fusible link 221. For example, an RTI that qualifies as fast response can be achieved if the airflow windows 225b occupy more than about 65% (particularly about 67.5%) of the area of ​​the cap 225. It is expected that a reduction in the area of ​​the airflow window 225b will enable an RTI that qualifies as a standard response to be achieved.

[0086] In one configuration, the cap 225 may be rotatably mounted on the sprinkler frame 212 such that each of the heat collection fins 221d is angularly aligned with at least one of the airflow windows 225b. Thus, in one configuration, the cap 225 may be rotatably secured to the sprinkler frame 212 when mounted thereto, although the disclosure is not so limited. For example, without limitation, the cap 225 may be keyed to the sprinkler frame 212, spot welded to the sprinkler frame 212, or otherwise. As best shown in FIGS. 10-14 , when a coupling 80 is utilized, the cap 225 is axially sandwiched (and stabilized) between the coupling 80, e.g., its distal lip 80b, and the sprinkler frame 212, e.g., its stepped portion 229a. Additionally or alternatively, the cap 225 may be axially secured to the sprinkler frame 212 by spot welding or other functionally similar mechanisms. As shown in FIG. 15 , the protective cap 220 includes a skirt-like sidewall configured (in length and diameter) to engage a distal portion 224, e.g., lip 224a, of the sprinkler frame 212 when the protective cap 220 is attached to the sprinkler 210. Alternatively or additionally, the continuously circumferential skirt-like sidewall may be replaced or supplemented by an axially extending member, e.g., a leg. Advantageously, during assembly, particularly if the cap 225 is axially slidable prior to engagement of the sprinkler frame 212 with the coupling 80, the protective cap 220 may act as a bearing or biasing surface that presses the sprinkler 210, including the sprinkler frame 212 and cap 225, into the coupling 80. The protective cap 220 also covers the internal components of the sprinkler 210 for protection from damage during assembly and subsequent transportation. The protective cap 220 may then also act as a bearing or biasing surface during installation of the sprinkler 210 and attached coupling 80 into the manifold outlet 98 .

[0087] 14 and 16, another difference between the third embodiment sprinkler 210 and the first and second embodiment sprinklers 10 and 110 is that a pair of pins 236 are fixedly attached, i.e., anchored, to the sprinkler frame 212, and the deflector 216 is slidably engaged with the pins 236. That is, the pins 236 are prevented from moving axially at their proximal ends within the sprinkler frame 212 by any now known or later known mechanism, such as, without limitation, welding, locking, crimping, etc., within the flow passage 238, or other functionally similar mechanism. As best shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, the pins 236 are aligned with a diameter less than the outer diameter of the proximal portion 222, which in turn is less than the outer diameter of the manifold outlet 98. Deflector 216 includes a pair of axially aligned pins 236 and a pair of diametrically opposed through-holes 216a for slidably receiving pins 236 through-holes 216a. As will be described in further detail below, pins 236 extend distally (beyond distal portion 224 and within cap 225) to a height sufficient to allow deflector 216 to slide down into the operative position of sprinkler 210. Each of pins 236 includes a distal stop surface 236b, e.g., a laterally oriented surface that is dimensioned larger than through-holes 216a of deflector 216, such that, in the operative position of sprinkler 210, deflector 216 may rest against stop surface 236b of pin 236 and thereby be supported in elevation ( FIG. 16 ).

[0088] As best shown in Figures 11 and 14-16, another difference between the third embodiment sprinkler 210 and the first and second embodiment sprinklers 10 and 110 is that the splitter 226 is generally bowl-shaped. The bowl shape of the splitter 226 may be a generally concave spherical or non-spherical configuration in the proximal-to-distal direction. As best shown in Figures 14 and 15, the splitter 226 may be attached to the base body 227 in the same manner as the deflector 16 of the sprinkler 10, i.e., by attaching and swaging the central post 227a to the proximal end.

[0089] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, extinguishing fluid under high pressure is turbulent, inducing variations in force and pressure on the deflector 216. In other words, the extinguishing fluid may contact different locations of the deflector 216 unevenly. In this configuration, the deflector 216 is slidably engaged with the pin 236 rather than fixedly attached thereto, and the deflector tends to vibrate / rattle (i.e., wobble) the through-hole 216a and / or enlarge the through-hole 216a. Advantageously, when the sprinkler 210 is activated, a high-velocity core of the extinguishing fluid stream exiting the fluid passage 222c impacts the bowl-shaped splitter 226, filling it with extinguishing fluid. The impact and filling of the splitter 226 with extinguishing fluid creates a uniformly distributed volume force (radially and axially) on the lower deflector 216, which helps stabilize and level the deflector 216. Once splitter 226 is filled, splitter 226 essentially acts as a solid splitter for the remainder of the extinguishing fluid stream. The diameter of splitter 226 (measured at its widest cross section) is balanced to sufficiently stabilize lower deflector 216 while being wide enough to spread the extinguishing fluid laterally over the annular seal, e.g., Belleville seal 228, onto deflector 216 without blocking deflector 216. In one non-limiting configuration, the diameter of splitter 226 (measured at its widest cross section) can be about 75% to about 80% of the diameter of the distal orifice / outlet of passage 222c and about 47.5% to about 52.5% of the diameter of deflector 216.

[0090] Referring to FIG. 15, another difference between the third embodiment sprinkler 210 and the first and second embodiment sprinklers 10 and 110 relates to the load bar 230, generally a pair of lever arms 232-1, 232-2 located between the seal and splitter assembly 214 and the fusible link 221. As shown in FIGS. 14-16, the distal end of the distal portion 224 forms a radially inwardly projecting lip 224a along at least a portion of its inner sidewall. The load bar 230 includes a first lever arm 232-1 projecting distally therefrom into the fusible link 221 (as will be described in further detail below). In one configuration, the first lever arm 232-1 projects distally beyond the distal extent of the distal portion 224 into the cap 225. The second lever arm 232-2 is positioned with its proximal end 232a axially supported on the lip 224a. 15, one end of the load bar 230 (opposite the second lever arm 232-2) is axially supported directly on the lip 224a. The opposite end of the load bar 230 is axially supported on the proximal end 232a of the second lever arm 232-2, capturing / securing the second lever arm 232-2 on the stepped portion 224a. In the illustrated configuration, the second lever arm 232-2 also projects distally beyond the distal extent of the distal portion 224 and within the cap 225 into the fusible link 221. As previously described with respect to sprinkler 10, load bar 230 generates an axial load on the proximal end 232a of second arcuate lever arm 232-2, which generates a radially outward torque on each distal end 232b of arcuate second lever arm 232-2, which in turn generates a tension force at the point of engagement of fusing link 221 with first lever arm 232-1, which helps to stabilize fusing link 221 in height.

[0091] As shown, the first lever arm 232-1 is integral with the load bar 230. In one configuration, the first lever arm 232-1 may be integral with and formed from the load bar 230, which advantageously reduces overall components and therefore manufacturing costs. Conversely, the first lever arm 232-1 may be affixed to the load bar 230, e.g., welded thereto. The first lever arm 232-1 is shorter than the second lever arm 232-2. This causes the fusible link 221, which is engaged with the first lever arm 232-1 near one end and the second lever arm 232-2 near the opposite end, to be tilted relative to the axial axis, i.e., oriented non-perpendicular to the axial axis. Advantageously, angularly aligned fusing link 221 that at least partially axially overlaps window 225b of cap 225 may be better positioned within the path of heat flow through window 225b, thereby making its operation more efficient. Thermal trigger 218, e.g., fusing link 221, remains positioned entirely within cap 225, i.e., its distal end does not extend axially beyond the distal end of collar 229, in the inoperative configuration of sprinkler 210.

[0092] In operation, sprinkler 210 remains in a non-operating configuration (e.g., FIGS. 14 and 15) in the absence of a fire / thermal event. Though protected by cap 225, airflow window 225b maintains sufficient airflow to thermal trigger 218. In the event of a fire / thermal event, upon activation of thermal trigger 218, for example, if the solder between two metal plates 221a, 221b of fusible link 221 reaches a designated temperature at which the solder melts and the two metal plates 221a, 221b separate from one another and fall off, the balance of forces previously described (with respect to sprinkler 10) that maintains Belleville seal 228 in sealing engagement with the distal outlet of passageway 222c is disturbed. Accordingly, load bar 230, second lever arm 232-2, and load screw 234 also fall off. Thus, Belleville seal 228 is breached by pressurized fire-extinguishing fluid upstream from within fluid passageway 222c, thereby sliding seal and splitter assembly 214 and deflector 216 axially distally along pin 236 to place sprinkler 210 in its operative position (FIG. 16). Stop surface 236b of pin 236 stabilizes seal and splitter assembly 214 and attached deflector 216 in its operative position. In the described embodiment, seal and splitter assembly 214 and attached deflector 216 remain within the axial confines of cap 225 and are therefore protected thereby during operation, although the disclosure is not so limited. Fire-extinguishing fluid ejects from passageway 222c into splitter 226 (as previously described) and impinges on deflector 216, where it is directed, e.g., toward a respective storage rack 97, for distribution in a desired spray pattern according to the design of deflector 216 (e.g., FIG. 17).

[0093] In one configuration, as best shown in FIG. 17 , the deflector 216 may define a generally circular or arcuate perimeter. In one configuration, the perimeter of the deflector 216 may define a plurality of notches. As previously described, the deflector 216 may include a generally central opening 216 b for attachment to the base body 227. The deflector 216 may further include a pair of oppositely oriented wing portions 216 c that are mirror images of the central opening 216 b. Each wing portion 216 c defines one of the through holes 216 a therethrough for slidable receipt of the pin 236. As best shown in FIGS. 14 and 15 , the entire deflector 216 is housed within the sprinkler frame 212 in its non-operational / storage position.

[0094] FIG. 18 illustrates a mini sprinkler 310 according to a fourth embodiment of the present disclosure. Reference numerals in the fourth embodiment are generally distinguishable from those of the previous embodiments (FIGS. 1-17) by the addition of the number one hundred (100), but otherwise refer to the same elements as above, unless otherwise noted. The mini sprinkler 310 of this embodiment is similar to that of the previous embodiments and may similarly be employed in an in-rack sprinkler system. Accordingly, the description of the sprinkler 310 will generally focus on the differences from the previous embodiments, and a description of certain similarities and modes of operation between the embodiments may be omitted herein for brevity and convenience, and therefore not by way of limitation.

[0095] The primary difference between the sprinkler 310 of this embodiment and the sprinklers 10, 110, and 210 of the previous embodiments relates to the shape of the splitter 326. As shown, the splitter 326 is generally widest at its proximal end, i.e., the end closest to the annular seal, e.g., Belleville seal 328, and deflector 316, and generally narrowest at its opposite end. In other words, the circumferential extent of the splitter 326 expands radially in the proximal-to-distal direction. Generally, the splitter 326 defines a generally arcuate outer surface. In one configuration, the splitter 326 defines a generally frusto-conical shape with a lower, generally dish-shaped base, although the disclosure is not so limited. Splitter 326 maintains a closed internal cavity 326c within its proximal end and an access opening at the proximal end such that, when sprinkler 310 is activated, a high-velocity core of the extinguishing fluid stream exiting fluid passage 322c impacts splitter 326, filling it with extinguishing fluid and creating a uniformly distributed (radially and axially) body force against underlying deflector 316. The radially expanding periphery of splitter 326 also aids in the dispersion of extinguishing fluid moving from internal extinguishing fluid passage 322c by adjusting its angle toward fluid deflector 316. As shown in FIG. 18 , the profile of internal cavity 326c generally follows the exterior profile of splitter 326. The angled orientation of the splitter 326's exterior surface also aids in the high velocity of the extinguishing fluid.

[0096] Internally, sprinkler frame 312 includes first and second stepped cavities 315a, 315b as in the embodiment of Figures 10-17, and also includes third stepped cavity 315c distally adjacent to, i.e., in-line with, second stepped cavity 315b. Third stepped cavity 315c defines a larger cross-sectional dimension, e.g., diameter, than second stepped cavity 315b. A radially inwardly projecting step / lip 324a overhangs third stepped cavity 315c, thereby defining a smaller cross-sectional dimension than third stepped cavity 315c. In this embodiment, an annular seal 328 is positioned within first stepped cavity 315a in the non-operating configuration. A fluid deflector 316 may be positioned within at least one of the first stepped cavity 315a and the second stepped cavity 315b, and a load bar 330 is positioned within the third stepped cavity 315c in the non-operating configuration.

[0097] Optionally, as shown in FIG. 18 , the proximal portion 322 of the sprinkler frame 312 may be externally threaded and the manifold outlet 98 may be internally threaded (not shown) so that the sprinkler 310 is threadably engaged with the manifold outlet 98. In such a configuration, at least the proximal portion 322 of the sprinkler frame 312 is concealed within the manifold outlet 98. In one configuration, the cap 325 may be either axially or rotatably secured to the sprinkler frame 312. For example, without limitation, the cap 325 may be sandwiched between the external threads 313 and the axially most proximal surface 324c of the distal portion 324. Additionally or alternatively, the cap 325 may be threaded, crimped, welded, or glued to the sprinkler frame 312.

[0098] Preferred embodiments of the miniature sprinklers 10, 110, 210, 310 may have a proximal inlet, a distal outlet, and an internal fire-extinguishing fluid passage extending therebetween, sized and configured to define a nominal K-factor in the range of 5.6 to 25, and more preferably in the range of 8 to 14. Similarly, embodiments may have a thermal trigger with an RTI that qualifies the sprinkler as standard-response or rapid-response. Certain embodiments may be qualified under standards promulgated by listing agencies to provide fire protection in various scenarios. For example, certain embodiments may be qualified as standard spray sprinklers as defined by standards known in the art and certified for listing, allowing them to be used in applications where standard spray sprinklers are approved, such as racked storage systems. If required by a listing agency for use within a rack (e.g., as an intermediate sprinkler), embodiments may satisfy additional tests, such as the lateral discharge requirements of UL 199 or the impact requirements of FM 2000, designed to demonstrate that sprinklers used within a rack will not be blocked due to being wetted (i.e., cooled) by nearby triggered (i.e., operating) sprinklers. It is anticipated that miniature sprinkler caps will help meet these requirements. Further embodiments having a nominal K-factor of 11.2 or greater may be fire-tested and qualified for listing to UL 199 and / or FM 2000 as CMDA sprinklers, allowing these embodiments to be employed to provide ceiling-only protection within storage facilities.

[0099] It will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that various modifications and changes may be made to the foregoing disclosure without departing from the broad inventive concept thereof. Some of these have been mentioned above and others will be apparent to those skilled in the art. It is therefore intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed, but rather to cover modifications within the spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A sprinkler, a generally tubular sprinkler frame extending axially and having an inlet located at a proximal end and extending toward a distal end; a plurality of distally extending pins anchored to the sprinkler frame; a fluid deflector slidable distally along the pin to be oriented in a first position in a non-operational configuration of the sprinkler and to a second position in an operation configuration of the sprinkler; a thermal trigger supported by the sprinkler frame in the inoperative configuration of the sprinkler at an axial location distal from the deflector; Equipped with A sprinkler wherein the sprinkler frame is configured for attachment to a fire protection piping network.

2. A sprinkler, an axially extending generally tubular sprinkler frame having a proximal portion and a distal portion; a fluid deflector oriented in a first position in a non-operational configuration of the sprinkler and slidable distally to a second position in an operation configuration of the sprinkler; a splitter positioned proximal to the fluid deflector, the circumferential extent of the splitter expanding radially in a proximal-to-distal direction; a thermal trigger supported by the sprinkler frame in the inoperative configuration of the sprinkler at an axial location distal to the splitter; Equipped with A sprinkler wherein the sprinkler frame is configured for attachment to a fire protection piping network.

3. A sprinkler, an axially extending generally tubular sprinkler frame having a proximal portion and a distal portion; a fluid deflector oriented in a first position in a non-operational configuration of the sprinkler and slidable distally to a second position in an operation configuration of the sprinkler; a fusing link supported by the sprinkler frame in the inoperative configuration of the sprinkler, the fusing link being oriented in an axially oblique manner; Equipped with A sprinkler wherein the sprinkler frame is configured for attachment to a fire protection piping network.

4. A sprinkler, an axially extending generally tubular sprinkler frame having a proximal portion and a distal portion; a protective cap extending distally beyond the distal portion of the sprinkler frame and having a plurality of circumferentially spaced airflow openings; a fluid deflector oriented in a first position in a non-operational configuration of the sprinkler and slidable distally to a second position in an operative configuration of the sprinkler, the fluid deflector positioned within an axial extent of the protective cap in the first position; a fusible link supported by the sprinkler frame in the inoperative configuration of the sprinkler at an axial location within the axial range of the protective cap, the fusible link at least partially axially overlapping the air flow opening; Equipped with A sprinkler wherein the sprinkler frame is configured for attachment to a fire protection piping network.

5. A sprinkler qualified as a standard spray sprinkler, the small sprinkler comprising: an axially extending sprinkler frame having an inlet located at a proximal end and extending toward a distal end and a passageway extending distally from the inlet through the sprinkler frame; a fluid deflector mounted to the frame, the fluid deflector having a first position in a non-operational configuration of the sprinkler and a second position in an operation configuration of the sprinkler, the inlet and the passage defining a nominal K-factor greater than 5.6; A sprinkler equipped with:

6. The sprinkler of claim 1 , wherein the pin terminates at its proximal end within the sprinkler frame.

7. The sprinkler of claim 2 , wherein the splitter includes an enclosed internal cavity having an access opening at a proximal end thereof.

8. The sprinkler of claim 7 , wherein the profile of the interior cavity generally follows the exterior profile of the splitter.

9. 5. The sprinkler of claim 2, wherein the proximal portion of the sprinkler frame defines a proximal inlet, a distal outlet, and an internal fire-extinguishing fluid passageway extending therebetween, and wherein a splitter is positioned within the internal fire-extinguishing fluid passageway in the non-operating configuration.

10. 10. The sprinkler of claim 9, wherein the circumferential extent of the splitter expands radially in a proximal to distal direction.

11. 10. The sprinkler of claim 9, further comprising a Belleville seal configured to seal the distal outlet of the internal fire-extinguishing fluid passage in the inoperative configuration of the sprinkler, the Belleville seal positioned proximal to the fluid deflector.

12. 6. The sprinkler of any one of claims 1 to 3 and 5, further comprising a protective cap slidably mounted to the sprinkler frame and extending distally beyond the distal end of the sprinkler frame.

13. The sprinkler of claim 12 , wherein the protective cap includes a plurality of circumferentially spaced airflow openings.

14. 14. The sprinkler of claim 13, wherein said sprinkler frame has an axial axis, and said thermal trigger is a fusible link oriented at an oblique angle to said axial axis and at least partially axially overlapping said airflow opening.

15. 14. The sprinkler of claim 13, wherein said sprinkler frame has an axial axis, and said thermal trigger is a fusible link that at least partially axially overlaps said air flow opening.

16. 16. The sprinkler of claim 15, wherein the fluid deflector remains within axial extent of the protective cap in both the first and second positions.

17. a proximal portion of the sprinkler frame defining a proximal inlet, a distal outlet and an internal fire extinguishing fluid passageway extending therebetween; 6. The sprinkler of claim 1, further comprising an annular seal configured to seal the distal outlet of the internal fire-extinguishing fluid passage in the inoperative configuration of the sprinkler, the annular seal positioned proximally relative to the fluid deflector.

18. 6. The sprinkler of claim 1 or any one of claims 3-5, further comprising a splitter positioned proximally relative to the fluid deflector, the circumferential extent of the splitter expanding radially in a proximal-to-distal direction.

19. 20. The sprinkler of claim 18, wherein the splitter defines an internal cavity having an opening at a proximal end thereof.

20. 6. The sprinkler of claim 1, further comprising a seal and splitter assembly supported within the sprinkler frame, the seal and splitter assembly configured to support the fluid deflector and a Belleville seal covering the fluid deflector, the seal and splitter assembly including a splitter covering the Belleville seal, the splitter configured to at least one of (i) stabilize the fluid deflector in the operating configuration or (ii) adjust the angle of fire extinguishing fluid moving from an internal fire extinguishing fluid passage toward the fluid deflector.

21. a load bar stabilized within the sprinkler frame in the inoperative configuration of the sprinkler, the load bar positioned proximal to the thermal trigger or the fusible link; a first lever arm stabilized by the load bar proximate one end and engaged with the thermal trigger or fusible link proximate an opposite end in the inoperative configuration of the sprinkler; a second lever arm stabilized by the load bar at one end proximate the load bar and engaged with the thermal trigger or fusible link at an opposite end proximate the load bar when the sprinkler is in the inoperative configuration; The sprinkler of claim 1 , further comprising:

22. 22. The sprinkler of claim 21, wherein the second lever arm projects distally more than the first lever arm, thereby orienting the fusing link in an axially oblique manner.

23. 22. The sprinkler of claim 21, wherein said first lever arm is integrally formed with said load bar and projects distally therefrom.

24. 6. The sprinkler of claim 2, further comprising a pair of pins anchored to the sprinkler frame extending distally, the fluid deflector being slidable along the pair of pins.

25. The sprinkler frame is a convergent nozzle extending distally and terminating distally at an orifice; a first stepped cavity distally adjacent the orifice, the first stepped cavity having a diameter greater than the orifice; a second stepped cavity distally adjacent the first stepped cavity, the second stepped cavity having a larger diameter than the first stepped cavity; a third stepped cavity distally adjacent the second stepped cavity, the third stepped cavity having a larger diameter than the second stepped cavity; a lip overhanging the third stepped cavity, the lip defining a smaller diameter than the third stepped cavity; The sprinkler of claim 1 , comprising:

26. 26. The sprinkler of claim 25, further comprising a load bar stabilized within said sprinkler frame in said inoperative configuration of said sprinkler, said load bar located within said third stepped cavity.

27. 27. The sprinkler of claim 26, wherein said lip includes two recesses sized and dimensioned to allow said load bar to be assembled into said sprinkler frame during manufacture thereof.

28. 5. The sprinkler of claim 4, wherein the protective cap extends distally to the same axial extent as or axially beyond the distal extent of any other component of the sprinkler.

29. 5. The sprinkler of claim 4, wherein the protective cap defines a perimeter and a series of airflow windows about the perimeter, the airflow windows being sized and configured to qualify the sprinkler as a fast response sprinkler.

30. The sprinkler of claim 4 , wherein the fluid deflector is positioned within the axial extent of the protective cap in the second position.

31. The sprinkler of claim 4 , wherein the fluid deflector is positioned beyond the axial extent of the protective cap in the second position.

32. 5. The sprinkler of claim 4, wherein the protective cap is rotatably secured to the sprinkler frame.

33. 5. The sprinkler of claim 4, wherein the protective cap is slidably mounted to the sprinkler frame.

34. 5. The sprinkler of claim 4, wherein said protective cap is integrally formed with said sprinkler frame.

35. The sprinkler frame is configured to be attached to the fire protection piping network via a coupling, whereby: the fluid deflector is recessed within at least one of the fire protection piping network and the coupling; the thermal trigger or the fusible link is recessed within at least one of the fire protection piping network and the joint; 6. The sprinkler of claim 1, wherein at least a portion of the sprinkler frame is recessed within at least one of the fire protection piping network and the coupling.

36. 6. The sprinkler of claim 1, wherein at least the proximal portion is configured for a substantially complementary slidable fit within the fire protection piping outlet, thereby being substantially concealed within the outlet.

37. 6. The sprinkler of claim 1, wherein the distance from a proximal side of the fluid deflector in the second position to a proximal end of the sprinkler frame is less than 1.25 inches.

38. 6. The sprinkler of claim 1, wherein the distance from the proximal end of the sprinkler frame to the distal end of the sprinkler frame is less than 1.7 inches.

39. 6. The sprinkler of claim 1, further comprising a cap, the distance from the proximal end of the sprinkler frame to the distal end of the cap being less than 1.75 inches.

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