Compositions and methods for reducing greenhouse gas emissions

Abstract

The present disclosure provides consumable compositions comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride, methods for preparing the consumable compositions, and methods for administering the consumable compositions. In another aspect, described herein is a solid consumable composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein. In another aspect, described herein is a semi-solid consumable composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a stiffening agent, and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT).

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 444,066, filed February 8, 2023, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 491,841, filed March 23, 2023, each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. [Background technology]

[0002] background Livestock farming and ruminant livestock agriculture generally produce more global-warming greenhouse gases, measured in carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalents, than transport, according to a recent UN assessment. Ruminants produce methane (CH4) as a by-product of digestion via anaerobic microbial fermentation of feed in the rumen and, to a lesser extent, the large intestine. The rumen's microbial population consists of bacteria, protozoa, fungi, and bacteriophages, all of which work together to digest ingested organic matter, producing CO2, H2, volatile fatty acids, and formates. These end products are used in the rumen by methanogenic archaea, which produce CH4. CH4 efficiently absorbs solar infrared radiation and has a global warming potential 25 times higher than CO2. There remains an unmet need for enteric methane production mitigation technologies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from ruminant livestock. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0003] Abstract In one aspect, described herein is a consumable composition comprising (i) a haloalkane and (ii) one or more medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), wherein the haloalkane comprises 1-6 carbons, and the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, wherein at least one of the one or more alkyl chains comprises 6-12 carbon atoms.

[0004] In another aspect, described herein is a solid consumable composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein.

[0005] In another aspect, described herein is a semi-solid consumable composition that includes (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a stiffening agent, and (iii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT).

[0006] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a curing agent.

[0007] In some embodiments, the stiffening agent is a gum, agar, starch, flour, or gelatin.

[0008] In some embodiments, the stiffening agent is a gum.

[0009] In some embodiments, the hardener comprises gelatin.

[0010] In some embodiments, the hardening agent comprises agar.

[0011] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% total curing agent.

[0012] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 35 wt% of the curing agent.

[0013] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 wt% of a curing agent.

[0014] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.001 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of a curing agent.

[0015] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt% of a curing agent.

[0016] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a stabilizer.

[0017] In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein, a milk protein, or a milk fat.

[0018] In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein or a milk protein.

[0019] In some embodiments, the milk protein is casein.

[0020] In some embodiments, the globular proteins, milk proteins, and / or milk fats are derived from a mammal.

[0021] In another aspect, described herein is an aqueous consumable composition comprising water containing (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a thickener.

[0022] In some embodiments, the thickening agent comprises a polysaccharide.

[0023] In some embodiments, the thickening agent comprises a vegetable gum.

[0024] In some embodiments, the vegetable gum is xanthan gum.

[0025] In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is from about 1:10 to about 1:5.

[0026] In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is from about 1:8 to about 1:7.

[0027] In some embodiments, the water with the thickener has a density greater than the density of the water without the thickener.

[0028] In some embodiments, the water containing the thickener has a density of about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL at 20 degrees Celsius.

[0029] In some embodiments, a greater amount of haloalkane is suspended throughout the water that contains the thickener compared to water that otherwise does not contain the thickener.

[0030] In some embodiments, at least 90% more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener compared to water that otherwise does not contain the thickener.

[0031] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more emulsifiers.

[0032] In some embodiments, the composition comprises two emulsifiers.

[0033] In some embodiments, one emulsifier of the one or more emulsifiers is a polysorbate.

[0034] In some embodiments, one emulsifier of the one or more emulsifiers is a vegetable lecithin (eg, soybean lecithin, or sunflower lecithin).

[0035] In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is from about 1:1 to about 1:3.

[0036] In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:2.

[0037] In another aspect, described herein is an oily consumable composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT).

[0038] In some embodiments, the vegetable oil is a plant oil.

[0039] In some embodiments, the vegetable oil comprises canola oil.

[0040] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:100.

[0041] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 3:97 to about 10:90.

[0042] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 5:95.

[0043] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more short chain oils.

[0044] In some embodiments, the one or more short chain oils are essential oils.

[0045] In some embodiments, the short chain oil comprises citrus oil or mandarin oil.

[0046] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a bioavailability enhancer.

[0047] In some embodiments, the bioavailability enhancer is an emulsifier and / or stabilizer.

[0048] In some embodiments, the bioavailability enhancer comprises a polymer of castor oil.

[0049] In some embodiments, the ratio of bioavailability enhancer and MCT is about 1:100 to about 10:100.

[0050] In some embodiments, the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, and at least one of the one or more alkyl chains of the MCT comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

[0051] In some embodiments, the two or more alkyl chains of the MCT contain 6 to 12 carbon atoms (eg, 10 carbon atoms).

[0052] In some embodiments, each alkyl chain of the MCT contains 6 to 12 carbon atoms (eg, 10 carbon atoms).

[0053] In some embodiments, each alkyl chain of the MCT independently contains 8 carbon atoms, 10 carbon atoms, or 12 carbon atoms.

[0054] In some embodiments, the MCT is capric triglyceride.

[0055] In some embodiments, the composition is a solid composition, the composition further comprises a stabilizer, and the stabilizer is a globular protein, a milk protein, or a milk fat.

[0056] In some embodiments, the composition is a non-solid (eg, semi-solid or liquid) composition.

[0057] In some embodiments, the composition is a semi-solid, and the semi-solid is a gel or jelly.

[0058] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to stabilizer is from about 1:99 to about 10:90.

[0059] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to stabilizer is about 5:95.

[0060] In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0061] In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is from about 10:90 to about 30:70.

[0062] In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%.

[0063] In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 7 wt%.

[0064] In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 5 wt%.

[0065] In some embodiments, the composition has at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) increased chemical and / or physical stability compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not contain the stabilizer.

[0066] In some embodiments, the composition exhibits at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) improvement in animal consumption compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not contain a stabilizer.

[0067] In some embodiments, the composition improves animal consumption by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not contain vegetable oil.

[0068] In some embodiments, the composition improves animal consumption by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) compared to an otherwise similar composition containing a higher amount of MCTs.

[0069] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 20 wt%.

[0070] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.007 wt%.

[0071] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt%.

[0072] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%.

[0073] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0074] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.1 wt % to about 20 wt %.

[0075] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.1 wt % to about 8 wt %.

[0076] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.10 wt% to about 0.13 wt%.

[0077] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.25 wt% to about 0.35 wt%.

[0078] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.36 wt% to about 0.45 wt%.

[0079] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.5 wt% to about 0.6 wt%.

[0080] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.75 wt% to about 0.85 wt%.

[0081] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

[0082] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %.

[0083] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 1 wt % to about 1.5 wt %.

[0084] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 2.0 wt% to about 3.2 wt%.

[0085] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 4.5 wt% to about 5 wt%.

[0086] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.08 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0087] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.08 wt% to about 0.15 wt%.

[0088] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.3 wt% to about 4 wt%.

[0089] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.7 wt% to about 1 wt%.

[0090] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

[0091] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

[0092] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

[0093] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.002 wt%.

[0094] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.008 wt%.

[0095] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.009 wt% to about 0.05 wt%.

[0096] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

[0097] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%.

[0098] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.002 wt% to about 0.005 wt%.

[0099] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.03 wt%.

[0100] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.012 wt%.

[0101] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.0005 wt%.

[0102] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0006 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%.

[0103] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.007 wt%.

[0104] In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform.

[0105] In some embodiments, the bromoform is not derived from biomass.

[0106] In another aspect, described herein is a method for preparing an oily consumable composition for a ruminant, the method comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a solvent; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition with MCTs to form a second composition; and (c) combining at least a portion of the second composition with a vegetable oil to form the oily consumable composition.

[0107] In some embodiments, the haloalkane is at least partially soluble in the solvent.

[0108] In some embodiments, the solvent comprises ethanol.

[0109] In some embodiments, the vegetable oil comprises canola oil.

[0110] In some embodiments, prior to (b), a short chain oil is combined with the first composition.

[0111] In another aspect, described herein is a method for preparing an aqueous consumable composition for a ruminant, the method comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium chain triglyceride (MCT); (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition with a second composition to form a third composition, the second composition comprising (i) water and (ii) a thickener, an emulsifier, or both; and (c) agitating the third composition to form the aqueous consumable composition.

[0112] In some embodiments, the second composition comprises a thickener and an emulsifier.

[0113] In some embodiments, the emulsifier is a polysorbate.

[0114] In some embodiments, the thickening agent comprises a vegetable gum (eg, xanthan gum).

[0115] In some embodiments, the water has a density greater than the density of water without the thickener.

[0116] In some embodiments, the water has a density of about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL at 20 degrees Celsius.

[0117] In some embodiments, a greater amount of haloalkane is suspended throughout the water with the thickener compared to the water without the thickener.

[0118] In some embodiments, at least 90% more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the water with the thickener compared to the water without the thickener.

[0119] In some embodiments, in (c), the agitating step comprises mixing, sonicating, or both.

[0120] In some embodiments, in (c), the agitating step comprises sonication.

[0121] In some embodiments, the aqueous consumable composition is a high energy emulsion.

[0122] In another aspect, described herein is a method for preparing a semi-solid or solid composition for a ruminant, the method comprising: (a) providing (i) a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), (ii) a second composition comprising a protein, which is a globular protein or a milk protein, or a milk fat, and optionally (iii) a third composition comprising a stiffening agent; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition, and optionally at least a portion of the third composition to form a fourth composition; and (c) grinding the fourth composition to form the semi-solid or solid composition.

[0123] In some embodiments, the method further comprises, prior to (a), providing a composition comprising a haloalkane and a short chain oil.

[0124] In some embodiments, at least a portion of the composition comprising a haloalkane and a short chain oil is combined with the first composition.

[0125] In some embodiments, the method further comprises, prior to (c), chopping the fourth composition.

[0126] In some embodiments, the method further comprises, prior to (c), evaporating at least a portion of the liquid phase from the fourth composition.

[0127] In some embodiments, at least about 95% of the aqueous phase is evaporated.

[0128] In some embodiments, the evaporating step includes heating the fourth composition at a temperature of approximately about 130 degrees Celsius.

[0129] In some embodiments, the evaporating step includes heating the fourth composition at a temperature between about 20 degrees Celsius and about 45 degrees Celsius.

[0130] In some embodiments, the evaporating step comprising heating comprises spray drying.

[0131] In some embodiments, up to about 10 wt. % of the haloalkane is vaporized during the vaporizing step.

[0132] In some embodiments, up to about 5 wt. % of the haloalkane is vaporized during the vaporizing step.

[0133] In some embodiments, (a) comprises providing a third composition, and (b) comprises combining the third composition.

[0134] In some embodiments, the hardener is agar or gelatin.

[0135] In some embodiments, the method further comprises cooling the fourth composition.

[0136] In some embodiments, the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, and the one or more alkyl chains of the MCT comprise 6 to 12 carbon atoms (eg, 10 carbon atoms).

[0137] In some embodiments, the two or more alkyl chains of the MCT contain 6 to 12 carbon atoms (eg, 10 carbon atoms).

[0138] In some embodiments, each alkyl chain of the MCT contains 6 to 12 carbon atoms (eg, 10 carbon atoms).

[0139] In some embodiments, the MCT is capric triglyceride.

[0140] In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform.

[0141] In some embodiments, the bromoform is not derived from biomass.

[0142] In another aspect, described herein is a method for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, comprising: a. providing a consumable composition of the present disclosure; b. optionally diluting the consumable composition in ruminant feed or water; and c. administering the consumable composition to the ruminant, wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0143] In another aspect, described herein is a method for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, comprising the steps of: a. providing a consumable composition of the present disclosure; b. diluting the consumable composition in ruminant feed or water; and c. administering the consumable composition to the ruminant, wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0144] In another aspect, described herein is a method for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, comprising: a. administering a consumable composition of the present disclosure to the ruminant, wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0145] In some embodiments, the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 75% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0146] In some embodiments, the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 90% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0147] In some embodiments, the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 95% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0148] In some embodiments, the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 99% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0149] In some embodiments, the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0150] In some embodiments, the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 60% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0151] In some embodiments, the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 80% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0152] In some embodiments, the volumetric rate of methane emitted by the ruminant per day varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 7 days compared to a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0153] In some embodiments, the volumetric rate of methane emitted by the ruminant per day varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 14 days compared to a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0154] In another aspect, described herein is a method for using an oily consumable composition, the method comprising: a. providing an oily consumable composition of the present disclosure; and

[0155] b. Diluting the oily consumable composition in or on ruminant feed or water.

[0156] In another aspect, described herein is a method for using an aqueous consumable composition, the method comprising: a. providing an aqueous consumable composition of the present disclosure; and

[0157] b. Diluting the aqueous consumable composition in or on ruminant feed or water.

[0158] In another aspect, described herein is a method for using a semi-solid consumable composition, the method comprising: a. providing a semi-solid consumable composition of the present disclosure; and

[0159] b. Diluting the semi-solid consumable composition in or on ruminant feed or water.

[0160] In another aspect, described herein is a method for using a solid consumable composition, the method comprising: a. providing a solid consumable composition of the present disclosure; and

[0161] b. Diluting the solid consumable composition in or on ruminant feed or water.

[0162] In some embodiments, the method further comprises (c) administering to the ruminant animal feed or water comprising the consumable composition.

[0163] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in the bait.

[0164] In some embodiments, the step of diluting in the bait comprises coating the bait with the consumable composition.

[0165] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted with water.

[0166] In some embodiments, the bait is a bolus.

[0167] In some embodiments, the food is a food pellet.

[0168] In some embodiments, the diet is a total mixed ration.

[0169] In some embodiments, the food is a mineral mix.

[0170] In some embodiments, the mixed feed comprises a mineral mix.

[0171] In some embodiments, the bait is a salt block.

[0172] In some embodiments, the water is contained in a trough.

[0173] In some embodiments, the ruminant is in a grazing field.

[0174] In some embodiments, the ruminant is in a feedlot.

[0175] In some embodiments, about 0.5 g to about 250 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed.

[0176] In some embodiments, about 0.5 g to about 25 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed.

[0177] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in water or a gel.

[0178] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is combined with water.

[0179] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a salt block.

[0180] In some embodiments, the composition comprises molasses.

[0181] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a tablet.

[0182] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a bait.

[0183] 10. The consumable composition of any of the preceding embodiments, comprising pellets.

[0184] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a bolus.

[0185] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a complete mixed feed.

[0186] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a mineral mix.

[0187] In one aspect, a method for reducing methane (volume or mass) emitted from a ruminant animal by about 30% or more includes: (a) providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the first composition is between about 0.01 wt% and about 20 wt%, and wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) providing a first orally consumable product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water), wherein the first orally consumable product is suitable for oral ingestion by a ruminant animal; (c) optionally placing the first orally consumable product and / or first composition into a first container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; and (d) dissolving the first composition on the first orally consumable product. (e) optionally, placing the second composition in a second container to retain the mass of the second composition (e.g., the volume of the second container is sufficient for provision to the ruminant); (f) providing a first portion of the second composition to a ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the second composition is orally ingested by the ruminant; and (g) providing a third composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the third composition is about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%.(h) providing a second orally consumable product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water), wherein the second orally consumable product is suitable for oral ingestion by a ruminant; (i) optionally placing the second orally consumable product and / or the third composition into a third container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; (j) combining a quantity of the third composition with the second orally consumable product to form a fourth composition, such that the third composition is coated on the second orally consumable product, dispersed within the second orally consumable product, or a combination thereof, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%; (k) optionally Methods are described herein that include, optionally, placing the fourth composition in a second container to retain the mass of the second composition (e.g., the volume of the fourth container is sufficient for provision to the ruminant); (l) providing a first portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the fourth composition is orally ingested by the ruminant, wherein the period between (f) and (l) is from about 1 day to about 1 year (e.g., about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months); and (m) optionally repeating (a)-(f) or (g)-(l) one or more times, thereby reducing methane emissions from the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0188] In some embodiments, methane emissions from the ruminant animal are reduced by about 30% or more compared to a ruminant animal in the same or similar condition provided with the same or similar orally consumable product (e.g., the first orally consumable product or the second orally consumable product) in the absence of the first composition or the third composition.

[0189] In some embodiments, the first composition and the third composition are the same.

[0190] In some embodiments, the first composition and the third composition are different.

[0191] In some embodiments, the second composition and the fourth composition are the same.

[0192] In some embodiments, the second composition and the fourth composition are different.

[0193] In some embodiments, the second container and the fourth container are the same.

[0194] In some embodiments, the second container and the fourth container are different.

[0195] In some embodiments, the first container and the third container are the same.

[0196] In some embodiments, the first container and the third container are different.

[0197] In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a second portion of the second composition to the ruminant at a second time point (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months) after administration of the first portion of the second composition, such that the second portion of the second composition is orally ingested by the ruminant.

[0198] In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a second portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant at a second time point (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months) after administering the first portion of the fourth composition, such that the second portion of the fourth composition is orally ingested by the ruminant.

[0199] In some embodiments, (a)-(f) are repeated one or more times, thereby reducing methane emissions from the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0200] In some embodiments, (g)-(l) are repeated one or more times, thereby reducing methane emissions from the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0201] In another aspect, described herein is an oily consumable composition for methane reduction in ruminants, comprising: (i) bromoform; (ii) a vegetable oil; and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass, and wherein the concentration of the bromoform in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt%, and the concentration of the MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%.

[0202] In some embodiments, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0203] In some embodiments, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 10:90 to about 30:70.

[0204] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:100.

[0205] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 3:97 to about 10:90.

[0206] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 5:95.

[0207] In some embodiments, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0208] In some embodiments, the vegetable oil is a plant oil.

[0209] In some embodiments, the vegetable oil comprises canola oil.

[0210] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises an essential oil.

[0211] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises water.

[0212] In some embodiments, the ratio of water to vegetable oil is about 5:95.

[0213] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 5:95.

[0214] In some embodiments, the composition is a concentrate.

[0215] In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.1 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

[0216] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a bait.

[0217] In some embodiments, the diet comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

[0218] In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

[0219] In another aspect, described herein is a method for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, the method comprising the step of: (a) providing to the ruminant a consumable composition of the present disclosure.

[0220] In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the consumable composition with a feed prior to providing the consumable composition to the ruminant.

[0221] In some embodiments, the diet comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

[0222] In another aspect, described herein is a solid or semi-solid consumable composition for methane reduction in ruminants, comprising: (i) bromoform, (ii) medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), and (iii) a stabilizer, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%; the stabilizer is a milk protein, a globular protein, or a milk fat; the concentration of the MCTs in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%; and the concentration of the stabilizer in the composition is from about 5 wt% to about 45 wt%.

[0223] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises a curing agent.

[0224] In some embodiments, the hardener is gelatin or agar.

[0225] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of a curing agent.

[0226] In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of the curing agent.

[0227] In some embodiments, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0228] In some embodiments, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 10:90 to about 30:70.

[0229] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to stabilizer is from about 1:99 to about 10:90.

[0230] In some embodiments, the stabilizer is derived from a dairy material.

[0231] In some embodiments, the dairy material comprises milk powder.

[0232] In some embodiments, the composition is a concentrate.

[0233] In some embodiments, the composition is a solid.

[0234] In some embodiments, the composition is a semi-solid.

[0235] In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %.

[0236] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a bait.

[0237] In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

[0238] In some embodiments, the composition is a solid.

[0239] In some embodiments, the composition is a semi-solid.

[0240] In some embodiments, the diet comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

[0241] In another aspect, described herein is a method for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, the method comprising the step of: (a) providing to the ruminant a consumable composition of the present disclosure.

[0242] In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the consumable composition with a feed prior to providing the consumable composition to the ruminant.

[0243] In some embodiments, the diet comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

[0244] In another aspect, described herein is a method for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, the method comprising the step of: (a) providing to the ruminant a consumable composition of the present disclosure.

[0245] In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the consumable composition with a feed prior to providing the consumable composition to the ruminant.

[0246] In some embodiments, the diet comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

[0247] In another aspect, described herein is an aqueous consumable composition for methane reduction in ruminants, comprising: (i) bromoform; (ii) medium chain triglycerides (MCTs); (iii) a thickener; and (iv) water, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass, and wherein the concentration of bromoform in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 3 wt%, and the concentration of MCTs in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%.

[0248] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more emulsifiers.

[0249] In some embodiments, one emulsifier of the one or more emulsifiers is a polysorbate.

[0250] In some embodiments, the ratio of one or more emulsifiers to MCT is from about 1:1 to about 1:3.

[0251] In some embodiments, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0252] In some embodiments, the ratio of thickening agent to bromoform is from about 1:10 to about 1:5.

[0253] In some embodiments, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0254] In some embodiments, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 10:90 to about 30:70.

[0255] In some embodiments, the ratio of thickening agent to bromoform is from about 1:10 to about 1:5.

[0256] In some embodiments, the ratio of bromoform to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:1.

[0257] In some embodiments, the composition is a concentrate.

[0258] In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.08 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0259] In some embodiments, the composition is a liquid.

[0260] In some embodiments, the composition is a semi-solid.

[0261] In some embodiments, the semi-solid is a gel or jelly.

[0262] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises one or more emulsifiers.

[0263] In some embodiments, one emulsifier of the one or more emulsifiers is a polysorbate.

[0264] In some embodiments, the composition comprises a bait.

[0265] In some embodiments, the diet comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

[0266] In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.012 wt%.

[0267] In some embodiments, the thickening agent comprises a vegetable gum.

[0268] In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 7 wt%.

[0269] In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.012 wt%.

[0270] In another aspect, described herein is a method for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, the method comprising the step of: (a) providing to the ruminant a consumable composition of the present disclosure.

[0271] In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the consumable composition with a feed prior to providing the consumable composition to the ruminant.

[0272] In some embodiments, the diet comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

[0273] In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining said consumable composition with water prior to providing to a ruminant.

[0274] In some embodiments, the water is in a trough.

[0275] In another aspect, described herein is a method for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, the method comprising the step of: (a) providing to the ruminant a consumable composition of the present disclosure.

[0276] In some embodiments, the method further comprises combining the consumable composition with a feed prior to providing the consumable composition to the ruminant.

[0277] In some embodiments, the diet comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

[0278] Additional aspects and advantages of the present disclosure will become readily apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description, which shows and describes merely illustrative embodiments of the present disclosure. The present disclosure, as realized, is capable of other and different embodiments, and its several details are capable of modifications in various obvious respects, all without departing from the present disclosure. Accordingly, the drawings and description are to be regarded as illustrative in nature, and not as restrictive. Incorporation by Reference

[0279] All publications, patents, and patent applications mentioned herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent, or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference. In particular, the subject matter from PCT / AU2022 / 050836 is incorporated by reference in its entirety.

[0280] The novel features of the present disclosure are set forth with particularity in the appended claims. A better understanding of the features and advantages of the present disclosure will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description that sets forth illustrative embodiments, in which the principles of the disclosure are utilized, and the accompanying drawings (also herein "Figure" and "FIG."). [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0281] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates an example of a schematic for the preparation of an oil composition.

[0282] [Figure 2] FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a schematic for preparing an aqueous composition.

[0283] [Figure 3] FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a schematic for the preparation of a solid composition using gelatin.

[0284] [Figure 4]FIG. 4 illustrates an example of a schematic for the preparation of a solid composition using agar.

[0285] [Figure 5] FIG. 5 illustrates an example of a schematic for the preparation of a semi-solid composition.

[0286] [Figure 6] FIG. 6 shows examples of oil composition formulations when coated on top of a complete mixed feed, coated on top of supplemental pellets, and pressed into supplemental pellets.

[0287] [Figure 7] FIG. 7 shows examples of the solid composition dosage forms when mixed on supplemental pellets, mixed in an existing mineral mix, and mixed with a mineral mix on a complete mixed feed.

[0288] [Figure 8] FIG. 8 shows the results of an in vitro batch fermentation assay for solid or semi-solid compositions of the present disclosure.

[0289] [Figure 9] FIG. 9 shows the results of an in vitro batch fermentation assay at ultra-low doses for solid or semi-solid compositions of the present disclosure.

[0290] [Figure 10] FIG. 10 shows the results of an in vitro batch fermentation assay for the oil-based composition of the present disclosure.

[0291] [Figure 11] FIG. 11 shows the results of an in vitro batch fermentation assay at ultra-low doses for the oil-based composition of the present disclosure.

[0292] [Figure 12] FIG. 12 shows the results of an in vitro batch fermentation assay for an aqueous composition of the present disclosure.

[0293] [Figure 13] FIG. 13 shows the results of an in vitro batch Rusitec experiment on a solid or semi-solid composition of the present disclosure.

[0294] [Figure 14] FIG. 14 shows the results of an in vitro batch Rusitec experiment on an oily composition of the present disclosure.

[0295] [Figure 15] FIG. 15 shows the results of an in vitro batch Rusitec experiment for an aqueous composition of the present disclosure.

[0296] [Figure 16] FIG. 16 shows an example comparison of in vitro batch fermentation assay results for a solid composition of the present disclosure when performed in the bovine rumen and the ovine rumen.

[0297] [Figure 17] FIG. 17 shows an example comparison of in vitro batch fermentation assay results for an oleaginous composition of the present disclosure when performed in the cow rumen and the sheep rumen.

[0298] [Figure 18] FIG. 18 shows an example comparison of in vitro batch fermentation assay results for aqueous compositions of the present disclosure when performed in the cow rumen and the sheep rumen.

[0299] [Figure 19a] FIG. 19a shows an example of palatability test results for treatments containing oil compositions with 4 g / L bromoform.

[0300] [Figure 19b] FIG. 19b shows an example of palatability test results for treatments containing oil compositions with 8 g / L bromoform.

[0301] [Figure 19c] FIG. 19c shows examples of palatability test results for treatments containing semi-solid cheese-like substances in chunk, granule, and powder form.

[0302] [Figure 19d] Figure 19d shows an example of palatability test results for treatments containing solids (powder) with and without 10% MSG.

[0303] [Figure 19e] FIG. 19e shows an example of palatability test results for treatments containing an oil composition having 4 g / L bromoform and canola oil. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0304] Detailed Description Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this disclosure belongs. All patents and publications referenced herein are incorporated by reference.

[0305] Whenever the terms "at least," "more than," or "more than or equal to" precede the first number in a series of two or more numbers, the terms "at least," "more than," or "more than or equal to" apply to each and every number in the series. For example, more than or equal to 1, 2, or 3 is equivalent to more than or equal to 1, more than or equal to 2, or more than or equal to 3.

[0306] Whenever the terms "less than or equal to," "less than," or "less than or equal to" precede the first number in a series of two or more numbers, the terms "less than or equal to," "less than," or "less than or equal to" apply to each of the numbers in the series. For example, less than or equal to 3, 2, or 1 is equivalent to less than or equal to 3, less than or equal to 2, or less than or equal to 1.

[0307] The term "about" as used herein means within ±10% of a value. For example, when it is stated that "the concentration of the haloalkane is about 3 wt%," it means that the concentration can be 2.7 wt% to 3.3 wt%.

[0308] The term "comprise" and its variations, such as "comprises" and "comprising", should be interpreted in an open and inclusive sense, i.e., "including but not limited to."

[0309] As used in this specification and the appended claims, the singular forms "a," "an," and "the" include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. It should also be noted that the term "or" is generally used in its sense including "and / or" unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.

[0310] The term "optionally" or "as needed" indicates that the event or circumstance described thereafter may occur, but does not necessarily occur, and that the description includes instances in which the event or circumstance occurs and instances in which it does not occur.

[0311] The term "amount of methane" as used herein refers to the "volume of methane" and / or the "mass of methane."

[0312] The term "% wt," as used herein, refers to the weight of a component of a consumable composition per total weight of the consumable composition, or the weight of a component of a consumable composition per volume of the consumable composition, as understood by the context.

[0313] Moreover, the headings provided herein are for convenience only and do not interpret the scope or meaning of the claimed disclosure. The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

[0314] In some aspects, provided herein are consumable compositions, methods for preparing same, and methods for administering same, comprising (i) a haloalkane and (ii) one or more medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). In some embodiments, the haloalkane comprises 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, at least one of which comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms.

[0315] In some aspects, provided herein are consumable compositions comprising (i) bromoform and (ii) one or more medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), wherein at least one of the one or more alkyl chains comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms, the consumable composition comprising a solid composition, a semi-solid composition, an oil-based composition, or an aqueous composition, the solid composition further comprising a protein or dairy fat, and the protein is a globular protein or a dairy protein.

[0316] In some aspects, the consumable composition is a solid composition.

[0317] In some aspects, the consumable composition is a non-solid composition, such as a semi-solid composition, an oil-based composition, or an aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the composition is a semi-solid, where the semi-solid is a gel (e.g., an aqueous gel) or a jelly.

[0318] In some embodiments, the consumable composition further comprises one or more stabilizers, emulsifiers, stiffening agents, thickeners, and / or taste enhancers.

[0319] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is in a concentrated form, for example, a concentrated oil-based composition, a concentrated aqueous composition, or a concentrated solid or semi-solid composition (eg, a powder).

[0320] Any composition of the present disclosure may be combined with or diluted in a feed for ruminants. Any composition of the present disclosure may be combined with or diluted in water for ruminants. The feed may include pellets (e.g., lucerne pellets). Any composition of the present disclosure may be combined with the pellets so that the composition is inside the pellets. Any composition of the present disclosure may be combined with the pellets so that the composition is coated on the surface of the pellets.

[0321] Any composition of the present disclosure may further comprise a starch (e.g., corn starch) and / or a release agent (e.g., calcium carbonate). The starch or release agent may facilitate the breakdown and release of the composition in the rumen by the feed (e.g., pellets). Once the composition is at least partially released from the feed, the rumen may utilize the haloalkane to reduce methane emissions from the ruminant.

[0322] In some embodiments, any consumable composition of the present disclosure can be diluted in feed or water. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is included in a diluted form. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in or on feed. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in (e.g., within or throughout) feed. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted on (e.g., coated on) feed. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in water. In some embodiments, water is referred to herein as an orally consumable product.

[0323] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is included in a feed for a ruminant. In some embodiments, the feed is referred to herein as an orally ingestible product. In some embodiments, the feed is any of a bolus, a feed pellet, a mixed feed, a mineral feed, a mineral mix, a mixed feed containing a mineral mix, molasses, or a salt block. In some embodiments, the feed is a bolus. In some embodiments, the feed is a feed pellet. In some embodiments, the feed is a mixed feed. In some embodiments, the feed is a mineral feed. In some embodiments, the feed is a mineral mix. In some embodiments, the feed is a mixed feed containing a mineral mix. In some embodiments, the feed is a salt block. In some embodiments, the feed is molasses. In some embodiments, the feed comprises a tablet. Haloalkanes

[0324] In some aspects, the consumable compositions provided herein comprise a haloalkane.

[0325] In some embodiments, the haloalkane comprises chlorine. In some embodiments, the haloalkane comprises iodine. In some embodiments, the haloalkane comprises 1 to 6 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform (CHBr).

[0326] Supplementing the diets of ruminants with red macroalgae (e.g., Asparagopsis taxiformis) has shown signs of reducing methane production. The inhibition of methane production in ruminants via supplementation of their diets with Asparagopsis taxiformis is primarily due to bromoform, a compound present in the essential oil of the seaweed. However, biological activity between samples is inconsistent and may be further affected by phenotypic and / or chemical species variation from samples obtained from different locations and environmental conditions. Such variability introduces considerable uncertainty surrounding safe and effective dosing regimens for these plant-based solutions to limiting methane production in ruminants. Thus, in some aspects, the consumable compositions described herein comprise synthetic bromoform. In some embodiments, the consumable compositions described herein comprise bromoform that is not derived from biomass.

[0327] The compositions provided herein can include any suitable concentration of haloalkane. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane is from about 0.0002 weight percent (wt%) to about 20 wt% of the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% of the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.001 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane is from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane is from about 1 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane is from about 3 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkane is from about 5 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 8% to about 20% by weight of the consumable composition.

[0328] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.007 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.10 wt% to about 0.13 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.25 wt% to about 0.35 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.36 wt% to about 0.45 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.5 wt% to about 0.6 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.75 wt% to about 0.85 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is about 2.0 wt% to about 3.2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is about 4.5 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is about 0.08 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is about 0.08 wt% to about 0.15 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is about 0.3 wt% to about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is about 0.7 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.08 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.08 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.002 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.008 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.009 wt% to about 0.05 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.08 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.002 wt% to about 0.005 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.03 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.012 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.0005 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.0006 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the composition is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.007 wt%.

[0329] The compositions provided herein can contain any suitable concentration of haloalkanes prior to dilution with feed or water. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition prior to dilution with ruminant feed or water is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition prior to dilution with ruminant feed or water is from about 0.05 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition prior to dilution with ruminant feed or water is from about 0.1 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition prior to dilution with ruminant feed or water is from about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition prior to dilution with ruminant feed or water is from about 0.08 wt% to about 3 wt%.

[0330] The compositions provided herein can contain any suitable concentration of haloalkanes after dilution with feed or water. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition after dilution with ruminant feed or water is about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition after dilution with ruminant feed or water is about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.08 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition after dilution with ruminant feed or water is about 0.001 wt% to about 0.08 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of haloalkanes in the consumable composition after dilution with ruminant feed or water is about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.08 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the consumable composition after dilution with ruminant feed or water is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.015 wt%.

[0331] The compositions provided herein can include any suitable ratio of haloalkane to medium chain triglyceride (MCT). In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is about 1:99 to about 1:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is about 10:90 to about 20:80. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is about 10:90 to about 30:70. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is about 10:90 to about 40:60. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is about 1:99. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is about 10:90. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is about 20:80. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is about 30:70. In some embodiments, the ratio of haloalkane to MCT is about 40:60.

[0332] In some embodiments, the compositions contain various concentrations of bromoform (i.e., the same composition can contain any suitable concentration of bromoform). In some embodiments, the bromoform is carried in MCT, but the concentration of MCT in the composition remains substantially the same (e.g., within 1% variation). In some instances, the composition may contain about 0.003 wt% to about 5 wt% MCT, and various amounts of bromoform can be added to the MCT to achieve the desired concentration of bromoform in the composition, but the concentration of MCT in the composition remains approximately the same. Medium Chain Triglycerides (MCTs)

[0333] In some embodiments, the consumable compositions provided herein include medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs). In some embodiments, MCTs improve the stability of haloalkanes in the consumable compositions. In some embodiments, MCTs improve the methane-reducing properties of the consumable compositions in ruminants. For example, as shown in FIG. 12, Formulation No. 18 does not include MCTs compared to Formulation No. 19, which is otherwise similar except that it includes MCTs. Formulation No. 19 consistently reduces methane production by at least 90% at bromoform doses of at least 0.12 g / kg dry matter intake (DMI), while Formulation No. 18 only achieves approximately 20% methane reduction at the highest dose of 0.60 g / kg DMI.

[0334] In some embodiments, consumable compositions containing MCTs stabilize a greater amount of haloalkanes than consumable compositions not containing MCTs. In some embodiments, compositions containing stabilized haloalkanes reduce methane production by about 30% or more (e.g., 50% or more, 70% or more, 90% or more) compared to compositions containing lower amounts of stabilized haloalkanes. In some embodiments, compositions containing stabilized haloalkanes reduce methane production by about 50% or more compared to compositions containing lower amounts of stabilized haloalkanes. In some embodiments, compositions containing stabilized haloalkanes reduce methane production by about 70% or more compared to compositions containing lower amounts of stabilized haloalkanes. In some embodiments, compositions containing stabilized haloalkanes reduce methane production by about 90% or more compared to compositions containing lower amounts of stabilized haloalkanes. In some embodiments, a composition comprising a stabilized haloalkane reduces methane production by about 95% or more compared to a composition comprising a lower amount of the stabilized haloalkane.

[0335] In some embodiments, MCTs may act as a carrier and / or stabilizer for the haloalkanes of the consumable composition. For example, a greater amount of bromoform is observed as a separate phase (e.g., at the bottom of the container) from the composition when the composition does not contain MCTs compared to a composition that contains MCTs.

[0336] In some embodiments, the MCTs in the composition may also prevent greater amounts of haloalkanes from volatilizing during processing (e.g., during chopping, drying, and grinding). For example, a stronger odor of bromoform has been observed when processing compositions that do not contain MCTs compared to processing compositions that include MCTs.

[0337] In some embodiments, MCTs may also impart a lubricating effect to the mixture during the chopping and / or grinding steps, resulting in a more homogeneous solid composition.

[0338] In some instances, a lower concentration of MCTs may encourage a ruminant to orally ingest (e.g., consume) a greater mass of feed or water (comprising a composition of the present disclosure) compared to a composition (feed or water comprising an otherwise similar composition) containing a higher concentration of MCTs.

[0339] In some embodiments, the taste of composition can be improved by reducing the concentration of MCT in composition.In some embodiments, the consumption rate of feed or water that contains the composition of the present disclosure is a proxy for the palatability of composition.In some embodiments, the weight gain rate of ruminant that orally consumes feed or water that contains the composition of the present disclosure is a proxy for the palatability of composition.

[0340] In some embodiments, the two or more alkyl chains of the MCT contain 6 to 12 carbon atoms, for example, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms.

[0341] In some embodiments, each alkyl chain of the MCT contains 6 to 12 carbon atoms, e.g., 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, or 12 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl chain contains 8 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl chain contains 10 carbon atoms. In some embodiments, each alkyl chain contains 12 carbon atoms.

[0342] In some embodiments, the source of the MCTs is coconut oil and / or palm oil, hi some embodiments, the source of the MCTs is a mixture of coconut oil and palm oil.

[0343] In some embodiments, the MCTs include one or more of lauric acid, caprylic acid, and / or capric acid, hi some embodiments, the MCTs are a mixture of lauric acid, caprylic acid, and capric acid.

[0344] In some embodiments, the MCTs comprise about 50 wt% to about 80 wt% caprylic acid. In some embodiments, the MCTs comprise about 50 wt% to about 60 wt% caprylic acid. In some embodiments, the MCTs comprise about 60 wt% to about 70 wt% caprylic acid. In some embodiments, the MCTs comprise about 70 wt% to about 80 wt% caprylic acid. In some embodiments, the MCTs comprise about 55 wt% to about 65 wt% caprylic acid. In some embodiments, the MCTs comprise about 65 wt% to about 75 wt% caprylic acid.

[0345] In some embodiments, the MCTs contain about 20 wt% to about 50 wt% capric acid. In some embodiments, the MCTs contain about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% capric acid. In some embodiments, the MCTs contain about 30 wt% to about 40 wt% capric acid. In some embodiments, the MCTs contain about 40 wt% to about 50 wt% capric acid. In some embodiments, the MCTs contain about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% capric acid. In some embodiments, the MCTs contain about 35 wt% to about 45 wt% capric acid.

[0346] In some embodiments, the MCTs include capric triglyceride.

[0347] The compositions provided herein can contain any suitable concentration of MCT. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 0.001 wt% to about 33 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 3 wt% to about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 4 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 5 wt% to about 6 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 6 wt% to about 7 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 7 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 8 wt% to about 9 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 9 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 10 wt% to about 40 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 10 wt% to about 33 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 10 wt% to about 20 wt%. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure may comprise from about 0.001 wt% to about 10 wt% MCT. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure may comprise from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt% MCT. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure may comprise from about 0.001 wt% to about 5 wt% MCT. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure may comprise from about 0.01 wt% to about 10 wt% MCT. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure may comprise from about 0.01 wt% to about 8 wt% MCT. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure may comprise from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt% MCT.In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition is about 2 wt% to about 5 wt% of the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition of the present disclosure is about 2 wt% to about 5 wt% before combination with feed or water. In some embodiments, the concentration of MCT in the composition of the present disclosure is about 4 wt% to about 6 wt% before combination with feed or water.

[0348] In some instances, the compositions comprising MCTs provided herein can improve the stability (chemical or physical) of the composition (e.g., improve the shelf life of the composition).

[0349] In some instances, compositions comprising MCTs provided herein can improve the palatability of the composition (e.g., improve oral intake of the composition by a ruminant). stabilizers

[0350] In some embodiments, any of the consumable compositions provided herein comprise one or more stabilizers. The compositions provided herein can comprise any suitable stabilizer.

[0351] In some aspects, the compositions of the present disclosure comprise improved chemical stability (e.g., improved stability of haloalkanes) compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not contain a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the stabilizer imparts chemical stability to the composition. In some embodiments, the stabilizer imparts chemical stability to bromoform in the composition.

[0352] In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein and / or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the milk protein is casein.

[0353] In some embodiments, the globular proteins, milk proteins, and / or milk fats are derived from a mammal.

[0354] The dairy proteins or dairy fats may be from any suitable source. In some embodiments, the dairy proteins and / or dairy fats are derived from dairy materials (e.g., whole milk, raw milk, milk powder, modified milk powder, whey powder). In some embodiments, the dairy proteins and / or dairy fats are derived from whole milk. In some embodiments, the dairy proteins and / or dairy fats are derived from fresh pasteurized milk. In some embodiments, the dairy proteins and / or dairy fats are derived from milk powder. In some embodiments, the dairy proteins and / or dairy fats are derived from modified milk powder. In some embodiments, the dairy proteins and / or dairy fats are derived from whey powder.

[0355] The source of the stabilizer can contain any suitable concentration of stabilizer. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a dairy material. In some embodiments, the concentration of the stabilizer (e.g., globular protein, milk protein, milk fat) in the dairy material is about 10 wt% to about 50 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the stabilizer in the dairy material is about 10 wt% to about 40 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the stabilizer in the dairy material is about 10 wt% to about 30 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the stabilizer in the dairy material is about 15 wt% to about 30 wt%.

[0356] The compositions provided herein can include any suitable concentration of stabilizer. In some embodiments, the concentration of stabilizer in the composition is about 5 wt% to about 45 wt% before dilution in ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the concentration of stabilizer in the composition is about 5 wt% to about 30 wt% before dilution in ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the concentration of stabilizer in the composition is about 10 wt% to about 40 wt% before dilution in ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the concentration of stabilizer in the composition is about 15 wt% to about 30 wt% before dilution in ruminant feed or water.

[0357] The compositions of the present disclosure may have any suitable ratio of MCT to stabilizer. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to stabilizer is about 1:99 to about 10:90. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to stabilizer is about 1:99 to about 7:93. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to stabilizer is about 5:95.

[0358] The compositions of the present disclosure may have improved chemical or physical stability compared to any otherwise similar composition without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the compositions have at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) improved chemical and / or physical stability compared to an otherwise similar composition without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the compositions have at least 30% improved chemical and / or physical stability compared to an otherwise similar composition without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the compositions have at least 40% improved chemical and / or physical stability compared to an otherwise similar composition without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the compositions have at least 50% improved chemical and / or physical stability compared to an otherwise similar composition without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the compositions have at least 60% improved chemical and / or physical stability compared to an otherwise similar composition without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the compositions have at least 70% improved chemical and / or physical stability compared to an otherwise similar composition without a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the composition has at least 80% improved chemical and / or physical stability compared to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer, in some embodiments, the composition has at least 90% improved chemical and / or physical stability compared to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer, in some embodiments, the composition has at least 100% improved chemical and / or physical stability compared to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer.

[0359] Compositions of the present disclosure provided herein that include a stabilizer can enhance animal (used interchangeably herein with "ruminant") consumption relative to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer. In some embodiments, a composition that includes a stabilizer has at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) enhanced animal consumption (used interchangeably herein with "animal consumption") relative to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer. In some embodiments, a composition has at least 30% enhanced animal consumption relative to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer. In some embodiments, a composition has at least 40% enhanced animal consumption relative to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer. In some embodiments, a composition has at least 50% enhanced animal consumption relative to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer. In some embodiments, a composition has at least 60% enhanced animal consumption relative to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer. In some embodiments, a composition has at least 70% enhanced animal consumption relative to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer. In some embodiments, the composition has at least 80% improved animal consumption compared to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer, in some embodiments, the composition has at least 90% improved animal consumption compared to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer, in some embodiments, the composition has at least 100% improved animal consumption compared to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer.

[0360] In some instances, compositions including the stabilizers provided herein can enhance palatability (eg, enhance the composition by an animal). emulsifier

[0361] In some embodiments, any composition provided herein can contain any suitable emulsifier. In some embodiments, consumable compositions contain one or more emulsifiers. The composition may contain an emulsifier that improves the bioavailability of haloalkanes in ruminants. For example, an emulsifier can be added to the composition of the present disclosure to improve the bioavailability of bromoform in the rumen. For example, in the oil-based composition of the present disclosure, the emulsifier can further emulsify the oil component while in the rumen, making bromoform more available in the rumen.

[0362] In some embodiments, the emulsifier improves the stability (eg, chemical and / or physical stability) of the consumable composition.

[0363] In some aspects, an emulsifier may then be added to the mixture, and the mixture may be emulsified by agitating the mixture (e.g., sonicating) to create a stable composition. In some embodiments, agitating the mixture comprises sonicating. In some embodiments, agitating the mixture comprises mixing the composition sufficiently to create an emulsion.

[0364] In some embodiments, the composition comprises two emulsifiers.In some embodiments, one or more emulsifiers are polysorbates.In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more emulsifiers is vegetable lecithin.In some embodiments, the vegetable lecithin is soybean lecithin or sunflower lecithin.

[0365] In some embodiments, the emulsifier is Tween®. In some embodiments, the Tween is Tween 20. In some embodiments, the Tween is Tween 40. In some embodiments, the Tween is Tween 60. In some embodiments, the Tween is Tween 80.

[0366] In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:1 to about 1:3. In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:2.

[0367] The compositions provided herein can include any suitable concentration of emulsifier. In some embodiments, the concentration of emulsifier in a composition of the present disclosure is from about 0.005 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of emulsifier in a composition of the present disclosure is from about 0.005 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of emulsifier in a composition of the present disclosure is from about 0.005 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of emulsifier in a composition of the present disclosure is from about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of emulsifier in a composition of the present disclosure is from about 0.5 wt% to about 2 wt%.

[0368] In some instances, compositions including the emulsifiers provided herein can improve stability (chemical or physical) (e.g., improve the shelf life of the composition).

[0369] In some instances, compositions comprising the emulsifiers provided herein can improve bioavailability (e.g., improve the release rate of haloalkanes in the rumen of an animal). In some embodiments, the release rate of haloalkanes in the rumen is a proxy for the effectiveness of methane scavenging. hardener

[0370] Any of the compositions provided herein can include any suitable hardening agent. In some embodiments, the consumable composition includes one or more hardening agents. The hardening agent can be added to the composition to impart a homogeneous dispersion of the haloalkane throughout the composition. Mixing the composition containing the hardening agent until a higher liquid phase viscosity is reached (e.g., until the liquid phase is hardened or nearly hardened) can stabilize the homogeneous dispersion of the haloalkane throughout the mixture before subsequent steps of the method. Compositions containing a hardening agent can also be dried directly from a liquid or gel phase to a dry solid by using elevated temperatures, if necessary. Solid compositions that do not include a hardening agent (e.g., gelatin or agar) may require spray drying at elevated temperatures to evaporate the liquid phase (e.g., aqueous phase) and obtain a dry solid composition.

[0371] In some embodiments, the stiffening agent improves the processability of the consumable composition.

[0372] In some embodiments, the hardening agent is a gum, agar, starch, flour, or gelatin. In some embodiments, the hardening agent is gelatin. In some embodiments, the hardening agent is agar. In some embodiments, the hardening agent is a gum. In some embodiments, the gum is xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the hardening agent is corn starch. In some embodiments, the hardening agent is corn flour. In some embodiments, the hardening agent is a combination of agar and corn flour.

[0373] The compositions provided herein can include any suitable concentration of curing agent. In some embodiments, the composition further includes about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of the curing agent. In some embodiments, the composition includes about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% of the curing agent. In some embodiments, the composition includes about 30 wt% to about 40 wt% of the curing agent. In some embodiments, the composition includes about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of the curing agent. In some embodiments, the composition includes about 35 wt% of the curing agent. In some embodiments, the composition includes about 25 wt% of the curing agent.

[0374] In some embodiments, the hardener may also function as a thickener, as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the hardener and thickener in the composition are different compounds. In some embodiments, the hardener and thickener in the composition are the same compound.

[0375] In some instances, compositions including the curing agents provided herein can improve the processability of the composition (e.g., improve the homogeneity of the composition). thickener

[0376] Any of the compositions provided herein can include any suitable thickening agent. In some aspects, the consumable composition includes a thickening agent. In some embodiments, the thickening agent includes a polysaccharide. In some embodiments, the thickening agent includes a vegetable gum. In some embodiments, the vegetable gum is guar gum. In some embodiments, the vegetable gum is xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the thickening agent includes corn starch or corn flour. In some embodiments, the thickening agent is a compound that imparts thickening to the aqueous phase (e.g., by increasing viscosity). In some embodiments, the thickening agent includes gelatin. In some embodiments, the thickening agent is a material sufficient to create a network of long-chain compounds (e.g., polymers) in the aqueous phase. In some embodiments, the thickening agent is a hardening agent.

[0377] The ratio of thickener to haloalkane can be any suitable ratio. In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is from about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is from about 1:8 to about 1:7.

[0378] The compositions of the present disclosure can include any suitable concentration of thickener. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickener in the composition is about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%, e.g., about 0.01 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%, about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%, about 3 wt% to about 4 wt%, or about 4 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickener in the composition is about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%, e.g., about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt%, about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%, about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%, or about 1.5 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickening agent in the composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%, e.g., from about 0.1 wt% to about 0.2 wt%, from about 0.2 wt% to about 0.3 wt%, from about 0.3 wt% to about 0.4 wt%, from about 0.4 wt% to about 0.5 wt%, from about 0.5 wt% to about 0.6 wt%, from about 0.7 wt% to about 0.8 wt%, from about 0.8 wt% to about 0.9 wt%, or from about 0.9 wt% to about 1 wt%.

[0379] In some aspects, compositions containing a thickener that includes a greater amount of haloalkane are suspended throughout the composition than compositions that do not otherwise contain a thickener. For example, an aqueous composition containing a thickener has a greater amount of haloalkane suspended throughout the aqueous phase than an aqueous composition that does not contain a thickener. In some embodiments, at least 80 wt% or more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the composition that includes a thickener compared to a composition that does not otherwise contain a thickener. In some embodiments, at least 85 wt% or more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the composition that includes a thickener compared to a composition that does not otherwise contain a thickener. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% or more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the composition that includes a thickener compared to a composition that does not otherwise contain a thickener. In some embodiments, at least 95 wt% or more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the composition that includes a thickener compared to a composition that does not otherwise contain a thickener. In some embodiments, at least 99 wt % or more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the composition with the thickener, compared to a composition that otherwise does not include the thickener.

[0380] In some instances, compositions including the thickeners provided herein may improve processability (e.g., improve the homogeneous dispersion of the haloalkane in the composition). Flavor enhancers

[0381] Any composition provided herein can further comprise any suitable taste enhancer.In some embodiments, consumable compositions comprise one or more taste enhancers.In some embodiments, the use of such agents can provide the composition with enhanced taste, and contribute to the increased consumption of the composition by ruminants.In some embodiments, the use of such agents can mask the taste and / or odor of bromoform by stabilizing bromoform, and can also be a contributing factor to the increased consumption of the composition by ruminants.

[0382] In some embodiments, the taste enhancer may also function as a stabilizer, as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the taste enhancer may also function as a hardening agent, as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the taste enhancer may also function as a thickening agent, as described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the taste enhancer and the stabilizer are the same compound. In some embodiments, the taste enhancer and the hardening agent are the same compound. In some embodiments, the taste enhancer and the thickening agent are the same compound. In some embodiments, the taste enhancer and the stabilizer are different compounds. In some embodiments, the taste enhancer and the hardening agent are different compounds. In some embodiments, the taste enhancer and the thickening agent are different compounds.

[0383] In some embodiments, the taste enhancer is a vegetable oil or a short-chain oil (e.g., an essential oil). In some embodiments, the taste enhancer is monosodium glutamate (MSG). In some embodiments, the taste enhancer is a vegetable oil. In some embodiments, the taste enhancer is a short-chain oil.

[0384] In some embodiments, the vegetable oil is a vegetable oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable oil comprises canola oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable oil is coconut oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable oil is peanut oil.

[0385] In some embodiments, taste enhancer can also function as vegetable oil in any one of the oily compositions described elsewhere herein.In some embodiments, the taste enhancer and vegetable oil of the oily composition are the same compound.In some embodiments, the taste enhancer and vegetable oil of the oily composition are different compounds.

[0386] In some instances, compositions comprising the taste enhancers provided herein can increase palatability (eg, increase consumption of the composition by an animal).

[0387] In some embodiments, the use of a vegetable oil, such as canola oil, may enhance the taste and / or palatability of the composition, thereby increasing consumption of the composition by ruminants.

[0388] The ratio of MCT to vegetable oil can be any suitable ratio. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 1:100 to about 50:100. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 3:97 to about 10:90. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 5:95.

[0389] In some embodiments, the taste enhancer is a short-chain oil. In some embodiments, one or more short-chain oils are essential oils. The essential oil can be any suitable oil. Illustrative essential oils include, but are not limited to, bush balm oil, lemon myrtle oil, mandarin oil, nerolina, palmarosa, rosalina, cedarwood, bergamot, clove bud, eucalyptus, and cinnamon bark. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil comprises citrus oil or mandarin oil.

[0390] In some embodiments, the use of essential oils can mask the taste and / or odor of bromoform by stabilizing the bromoform in the composition. In some embodiments, the use of essential oils can increase consumption of the composition by ruminants.

[0391] In some embodiments, the taste enhancer is MSG. In some embodiments, the taste enhancer is vegetable oil.

[0392] Any composition provided herein that includes a taste enhancer can have improved animal consumption compared to any other similar composition that does not include a taste enhancer. In some embodiments, the composition has at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) improved animal consumption (used interchangeably herein as "animal consumption") compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not include a taste enhancer. In some embodiments, the composition has at least 30% improved animal consumption compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not include a taste enhancer. In some embodiments, the composition has at least 40% improved animal consumption compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not include a taste enhancer. In some embodiments, the composition has at least 50% improved animal consumption compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not include a taste enhancer. In some embodiments, the composition has at least 60% improved animal consumption compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not include a taste enhancer. In some embodiments, the composition has at least 70% improved animal consumption compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not include a taste enhancer. In some embodiments, the composition has at least 80% increased consumption by an animal compared to an otherwise similar composition without the taste enhancer, in some embodiments, the composition has at least 90% increased consumption by an animal compared to an otherwise similar composition without the taste enhancer, in some embodiments, the composition has at least 100% increased consumption by an animal compared to an otherwise similar composition without the taste enhancer.

[0393] In some embodiments, the rate of consumption (by ruminants) of a composition of the present disclosure comprising a taste potentiator is increased by about 100% or more (e.g., 200% or more, 300% or more, 400% or more) compared to an otherwise similar composition without a taste potentiator. In some embodiments, the rate of consumption (by ruminants) of a composition of the present disclosure comprising a taste potentiator is increased by about 200% or more compared to an otherwise similar composition without a taste potentiator. In some embodiments, the rate of consumption (by ruminants) of a composition of the present disclosure comprising a taste potentiator is increased by about 300% or more compared to an otherwise similar composition without a taste potentiator. In some embodiments, the rate of consumption (by ruminants) of a composition of the present disclosure comprising a taste potentiator is about twice as high as an otherwise similar composition without a taste potentiator. In some embodiments, the rate of consumption (by ruminants) of a composition of the present disclosure that includes a taste potentiator is about three times higher than an otherwise similar composition that does not include a taste potentiator. In some instances, the rate of consumption (by ruminants) of a composition of the present disclosure that includes a taste potentiator is about the same as an otherwise similar composition that does not include a taste potentiator.

[0394] In some embodiments, the form of the composition can improve the rate of consumption of feed containing the composition. In some embodiments, feed or water containing a solid composition in powder form is consumed (by ruminants) at a rate about three times faster than feed containing granules or chunks of an otherwise similar solid composition. In some embodiments, feed containing a composition of the present disclosure that includes vegetable oil is consumed by ruminants at a rate about three times faster than feed containing a composition that does not include vegetable oil. For example, feed containing a composition of the present disclosure that includes vegetable oil is consumed by ruminants in about 15 minutes, while feed containing a composition that does not include vegetable oil is consumed by ruminants in about 35 to 60 minutes.

[0395] In some embodiments, the composition that comprises taste enhancer is more palatable to ruminants.In some embodiments, the composition that comprises a lower concentration of MCT is more palatable to ruminants.In some embodiments, the composition that comprises a lower ratio of MCT to taste enhancer is more palatable than the composition that comprises a higher ratio of MCT to taste enhancer.For example, the blend that comprises MCT and vegetable oil with 5% MCT is more palatable than the blend that comprises 50% MCT. solid composition

[0396] In some aspects, the consumable composition is a solid composition.

[0397] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a stabilizer.

[0398] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein.

[0399] In some embodiments, the consumable composition further comprises a hardening agent. In some embodiments, the hardening agent is a gum, agar, starch, flour, or gelatin. In some embodiments, the hardening agent comprises gelatin. In some embodiments, the hardening agent comprises agar. In some embodiments, the hardening agent comprises a gum. In some embodiments, the gum is xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the gum is guar gum. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises gelatin. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises agar.

[0400] In some embodiments, the solid composition further comprises about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of a curing agent. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises about 20 wt% to about 30 wt% of a curing agent. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises about 30 wt% to about 40 wt% of a curing agent. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of a curing agent. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 35 wt% of a curing agent. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 wt% of a curing agent.

[0401] In some embodiments, the solid composition includes a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein, a milk protein, or a milk fat. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein and / or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the milk protein is casein.

[0402] In some embodiments, the globular proteins, milk proteins, and / or milk fats are derived from a mammal.

[0403] In some embodiments, the solid composition further comprises one or more emulsifiers. In some embodiments, the composition comprises two emulsifiers. In some embodiments, the one or more emulsifiers are polysorbates. In some embodiments, the one or more emulsifiers are Tween. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more emulsifiers is vegetable lecithin. In some embodiments, the vegetable lecithin is soybean lecithin or sunflower lecithin.

[0404] In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:1 to about 1:3. In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:2.

[0405] In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt % to about 20 wt % of the solid composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0003 wt % to about 0.0005 wt %. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0005 wt % to about 0.001 wt %. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.001 wt % to about 0.005 wt %. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.005 wt % to about 0.01 wt %. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.01 wt % to about 0.05 wt %. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.05 wt % to about 0.1 wt %. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 2 wt% to about 3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 3 wt% to about 4 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 4 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 5 wt% to about 6 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 6 wt% to about 7 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 7 wt% to about 8 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 8 wt% to about 9 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 9 wt% to about 10 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 10 wt% to about 12 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 12 wt% to about 14 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 14 wt% to about 16 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 16 wt% to about 18 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 18 wt% to about 20 wt% of the solid composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 20 wt% to about 50 wt% of the solid composition.

[0406] In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.0015 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0015 wt% to about 0.0025 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0025 wt% to about 0.004 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.004 wt% to about 0.005 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.005 wt% to about 0.015 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.015 wt% to about 0.025 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.025 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 1 wt% to about 2.5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 2.5 wt% to about 5 wt%.

[0407] In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most about 20 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most 15 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most about 10 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most about 9 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most about 8 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most about 7 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most about 6 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most about 5 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most about 4 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most about 3 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most about 2 wt% water. In some embodiments, the solid composition is at most about 1 wt% water.

[0408] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the globular protein or the milk protein is derived from raw milk. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% (e.g., about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%) of the solid composition.

[0409] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the globular protein or the milk protein is derived from milk powder. In other specific embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% (e.g., about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%) of the solid composition.

[0410] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the globular protein or the milk protein is derived from infant formula. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% (e.g., about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%) of the solid composition.

[0411] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% (e.g., about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%) of the solid composition. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises MSG.

[0412] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% (e.g., about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%) of the solid composition. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises lecithin.

[0413] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the milk protein is casein. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% (e.g., about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%) of the solid composition. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises lecithin.

[0414] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition. In some embodiments, the solid composition is diluted (e.g., combined with ruminant feed, water, or an orally consumable product). In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises about 0.05 wt% to about 2.5 wt% MCTs before dilution with ruminant feed. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises about 0.05 wt% to about 0.25 wt% MCTs (e.g., about 0.1 wt% to about 0.2 wt% MCTs) before dilution with ruminant feed. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises about 1.5 wt% to about 2.5 wt% MCTs (e.g., about 1.8 wt% to about 2.1 wt% MCTs) before dilution with ruminant feed.

[0415] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a solid composition. In some embodiments, the solid composition is diluted (e.g., combined with ruminant feed, water, or an orally consumable product). In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises from about 10 wt% to about 50 wt% of a hardener (e.g., gelatin or agar) prior to dilution with the ruminant feed. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises from about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of a hardener (e.g., gelatin or agar) prior to dilution with the ruminant feed. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises from about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of a hardener (e.g., gelatin or agar) prior to dilution with the ruminant feed. aqueous composition

[0416] In some aspects, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition.

[0417] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), (iii) a thickener, and (iv) water.

[0418] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition comprising water containing (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a thickener.

[0419] In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 75 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 80 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 85 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 90 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 91 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 92 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 93 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 94 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 95 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 96 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 97 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 98 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is at least about 99 wt% water.

[0420] In some embodiments, the aqueous composition comprises a thickening agent. In some embodiments, the thickening agent comprises a polysaccharide. In some embodiments, the thickening agent comprises a plant polysaccharide. In some embodiments, the plant polysaccharide is a gum. In some embodiments, the thickening agent is a vegetable gum. In some embodiments, the vegetable gum is xanthan gum.

[0421] In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt % to about 3 wt % of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt % to about 0.0005 wt % of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0005 wt % to about 0.001 wt % of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.001 wt % to about 0.005 wt % of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.005 wt % to about 0.01 wt % of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.01 wt % to about 0.05 wt % of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 2 wt% to about 3 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.0005 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.08 wt% to about 0.15 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.15 wt% to about 0.3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.3 wt% to about 1 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 1 wt% to about 2 wt%.

[0422] In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is from about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is from about 1:8 to about 1:7.

[0423] In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickening agent in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickening agent in the composition is from about 0.05 wt% to about 2 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the thickening agent in the composition is from about 0.1 wt% to about 1 wt%.

[0424] In some embodiments, the water containing the thickener has a density greater than the density of water without the thickener, ie, the water containing the thickener has a density of about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL at 20 degrees Celsius.

[0425] In some embodiments, the water has a viscosity greater than the viscosity of water without the thickener, hi some embodiments, the water comprises a gel consistency.

[0426] In some embodiments, a greater amount of haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener than would otherwise be the water without the thickener, and in some embodiments, at least 90% more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener than would otherwise be the water without the thickener.

[0427] In some embodiments, the aqueous composition further comprises one or more emulsifiers. In some embodiments, the composition comprises two emulsifiers. In some embodiments, the one or more emulsifiers are polysorbates. In some embodiments, the one or more emulsifiers are Tween. In some embodiments, at least one of the one or more emulsifiers is vegetable lecithin. In some embodiments, the vegetable lecithin is soybean lecithin or sunflower lecithin.

[0428] In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:1 to about 1:3. In some embodiments, the ratio of emulsifier to MCT is about 1:2.

[0429] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition comprising water containing (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a thickener. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the bromoform is present at a concentration of about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises lecithin. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the ratio of lecithin to gum is about 5:1. In some embodiments, the ratio of lecithin to gum is about 3.5:1.5.

[0430] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition comprising water containing (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a thickener. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of thickener to haloalkane is from about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises Tween. In some embodiments, Tween comprises about 0.5% v / v of the composition.

[0431] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition comprising water containing (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a thickener. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickener to the haloalkane is about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the xanthan gum comprises about 1% to about 5% of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises Tween. In some embodiments, the Tween comprises about 0.1% / v of the composition.

[0432] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition comprising water containing (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a thickener. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.005 wt% of the aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of the thickener to the haloalkane is about 1:10 to about 1:5. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the xanthan gum comprises about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt% of the composition. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises Tween. In some embodiments, the Tween comprises about 0.1% / v of the composition.

[0433] In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is a semi-solid composition, hi some embodiments, the aqueous composition is a gel.

[0434] In some embodiments, the aqueous semi-solid composition comprises about 5 wt% to about 80 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous semi-solid composition comprises about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous semi-solid composition comprises about 30 wt% to about 60 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous semi-solid composition comprises about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous semi-solid composition comprises about 5 wt% to about 15 wt% water. In some embodiments, the aqueous semi-solid composition comprises about 5 wt% to about 30 wt% water.

[0435] In some embodiments, the aqueous semi-solid comprises a thickening agent as described elsewhere herein.

[0436] In some embodiments, the aqueous semi-solid comprises a curing agent as described elsewhere herein.

[0437] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is diluted with ruminant feed or water (e.g., an orally consumable product). In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.05 wt% to about 5 wt% MCTs before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 wt% to about 5 wt% MCTs before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% MCTs before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition comprises from about 0.5 wt% to about 3 wt% lecithin before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition comprises from about 0.5 wt% to about 1.5 wt% lecithin (e.g., about 1 wt%) before dilution with ruminant feed or water.

[0438] In some embodiments, the aqueous composition comprises from about 0.01% to about 0.5% vegetable gum prior to dilution with ruminant feed or water, hi some embodiments, the aqueous composition comprises from about 0.03% to about 0.2% vegetable gum prior to dilution with ruminant feed or water. semi-solid composition

[0439] In some aspects, the consumable composition is a semi-solid composition. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a semi-solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, and (ii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT).

[0440] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition is an aqueous gel. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition can be diluted with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the aqueous gel is diluted with water.

[0441] In some instances, a semi-solid composition may reduce the resources required to transport the composition (e.g., shipping costs, required fuel).

[0442] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition further comprises a hardening agent. In some embodiments, the hardening agent is a gum, agar, starch, flour, or gelatin. In some embodiments, the hardening agent comprises gelatin. In some embodiments, the hardening agent comprises agar. In some embodiments, the hardening agent comprises a gum. In some embodiments, the gum is xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the hardening agent comprises agar and corn flour.

[0443] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of the curing agent, in some embodiments, the composition comprises about 35 wt% of the curing agent, in some embodiments, the composition comprises about 25 wt% of the curing agent.

[0444] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition further comprises a stabilizer. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein, a milk protein, or a milk fat. In some embodiments, the globular protein, the milk protein, and / or the milk fat is derived from a mammal. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is a globular protein or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the milk protein is casein.

[0445] In some embodiments, the dairy proteins and / or dairy fats are derived from whole milk. In some embodiments, the dairy proteins and / or dairy fats are derived from fresh pasteurized milk. In some embodiments, the dairy proteins and / or dairy fats are derived from milk powder. In some embodiments, the dairy proteins and / or dairy fats are derived from infant formula.

[0446] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises about 5 wt% to about 80 wt% water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises about 20 wt% to about 80 wt% water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises about 30 wt% to about 60 wt% water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises about 40 wt% to about 60 wt% water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises about 5 wt% to about 15 wt% water.

[0447] In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises about 5 wt% to about 30 wt% water. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a semi-solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane and (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the bromoform is present at a concentration of about 0.0002 wt% to about 50 wt% (e.g., about 0.0005 wt% to about 20 wt%, about 0.0005 wt% to about 8 wt%) of the semi-solid composition. In some embodiments, the composition further comprises gelatin, protein, or milk fat. In some embodiments, the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein. In some embodiments, the globular protein or the milk protein is derived from milk powder.

[0448] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is a semi-solid composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium-chain triglyceride, and (iii) a thickener. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises an emulsifier (e.g., polysorbate). In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition comprises water. oily composition

[0449] In some aspects, the consumable composition is an oily composition. In some embodiments, the oily composition comprises (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT).

[0450] In some embodiments, the vegetable oil is a vegetable oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable oil comprises canola oil.

[0451] In some instances, the use of a vegetable oil, such as canola oil, may enhance the taste and / or palatability of the composition, thereby increasing consumption of the composition by ruminants.

[0452] In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 1:100 to about 50:100. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 3:97 to about 10:90. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 5:95.

[0453] In some embodiments, the oily composition further comprises one or more short-chain oils. In some embodiments, the one or more short-chain oils are essential oils. Illustrative essential oils include, but are not limited to, bush balm oil, lemon myrtle oil, mandarin oil, nerolina, palmarosa, rosalina, cedarwood, bergamot, clove bud, eucalyptus, and cinnamon bark. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil comprises citrus oil or mandarin oil. In some aspects, the use of essential oils can mask the taste and / or odor of bromoform by stabilizing the bromoform in the composition. In some aspects, the use of essential oils can increase the consumption of the composition by ruminants. In some embodiments, the palatability of a composition comprising a short-chain oil can be evaluated in the same manner as the palatability of a composition comprising a vegetable oil.

[0454] In some embodiments, the oily composition further comprises a bioavailability enhancer. In some aspects, the bioavailability enhancer improves the bioavailability of the haloalkane in ruminants. For example, in some aspects, an emulsifier may further emulsify the oil component of the oily composition in the rumen, thereby making bromoform more available in the rumen. In some embodiments, the bioavailability enhancer is an emulsifier and / or stabilizer. In some embodiments, the bioavailability enhancer comprises a castor oil polymer. In some embodiments, the bioavailability enhancer is Koliphor®.

[0455] In some embodiments, the ratio of bioavailability enhancer and MCT is about 1:100 to about 10:100.

[0456] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the oily composition is about 0.001 weight percent (wt%) to about 8 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.001 wt% to about 0.005 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.005 wt% to about 0.01 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.01 wt% to about 0.05 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.1 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 0.5 wt% to about 1 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 2 wt% to about 3 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 3 wt% to about 4 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 4 wt% to about 5 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 5 wt% to about 6 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 6 wt% to about 7 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is about 7 wt% to about 8 wt% of the oily composition.

[0457] In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the oily composition is about 0.10 wt% to about 0.25 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the oily composition is about 0.25 wt% to about 0.35 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the oily composition is about 0.35 wt% to about 0.45 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the oily composition is about 0.45 wt% to about 0.50 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the oily composition is about 0.50 wt% to about 0.75 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the oily composition is about 0.75 wt% to about 0.85 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the oily composition is about 0.85 wt% to about 1.3 wt%. In some embodiments, the concentration of the haloalkane in the oily composition is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

[0458] In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is at least about 70 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is at least about 75 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is at least about 80 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is at least about 85 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is at least about 90 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is at least about 91 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is at least about 92 wt% oil before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the oily composition is at least about 93 wt% oil prior to dilution with ruminant feed or water.

[0459] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an oil-based composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 8 wt% of the solid composition.

[0460] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises Koliphor®, in some embodiments, the concentration of Koliphor® is about 1 wt % of the composition.

[0461] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an oily composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.001 weight percent (wt%) to about 8 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:100. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a 5 wt% MCT blend in canola oil.

[0462] In some embodiments, the composition further comprises Koliphor®, in some embodiments, the concentration of Koliphor® is about 1 wt % of the composition.

[0463] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an oily composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT). In some embodiments, the haloalkane is bromoform, and the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.001 weight percent (wt%) to about 8 wt% of the oily composition. In some embodiments, the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:100. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a blend of 5 wt% MCT and 5 wt% water in canola oil.

[0464] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is an aqueous composition. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is diluted with ruminant feed or water (e.g., an orally consumable product). In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.03% to about 7% MCTs before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 0.03% to about 1% MCTs before dilution with ruminant feed or water. In some embodiments, the composition comprises about 3% to about 6% MCTs (about 5% MCTs) before dilution with ruminant feed or water. chemical stability

[0465] In some aspects, chemical stability includes the stability of the haloalkane in any of the compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a composition can have improved chemical stability if a smaller amount (e.g., wt%) of the haloalkane vaporizes compared to an otherwise similar composition during the same period. In some embodiments, an otherwise similar composition is a composition having the same components as the composition of the present disclosure, but in a different ratio. In some embodiments, an otherwise similar composition is a composition having fewer components than the composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, an otherwise similar composition is a composition having the same components as the composition of the present disclosure, but further including one or more additional components.

[0466] In some embodiments, up to about 50 weight percent (wt%) of the haloalkane in the composition of the present disclosure evaporates from the composition. In some embodiments, up to about 30 wt% of the haloalkane in the composition of the present disclosure evaporates. In some embodiments, up to about 20 wt% of the haloalkane in the composition of the present disclosure evaporates. In some embodiments, up to about 10 wt% of the haloalkane in the composition of the present disclosure evaporates. In some embodiments, up to about 5 wt% of the haloalkane in the composition of the present disclosure evaporates.

[0467] In some embodiments, the haloalkanes in the compositions of the present disclosure remain stabilized over a range of storage periods at various temperatures. In some embodiments, up to about 10 wt. % of the haloalkanes vaporize when stored for a period of up to about 12 months (e.g., about 10 months, about 9 months, about 6 months, about 3 months, about 2 months, about 1 month, about 2 weeks, about 1 day). In some embodiments, up to about 10 wt. % of the haloalkanes vaporize when stored at temperatures between about -15°C and about 65°C. In some embodiments, up to about 20 wt. % of the haloalkanes vaporize during storage at temperatures between about 0°C and about 50°C. In some embodiments, greater amounts of the haloalkanes remain stabilized for longer periods when subjected to relatively cooler temperatures (e.g., between -15°C and about 20°C). In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkanes in the composition remain stabilized for a period of up to 3 years at temperatures of about -15°C to about 0°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkanes in the composition remain stabilized for a period of up to 3 years at temperatures of about 15°C to about 10°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkanes in the composition remain stabilized for a period of up to 1 year at temperatures of about -15°C to about 50°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkanes in the composition remain stabilized for a period of up to 1 year at temperatures of about -15°C to about 30°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkanes in the composition remain stabilized for a period of up to 1 year at temperatures of about 5°C to about 50°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkanes in the composition remain stabilized for a period of up to 1 year at temperatures of about 8°C to about 50°C. In some embodiments, at least 90 wt% of the haloalkane in the composition remains stable at temperatures from about -15°C to about 50°C for up to 6 months.

[0468] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure comprise improved chemical stability (e.g., improved stability of haloalkanes) compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not contain a stabilizer, medium-chain triglyceride, or short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the stabilizer confers chemical stability to the composition. In some embodiments, the medium-chain triglyceride confers chemical stability to the composition. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil (e.g., essential oil) confers chemical stability to the composition. In some embodiments, one or more of the stabilizer, medium-chain triglyceride, or short-chain oil confers chemical stability to bromoform in the composition.

[0469] For example, in preparing a solid composition, about 30 wt% to about 50 wt% of the bromoform evaporates during the drying step of the preparation. In another example, a solid composition may be prepared containing MCT, and in such an example, up to about 5 wt% of the bromoform evaporates during the drying step. In some embodiments, a solid composition containing MCT may have about 10-fold greater bromoform stability than an otherwise similar solid composition without MCT.

[0470] In another example, the solid composition is prepared using MCT and a short-chain oil, and in such an example, up to about 2 wt. % of the bromoform evaporates during the drying step. In some embodiments, a composition comprising one or both of MCT and a short-chain oil confers improved stability to the haloalkanes in the composition. physical stability

[0471] In some aspects, physical stability includes the homogeneity of the compositions of the present disclosure over a period of time. In some embodiments, a composition has improved physical stability if a smaller amount of the haloalkane phase separates from the other components in the composition over a period of time, compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not contain a component that confers physical stability. In some embodiments, a composition has improved physical stability if a longer period of time is required for the composition to phase separate over a period of time, compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not contain a component that confers physical stability. In some embodiments, a composition can have improved physical stability if the aqueous and non-aqueous phases of the composition (e.g., the water and oil components) require a longer period of time to phase separate, compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not contain a component that confers physical stability.

[0472] In some embodiments, the component that imparts physical stability to the composition comprises a surfactant, an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a thickener, a gum, or a hardening agent. In some embodiments, the component that imparts physical stability to the composition is an emulsifier (e.g., polysorbate or milk powder). In some embodiments, the component that imparts physical stability to the composition is a stabilizer (e.g., milk powder). In some embodiments, the component that imparts physical stability to the composition is a thickener (e.g., vegetable gum). In some embodiments, the component that imparts physical stability to the composition is a hardening agent (e.g., gelatin or agar).

[0473] In some embodiments, in compositions including a component that confers physical stability, up to about 30 wt% of the haloalkane phase separates from the composition (e.g., due to density differences or low solubility). In some embodiments, in compositions including a component that confers physical stability, up to about 20 wt% of the haloalkane phase separates from the composition (e.g., due to density differences or low solubility). In some embodiments, in compositions including a component that confers physical stability, up to about 10 wt% of the haloalkane phase separates from the composition (e.g., due to density differences or low solubility).

[0474] For example, a solid composition is prepared containing bromoform and milk powder in an aqueous phase. In such an example, bromoform undergoes phase separation due to its high density. In such an example, gelatin is added to the composition to reduce phase separation between the bromoform and aqueous phases. In such an example, mixing (e.g., stirring, agitating) an aqueous composition containing bromoform, milk powder, and gelatin until the composition is nearly set (i.e., the gelatin forms a gel-like structure, such as a network) produces a homogenized composition in which at least 30% less bromoform phase separates from the composition compared to a similar composition without gelatin. In some embodiments, bromoform is dispersed throughout the gelatin network to prevent phase separation (e.g., sinking into the aqueous phase). In some instances, stabilizers can reduce phase separation between the bromoform and aqueous phases. In some instances, stabilizers can be used to emulsify the aqueous phase and reduce phase separation between the bromoform and aqueous phases.

[0475] For example, an aqueous composition may be prepared containing bromoform and water; however, bromoform may phase separate due to its high density and / or low solubility in water. In some embodiments, about 0.1 wt% to about 2 wt% of a vegetable gum (e.g., xanthan gum) is added to the composition to reduce phase separation of the bromoform and aqueous phases. In some embodiments, the vegetable gum thickens the aqueous composition (e.g., increases the viscosity of the aqueous composition), thereby increasing the density of the water. In such compositions containing a vegetable gum, at least 30% less bromoform may phase separate from the composition compared to a similar composition without the vegetable gum.

[0476] In some embodiments, the shelf life of a composition of the present disclosure is the length of time the composition remains effective in reducing methane emissions from ruminants. For example, the composition has a long (e.g., length of time) shelf life such that the concentration of bromoform in the composition is sufficient to reduce the volume of methane emitted from ruminants by at least 30% (e.g., at least 40%, at least 50%, at least 60%). In some embodiments, the shelf life of a composition of the present disclosure is determined as a factor of physical and / or chemical stability. In some embodiments, the shelf life of a composition is determined as a factor of the amount of bromoform vaporized over a set period of time (e.g., wt%). In some embodiments, the shelf life of a composition is determined as a factor of the longevity of the composition's homogeneity. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure has a shelf life of a specified period under a combination of one or more storage conditions (e.g., temperature, packaging material). For example, a composition of the present disclosure has a shelf life of at least six months when stored at a temperature of about 0°C to about 50°C. For example, compositions of the present disclosure include a shelf life of at least one year when stored at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 50° C. For example, compositions of the present disclosure include a shelf life of at least six months when stored at a temperature of about 15° C. to about 25° C. For example, compositions of the present disclosure include a shelf life of at least one year when stored at a temperature of about 15° C. to about 25° C. Method for preparing an oily composition

[0477] In some aspects, the present invention provides a method for preparing an oily consumable composition for ruminants.In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a solvent; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition with MCT to produce a second composition; (c) combining at least a portion of the second composition with vegetable oil to produce an oily consumable composition.

[0478] In some embodiments, the haloalkane is at least partially soluble in the solvent. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is miscible with the solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent comprises an alcohol (e.g., ethanol). In some embodiments, the solvent comprises an oil in which the haloalkane is miscible.

[0479] In some embodiments, prior to (b), a short-chain oil is combined with the first composition. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil is described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil is an essential oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt% of a short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.01 wt% to about 3 wt% of a short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt% of a short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% of a short-chain oil.

[0480] In some embodiments, after (b), a short-chain oil is combined with the second composition. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil is described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil is an essential oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt% of a short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.01 wt% to about 3 wt% of a short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 0.01 wt% to about 2 wt% of a short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the composition comprises from about 1 wt% to about 2 wt% of a short-chain oil.

[0481] In some embodiments, the vegetable oil is a vegetable oil described elsewhere herein. In some embodiments, the vegetable oil is an edible oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable oil is an edible oil selected to enhance the palatability (e.g., intake) of the composition to ruminants. In some embodiments, the vegetable oil is a mixture of two or more vegetable oils. In some embodiments, the vegetable oil comprises canola oil. In some embodiments, the vegetable oil comprises a vegetable oil.

[0482] In some embodiments, the method is carried out at room temperature. In some embodiments, the method requires subjecting the first composition to an elevated temperature (e.g., a temperature greater than 30°C). In some embodiments, the method requires subjecting the second composition to an elevated temperature (e.g., a temperature greater than 30°C). In some embodiments, the method requires subjecting the oily composition to an elevated temperature (e.g., a temperature greater than 30°C).

[0483] In some embodiments, the combining step comprises adding two or more components together. In some embodiments, the combining step comprises mixing. In some embodiments, the combining step comprises mixing until each of the added components is dispersed. In some embodiments, the combining step comprises mixing until each of the added components is homogeneously dispersed.

[0484] As shown in Figure 1, an exemplary oily composition of the present disclosure is prepared by dissolving bromoform in ethanol and then combining with MCT. In some embodiments, the bromoform carried in MCT is diluted to volume using canola oil. Method for preparing an aqueous composition

[0485] In some aspects, methods for preparing an aqueous consumable composition for ruminants are described herein. In some embodiments, the method includes: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT); (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition with a second composition to produce a third composition, the second composition comprising (i) water and (ii) a thickener, an emulsifier, or both; and (c) agitating the third composition to produce the aqueous consumable composition.

[0486] In some embodiments, the second composition comprises a thickener and an emulsifier. In some embodiments, the emulsifier is polysorbate. In some embodiments, the thickener comprises a vegetable gum (e.g., xanthan gum). In some embodiments, the thickener comprises xanthan gum. In some embodiments, the thickener comprises a compound that increases the density of the aqueous phase.

[0487] In some embodiments, the water has a density greater than the density of water without the thickener. In some embodiments, the water has a density of about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL at 20°C. In some embodiments, the water has a density of about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.05 g / mL at 20°C.

[0488] In some embodiments, the water has a viscosity greater than the viscosity of water without the thickener, hi some embodiments, the water comprises a gel-like consistency.

[0489] In some embodiments, the water comprises a polymer network. In some embodiments, the water comprises a polymer network as a result of combining with a thickener.

[0490] In some embodiments, a greater amount of haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener. In some embodiments, at least about 90% more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener. In some embodiments, at least about 80% more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener. In some embodiments, at least about 90% more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener. In some embodiments, at least about 95% more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener.

[0491] In some embodiments, the agitating step comprises mixing, sonicating, shaking, rolling, blending, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, sonicating comprises ultrasonication. In some embodiments, the agitating step comprises mixing. In some embodiments, the agitating step comprises shaking. In some embodiments, the agitating step comprises rolling. In some embodiments, the agitating step comprises a vortex mixer. In some embodiments, the agitating step comprises a blade agitator. In some embodiments, the agitating step comprises subjecting the composition to ultrasound. In some embodiments, the agitating step comprises vigorous mixing. In some embodiments, vigorous mixing comprises agitating (e.g., mixing) sufficiently to form an emulsion. In some embodiments, vigorous mixing comprises mixing the composition at a speed of at least 60 revolutions per minute (rpm). In some embodiments, vigorous mixing comprises mixing the composition at a speed of at least 500 rpm. In some embodiments, vigorous mixing comprises mixing the composition at a speed of at least 1000 rpm. In some embodiments, the vigorously mixing comprises using a vortex mixer. In some embodiments, the vigorously mixing comprises mixing the composition at a speed of at least 5000 rpm. In some embodiments, the vigorously mixing comprises mixing the composition at a speed of at least 10000 rpm.

[0492] In some embodiments, the aqueous consumable composition is a high-energy emulsion. In some embodiments, the high-energy emulsion is the result of subjecting the composition to ultrasound.

[0493] When a haloalkane (e.g., bromoform) is combined with water, the haloalkane may tend to phase separate and sink to the bottom of the container. The phase separation of bromoform and water may be due to the higher density of bromoform (2.89 g / cm3). The phase separation of bromoform and water may be due to the higher density of bromoform combined with the low solubility of bromoform in water (e.g., 3.2 g / L at 30°C). Combining the haloalkane with a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) first before combining with water can improve the dispersion of the haloalkane within the MCT phase; however, the haloalkane may sink in the aqueous phase. The homogeneous suspension of the haloalkane within the aqueous phase can be improved by combining a vegetable gum (e.g., xanthan gum) with water. The vegetable gum can thicken the aqueous phase by reducing the viscosity of the water and creating a network within the aqueous phase. The haloalkane can improve dispersibility (eg, less phase separation) in an aqueous phase containing vegetable gums.

[0494] A mixture of water containing a haloalkane, MCT, and a thickener (e.g., a vegetable gum) may undergo phase separation over a period of time. Phase separation may be accelerated if the mixture of water containing a haloalkane, MCT, and a thickener is not agitated (e.g., stirred). An emulsifier (e.g., a polysorbate such as Tween) may be added to the mixture, and the mixture may be emulsified by agitating the mixture (e.g., sonicating) to create a stable aqueous composition.

[0495] The water composition may be prepared by combining about 5 wt% water with the MCT phase. In such an embodiment, the water may be at an interface that distributes the MCT phase throughout the water phase.

[0496] As illustrated in Figure 2, the aqueous composition is prepared by separately preparing an aqueous component comprising xanthan gum, water, and a polysorbate (e.g., Tween), and an oil active component comprising MCT, bromoform, and ethanol. In some embodiments, the aqueous component and the oil active component are combined and mixed together before subjecting the mixture to ultrasonic treatment for a period of time.

[0497] As illustrated in Figure 5, a semi-solid composition is prepared as an aqueous gel by preparing an aqueous component including xanthan gum, water, and a polysorbate (e.g., Tween), and an oil-active component including MCT, bromoform, and ethanol. In some embodiments, the aqueous component and the oil-active component are combined and mixed together before subjecting the mixture to ultrasonic treatment for a period of time. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition is further diluted with water.

[0498] In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is a semi-solid composition (e.g., an aqueous gel). In some embodiments, the aqueous semi-solid composition comprises a lower concentration of water compared to an aqueous composition. Method for preparing a solid composition

[0499] In some aspects, a method for preparing a solid or semi-solid consumable composition for a ruminant is described herein. In some embodiments, the method includes the steps of: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT); (ii) providing a second composition comprising a protein, which is a globular protein or a milk protein, or a milk fat; and optionally (iii) providing a third composition comprising a stiffening agent; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition, and optionally at least a portion of the third composition to form a fourth composition; and (c) grinding the fourth composition to form a semi-solid or solid composition.

[0500] In some embodiments, the method includes the steps of: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), (ii) a second composition comprising a protein, which is a globular protein or a milk protein, or a milk fat, and optionally (iii) a third composition comprising a stiffening agent; and (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition, and optionally at least a portion of the third composition to produce a fourth composition.

[0501] In some embodiments, the method includes (iii) providing a third composition comprising a curing agent, and combining at least a portion of the third composition to form a fourth composition.

[0502] In some embodiments, the method includes providing (a) a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), (ii) a second composition comprising a protein that is a globular protein or a milk protein, or a milk fat, and (iii) a third composition comprising a stiffening agent; and (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition, and at least a portion of the third composition to produce a fourth composition.

[0503] In some embodiments, the method includes the steps of: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), (ii) a second composition comprising a protein that is a globular protein or a milk protein, or a milk fat, and (iii) a third composition comprising a stiffening agent; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition, and at least a portion of the third composition to form a fourth composition; and (c) milling the fourth composition to form a semi-solid or solid composition.

[0504] In some embodiments, the hardening agent is gelatin, in some embodiments, the hardening agent is agar, in some embodiments, the hardening agent comprises agar and corn flour.

[0505] In some embodiments, the method includes the steps of: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium chain triglyceride (MCT); and (ii) providing a second composition comprising a protein, which is a globular protein or a milk protein, or a milk fat; and (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition with at least a portion of the second composition.

[0506] In some embodiments, the method includes the steps of: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium chain triglyceride (MCT); and (ii) a second composition comprising a protein, which is a globular protein or a dairy protein, or a dairy fat; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition; and (c) milling the third composition to produce a semi-solid or solid composition.

[0507] In some embodiments, the method includes, before (a), providing a composition comprising a haloalkane and a short-chain oil. In some embodiments, the short-chain oil is an essential oil. In some embodiments, at least a portion of the composition comprising a haloalkane and a short-chain oil is combined with the first composition. In some embodiments, the haloalkane is combined with the short-chain oil before being combined with the MCT.

[0508] In some embodiments, the method further comprises mixing a fourth composition prior to (c). In some embodiments, the method further comprises mixing the fourth composition until the fourth composition is substantially cured. In some embodiments, the substantially cured fourth composition comprises a fourth composition having an increased viscosity.

[0509] In some embodiments, the method further comprises pouring the fourth composition into a tray or mold prior to (c). In some embodiments, the method further comprises curing the fourth composition in a cooled environment (e.g., at a temperature below 15°C) prior to (c). In some embodiments, the fourth composition is stored in a cooled environment until the mixture is completely cured.

[0510] In some embodiments, the method further comprises, prior to (c), chopping the fourth composition. In some embodiments, the chopping comprises breaking larger portions of the fourth composition into smaller portions. In some embodiments, the chopping generates heat from the composition. In some embodiments, the heat generated by chopping the composition is minimized by the presence of a lubricant. In some embodiments, the lubricant is MCT.

[0511] In some embodiments, the method further comprises, prior to (c), evaporating at least a portion of the liquid phase from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, evaporating at least a portion of the liquid phase from the fourth composition comprises evaporating an aqueous phase from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 80 wt% to about 100 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 80 wt% to about 95 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 90 wt% to about 100 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 90 wt% to about 95 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, the evaporating step comprises subjecting the fourth composition to a heat source. In some embodiments, the evaporating step comprises subjecting the fourth composition to an elevated temperature. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is about 50°C to about 130°C. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is from about 20° C. to about 45° C. In some embodiments, the elevated temperature is up to about 130° C. In some embodiments, the evaporating step comprises spray drying.

[0512] In some embodiments, a minimal amount of the haloalkane may evaporate during the evaporation step. In some embodiments, up to about 20 wt% of the haloalkane evaporates during evaporation. In some embodiments, about 0.1 wt% to about 15 wt% of the haloalkane evaporates during evaporation. In some embodiments, about 0.1 wt% to about 10 wt% of the haloalkane evaporates during evaporation. In some embodiments, about 0.1 wt% to about 5 wt% of the haloalkane evaporates during evaporation. In some embodiments, the presence of a stabilizer minimizes bromoform evaporating during evaporation. In some embodiments, the stabilizer is MCT.

[0513] In some embodiments, the milling step comprises breaking down the size of the composition into smaller sizes. In some embodiments, the fourth composition may be milled to obtain a powder having an average particle size of about 0.1 micrometers to about 1000 micrometers. In some embodiments, the fourth composition may be milled to obtain a powder having an average particle size of about 0.1 micrometers to about 500 micrometers. In some embodiments, the fourth composition may be milled to obtain a powder having an average particle size of about 0.1 micrometers to about 250 micrometers. For example, particles having a size greater than about 250 micrometers may be separated using a sieve (e.g., a mesh) and further subjected to a milling step to obtain particles less than about 250 micrometers. In some embodiments, the milling step generates heat from the composition. In some embodiments, the heat generated by milling the composition is minimized by the presence of a lubricant. In some embodiments, the lubricant is MCT. In some embodiments, the milling step comprises subjecting the composition to a processor. In some embodiments, the milling step comprises processing the composition. In some embodiments, the grinding step comprises blending the composition. In some embodiments, the grinding step comprises using a mortar and pestle. In some embodiments, the grinding step comprises using a ball mill, jet mill, pin mill, or other mill.

[0514] In some embodiments, a semi-solid composition is prepared. In some embodiments, the method includes evaporating a portion of the aqueous phase from the composition. In some embodiments, about 10 wt% to about 80 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated to obtain a semi-solid composition. In some embodiments, about 10 wt% to about 60 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated to obtain a semi-solid composition. In some embodiments, about 10 wt% to about 40 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated to obtain a semi-solid composition. In some embodiments, no aqueous phase is evaporated from the composition. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition is a gel. In some embodiments, the semi-solid composition is a jelly.

[0515] In some embodiments, a solid composition is prepared. In some embodiments, about 80 wt% to about 100 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 80 wt% to about 95 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 90 wt% to about 100 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, about 90 wt% to about 95 wt% of the aqueous phase is evaporated from the fourth composition. In some embodiments, the fourth composition is subjected to a milling step. In some embodiments, the method includes milling the composition. In some embodiments, the method includes milling the composition to obtain a powder. In some embodiments, the fourth composition is not subjected to a milling step. In some embodiments, the solid composition is a powder. In some embodiments, the composition comprises larger pieces of the solid composition (e.g., chunks, granules, pellets, chips, noodles, slabs).

[0516] When a haloalkane (e.g., bromoform) is combined with a solution of milk powder (e.g., milk powder in water), phase partitioning can be observed, with the haloalkane sinking to the bottom of the container. Phase partitioning between bromoform and an aqueous phase can occur due to the higher density of bromoform. Phase partitioning between water and an aqueous phase can occur due to the higher density of bromoform combined with the lower solubility of bromoform in water.

[0517] As illustrated in Figure 3, a solid composition can be prepared using gelatin. In some embodiments, bromoform is dissolved in ethanol and combined with MCT. In some embodiments, milk powder is mixed separately with water, and gelatin is mixed separately with water. In some embodiments, the milk powder mixture and gelatin mixture are combined with the bromoform in the MCT mixture. In some embodiments, the mixture is agitated (e.g., mixed) until the gelatin is nearly set. In some embodiments, the mixture is poured into a mold or tray. In some embodiments, the mixture is cooled until it is completely set. In some embodiments, the mixture is chopped into smaller pieces. In some embodiments, the mixture is dried (e.g., the water is evaporated). In some embodiments, the mixture is milled to obtain a powder-like composition.

[0518] As illustrated in FIG. 4, a solid composition can be prepared using agar. In some embodiments, bromoform is combined with MCT. In some embodiments, milk powder is mixed with warm water. In some embodiments, the warm water is water at a temperature of about 60° C. to about 100° C. In some embodiments, the warm water is water at a temperature of about 60° C. to about 80° C. In some embodiments, agar is mixed with corn flour and cold water. In some embodiments, the cold water is water at a temperature of about 0° C. to about 25° C. In some embodiments, the agar mixture is hydrated for a period of time. In some embodiments, the hydrated agar mixture is boiled and simmered for a period of time. In some embodiments, the bromoform mixture is combined with the milk powder mixture. In some embodiments, the bromoform mixture is combined with the agar mixture. In some embodiments, the bromoform mixture, the milk powder mixture, and the agar mixture are combined. In some embodiments, a vegetable gum (e.g., xanthan gum) is added to a mixture including bromoform, MCT, milk powder, and agar. In some embodiments, the mixture is agitated (e.g., mixed) until the agar is nearly set. In some embodiments, the mixture is poured into molds or trays. In some embodiments, the mixture is cooled until it is completely set. In some embodiments, the mixture is chopped into smaller pieces. In some embodiments, the mixture is dried (e.g., the water is evaporated). In some embodiments, the mixture is ground to obtain a powder-like composition.

[0519] In some embodiments, a semi-solid can be prepared for use according to the schematic diagrams provided in FIG. 3 or FIG. 4 by at least omitting the drying step. In some embodiments, a semi-solid composition can be prepared by not evaporating water from the composition. In some embodiments, a semi-solid can be prepared by evaporating a portion of the water from the composition. In some embodiments, a semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to about 95 wt.% water. In some embodiments, a semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 80 wt.% water. In some embodiments, a semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 70 wt.% water. In some embodiments, a semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 60 wt.% water. In some embodiments, a semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 50 wt.% water. In some embodiments, a semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 40 wt.% water. In some embodiments, a semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 30 wt.% water. In some embodiments, a semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 20 wt.% water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 10 wt% of the water. In some embodiments, the semi-solid is prepared by evaporating up to 5 wt% of the water. Methane reduction

[0520] The compositions of the present disclosure can be used to reduce methane emissions from ruminants, hi some embodiments, oral ingestion of a composition of the present disclosure by a ruminant reduces methane emissions from the ruminant.

[0521] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure consistently reduce the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted from ruminants when orally ingested daily. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure consistently reduce the amount of methane emitted from ruminants when orally ingested every other day. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure consistently reduce the amount of methane emitted from ruminants when orally ingested weekly. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure consistently reduce the amount of methane emitted from ruminants when orally ingested every two weeks. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure consistently reduce the amount of methane emitted from ruminants when orally ingested monthly. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure consistently reduce the amount of methane emitted from ruminants when orally ingested semi-annually. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure consistently reduce the amount of methane emitted from ruminants when orally ingested annually.

[0522] In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted by a ruminant is consistently reduced between administration and ingestion of the composition. For example, a ruminant that ingests the composition may have a reduction in methane emissions of about 30% on the day the composition is ingested, and the reduction in methane emissions remains about 30% until the next administration and ingestion of the composition by the ruminant.

[0523] In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted by a ruminant varies between administration and ingestion of the composition. For example, a ruminant ingesting the composition may have a reduction in methane emissions of about 30% on the day of ingestion of the composition, and a reduction in methane emissions of 10% 7 days after the first ingestion of the composition.

[0524] In some aspects, described herein are methods for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, comprising: (a) providing a consumable composition of the present disclosure; (b) optionally diluting the consumable composition in ruminant feed or water; and (c) administering the consumable composition to the ruminant, wherein the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0525] In another aspect, described herein are methods for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, comprising: (a) providing a consumable composition of the present disclosure; (b) diluting the consumable composition in ruminant feed or water; and (c) administering the consumable composition to the ruminant, wherein the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

[0526] In another aspect, described herein are methods for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, comprising: (a) administering a consumable composition to the ruminant, wherein the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that has not been administered the consumable composition.

[0527] In some embodiments, the amount of methane released (e.g., volume or mass) is reduced over a period of time. In some embodiments, the amount of methane released is reduced over a period of at least one day. In some embodiments, the amount of methane released is reduced over a period of at least one week. In some embodiments, the amount of methane released is reduced over a period of at least two weeks. In some embodiments, the amount of methane released is reduced over a period of at least one month. In some embodiments, the amount of methane released is reduced over a period of at least two months. In some embodiments, the amount of methane released is reduced over a period of at least three months. In some embodiments, the amount of methane released is reduced over a period of at least six months. In some embodiments, the amount of methane released is reduced over a period of at least one year.

[0528] In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted from a ruminant (e.g., receiving any consumable composition provided herein) is reduced by about 60% or more compared to the amount of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant not receiving (e.g., not ingested, administered, or fed) the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted from a ruminant (e.g., receiving any consumable composition provided herein) is reduced by about 75% or more compared to the amount of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant not administered the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted from a ruminant (e.g., receiving any consumable composition provided herein) is reduced by about 90% or more compared to the amount of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant not administered the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted from a ruminant (e.g., receiving any consumable composition provided herein) is reduced by about 95% or more compared to the amount of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant not administered the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the amount of methane emitted from a ruminant (e.g., receiving any consumable composition provided herein) is reduced by about 99% or more compared to the amount of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant not administered the consumable composition.

[0529] In some embodiments, ruminants in a similar condition are ruminants that have been provided with the consumable composition in the same or similar circumstances (e.g., in a field or feedlot). In some embodiments, ruminants in a similar condition are ruminants of the same species (e.g., cattle or sheep). In some embodiments, ruminants in a similar condition are ruminants of the same or substantially similar (e.g., within 5%) body weight. In some embodiments, ruminants in a similar condition are ruminants of the same or substantially similar (e.g., within 1 year) age. In some embodiments, ruminants in a similar condition are ruminants that have the same or substantially the same diet. In some embodiments, ruminants in a similar condition are ruminants that have the same or substantially the same (e.g., within 5 kg) feed intake. In some embodiments, ruminants in a similar condition are ruminants that have the same or substantially the same (e.g., within 5 L) water intake. In some embodiments, similarly situated ruminants are ruminants that have the same or substantially similar health (eg, disease or lack thereof).

[0530] In some embodiments, methane produced from ruminants (e.g., in vivo measurements) is measured using techniques known in the art. In some embodiments, methane produced from ruminants is measured using a respiration chamber. In some embodiments, methane produced from ruminants is measured using a greenfed breath analyzer station. In some embodiments, methane produced from ruminants is measured using sulfur hexafluoride tracing techniques. In some embodiments, methane produced from ruminants is measured using a laser. In some embodiments, methane produced from ruminants is measured using a breath analyzer (e.g., NDIR or FTIR). In some embodiments, methane produced from ruminants is measured using a sensor in the stomach of the ruminant. In some aspects, in vitro experimental results surrogate for methane production determinations achieved in vivo.

[0531] In one aspect, a method for reducing the amount of methane emitted from a ruminant by about 30% or more includes the steps of: (a) providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the first composition is between about 0.01 wt % and about 20 wt %, and wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) providing a first orally consumable product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water), wherein the first orally consumable product is suitable for oral ingestion by a ruminant; and (c) optionally, dissolving the first orally consumable product in a water-soluble form. and / or placing the first composition into a first container, the container having a volume of at least 10 mL; (d) combining a quantity of the first composition with the first orally consumable product, such as by coating the first composition on the first orally consumable product, dispersing the first composition within the first orally consumable product, or a combination thereof, to form a second composition, the concentration of bromoform in the second composition being from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%; (e) optionally placing the second composition into a second container to retain the mass of the second composition. (e.g., the volume of the second container is sufficient for provision to the ruminant; (f) providing a first portion of the second composition to the ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the second composition is orally ingested by the ruminant; (g) providing a third composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the third composition is from about 0.01 wt % to about 20 wt %, and the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (h) providing a second orally ingestible product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water). wherein the second orally consumable product is suitable for oral ingestion by a ruminant; (i) optionally placing the second orally consumable product and / or the third composition into a third container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; (j) combining a quantity of the third composition with the second orally consumable product to form a fourth composition, such that the third composition is coated on the second orally consumable product, dispersed within the second orally consumable product, or a combination thereof, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is about 0.(f) is from about 0.001 wt% to about 1 wt%; (k) optionally placing the fourth composition in a second container to retain the mass of the second composition (e.g., the volume of the fourth container is sufficient for provision to the ruminant); (l) providing a first portion of the fourth composition to a ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the fourth composition is orally ingested by the ruminant, wherein the period between (f) and (l) is from about 1 day to about 1 year (e.g., about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months); and (m) optionally repeating (a)-(f) or (g)-(l) one or more times, thereby reducing methane emitted from the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0532] In one aspect, a method for reducing the amount of methane emitted from a ruminant by about 30% or more includes the steps of: (a) providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the first composition is between about 0.01 wt % and about 20 wt %, and wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) providing a first orally consumable product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water), wherein the first orally consumable product is suitable for oral ingestion by a ruminant; (c) providing the first orally consumable product and (d) combining a quantity of the first composition with the first orally consumable product, such as by coating the first composition on the first orally consumable product, dispersing the first composition within the first orally consumable product, or a combination thereof, to form a second composition, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the second composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%; (e) placing the second composition in a second container and using a sieve to retain the mass of the second composition. (e.g., the volume of the second container is sufficient for provision to the ruminant; (f) providing a first portion of the second composition to the ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the second composition is orally ingested by the ruminant; (g) providing a third composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the third composition is from about 0.01 wt % to about 20 wt %, and the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (h) providing a second orally ingestible product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water). (i) placing the second orally consumable product and / or the third composition into a third container, the container having a volume of at least 10 mL; (j) combining a quantity of the third composition with the second orally consumable product to form a fourth composition, such that the third composition is coated on the second orally consumable product, dispersed within the second orally consumable product, or a combination thereof, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is about 0.(f) is from about 0.001 wt% to about 1 wt%; (k) placing the fourth composition in a second container to retain the mass of the second composition (e.g., the volume of the fourth container is sufficient for provision to the ruminant); (l) providing a first portion of the fourth composition to a ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the fourth composition is orally ingested by the ruminant, wherein the period between (f) and (l) is from about 1 day to about 1 year (e.g., about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months); and (m) optionally repeating (a)-(f) or (g)-(l) one or more times, thereby reducing methane emitted from the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0533] In one aspect, a method for reducing the amount of methane emitted from a ruminant animal by about 30% or more includes the steps of: (a) providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the first composition is between about 0.01 wt % and about 20 wt %, and wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) providing a first orally consumable product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water), wherein the first orally consumable product is suitable for oral ingestion by a ruminant animal; (c) optionally placing the first orally consumable product and / or first composition into a first container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; and (d) dissolving the first composition in a solution containing: Methods are described herein that include combining a quantity of a first composition with a first orally consumable product, such as coated on the first orally consumable product, dispersed within the first orally consumable product, or a combination thereof, to produce a second composition, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the second composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%; (e) optionally, placing the second composition in a second container to retain the mass of the second composition (e.g., the volume of the second container is sufficient for presentation to the ruminant); and (f) providing a first portion of the second composition to a ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the second composition is orally ingested by the ruminant.

[0534] In one aspect, a method for reducing the amount of methane emitted from a ruminant animal by about 30% or more includes the steps of: (a) providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the first composition is between about 0.01 wt % and about 20 wt %, and wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) providing a first orally consumable product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water), wherein the first orally consumable product is suitable for oral ingestion by a ruminant animal; (c) placing the first orally consumable product and / or first composition into a first container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; and (d) dissolving the first composition in a solution containing at least 10 mL of bromoform. Methods are described herein that include combining a quantity of a first composition with a first orally consumable product, such as coated on the first orally consumable product, dispersed within the first orally consumable product, or a combination thereof, to form a second composition, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the second composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%; (e) placing the second composition in a second container to hold the mass of the second composition (e.g., the volume of the second container is sufficient for presentation to the ruminant); and (f) providing a first portion of the second composition to a ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the second composition is orally ingested by the ruminant.

[0535] In some embodiments, a method for reducing the amount of methane emitted from a ruminant animal includes: (g) providing a third composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the third composition is between about 0.01 wt % and about 20 wt %, and wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (h) providing a second orally consumable product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water), wherein the second orally consumable product is suitable for oral ingestion by a ruminant animal; (i) optionally, placing the second orally consumable product and / or the third composition in a third container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; and (j) combining a quantity of the third composition with the second orally consumable product to produce a fourth composition, such that the third composition is coated on the second orally consumable product, dispersed within the second orally consumable product, or a combination thereof. wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is about 0.0001 wt % to about 1 wt %; (k) optionally placing the fourth composition in a second container to retain the mass of the second composition (e.g., the volume of the fourth container is sufficient for presentation to the ruminant); (l) providing a first portion of the fourth composition to a ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the fourth composition is orally ingested by the ruminant, the period between (f) and (l) is from about 1 day to about 1 year (e.g., about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months); and (m) optionally repeating (a)-(f) or (g)-(l) one or more times, thereby reducing methane emissions from the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least 1 week, at least 1 month, at least 6 months, at least 1 year).

[0536] In some embodiments, a method for reducing the amount of methane emitted from a ruminant animal includes: (g) providing a third composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the third composition is between about 0.01 wt % and about 20 wt %, and wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; (h) providing a second orally consumable product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water), wherein the second orally consumable product is suitable for oral ingestion by a ruminant animal; (i) placing the second orally consumable product and / or the third composition in a third container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; (j) placing the third composition in a third container. (k) combining a quantity of the third composition with the second orally consumable product, such as by coating on the second orally consumable product, dispersing within the second orally consumable product, or a combination thereof, to form a fourth composition, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 1 wt%; (k) placing the fourth composition in a second container to retain the mass of the second composition (e.g., the volume of the fourth container is sufficient for presentation to the ruminant); and (l) providing a first portion of the fourth composition to a ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the fourth composition is orally ingested by the ruminant.

[0537] In some embodiments, the period between providing the composition to a ruminant animal such that a portion of the composition is orally ingestible by the ruminant animal is about 1 day to about 1 year. In some embodiments, the period between providing the composition to a repeat animal is about 1 day. In some embodiments, the period between providing the composition to a repeat animal is about 1 year. In some embodiments, the period between providing the composition to a repeat animal is about 2 days. In some embodiments, the period between providing the composition to a repeat animal is about 1 week. In some embodiments, the period between providing the composition to a repeat animal is about 1 month. In some embodiments, the period between providing the composition to a repeat animal is about 6 months.

[0538] In some embodiments, the method further comprises repeating (a)-(f) one or more times, thereby reducing methane emissions from the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time. In some embodiments, the method further comprises repeating (g)-(l) one or more times, thereby reducing methane emissions from the ruminant by about 30% or more over a period of time. In some embodiments, the period of time is at least one week. In some embodiments, the period of time is at least one month. In some embodiments, the period of time is at least six months. In some embodiments, the period of time is at least one year.

[0539] In some embodiments, the repeating step comprises providing the same composition to the ruminant for oral ingestion, for example, a batch of a composition comprising bromoform and feed or water is prepared and the ruminant is periodically provided with portions of the batch for oral ingestion.

[0540] In some embodiments, the repeating step includes providing different compositions to the ruminant for oral ingestion. For example, a composition comprising bromoform and feed or water is prepared and provided to the ruminant for oral ingestion, and after a certain period of time, a different composition comprising bromoform and feed or water is provided to the ruminant for oral ingestion. In such examples, the composition comprising bromoform (e.g., the first composition or the third composition), the feed or water (e.g., the first orally consumable product or the second orally consumable product), or both, is different between the step of providing to the ruminant for the first oral ingestion and the step of providing to the ruminant for the second oral ingestion.

[0541] In some embodiments, methane emissions from a ruminant animal are reduced by about 30% or more compared to a ruminant animal in the same or similar condition provided with the same or similar orally consumable product (e.g., the first orally consumable product or the second orally consumable product) in the absence of the first composition or the third composition (e.g., in the absence of bromoform or in the absence of the same mass of bromoform).

[0542] In some embodiments, the first composition and the third composition are provided from the same stock (e.g., batch) of a composition comprising bromoform. In some embodiments, the first composition and the third composition are the same.

[0543] In some embodiments, the first composition and the third composition are different.

[0544] In some embodiments, the first orally ingestible composition and the second orally ingestible composition are the same. In some embodiments, the first orally ingestible composition and the second orally ingestible composition are different. In some embodiments, the orally ingestible product is food (e.g., a food of the present disclosure) or water.

[0545] In some embodiments, the second composition and the fourth composition are the same. In some embodiments, the second composition and the fourth composition are different.

[0546] In some embodiments, the second container and the fourth container are the same. In some embodiments, the second container and the fourth container are different. In some embodiments, the first container and the third container are the same. In some embodiments, the first container and the third container are different.

[0547] In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a second portion of the second composition to the ruminant at a second time point (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months) after administration of the first portion of the second composition, such that the second portion of the second composition is orally ingested by the ruminant.

[0548] In some embodiments, the method further includes providing a second portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant at a second time point (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months) after administering the first portion of the fourth composition, such that the second portion of the fourth composition is orally ingested by the ruminant. Long-life methane reduction

[0549] In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains consistently below the threshold value between a first administration of a composition of the present disclosure and a second administration of a composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains consistently below the threshold value over a period of time upon at least daily (e.g., at least every other day, at least weekly, at least monthly) administration of a composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains consistently below the threshold value for at least two days compared to a control without a haloalkane. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains consistently below the threshold value for at least five days. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains consistently below the threshold value for at least one week. In some embodiments, the amount of methane produced (e.g., volume or mass) remains consistently below the threshold value for at least two weeks. In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane produced remains consistently below the threshold value for at least three weeks. In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane produced remains consistently below the threshold value for at least one month. In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane produced remains consistently below the threshold value for at least two months.

[0550] In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane produced is consistently at least 40% lower than a control (e.g., without bromoform) over a period of about two weeks when a composition of the present disclosure is administered on day 1. In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane produced is consistently at least 40% lower than a control (e.g., without bromoform) over a period of about two weeks when a composition of the present disclosure is administered daily for about two weeks. In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane produced is consistently at least 40% lower than a control (e.g., without bromoform) over a period of about two weeks when a composition of the present disclosure is administered on day 1 and about day 7.

[0551] In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted by a ruminant is consistently reduced (e.g., volume or mass) between administration and ingestion of the composition. For example, a ruminant that ingests the composition may have a reduction in methane emissions of about 30% on the day the composition is ingested, and the reduction in methane emissions remains about 30% until the next administration and ingestion of the composition by the ruminant.

[0552] In some embodiments, the rate at which the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted by the ruminant animal per day varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 7 days compared to a similarly situated ruminant animal that has not been administered the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the rate at which the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted by the ruminant animal per day varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 14 days compared to a similarly situated ruminant animal that has not been administered the consumable composition. For example, the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted by the ruminant animal may be about 2 L on day 1 after administration of a consumable composition of the present disclosure, and the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted by the ruminant animal may be about 2.6 L on day 7 after administration of the consumable composition.

[0553] In some embodiments, the amount (e.g., volume or mass) of methane emitted by a ruminant is not uniform between administration and ingestion of the composition. For example, a ruminant ingesting the composition may have a reduction in methane emissions of about 30% on the day of ingestion of the composition, and the reduction in methane emissions may be 10% 7 days after the initial ingestion of the composition. How to measure methane production

[0554] In some embodiments, compositions of the present disclosure are utilized to reduce the volume of methane emitted from a ruminant. In some embodiments, compositions of the present disclosure are administered to a ruminant, and the reduction in methane volume is determined compared to an otherwise similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the composition. Methane production can be measured using any suitable method.

[0555] In some instances, the results of in vitro experiments measuring methane production can be used as a surrogate for in vivo methane production.

[0556] In some embodiments, the effectiveness of the compositions of the present disclosure in reducing methane production is evaluated by in vitro methods known in the art. In some embodiments, methane production is measured using an in vitro batch fermentation (IVFT) assay. In some embodiments, methane production is measured using an in vitro Rusitec experiment. In vitro determination of reduced methane production compared to a control sample may follow procedures known in the art.

[0557] In some embodiments, IVFT assays rely on simulating rumen conditions and processes. In some embodiments, rumen inoculum is combined with feed containing the composition of the present disclosure in a fermentation vessel. In some embodiments, the feed is fermented by rumen microorganisms over a period of time, and microbial activity is evaluated by measuring fermentation end products. In some embodiments, fermentation end products include microbial gases (e.g., total gas or methane), volatile fatty acids, and ammonia. In some embodiments, IVFT is used to screen the effectiveness of the composition of the present disclosure in reducing methane.

[0558] In some embodiments, Rusitec experiments provide a more comprehensive examination of fermentation characteristics compared to IVFT assays. In some embodiments, Rusitec experiments rely on mimicking ruminal conditions and processes. In some embodiments, a ruminal inoculum is combined with a diet containing a composition of the present disclosure in a fermentation vessel. In some embodiments, the diet is fermented by ruminal microorganisms over a period of time, and microbial activity is assessed by measuring fermentation end products. In some embodiments, the fermentation end products include microbial gases (e.g., total gas or methane), volatile fatty acids, and ammonia. In some embodiments, Rusitec experiments are used to screen the effectiveness of compositions of the present disclosure in reducing methane. In some embodiments, Rusitec experiments closely replicate in vivo processes. In some embodiments, Rusitec experiments include adding fresh diet each day of the experiment. In some embodiments, Rusitec experiments include removing undigested residue each day of the experiment. In some embodiments, Rusitec experiments include a continuous flow of artificial saliva (e.g., a buffer solution) into the reaction. In some embodiments, Rusitec experiments involve a continuous flow of end products (e.g., gas, VFAs, ammonia) out of the reaction. In some embodiments, Rusitec experiments provide efficacy of compositions of the present disclosure for up to two weeks. In some embodiments, a sustained effect on fermentation (e.g., reduced methane production) or any negative effect may be found for compositions of the present disclosure.

[0559] In some embodiments, the effectiveness of the compositions of the present disclosure in reducing methane production is evaluated by in vivo methods known in the art. In some embodiments, methane production from ruminants is measured using an instrument for analyzing in vivo methane emissions from ruminants. In some embodiments, methane production from ruminants is measured using a laser. In some embodiments, methane production from ruminants may be determined using a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) breath analyzer placed in the feed bin. In some embodiments, methane production from ruminants may be determined using a Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) breath analyzer placed in the feed bin.

[0560] In some embodiments, in vivo methane production is measured using an open-circuit breathing chamber known in the art. In some embodiments, in vivo methane production is measured using a greenfed breath analysis station known in the art. In some embodiments, in vivo methane production is measured using sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) tracing techniques known in the art. Effectiveness of the composition for methane reduction

[0561] Methane scavenging (% CH4 reduction) results of IVFT assays for compositions of the present disclosure at bromoform doses of 0.03 g / kg (g bromoform per kg dry matter intake), 0.15 g / kg, and 0.3 g / kg are provided in Figures 8-12. In some embodiments, additional doses of bromoform are measured for effectiveness on methane scavenging to select compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, compositions are considered for methane scavenging at bromoform doses of 0.04 g / kg DMI, 0.08 g / kg, 0.12 g / kg, 0.16 g / kg, 0.20 g / kg, 0.24 g / kg, 0.28 g / kg, 0.40 g / kg, and 0.60 g / kg. In some embodiments, doses of bromoform below 0.03 g / kg are considered for selection of compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the composition contemplates methane scavenging at bromoform doses of 0.002 g / kg, 0.004 g / kg, 0.008 g / kg, 0.12 g / kg, 0.016 g / kg, and 0.02 g / kg.

[0562] 8 provides methane elimination results for solid compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 40% with a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 40% with a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 40% with a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90% with a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 15% with a bromoform concentration of about 0.08 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90% with a bromoform concentration of about 0.08 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, a formulation comprising at least about 0.12 g / kg of bromoform, MCT, and milk powder in a bromoform-containing composition reduces methane production by at least 90%. Figure 9 provides methane elimination results for solid compositions (e.g., formulations 27 and 28) at doses of 0.004 g / kg, 0.016 g / kg, 0.04 g / kg, and 0.08 g / kg. In some embodiments, doses of about 0.004 g / kg, 0.016 g / kg, 0.04 g / kg, or 0.08 g / kg of bromoform for the solid composition are not effective for methane elimination. In some embodiments, a composition comprising MCT is more effective for methane elimination than an otherwise similar composition without MCT. In some embodiments, a composition comprising MCT reduces methane production by at least about 94% or more at a dose of 0.15 g / kg or 0.3 g / kg.

[0563] Figure 10 provides methane scavenging results for oil-based compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 10% with a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 85 wt% with a bromoform concentration of about 0.04 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90 wt% with a bromoform concentration of about 0.08 g / kg DMI. Figure 11 provides methane scavenging results for solid compositions (e.g., Formulation Nos. 31 and 32) at doses of 0.004 g / kg, 0.016 g / kg, 0.04 g / kg, and 0.08 g / kg. In some embodiments, a bromoform dose of at least about 0.04 g / kg for an oil-based composition is effective for methane reduction by at least 85 wt%.

[0564] 12 provides methane scavenging results for aqueous compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90 wt% with a bromoform concentration of at least about 0.12 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90 wt% with a bromoform concentration of at least about 0.15 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, methane production is reduced by at least 90 wt% with a bromoform concentration of at least about 0.3 g / kg DMI.

[0565] 13-15 provide methane scavenging and persistence results for compositions of the present disclosure as determined by Rusitec experiments over a 14-day treatment period.

[0566] 13 provides methane scavenging and sustainment results for solid compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the solid composition reduces methane production by about 100 wt% when administered daily with a bromoform concentration of about 0.03 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, the solid composition reduces methane production by about 75 wt% when administered every other day with a bromoform concentration of about 0.03 g / kg DMI. In some embodiments, the methane reduction effectiveness persists for at least 7 days (e.g., within 10 wt% change). In some embodiments, the methane reduction effectiveness persists for at least 14 days (e.g., within 10 wt% change). In some embodiments, the powdered form of the composition results in a higher methane reduction compared to the delayed-release form of the composition. In some embodiments, the powdered form of the composition results in about a two-fold higher methane reduction compared to the delayed-release form of the composition. In some embodiments, administering a double dose (e.g., double the concentration of bromoform) results in greater methane elimination than a single dose, hi some embodiments, administering a double dose (e.g., double the concentration of bromoform) results in about three times greater methane elimination than a single dose.

[0567] 14 provides methane scavenging and sustainment results for oily compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.04 g / kg DMI results in at least a 95 wt% reduction in methane for at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.04 g / kg DMI results in at least a 100 wt% reduction in methane for at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.08 g / kg DMI results in at least a 100 wt% reduction in methane for at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.12 g / kg DMI results in at least a 100 wt% reduction in methane for at least 14 days.

[0568] 15 provides methane elimination results for aqueous compositions of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.12 g / kg DMI results in about 100 wt% methane reduction for at least 2 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.12 g / kg DMI results in about 100 wt% methane reduction for at least 2 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.02 g / kg DMI results in about 99 wt% methane reduction for at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.11 g / kg DMI results in about 99 wt% methane reduction for at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.002 g / kg DMI results in about 99 wt% methane reduction for at least 14 days. In some embodiments, a dose of about 0.002 g / kg DMI results in about 100 wt% methane reduction for at least 14 days. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition can provide higher methane reduction (eg, complete methane elimination) at a bromoform dosage of about 0.0002 g / kg DMI.

[0569] In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 8-18, Formulation Number, Number, or ID refers to the formulation number of the composition provided in Table 1. In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 8-18, Dose refers to the category of bromoform concentration categorized as extremely low, very low, low, moderate, or high. In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 8-18, Dose / Frequency refers to the category of bromoform concentration categorized as extremely low, very low, low, moderate, or high, in addition to the variable of how often the dose is administered.

[0570] In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 8-18, final bromoform (mg) per vial refers to the mass of bromoform in the assay; for IVFT assays, the vial is approximately 50 mL, while for Rusitec experiments, the vial is approximately 500 mL. In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 8-18, final concentration (g / kg DMI) refers to the concentration of bromoform expressed in grams per kilogram of dry matter intake. In some embodiments, dry matter intake is the total weight of the feed to which bromoform is added. In some embodiments, dry matter intake is the total weight of the water to which bromoform is added. In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 8-18, % bioactive / DMI refers to the concentration of the bioactive (e.g., bromoform) as a percentage of the total dry matter intake.

[0571] In some embodiments, as shown in Figures 8-18, %CH4 reduction refers to the percentage of methane reduced compared to a control without bromoform. For example, a %CH4 reduction of 0% means that methane was not reduced as a result of administering a composition containing bromoform. For example, a %CH4 reduction of 100% means that no methane was detected as a result of administering a composition containing bromoform. For example, a %CH4 reduction of 50% means that half of the methane detected in the control study was detected as a result of administering a composition containing bromoform. For example, a %CH4 reduction of 90% means that one-tenth of the methane detected in the control study was detected as a result of administering a composition containing bromoform. Lumen-derived effects

[0572] Figures 16-18 provide in vitro fermentation batch assay results for the solid, oil-based, and aqueous compositions of the present disclosure when performed using cow rumen and sheep rumen, respectively. Figure 16 provides IVFT assay results for the solid compositions of the present disclosure at bromoform dosages ranging from about 0.04 g / kg to about 0.60 g / kg. Figure 17 provides IVFT assay results for the oil-based compositions of the present disclosure at bromoform dosages ranging from about 0.04 g / kg to about 0.60 g / kg. Figure 18 provides IVFT assay results for the solid compositions of the present disclosure at bromoform dosages ranging from about 0.04 g / kg to about 0.60 g / kg. In some embodiments, the difference in methane elimination between cow rumen and sheep rumen results from differences in sample preparation for the IVFT assay (e.g., insufficient mixing). In some embodiments, methane elimination is consistent between sheep rumen and cow rumen. In some embodiments, methane rejection results can be extrapolated from the sheep rumen to the cow rumen. In some embodiments, methane rejection results measured from the sheep rumen are used to predict methane rejection results for the cow rumen. In some embodiments, methane rejection results measured from the cow rumen are used to predict methane rejection results for the sheep rumen. Method of administration

[0573] In some aspects, provided herein are methods of administering the consumable compositions of the present application.

[0574] In some aspects, the method comprises (a) providing any one of the consumable compositions described herein, and (b) diluting the consumable composition in or on feed or water for a ruminant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises (c) administering feed or water comprising the consumable composition to the ruminant. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in the feed. In some embodiments, the diluting in the feed comprises coating the feed with the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted with water.

[0575] In some embodiments, the method comprises the steps of: (a) providing an oily consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims; and (b) diluting the oily consumable composition in or on feed or water for a ruminant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of (c) administering feed or water comprising the consumable composition to the ruminant. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in the feed. In some embodiments, the diluting in the feed comprises coating the feed with the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted with water.

[0576] In some embodiments, the method comprises the steps of: (a) providing an aqueous consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims; and (b) diluting the aqueous consumable composition in or on feed or water for a ruminant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of (c) administering feed or water comprising the consumable composition to the ruminant. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in the feed. In some embodiments, the diluting in the feed comprises coating the feed with the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted with water.

[0577] In some embodiments, the method comprises the steps of: (a) providing a semi-solid consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims; and (b) diluting the semi-solid consumable composition in or on feed or water for a ruminant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of (c) administering feed or water comprising the consumable composition to the ruminant. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in the feed. In some embodiments, the diluting in the feed comprises coating the feed with the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted with water.

[0578] In some embodiments, the method comprises the steps of: (a) providing a solid consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims; and (b) diluting the solid consumable composition in or on feed or water for a ruminant. In some embodiments, the method further comprises the step of (c) administering feed or water comprising the consumable composition to the ruminant. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in the feed. In some embodiments, the diluting in the feed comprises coating the feed with the consumable composition. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted with water.

[0579] Any feed suitable for administration to a ruminant may be used in the methods described herein. In some embodiments, the feed is any one of a bolus, a feed pellet, a mixed feed, a mineral feed, a mineral mix, a mixed feed containing a mineral mix, or a salt block. In some embodiments, the feed is a bolus. In some embodiments, the feed is a feed pellet. In some embodiments, the feed is a mixed feed. In some embodiments, the feed is a mineral feed. In some embodiments, the feed is a mineral mix. In some embodiments, the feed is a mixed feed containing a mineral mix. In some embodiments, the feed is a salt block.

[0580] In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 0.1 g to about 250 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 0.1 g to about 0.5 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 0.5 g to about 5 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 5 g to about 10 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 10 g to about 25 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 25 g to about 50 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 50 g to about 100 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 100 g to about 150 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 150 g to about 200 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 200 g to about 250 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 0.1 g to about 25 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 0.5 g to about 25 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 0.1 g to about 10 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 0.5 g to about 10 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 10 g to about 25 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of feed. In some embodiments, about 1 mL to about 50 mL of a composition of the present disclosure is coated per kilogram kg of pellets. In some embodiments, about 10 mL to about 40 mL of the composition of the present disclosure is coated per 1 kg of pellets. In some embodiments, about 12 mL to about 25 mL of the composition of the present disclosure is coated per 1 kg of pellets. In some embodiments, about 1 mL to about 50 mL of the composition of the present disclosure is injected per 1 kg of pellets. In some embodiments, about 10 mL to about 40 mL of the composition of the present disclosure is injected per 1 kg of pellets. In some embodiments, about 12 mL to about 25 mL of the composition of the present disclosure is injected per 1 kg of pellets.

[0581] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in water. In some embodiments, the water is contained in a trough.

[0582] In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 0.5 g to about 30 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 0.5 g to about 1 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 1 g to about 2.5 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 2.5 g to about 5 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 5 g to about 10 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 10 g to about 15 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 15 g to about 20 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water. In some embodiments, an equivalent weight of about 20 g to about 30 g of consumable composition is diluted in about 1 L of water.

[0583] In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 50 mg to about 1600 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 50 mg to about 100 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 100 mg to about 150 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 150 mg to about 200 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 250 mg to about 300 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 300 mg to about 350 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 350 mg to about 400 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 400 mg to about 450 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 450 mg to about 500 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 500 mg to about 550 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 550 mg to about 600 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 650 mg to about 700 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 700 mg to about 750 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 750 mg to about 800 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 800 mg to about 850 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 850 mg to about 900 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 900 mg to about 950 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 950 mg to about 1000 mg per day.In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 1000 mg to about 1100 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 1100 mg to about 1200 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 1200 mg to about 1300 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 1300 mg to about 1400 mg per day. In some embodiments, the total amount of bromoform administered to the ruminant is about 1400 mg to about 1600 mg per day.

[0584] In some embodiments, the consumable composition is diluted in the bolus. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is concentrated in the bolus. In some embodiments, the consumable compositions are combined in the bolus. In some embodiments, the bolus comprises from about 0.002 wt% to about 50 wt% of the haloalkane. In some embodiments, the bolus comprises from about 5 wt% to about 50 wt% of the haloalkane. In some embodiments, the bolus comprises from about 10 wt% to about 50 wt% of the haloalkane. In some embodiments, the bolus comprises from about 25 wt% to about 50 wt% of the haloalkane. In some embodiments, the bolus is configured to release from about 50 mg to about 1500 mg of the haloalkane per day. In some embodiments, the bolus is configured to release from about 50 mg to about 100 mg of the haloalkane per day. In some embodiments, the bolus is configured to release from about 50 mg to about 80 mg of the haloalkane per day. In some embodiments, the bolus is configured to release about 80 mg to about 100 mg of haloalkane per day. In some embodiments, the bolus is configured to release about 100 mg to about 150 mg of haloalkane per day. In some embodiments, the bolus is configured to release about 150 mg to about 200 mg of haloalkane per day. In some embodiments, two or more boluses are combined to achieve a total mass of haloalkane. For example, two boluses containing about 25 mg of haloalkane each are administered to achieve a dose of about 50 mg of haloalkane to the ruminant. In some embodiments, a bolus is administered daily to the ruminant. In some embodiments, a bolus is administered weekly to the ruminant. In some embodiments, a bolus is administered monthly to the ruminant. In some embodiments, a bolus is administered semi-annually to the ruminant. For example, a bolus administered to a ruminant every six months at a bioactive agent release rate of about 50 mg per day contains 9000 mg of bioactive agent (e.g., a haloalkane). For example, a 30 g bolus configured to release 50 mg of bromoform per day for six months contains about 9000 mg of bromoform.

[0585] In some embodiments, the bolus comprises a stabilizer, hi some embodiments, the bolus comprises casein.

[0586] The consumable composition may be administered to the ruminant animal at any suitable location. In some embodiments, the consumable composition is administered to the ruminant animal on pasture. In some aspects, the consumable composition is administered to the ruminant animal in a feedlot. In some aspects, the consumable composition is administered to the ruminant animal on pasture.

[0587] As shown in FIG. 6, the oleaginous composition of the present disclosure can be prepared for administration to ruminants. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is combined with feed. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is coated on top of a complete mixed feed. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is coated on top of a pellet supplement. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is pressed into the pellet supplement. In some embodiments, the oil composition coated on the mixed feed is administered to ruminants in a feedlot. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition coated on top of a pellet supplement is administered to free-grazing ruminants. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition pressed into a pellet supplement is administered to free-grazing ruminants or ruminants in a feedlot. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition comprises a concentration of bromoform from about 1.25 g / L to about 16 g / L. In some embodiments, the oleaginous composition is combined with feed. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform in the feed administered to the ruminant is about 0.001 wt% bromoform to about 0.35 wt% bromoform of total dry matter intake (DMI). In some embodiments, the ruminant is administered up to 5 wt% oil per day (e.g., the weight of oil in excess of the weight of all feed intake). For example, a ruminant consumes 12 kg of feed per day, and a feed for such a ruminant is prepared by combining up to 50 mL (e.g., 10 mL) of oil composition per kilogram of feed. In some embodiments, about 25 mL of the oil composition is combined with 1 kg of pellet supplement and used to coat the pellets. In some embodiments, about 25 mL of the oil composition is combined with 1 kg of pellet supplement and pressed into the pellets. In some embodiments, the ruminant is administered about 2 kg of supplement per day. As provided in Figure 7, the solid compositions of the present disclosure can be prepared for administration to ruminants. In some embodiments, the solid composition is mixed onto a pellet supplement. In some embodiments, the solid composition is pressed into a pellet supplement. In some embodiments, the solid composition is mixed with a mineral mix. In some embodiments, the solid composition is mixed onto a complete mixed feed.In some embodiments, the solid composition is mixed with a complete mixed feed containing a mineral mix. In some embodiments, the solid composition is combined with dry distillers' grains. In some embodiments, the solid composition mixed on a pellet supplement is administered to ruminants grazing freely. In some embodiments, the solid composition mixed with a mineral mix is ​​administered to ruminants grazing freely. In some embodiments, the solid composition mixed with a mineral mix on a complete mixed feed is administered to ruminants in a feedlot. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises a bromoform concentration of about 10 g / kg to about 80 g / kg of solid powder. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises a bromoform concentration of about 50 g / kg to about 75 g / kg of solid powder. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises a bromoform concentration of about 15 g / kg to about 30 g / kg of solid powder. In some embodiments, the solid composition comprises a bromoform concentration of about 15 g / kg to about 25 g / kg of solid powder. In some embodiments, the solid composition is combined with feed. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform in the feed administered to the ruminant is about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.25 wt% bromoform of total dry matter intake (DMI). In some embodiments, the ruminant is administered about 10 g of the solid composition per day. In some embodiments, about 10 g of the solid composition is combined with 2 kg of supplement pellets and up to 50 mL of water to coat the solid composition on the supplement pellets.

[0588] As provided in FIG. 7 , aqueous compositions of the present disclosure can be prepared for administration to ruminants. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is combined with water. In some embodiments, water is administered to free-grazing ruminants by trough. In some embodiments, water is administered to pasture-based ruminants by trough. In some embodiments, water is administered to feedlot ruminants by trough. In some embodiments, ruminants are administered about 40 mL of aqueous composition per day. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is further diluted in water. In some embodiments, a volume of the aqueous composition is combined with a volume of water. In some embodiments, a volume of the aqueous composition is combined with a sufficient volume of water to provide a predetermined concentration of bromoform in the container (e.g., trough). In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is an aqueous liquid. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition is an aqueous gel. For example, 8 L of aqueous composition is diluted with an additional 12 L of water to obtain 20 L of water for administration to the ruminants. In some embodiments, aliquots of the diluted aqueous composition can be prepared. In some embodiments, a 100 mL aliquot of the diluted aqueous composition is combined with 10 L of water. In some embodiments, the aqueous composition comprises a bromoform concentration of about 1 g / L to about 15 g / L before further dilution with water. In some embodiments, the bromoform concentration in the container is about 0.0002 wt% per liter to about 0.06 wt% per liter. In some embodiments, the bromoform concentration in the container is about 0.0002 wt% per liter to about 0.0005 wt% per liter. In some embodiments, the bromoform concentration in the container is about 0.0002 wt% per liter to about 0.001 wt% per liter. In some embodiments, the bromoform concentration in the container is about 0.0002 wt% per liter to about 0.006 wt% per liter.

[0589] Increasing the period of time that elapses between administrations of a composition of the present disclosure (e.g., comprising a dose of bromoform) can improve the effectiveness of administering the bioactive composition to a ruminant. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure is administered to a ruminant daily (e.g., about every 24 hours). In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure is administered to a ruminant every other day (e.g., about every 48 hours). In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure is administered to a ruminant about every 72 hours. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure is administered to a ruminant about every 96 hours. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure is administered to a ruminant about every 120 hours. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure is administered to a ruminant about every 6 days. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure is administered to a ruminant about every 7 days. In some embodiments, a composition of the present disclosure is administered to a ruminant about every 10 days. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are administered to a ruminant animal about every 14 days. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are administered to a ruminant animal about every 30 days. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are administered to a ruminant animal about every 60 hours. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are administered to a ruminant animal about every 3 months. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are administered to a ruminant animal about every 4 months. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are administered to a ruminant animal about every 5 months. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are administered to a ruminant animal about every 6 months. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are administered to a ruminant animal about every year.

[0590] In some embodiments, the pellets comprise a dry material and an oil component (e.g., an oily composition of the present disclosure). In some embodiments, the pellets comprise a dry material and a water component (e.g., an aqueous composition of the present disclosure). In some embodiments, the pellets comprise a dry material. In some embodiments, pellets comprising a composition of the present disclosure compressed inside comprise greater stability than pellets comprising a composition of the present disclosure coated on the outside. In some embodiments, the stability comprises chemical stability (e.g., stability of the haloalkane in the composition or bait). The compressed pellets are prepared according to methods known in the art. palatability

[0591] In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure may have increased palatability to ruminants. In some embodiments, palatability may be assessed as a measure of weight gain over a period of time. In some embodiments, palatability may be assessed as a measure of the rate of consumption of a diet comprising a composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, the palatability of a composition of the present disclosure is assessed relative to a control diet that does not contain a bioactive composition. In some embodiments, the compositions of the present disclosure are more palatable to ruminants than compositions comprising macroalgae.

[0592] In some embodiments, the palatability of the composition is a surrogate for the consumption of feed or water containing the composition. In some instances, a ruminant may not orally ingest a larger amount of feed containing a less palatable composition than a feed containing a more palatable composition. In some embodiments, feed intake is a surrogate for methane reduction. For example, a ruminant that consumes a larger amount of feed containing a composition of the present disclosure may have a higher methane reduction than an otherwise similarly conditioned ruminant that consumes a smaller amount of feed containing a composition of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, a ruminant that consumes a larger amount of feed containing a composition of the present disclosure emits a reduced volume (or mass) of methane than an otherwise similarly conditioned ruminant that consumes a smaller amount of feed containing a composition of the present disclosure.

[0593] In some embodiments, the palatability of a composition of the present disclosure is evaluated against another composition of the present disclosure that does not contain a particular component (e.g., with or without MSG, with or without canola oil). As shown in Figures 19a and 19e, ruminants consumed, on average, a diet containing canola oil at a rate approximately three times higher than a diet that did not contain canola oil as a taste enhancer. In some embodiments, a composition containing vegetable oil is more palatable than a composition that does not contain vegetable oil. In some embodiments, a composition containing vegetable oil is consumed by ruminants at a rate greater than a composition that does not contain vegetable oil. In some embodiments, a composition containing vegetable oil is consumed by ruminants at a rate approximately two times higher than a composition that does not contain vegetable oil. In some embodiments, a composition containing vegetable oil is consumed by ruminants at a rate approximately three times higher than a composition that does not contain vegetable oil. In some embodiments, a composition containing vegetable oil is consumed by ruminants at a rate approximately four times higher than a composition that does not contain vegetable oil.

[0594] In some embodiments, compositions containing lower concentrations of MCT are more palatable than compositions containing higher concentrations of MCT. In some embodiments, compositions containing lower concentrations of MCT are consumed at a higher rate than compositions containing higher concentrations of MCT. In some embodiments, compositions containing lower concentrations of MCT are consumed at approximately two times higher rates than compositions containing higher concentrations of MCT. In some embodiments, compositions containing lower concentrations of MCT are consumed at approximately three times higher rates than compositions containing higher concentrations of MCT. In some embodiments, compositions containing lower concentrations of MCT are consumed at approximately four times higher rates than compositions containing higher concentrations of MCT. For example, as shown in Figure 19a, a composition containing only MCT and no vegetable oil takes approximately 35-60 minutes for a ruminant to consume, while as shown in Figure 19e, a composition containing MCT and canola oil is consumed in approximately 15 minutes. For example, as shown in Figure 19d, a ruminant consumes pellets containing MSG and pellets without MSG in approximately 15 minutes.

[0595] In some embodiments, compositions comprising short-chain oils are more palatable than compositions not comprising short-chain oils. In some embodiments, compositions comprising short-chain oils are consumed by ruminants at a higher rate than compositions not comprising short-chain oils. In some embodiments, compositions comprising short-chain oils are consumed by ruminants at about two times higher rates than compositions not comprising short-chain oils. In some embodiments, compositions comprising short-chain oils are consumed by ruminants at about three times higher rates than compositions not comprising short-chain oils. In some embodiments, compositions comprising short-chain oils are consumed by ruminants at about four times higher rates than compositions not comprising short-chain oils.

[0596] In some embodiments, the palatability of a composition of the present disclosure is evaluated against another composition of the present disclosure containing a different concentration of a component (e.g., 4 g / L bromoform vs. 8 g / L bromoform). In some instances, as shown in Figures 19a and 19b, the concentration of bromoform in a composition may have minimal effect on the palatability of the composition. In some instances, the concentration of bromoform in a composition may have minimal effect on the palatability of a composition of the present disclosure.

[0597] In some embodiments, the palatability of compositions of the present disclosure is evaluated relative to the form of the composition (e.g., chunks vs. granules vs. powder or coated on pellets vs. pressed into pellets). For example, as shown in FIG. 19c, compositions in powdered form are more palatable than compositions in more granular form. In some embodiments, compositions coated on pellets take an average of 35-60 minutes to be consumed by ruminants, while compositions pressed into pellets take an average of 15 minutes to be consumed by ruminants. In some embodiments, compositions pressed into pellets are more palatable than compositions coated on pellets. In some embodiments, compositions pressed into pellets are consumed by ruminants at a rate approximately three times higher than compositions coated on pellets. In some embodiments, compositions in powder form are more palatable than compositions in granule or chunk form.

[0598] In some embodiments, a ruminant gains about 1% or more weight over a period of about one week when orally ingesting a feed comprising a taste potentiator compared to orally ingesting an orally consumable product without the taste potentiator. In some embodiments, a ruminant gains about 1% or more weight over a period of about two weeks when orally ingesting an orally consumable product comprising a taste potentiator compared to orally ingesting a feed without the taste potentiator. In some embodiments, a ruminant gains about 5% or more weight over a period of about one week when orally ingesting a feed comprising a taste potentiator compared to orally ingesting an orally consumable product without the taste potentiator. In some embodiments, a ruminant gains about 5% or more weight over a period of about two weeks when orally ingesting an orally consumable product comprising a taste potentiator compared to orally ingesting a feed without the taste potentiator. [Example]

[0599] The following examples are provided to further illustrate some embodiments of the present disclosure, but are not intended to limit the scope of the disclosure, and it will be understood that by their exemplary nature, other procedures, methodologies, or techniques known to those skilled in the art may alternatively be used. Example 1 Composition of the formulation

[0600] Examples of compositions of the present disclosure are provided in Table 1. [Table 1-1] [Table 1-2] [Table 1-3] [Table 1-4] [Table 1-5] [Table 1-6] [Table 1-7]

[0601] The concentration of bromoform can be adjusted as required by dose for each of the compositions in Table 1. In some embodiments, the concentration of bromoform is adjusted by increasing or decreasing the volume of the stock (e.g., adding a solution or active stock) when combining with an otherwise similar non-bioactive composition (e.g., a dilute stock).

[0602] Formulation numbers 9i, 10i, and 17i are identical in composition to formulation numbers 9, 10, and 17, respectively. IVFT and Rusitec experimental results corresponding to formulation numbers 9, 10, and 17 utilize 9i, 10i, and 17i, respectively. Example 2 Synthesis of oily composition of formulation No. 31

[0603] A general schematic illustrating the method for preparing the oily composition is shown in Figure 1. To make approximately 25 L of oily composition at a concentration of approximately 14 g / L (g of bromoform per liter), approximately 350 g (121.1 ml) of bromoform is dissolved in 500 mL of ethanol. The bromoform and ethanol solution is mixed with approximately 1250 mL of MCT. The solution containing bromoform, ethanol, and MCT is mixed with 23.2 L of canola oil to achieve a final dilution, resulting in 25 L of composition. Example 3 Synthesis of oily composition of formulation No. 32

[0604] A general schematic illustrating a method for preparing an oily composition is shown in Figure 1. To produce approximately 1 L of oily composition, a predetermined mass of bromoform is dissolved in ethanol, the mass being determined by the expected dose or concentration of bromoform desired in the final product or composition. The mass of bromoform dissolved in ethanol can be from about 1 g to about 20 g. The volume of ethanol is kept to a minimum and does not exceed 20 mL. The bromoform and ethanol solution is mixed with approximately 50 mL of MCT. Approximately 10 mL of Koliphor® is added to the solution, and the composition is then diluted with approximately 920 mL of canola oil to obtain 1 L of oily composition. Example 4 Synthesis of oily compositions containing essential oils

[0605] A general schematic illustrating a method for preparing an oily composition is shown in Figure 1. To produce approximately 1 L of oily composition, a predetermined mass of bromoform is dissolved in ethanol, the mass being determined by the expected dose or concentration of bromoform desired for the final product or composition. The mass of bromoform dissolved in ethanol can be from about 1 g to about 20 g. The volume of ethanol is kept to a minimum and does not exceed 20 mL. The bromoform and ethanol solution is mixed with approximately 50 mL of essential oil (e.g., citrus oil), followed by 50 mL of MCT. This solution is mixed with canola oil to achieve a final dilution of approximately 890 mL, resulting in 1 L of oily composition. Example 5 Synthesis of aqueous composition of formulation No. 19

[0606] A general schematic diagram of the method for preparing the aqueous composition is shown in Figure 2. A synthesis is provided for obtaining approximately 20 L of an aqueous composition with a bromoform concentration of approximately 0.75 wt%. 150 g (approximately 52 mL) of bromoform is combined with 10 mL of ethanol, followed by 1000 mL of MCT to obtain an oil-active component. The oil-active component is vigorously mixed. Separately, an aqueous component is prepared by combining 20 g of xanthan gum and 500 mL of water, vigorously mixing, and blending the two components. The xanthan gum mixture is poured into approximately 18 L of water. 472 g of Tween is added to the aqueous component and mixed. The oil-active component and aqueous component are combined and vigorously mixed, after which the combined oil-active component and aqueous component are subjected to ultrasonic treatment for 15 minutes to produce the final aqueous composition.

[0607] Similar compositions can be produced at different dosages by adjusting the mass of bromoform used. For example, a similar composition having a dose concentration of about 0.1 wt% bromoform can be prepared by adding about 20 g of bromoform to ethanol. Example 6 Synthesis of solid composition of formulation no. 20

[0608] A general schematic diagram of a method for preparing a solid composition is shown in Figure 3. A synthesis for obtaining approximately 6.5 kg of a solid composition is provided. Approximately 159 g (55 ml) of bromoform is combined with approximately 100 mL of ethanol, followed by approximately 300 mL of MCT. Separately, 4125 g of milk powder is vigorously mixed with approximately 5000 g of water. Separately, approximately 2300 g of gelatin is vigorously mixed with 9000 g of water. The milk powder mixture and the bromoform mixture are combined, followed by the gelatin mixture. All component mixtures are blended together and vigorously mixed until the mixture is nearly set (e.g., contains some flow). The mixture is then poured into a tray or mold and cooled in a refrigerator. Once cooled, the set mixture is chopped. The chopped mixture is then dried, optionally with heat, to evaporate at least 95 wt% of the water in the mixture. The resulting dry mixture is milled or pulverized to obtain a powdered solid composition.

[0609] In some embodiments, the composition may be utilized as a semi-solid composition by eliminating the drying and grinding steps. Example 7 Synthesis of solid compositions using agar

[0610] A general schematic diagram of a method for preparing a solid composition is shown in Figure 4. A synthesis for approximately 7.5 kg of solid composition is provided. Approximately 89.4 g of bromoform is combined with approximately 232 mL of MCT. Separately, approximately 4640 g of milk powder is vigorously mixed with 2700 g of water. Separately, approximately 1390 g of agar and 773 g of corn flour are combined and vigorously mixed with approximately 1550 g of water at a temperature of approximately 1°C to approximately 10°C. After hydrating the agar mixture in water for approximately 30 minutes, the mixture is brought to a boil and then simmered for approximately 20 minutes. The bromoform mixture, milk powder mixture, and agar mixture are combined and vigorously mixed. Approximately 387 g of xanthan gum is added to the combined mixture, and the entire mixture is mixed until nearly set (e.g., with some flow). The mixture is then poured into trays or molds and cooled in the refrigerator. Once cooled, the set mixture is chopped. The chopped mixture is then dried, optionally with the addition of heat, to evaporate at least 95 wt% of the water in the mixture, and the resulting dry mixture is crushed or pulverized to obtain a powdered solid composition.

[0611] In some embodiments, the composition is provided as a semi-solid composition by omitting the drying and milling steps. Example 8 Synthesis of semi-solid compositions (aqueous gels)

[0612] A general schematic diagram of the method for preparing the semi-solid composition is shown in Figure 5. To form approximately 1 kg of aqueous gel, an aqueous component containing 20 g of xanthan gum is formulated and mixed with 270 g of water. 400 g of Tween is added to the aqueous component. Separately, an oil active component containing 150 g of bromoform dissolved in approximately 10 g of ethanol is prepared and mixed with 150 g of MCT. The aqueous component and the oil active component are combined, blended together, and vigorously mixed. The resulting composition is subjected to ultrasonic treatment for approximately 15 minutes to obtain an emulsion. The emulsion can be combined with water (e.g., 20 L of water) at a later stage to obtain an aqueous gel composition having a bromoform concentration of 7.5 mg / mL. Example 9 Measurement of in vitro methane reduction: in vitro fermentation (IVFT)

[0613] The feed substrate, oat husk, was added to a 50 mL vial one day before the IVFT assay and placed in an anaerobic chamber to remove any oxygen. On the day of the IVFT assay, rumen fluid and digesta were collected from the fistulated sheep (UWA ethics approval 2021 / ET001086) and immediately transported to the laboratory, where they were filtered to remove large feed particles. The rumen fluid and digesta were transferred to an anaerobic chamber and mixed with a buffer solution. In the anaerobic chamber, the composition provided in Table 1 was added to the vial containing the feed substrate. Rumen inoculum was added to the vial. The mixture in the vial was incubated for 24 hours. Gas production was measured using a pressure transducer, and a subsample of gas was taken for methane quantification by gas chromatography. Total gas production was measured to provide an indication of overall microbial fermentation. In some cases, fermentation end products such as volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and ammonia were measured from the liquid phase. Each composition provided in Table 1 was tested in triplicate and compared directly to an oat hull control or a carrier-only batch (eg, a composition without the bromoform active agent).

[0614] For all compositions of the present disclosure tested, differences between formulations were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance in JMP 15.2.0 (SAS Institute, Inc.) with Tukey-Kramer HSD post-hoc test to compare means.

[0615] The results of the IVFT assays determined for various concentrations (eg, doses) of bromoform in the compositions provided in Table 1 are provided in Figures 8 through 12. Example 10 Measuring in vitro methane reduction: The Rusitec experiment

[0616] Rumen fluid and digesta collected from fistulated sheep (UWA ethics approval 2021 / ET001086) were mixed with buffer and added to a 500 mL volume of fermenter. Feed (e.g., oat husks) was contained in two nylon bags (15 g of feed each) in the fermenter. One of the two nylon bags was refreshed each day during the course of the experiment. A constant flow of buffer into the fermenter was used to maintain a normal rumen pH of 6.0-7.0. The first seven days of the experiment were a pretreatment period to stabilize the system. On day 8 of the experiment, the feed was combined with a composition of the present disclosure provided in Table 1, where the composition may have various bromoform concentrations (e.g., doses). Between days 8 and 21 of the experiment, a composition of the present disclosure was added to the nylon bag and refreshed each day. Gas produced by each fermenter was collected and measured daily, and samples were taken for methane quantification by gas chromatography. Samples of the fermentation broth were collected three times throughout the course of the experiment for analysis of volatile fatty acids and ammonia.

[0617] The results of the Rusitec experiments determined for various concentrations (eg, doses) of bromoform in the compositions provided in Table 1 are provided in Figures 13 through 15. Example 11 Measuring in vivo methane production: a respiration chamber

[0618] A composition of the present disclosure provided in Table 1 is combined with a ruminant feed (e.g., pellets). The ruminant is administered the feed containing a predetermined concentration of bromoform in a respiration chamber. The ruminant is maintained inside the respiration chamber for a period of 24 hours up to 48 hours. Respiration chambers are the gold standard known in the art for detecting and quantifying methane emitted by ruminant animals. Example 12 Oil composition coated on complete mixed feed and its administration

[0619] Oil compositions of the present disclosure are provided in Table 1. 10 mL of oil compositions having various concentrations of bromoform in the oil compositions (e.g., 1.25 g / L, 3.33 g / L, 5.83 g / L) are coated onto (e.g., dispersed onto) 12 kg of mixed feed for administration to ruminants in a feedlot. Figure 6 shows examples of oil compositions combined with ruminant diets (e.g., mixed onto a complete mixed feed, mixed onto pellets, or pressed into pellets). Example 13 Oil Compositions with Supplemental Pellets and Their Administration

[0620] The oil compositions of the present disclosure, provided in Table 1, are provided with various concentrations of bromoform in the oil composition (e.g., 3 g / L, 4 g / L, 8 g / L, 14 g / L, 16 g / L). 25 mL of the oil composition is mixed with 1 kg of pellet supplement so that the oil composition coats the surface of the pellets.

[0621] Alternatively, 25 mL of oil composition is pressed into a total of 1 kg of pellet supplement.

[0622] Free-grazing or feedlot ruminants are administered approximately 2 kg of a pellet supplement containing the oil composition per day.

[0623] FIG. 6 shows examples of oil-based compositions combined with ruminant feed (eg, mixed onto a complete mixed ration, mixed onto pellets, pressed into pellets). Example 14 Solid composition mixed on supplemental pellets

[0624] The solid compositions of the present disclosure, provided in Table 1, are provided with various concentrations of bromoform (e.g., 10 g / kg, 30 g / kg, 50 g / kg bromoform per kilogram of solid composition). 10 g of the solid composition is mixed with 2 kg of pellet supplement and approximately 50 mL of water to coat and adhere the solid composition (e.g., in powder form) onto the pellets. The pellets containing the bioactive agent coating are administered to free-ranging ruminants. Figure 7 shows examples of solid compositions combined with ruminant feed (e.g., mixed onto supplement pellets, mixed into a mineral mix, mixed onto a complete mixed feed). In some embodiments, the complete mixed feed includes the mineral mix. Example 15 Solid composition having a mineral mix

[0625] The solid compositions of the present disclosure, provided in Table 1, are provided with various bromoform concentrations (e.g., 25 g of bromoform per kg of solid composition). A mineral mix for free-ranging ruminants weighing approximately 300 kg is prepared by combining 9 g of the solid composition and 900 g of dried distillers' grains into the mineral mix for daily consumption (900 g of DDG and 9 g of the solid composition per animal per day).

[0626] Alternatively, the prepared mineral mix is ​​further combined with a complete mixed ration so that the ruminant receives approximately 11 kg of feed per day.

[0627] 7 shows examples of solid compositions that have been combined with ruminant feed (e.g., mixed onto supplemental pellets, mixed into a mineral mix, mixed onto a complete mixed feed). In some embodiments, the complete mixed feed includes the mineral mix. Example 16 Water composition in the trough

[0628] Aqueous compositions of the present disclosure, provided in Table 1, are provided in various bromoform concentrations (e.g., 1 g / L, 3.75 g / L, 7.5 g / L, 15 g / L grams of bromoform per liter of water composition). To prepare 20 L of water containing aqueous composition for administration to cattle in hard-to-reach extensive pastures and rangelands, 8 L of aqueous composition is diluted with 12 L of water. 20 L batches are made for cattle in extensive pastures or in dry environmental conditions (e.g., 30% or lower humidity).

[0629] 8 L of aqueous composition and 12 L of water-containing composition can be used to make 100 mL aliquots, where 40 mL is aqueous composition for combination with every 10 L of water for administration to ruminants by trough. Example 17 Administration of consumable compositions to ruminants

[0630] The compositions of the present disclosure are provided as shown in Table 1. The compositions are combined with pellets, mineral mixes, complete mixed feed, or troughs according to the characteristics of the composition (e.g., oil-based, water-based, solid), according to Examples 11-15. The concentration or dosage of bromoform in each composition may be adjusted according to the target dose. The compositions combined with feed or water are provided to ruminants for oral ingestion. The ruminants orally ingest at least a portion, or all, of the feed or water containing the compositions of the present disclosure. Example 18 Measuring food intake as a proxy for palatability

[0631] The compositions of the present disclosure, as provided in Table 1, are provided, including a flavor enhancer. Nine heifers were offered approximately 10-16 kg of EasyBeef pellets per day (1.1-1.8 kg of EasyBeef pellets per animal) without any ruminant-provided composition for 10 days. Feeding behavior was video-recorded daily for retrospective analysis. In addition to the pellets, the ruminants had free access to water and pasture (kikuyu and clover) and were provided fresh oat hay daily. After a 10-day adjustment period, the ruminants were weighed, body condition scored, and blood and rumen fluid samples were collected. After the adjustment period, the ruminants were offered 16 kg of a targeted diet containing the compositions of the present disclosure daily for two weeks. At the end of the two-week sampling period, the ruminants were weighed, body condition scored, and blood and rumen fluid samples were collected. The ruminants were again conditioned for approximately 1-2 weeks by feeding unseasoned pellets (16 kg per day) before being sampled with another composition of the present disclosure.

[0632] Blood samples were centrifuged, and plasma and serum were removed and frozen. The pH of the rumen fluid was measured immediately after collection using pH paper, and samples were stored with one sample in 25% (v / v) orthophosphoric acid for analysis of volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition, and the other sample containing only rumen fluid for analysis of NH3. Rumen samples were kept on ice and frozen immediately after sampling.

[0633] The spontaneous intake of food, the difference in average weight gain, or the rate of consumption of the baseline food and the composition of the present disclosure are compared with the presence or absence of ingredients (for example, with vegetable oil vs. without vegetable oil) to provide insight into the palatability of the composition.All compositions are voluntarily ingested orally by ruminants.Ruminants voluntarily ingest a higher proportion of food or ingest food at a higher rate when the food contains a composition with a taste enhancer compared to when the food contains a composition without a taste enhancer.Alternatively, ruminants voluntarily ingest a higher proportion of food or ingest food at a higher rate when the food contains a composition with a lower MCT concentration and a taste enhancer compared to when the food contains a higher concentration of MCT and a taste enhancer. Example 19 Preference test using formulation no. 11, treatment 1 (4 g bromoform per liter oil composition)

[0634] After a 10-day adjustment period on unflavored pellets, animals were started on 18 kg of pellets treated with 25 mL of Treatment 1 per kg of pellets. Treatments were hand-mixed in batches of 2 kg pellets, then poured into larger buckets and hand-mixed again to ensure even coverage of the pellets. The amount of pellets fed was reduced to 10 kg on day 3 and then slowly increased to a total of 16 kg by the end of the treatment period.

[0635] Animals were initially started on 2 kg of treated pellets each. On day 1, all animals ate fairly quickly and did not appear to be deterred by the treatment. On day 2, 4 of the 9 animals lost interest in the diet and ate fewer pellets, while the other 5 animals finished their diets, consuming more than 2 kg per animal. The time it took animals to completely complete all of the diet offered ranged from 35 to 60 minutes on each day, whereas untreated pellets during the intervening period were usually consumed more quickly (15 to 20 minutes). The acceptability of the treated pellets varied across the treatment period and among animals, with some animals eating more on some days and none on others. Dominance appeared to play a role in the level of diet acceptability, with dominant animals pushing smaller animals out of the diet. Other factors, such as weather and previous hay consumption, may also have played a role in diet acceptability. There were many rainy days during this treatment period.

[0636] Body weight measurements were taken the day after the two-week treatment period and showed that the animals gained an average of 10.7 kg in weight compared to pre-treatment. Angus heifers ate the most food and gained the most weight, with animals #3 and #9 gaining 27 and 21 kg, respectively. Animals #4 and #6 were very picky eaters, tended to eat less, and had lower body condition scores (BCS). The results are shown graphically in Figure 19a.

[0637] Findings:

[0638] Tolerance of the treatments was variable, with some animals initially not eating many pellets. Most animals became accustomed to the treatments within a few days, ate significant amounts daily, and gained weight at the end of the treatment period. Animals were less enthusiastic about the treatments than the untreated pellets, but voluntarily ate all of the treatments offered. Treatment 1 was sufficiently palatable to the animals that they voluntarily orally ingested the treated pellets. Example 20 Preference test using formulation no. 11, treatment 2 (8 g bromoform per liter oil composition)

[0639] Treatment 2, like Treatment 1, was mixed with pellets at a concentration of 25 mL per kg of pellets and hand-mixed in 2 kg batches. The treatment period began with a total of 10 kg of pellets per day (250 mL total treatment) and increased to 12 kg (300 mL total treatment) based on the level of tolerance. On day 9 of Treatment Period 2, a sweet-smelling masking agent was added to 12 kg of treated pellets at a concentration of 2.5 mL per kg. On subsequent days (Days 10–14) of Treatment 2, the masking agent was mixed with half of the treated pellets (6 kg) and fed to animals in separate troughs to compare preference with unmasked treated pellets (Table 2).

[0640] Food intake was variable among animals, with dominant animals (#9 and #3) consistently eating most of the food. Some animals ate nothing on the first day and small amounts the next day. Most animals stopped eating before consuming all of the treated pellets, and it took approximately 35–60 minutes for the remaining animals to stop eating. The amount of food provided was increased to 12 kg on day 3 and not further increased because animals did not consume all of the treated pellets; therefore, 12 kg was the maximum cutoff. On day 9 of treatment, a sweet-smelling masking agent provided by Rumin8 was added to the treated pellets to increase tolerance. Animals did not show an immediate increase in tolerance with the masking agent on day 9. On subsequent days (days 10–14), the masking agent was added to half of the treated pellets, and the other half was left without any masking to test preference. Both masked and unmasked pellets were provided simultaneously in separate troughs. A slight preference by the animals for the pellets with the masking agent was not apparent at first, but became apparent over the following days. Interestingly, the masking agent did not increase the amount of pellets consumed, even though it increased the likelihood that the animals would eat the treated pellets. In other words, the masking agent seemed to attract the animals to the food, but did not increase intake.

[0641] After treatment period 2, heifers gained an average of 25±10 kg in weight compared to the weight measured after treatment period 1. The actual amount of hay offered and consumed, as well as the amount of grass available in the paddock, is unknown, but the weather had been warm for several weeks, allowing more grass to grow in the paddock. The results are shown graphically in Figure 19b.

[0642] Findings:

[0643] Treatment 2 was the least tolerated of all treatments tested during the study, with animals consuming up to 10-12 kg of treated pellets daily. Although the animals appeared to prefer the pellets mixed with the sweet odor masking agent over the unmixed pellets, this did not help increase the amount of food consumed. Again, this was still palatable enough for the animals to voluntarily consume along with plenty of surrounding free-grazing grass. Example 21 Palatability Testing Using Treatment 3 (Lump vs. Powder vs. Granules) of Formulation No. 10

[0644] Treatment 3 initially consisted of a rubbery, chunky cheese-like substance that was rubbed onto the pellets by hand at a concentration of 10 g / kg pellet, starting with a total of 12 kg of pellets (120 g treatment). The chunks were not uniformly mixed with the pellets and tended to fall to the bottom of the trough. On day 1 of treatment, the animals finished the fed diet fairly quickly, leaving numerous chunks of treatment at the bottom of the trough. A small amount of flavor enhancer was mixed into the treatment on days 2 and beyond to potentially flavor the remainder of the treatment and increase treatment acceptability and intake. All animals ate the treated pellets quickly, finishing the diet within 15 minutes on most days. The fed diet was increased to 16 kg on day 4 and maintained throughout treatment period 3. On day 5, with the availability of a drier product, the treatment type was changed from chunks to small granules, which adhered better to the pellets but still did not coat them uniformly and fell to the bottom of the trough. Some animals were observed licking the treatment from the trough.

[0645] And the animals also had more saliva production. The final formulation was in powdered form and was used from day 9 onwards, which adhered better to the pellets and coated them more evenly.

[0646] Sampling was performed at the end of treatment period 3, but unfortunately the cattle could not be weighed due to operational issues. Because the animals were eating very well and had higher body condition scores, it can be expected that all animals gained weight. The results are shown graphically in Figure 19c.

[0647] Findings:

[0648] Treatment 3 was overall very well tolerated and was rapidly taken up by the animals, some of which were observed licking the treatment from the bottom of the trough. The addition of a flavor enhancer can make the treatment very appetizing to the animals. The fine powder formulation was superior to the others in terms of adhesion to the pellets and uniform coating. Example 22 Preference testing using Treatment 4 (No MSG vs. MSG, respectively) of Formulation No. 25 and Formulation No. 26

[0649] Treatment period 4 began with two forms of the powdered formulation: "T+" and "T-." One contained an extra ingredient (T+ type, 10% MSG) and the other did not (T- type). The two types were tested against each other to determine whether the animals preferred one or the other. The treatment period began with a total of 16 kg of pellets: 8 kg mixed with 45 gm of T+ (5.625 g / kg pellet) and the other 8 kg mixed with 45 gm of T- (5.625 g / kg pellet), delivered in separate troughs. Both treatment types were manually mixed with EasyBeef pellets in 2 kg batches, and approximately 150 ml of water was added while mixing to improve adhesion of the treatment powder to the pellet surface. After the addition of the water, the treatments evenly coated the pellets, with only a small amount falling to the bottom of the trough.

[0650] The animals ate 16 kg of treated pellets each day of the treatment period, finishing the provided food within approximately 15 minutes each day. On days 1 and 2, the cows appeared to prefer the T+ form, but this became less apparent over the two-week period. Overall, therefore, there was no clear preference for one treatment type over the other, and both types were consumed equally quickly. After all the pellets had been consumed, some animals were observed licking the bottom of the trough, which contained small amounts of remaining treatment powder. The results are illustrated in Figure 19d.

[0651] findings

[0652] The eager feeding behavior and rapid consumption time suggest high palatability of the treatment and no difference in preference between the two types. The treatment adhered well to the pellet and coated it evenly when mixed with a small amount of water. Example 23 Palatability Testing Using Formulation No. 23, Treatment 6 (4 g Bromoform per liter Oil Composition with Canola Oil)

[0653] Treatment period 6 began with the oil formulation mixed with EasyBeef pellets at a concentration of 25 ml / kg pellet. Treatments were hand-mixed in 2 kg batches to ensure uniform coverage. Animals were fed 16 kg of treated pellets each day of the treatment period. On Day 1, animals were given hay immediately before the treatment pellets were fed, and all but two animals were so busy eating the hay that they did not notice the pellets in the trough. The trough containing the pellets was then moved near the animals. As soon as the animals noticed, all animals moved to the trough, quickly finished the treatment, and returned to consuming hay. The two animals that first ate the pellets ate a disproportionately large amount of the treated pellets and, as a result, lost their appetite the next day and did not eat any pellets. On most days, animals ate all of the pellets fed within 15 minutes, and some bullying by dominant animals was observed. The results are illustrated in Figure 19e.

[0654] findings

[0655] The animals quickly consumed all the food provided each day during the treatment period. From the feeding behavior, it can be safely inferred that the animals were not deterred by the smell or taste of the oil treatment and preferred to eat the coated pellets rather than the provided oat hay. The treatment was well tolerated by the animals, but it is important to note that if the treated pellets were consumed in amounts greater than 3 kg per animal, this tends to result in a decrease in appetite in the following days.

[0656] While preferred embodiments of the present disclosure have been shown and described herein, it will be obvious to those skilled in the art that such embodiments are provided by way of example only. Numerous variations, changes, and substitutions will occur to those skilled in the art without departing from the present disclosure. It should be understood that various alternatives to the embodiments of the present disclosure may be employed in practicing the present disclosure. It is intended that the following claims define the scope of the disclosure, and that methods and structures within the scope of these claims, and their equivalents, be covered thereby. The section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only and should not be construed as limiting the subject matter described.

Claims

1. 1. A consumable composition comprising: (i) a haloalkane; and (ii) one or more medium chain triglycerides (MCTs), wherein the haloalkane comprises 1 to 6 carbons, the MCTs comprise one or more alkyl chains, and at least one of the one or more alkyl chains comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms.

2. A solid consumable composition, wherein the composition comprises (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a protein or milk fat, wherein the protein is a globular protein or a milk protein.

3. A semi-solid consumable composition comprising: (i) a haloalkane; (ii) a stiffening agent; and (iii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT).

4. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a curing agent.

5. 10. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the stiffening agent is a gum, agar, starch, flour or gelatin.

6. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hardening agent is a gum.

7. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hardener comprises gelatin.

8. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hardening agent comprises agar.

9. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, comprising about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% total curing agent.

10. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, comprising about 35 wt% of the curing agent.

11. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, comprising about 25 wt% of the curing agent.

12. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, comprising about 0.001 wt% to about 0.5 wt% of said curing agent.

13. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, comprising about 0.05 wt% to about 0.1 wt% of said curing agent.

14. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a stabilizer.

15. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the stabilizer is a globular protein, a milk protein, or a milk fat.

16. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the stabilizer is a globular protein or a milk protein.

17. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the milk protein is casein.

18. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the globular proteins, the milk proteins, and / or the milk fat are derived from a mammal.

19. An aqueous consumable composition comprising water containing (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), and (iii) a thickener.

20. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the thickening agent comprises a polysaccharide.

21. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the thickening agent comprises a vegetable gum.

22. 10. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the vegetable gum is xanthan gum.

23. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of said thickener to said haloalkane is from about 1:10 to about 1:

5.

24. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the thickener to the haloalkane is from about 1:8 to about 1:

7.

25. 10. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the water containing the thickener has a density greater than the density of water without the thickener.

26. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the water containing the thickener has a density of about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL at 20 degrees Celsius.

27. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein a greater amount of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener compared to water otherwise not containing the thickener.

28. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least 90% more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener compared to water otherwise not containing the thickener.

29. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising one or more emulsifiers.

30. 10. A composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising two emulsifiers.

31. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein one emulsifier of the one or more emulsifiers is a polysorbate.

32. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein one emulsifier of the one or more emulsifiers is a vegetable lecithin (e.g., soybean lecithin, or sunflower lecithin).

33. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of said emulsifier to said MCT is from about 1:1 to about 1:

3.

34. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the emulsifier to the MCT is about 1:

2.

35. An oil-based consumable composition comprising (i) a haloalkane, (ii) a vegetable oil, and (iii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT).

36. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the vegetable oil is a plant oil.

37. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the vegetable oil comprises canola oil.

38. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:

100.

39. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 3:97 to about 10:

90.

40. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 5:

95.

41. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising one or more short chain oils.

42. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the one or more short chain oils are essential oils.

43. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the short chain oil comprises citrus oil or mandarin oil.

44. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising a bioavailability enhancer.

45. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bioavailability enhancer is an emulsifier and / or stabilizer.

46. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bioavailability enhancer comprises a polymer of castor oil.

47. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of said bioavailability enhancer and said MCTs is from about 1:100 to about 10:

100.

48. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, and at least one of the one or more alkyl chains of the MCT comprises 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

49. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the two or more alkyl chains of the MCT contain 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

50. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein each alkyl chain of the MCT contains 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

51. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein each alkyl chain of the MCT independently contains 8 carbon atoms, 10 carbon atoms, or 12 carbon atoms.

52. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MCT is capric triglyceride.

53. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is a solid composition, the composition further comprising a stabilizer, the stabilizer being a globular protein, a milk protein, or a milk fat.

54. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, which is a non-solid (e.g. semi-solid or liquid) composition.

55. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the composition is a semi-solid, the semi-solid being a gel or a jelly.

56. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the MCT to the stabilizer is from about 1:99 to about 10:

90.

57. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of the MCT to the stabilizer is about 5:

95.

58. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of said haloalkane to said MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

59. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ratio of said haloalkane to said MCT is from about 10:90 to about 30:

70.

60. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt% to about 33 wt%.

61. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 7 wt%.

62. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 5 wt%.

63. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, having at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) improved chemical and / or physical stability compared to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer.

64. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein animal consumption is improved by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) compared to an otherwise similar composition without the stabilizer.

65. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein animal consumption is improved by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) compared to an otherwise similar composition that does not contain the vegetable oil.

66. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein animal consumption is improved by at least 20% (e.g., at least 50%, or at least 100%) compared to an otherwise similar composition containing a greater amount of said MCTs.

67. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%.

68. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.001 wt% to about 8 wt%.

69. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 20 wt%.

70. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 3 wt%.

71. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%.

72. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.1 wt% to about 8 wt%.

73. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.10 wt% to about 0.13 wt%.

74. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.25 wt% to about 0.35 wt%.

75. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.36 wt% to about 0.45 wt%.

76. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.5 wt% to about 0.6 wt%.

77. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.75 wt% to about 0.85 wt%.

78. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

79. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 1 wt% to about 20 wt%.

80. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 1 wt% to about 1.5 wt%.

81. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 2.0 wt% to about 3.2 wt%.

82. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 4.5 wt% to about 5 wt%.

83. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.08 wt% to about 3 wt%.

84. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.08 wt% to about 0.15 wt%.

85. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.3 wt% to about 4 wt%.

86. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.7 wt% to about 1 wt%.

87. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 1.3 wt% to about 1.7 wt%.

88. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0002 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

89. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

90. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.002 wt%.

91. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.003 wt% to about 0.008 wt%.

92. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.009 wt% to about 0.05 wt%.

93. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.08 wt%.

94. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0005 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%.

95. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.002 wt% to about 0.005 wt%.

96. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.01 wt% to about 0.03 wt%.

97. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.012 wt%.

98. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0001 wt% to about 0.0005 wt%.

99. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.0006 wt% to about 0.0009 wt%.

100. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the concentration of the haloalkane is from about 0.001 wt% to about 0.007 wt%.

101. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the haloalkane is bromoform.

102. 10. The composition of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass.

103. 1. A method for preparing an oily consumable composition for a ruminant, comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a solvent; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition with MCT to form a second composition; (c) combining at least a portion of said second composition with a vegetable oil to form said oil-based consumable composition. A method comprising:

104. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the haloalkane is at least partially soluble in the solvent.

105. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the solvent comprises ethanol.

106. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the vegetable oil comprises canola oil.

107. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein prior to (b), a short chain oil is combined with the first composition.

108. 1. A method for preparing an aqueous consumable composition for a ruminant, comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium chain triglyceride (MCT); (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition and a second composition to form a third composition, the second composition comprising (i) water and (ii) a thickener, an emulsifier, or both; and (c) agitating said third composition to form said aqueous consumable composition. A method comprising:

109. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second composition comprises the thickener and the emulsifier.

110. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the emulsifier is a polysorbate.

111. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the thickening agent comprises a vegetable gum (e.g., xanthan gum).

112. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the water has a density higher than the density of water without the thickening agent.

113. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the water has a density of about 1.01 g / mL to about 1.06 g / mL at 20 degrees Celsius.

114. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein a greater amount of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener.

115. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least 90% more of the haloalkane is suspended throughout the water containing the thickener compared to water without the thickener.

116. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein in (c), the agitating step comprises mixing, sonicating, or both.

117. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein in (c), the agitating step comprises sonication.

118. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the aqueous consumable composition is a high energy emulsion.

119. 1. A method for preparing a semi-solid or solid composition for ruminants, comprising: (a) providing (i) a first composition comprising a haloalkane and a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), (ii) a second composition comprising a protein, which is a globular protein or a milk protein, or a milk fat, and optionally (iii) a third composition comprising a stiffening agent; (b) combining at least a portion of the first composition, at least a portion of the second composition, and optionally at least a portion of the third composition to form a fourth composition; and (c) milling the fourth composition to produce a semi-solid or solid composition. A method comprising:

120. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising, prior to (a), providing a composition comprising a haloalkane and a short chain oil.

121. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least a portion of the composition comprising the haloalkane and the short chain oil is combined with the first composition.

122. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising, before (c), chopping the fourth composition.

123. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising, prior to (c), evaporating at least a portion of a liquid phase from the fourth composition.

124. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein at least about 95% of the aqueous phase is evaporated.

125. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the evaporating step comprises heating the fourth composition at a temperature of approximately about 130 degrees Celsius.

126. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the evaporating step comprises heating the fourth composition at a temperature of from about 20 degrees Celsius to about 45 degrees Celsius.

127. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the evaporating step comprising heating comprises spray drying.

128. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein up to about 10 wt% of the haloalkane is vaporized during the vaporizing step.

129. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein up to about 5 wt% of the haloalkane is vaporized during the vaporizing step.

130. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein (a) comprises providing the third composition and (b) comprises combining the third composition.

131. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the hardening agent is agar or gelatin.

132. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising the step of cooling the fourth composition.

133. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MCT comprises one or more alkyl chains, and the one or more alkyl chains of the MCT comprise 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

134. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the two or more alkyl chains of the MCT contain 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

135. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein each alkyl chain of the MCT contains 6 to 12 carbon atoms (e.g., 10 carbon atoms).

136. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the MCT is capric triglyceride.

137. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the haloalkane is bromoform.

138. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass.

139. 1. A method for reducing methane emissions from ruminant animals, comprising: a. providing a consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims; b. optionally diluting the consumable composition in feed or water for the ruminant; and c. administering said consumable composition to said ruminant. wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant not administered the consumable composition.

140. 1. A method for reducing methane emissions from ruminant animals, comprising: a. providing a consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims; b. diluting the consumable composition in feed or water for the ruminant; and c. administering said consumable composition to said ruminant. wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant not administered the consumable composition.

141. 1. A method for reducing methane emissions from ruminant animals, comprising: a. A method comprising the step of administering a consumable composition to the ruminant, wherein the volume of methane emitted by the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more (e.g., about 60% or more, 75% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more, 99% or more) compared to the volume of methane emitted by a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

142. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 75% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

143. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 90% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

144. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 95% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

145. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 99% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

146. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 40% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

147. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 60% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

148. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volume of methane emitted from the ruminant is reduced by about 80% or more compared to the volume of methane emitted from a similarly situated ruminant that is not administered the consumable composition.

149. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volumetric rate of methane emitted by the ruminant per day varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 7 days compared to a similarly situated ruminant not administered the consumable composition.

150. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the volumetric rate of methane emitted by the ruminant per day varies by up to about 60% over a period of at least 14 days compared to a similarly situated ruminant not administered the consumable composition.

151. 1. A method for using an oily consumer composition, comprising: a. providing an oily consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims; and b. Diluting the oily consumable composition in or on ruminant feed or water. A method comprising:

152. 1. A method for using an aqueous consumable composition, comprising: a. providing an aqueous consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims; and b. Diluting the aqueous consumable composition in or on ruminant feed or water. A method comprising:

153. 1. A method for using a semi-solid consumable composition, comprising: a. providing a semi-solid consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims; and b. Diluting the semi-solid consumable composition in or on ruminant feed or water. A method comprising:

154. 1. A method for using a solid consumable composition, comprising: a. providing a solid consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims; and b. Diluting the solid consumable composition in or on ruminant feed or water. A method comprising:

155. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising the step of (c) administering the feed or the water comprising the consumable composition to a ruminant.

156. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the consumable composition is diluted in the bait.

157. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the step of diluting in the bait comprises coating the bait with the consumable composition.

158. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the consumable composition is diluted with the water.

159. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bait is a bolus.

160. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the food is a food pellet.

161. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the feed is a mixed feed.

162. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the food is a mineral mix.

163. 10. The method according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the feed is a mixed feed containing a mineral mix.

164. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the bait is a salt block.

165. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the water is contained in a trough.

166. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ruminant is on pasture.

167. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the ruminant is in a feedlot.

168. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein about 0.5 g to about 250 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of the feed.

169. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein about 0.5 g to about 25 g of the consumable composition is diluted in about 1 kg of the feed.

170. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the consumable composition is diluted in water or a gel.

171. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the consumable composition is combined with water.

172. 10. A consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a salt block.

173. 10. A consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising molasses.

174. 10. A consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a tablet.

175. 10. A consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a bait.

176. 10. A consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising pellets.

177. 10. A consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a bolus.

178. 10. A consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a mixed feed.

179. 10. A consumable composition according to any one of the preceding claims, comprising a mineral mix.

180. 1. A method for reducing methane emissions from ruminant animals by about 30% or more, comprising: (a) providing a first composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in said first composition is from about 0.01 wt % to about 20 wt %, and wherein said bromoform is not derived from biomass; (b) providing a first orally consumable product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water), wherein said first orally consumable product is suitable for oral ingestion by said ruminant; (c) optionally placing the first orally consumable product and / or the first composition into a first container, wherein the container has a volume of at least 10 mL; (d) combining an amount of the first composition with the first orally consumable product, such that the first composition is coated on the first orally consumable product, dispersed within the first orally consumable product, or a combination thereof, to form a second composition, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the second composition is from about 0.0001 wt % to about 1 wt %; (e) optionally placing the second composition in a second container to retain the mass of the second composition (e.g., the volume of the second container is sufficient for presentation to the ruminant); (f) providing a first portion of the second composition to the ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the second composition is orally ingested by the ruminant; (g) providing a third composition comprising bromoform, wherein the concentration of bromoform in said third composition is from about 0.01 wt % to about 20 wt %, and said bromoform is not derived from biomass; (h) providing a second orally consumable product (e.g., feed, bolus, salt block, or water), wherein said second orally consumable product is suitable for oral ingestion by said ruminant; (i) optionally placing the second orally consumable product and / or the third composition into a third container, wherein the volume of the container is at least 10 mL; (j) combining an amount of the third composition with the second orally consumable product, such that the third composition is coated on the second orally consumable product, dispersed within the second orally consumable product, or a combination thereof, to form a fourth composition, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the fourth composition is from about 0.0001 wt % to about 1 wt %; (k) optionally placing the fourth composition in a second container to retain the mass of the second composition (e.g., the volume of the fourth container is sufficient for presentation to the ruminant); (l) providing a first portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant in a manner such that all or a portion of the first portion of the fourth composition is orally ingested by the ruminant, wherein the period between (f) and (l) is from about 1 day to about 1 year (e.g., about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months); and (m) optionally repeating (a)-(f) or (g)-(l) one or more times, thereby reducing methane emissions from said ruminant animal by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least one week, at least one month, at least six months, at least one year). A method comprising:

181. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein methane emissions from a ruminant animal are reduced by about 30% or more compared to a ruminant animal in the same or similar condition provided with the same or similar orally consumable product (e.g., the first orally consumable product or the second orally consumable product) in the absence of the first composition or the third composition.

182. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first composition and the third composition are the same.

183. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first composition and the third composition are different.

184. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second composition and the fourth composition are the same.

185. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second composition and the fourth composition are different.

186. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second container and the fourth container are the same.

187. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the second container and the fourth container are different.

188. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first container and the third container are the same.

189. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first container and the third container are different.

190. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising providing a second portion of the second composition to the ruminant at a second time point (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months) after administration of the first portion of the second composition, such that the second portion of the second composition is orally ingested by the ruminant.

191. 10. The method of any one of the preceding claims, further comprising providing a second portion of the fourth composition to the ruminant at a second time point (e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 1 week, about 1 month, about 6 months) after administration of the first portion of the fourth composition, such that the second portion of the fourth composition is orally ingested by the ruminant.

192. 10. The method of any preceding claim, wherein (a)-(f) are repeated one or more times, whereby methane emissions from the ruminant animal are reduced by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least one week, at least one month, at least six months, at least one year).

193. 10. The method of any preceding claim, wherein (g)-(l) are repeated one or more times, thereby reducing methane emissions from the ruminant animal by about 30% or more over a period of time (e.g., at least one week, at least one month, at least six months, at least one year).

194. 1. A solid or semi-solid consumable composition for methane reduction in ruminants, comprising: (i) bromoform; (ii) medium chain triglycerides (MCTs); and (iii) a stabilizer, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass; the concentration of the haloalkanoate in the composition is from about 0.0002 wt % to about 20 wt %; the stabilizer is a milk protein, a globular protein, or a milk fat; the concentration of the MCTs in the composition is from about 0.01 wt % to about 33 wt %; and the concentration of the stabilizer in the composition is from about 5 wt % to about 45 wt %.

195. 195. The composition of claim 194, further comprising a curing agent.

196. 196. The composition of claim 195, wherein the hardening agent is gelatin or agar.

197. 200. The composition of claim 195, comprising about 20 wt% to about 40 wt% of the curing agent.

198. 200. The composition of claim 197, comprising about 25 wt% to about 35 wt% of the curing agent.

199. 195. The composition of claim 194, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

200. 200. The composition of claim 199, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 10:90 to about 30:

70.

201. 195. The composition of claim 194, wherein the ratio of MCT to stabilizer is from about 1:99 to about 10:

90.

202. 195. The composition of claim 194, wherein the stabilizer is derived from a dairy material.

203. 203. The composition of claim 202, wherein the dairy material comprises milk powder.

204. 195. The composition of claim 194, which is a concentrate.

205. 205. The composition of claim 204, which is a solid.

206. 205. The composition of claim 204, which is semi-solid.

207. The composition of claim 204, wherein the concentration of bromoform in the composition is from about 1 wt % to about 20 wt %.

208. 195. The composition of claim 194, comprising bait.

209. The composition of claim 208, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0005 wt % to about 0.08 wt %.

210. 210. The composition of claim 209, which is a solid.

211. 210. The composition of claim 209, which is semi-solid.

212. 209. The composition of claim 208, wherein the feed comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

213. 202. A method for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, comprising providing the ruminant with the consumable composition of claim 194.

214. 214. The method of claim 213, further comprising combining the consumable composition with a feed prior to providing the consumable composition to the ruminant.

215. 215. The method of claim 214, wherein the feed comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

216. 1. An aqueous consumable composition for methane reduction in ruminants, comprising: (i) bromoform; (ii) medium chain triglycerides (MCTs); (iii) a thickener; and (iv) water, wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass, and the concentration of the bromoform in the composition is from about 0.0001 wt % to about 3 wt %, and the concentration of the MCTs in the composition is from about 0.01 wt % to about 33 wt %.

217. 217. The composition of claim 216, further comprising one or more emulsifiers.

218. 218. The composition of claim 217, wherein one emulsifier of the one or more emulsifiers is a polysorbate.

219. 218. The composition of claim 217, wherein the ratio of the one or more emulsifiers to the MCT is from about 1:1 to about 1:

3.

220. 220. The composition of claim 219, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

221. The composition of claim 220, wherein the ratio of the thickening agent to the bromoform is from about 1:10 to about 1:

5.

222. 217. The composition of claim 216, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

223. 223. The composition of claim 222, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 10:90 to about 30:

70.

224. The composition of claim 216, wherein the ratio of the thickening agent to the bromoform is from about 1:10 to about 1:

5.

225. 225. The composition of claim 224, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

226. 217. The composition of claim 216, which is a concentrate.

227. The composition of claim 226, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.08 wt % to about 3 wt %.

228. The composition of claim 226, which is a liquid.

229. The composition of claim 228, wherein the semi-solid is a gel or jelly.

230. 227. The composition of claim 226, further comprising one or more emulsifiers.

231. 231. The composition of claim 230, wherein one emulsifier of the one or more emulsifiers is a polysorbate.

232. The composition of claim 216, comprising bait.

233. 233. The composition of claim 232, wherein the feed comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

234. The composition of claim 232, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.0001 wt % to about 0.012 wt %.

235. 217. The composition of claim 216, wherein the thickener comprises a vegetable gum.

236. The composition of claim 216, wherein the concentration of the MCT in the composition is from about 0.03 wt% to about 7 wt%.

237. The composition of claim 216, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.1 wt% to about 3 wt%.

238. 217. A method for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, comprising providing to the ruminant a consumable composition of claim 216. A method comprising:

239. The composition of claim 218, wherein the concentration of the emulsifier is from about 0.005 wt% to about 3 wt%.

240. The composition of claim 235, wherein the concentration of the vegetable gum is from about 0.01 wt% to about 5 wt%.

241. 217. The composition of claim 216, wherein each alkyl chain of the MCT contains 6 to 12 carbon atoms.

242. 1. An oily consumable composition for methane reduction in ruminants, comprising: (i) bromoform; (ii) a vegetable oil; and (iii) a medium chain triglyceride (MCT), wherein the bromoform is not derived from biomass, and the concentration of the bromoform in the composition is from about 0.001 wt % to about 8 wt %, and the concentration of the MCT in the composition is from about 0.01 wt % to about 33 wt %.

243. 243. The composition of claim 242, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

244. The composition of claim 243, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 10:90 to about 30:

70.

245. The composition of claim 242, wherein the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 1:100 to about 50:

100.

246. 243. The composition of claim 242, wherein the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is from about 3:97 to about 10:

90.

247. 247. The composition of claim 246, wherein the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 5:

95.

248. The composition of claim 246, wherein the ratio of bromoform to MCT is from about 1:99 to about 1:

1.

249. 243. The composition of claim 242, wherein the vegetable oil is a plant oil.

250. 250. The composition of claim 249, wherein the vegetable oil comprises canola oil.

251. 243. The composition of claim 242, further comprising an essential oil.

252. 243. The composition of claim 242, further comprising water.

253. 253. The composition of claim 252, wherein the ratio of water to vegetable oil is about 5:

95.

254. 254. The composition of claim 253, wherein the ratio of MCT to vegetable oil is about 5:

95.

255. 243. The composition of claim 242, which is a concentrate.

256. The composition of claim 255, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.1 wt % to about 1.7 wt %.

257. The composition of claim 242, comprising bait.

258. 258. The composition of claim 257, wherein the feed comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

259. The composition of claim 257, wherein the concentration of bromoform is from about 0.001 wt % to about 0.08 wt %.

260. 243. A method for reducing methane emissions from a ruminant, comprising providing the ruminant with the consumable composition of claim 242.

261. 261. The method of claim 260, further comprising combining the consumable composition with a feed prior to providing the consumable composition to the ruminant.

262. 262. The method of claim 261, wherein the feed comprises a pellet, a bolus, a complete mixed feed, a salt block, or a mineral mix.

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