L-fucose and D-galactose for use in treating infectious diseases

Abstract

The present invention provides a composition comprising D-galactose and L-fucose for use in treating or preventing infectious diseases in individuals.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to a composition comprising D-galactose and L-fucose for use in the treatment or prevention of infectious diseases in an individual. In particular, the present invention relates to an improved pharmaceutical composition comprising D-galactose and L-fucose for treating or preventing infectious diseases in an individual.

Background Art

[0002] Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium frequently found in hospitalized patients in intensive care units and patients with a suppressed immune system, but this bacterium is particularly dangerous for patients with chronic lung diseases. Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes severe and often life-threatening infectious diseases such as pneumonia, wound infections, otitis externa infections, and bloodstream infections. Infections caused by this pathogen are often severe and life-threatening, but currently antibiotics are the only treatment option. Antibiotic treatment is known to cause various side effects. Moreover, due to increasing antibiotic resistance, the World Health Organization has listed Pseudomonas aeruginosa as one of the top three candidates requiring new treatment methods. Since there is no effective treatment option for antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections, alternative treatment strategies are urgently needed.

[0003] Pseudomonas aeruginosa infects human cells by secreting two lectins, lectin A (PA-IL or LecA) and lectin B (PA-IIL or LecB) (Gilboa-Garber (1982) Methods Enzymol. 83:378-3), which facilitate the infection process by binding to specific sugars in glycocalyx and specific sugars in extracellular matrix glycoproteins (Gilboa-Garber and Garber (1989) FEMS Microbiol Rev. 5:211-211; Adam et al. (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155:2102-2104). Lectin A is specific to D-galactose, while lectin B is specific to L-fucose. Both lectins inhibit the pulsation of cilia in the airways, which promotes the spread of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the airways and lungs (Adam et al. (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 155:2102-2104, Mewe et al. (2005) J Laryngol Otol. 119(8):595-9). Furthermore, both lectins contribute to bacterial quorum sensing and biofilm formation (Winzer et al. (2000) J Bacteriol. 182:6401-6411), highlighting the importance of these pathogenic factors.

[0004] Blocking Pseudomonas aeruginosa adhesion by externally adding specific sugars has been tested and is a potential alternative to standard antimicrobial therapy. If these pathogens cannot adhere to human cells and the matrix via lectins, they are eliminated by nonspecific antimicrobial mechanisms. This approach has been shown to work clinically (von Bismarck et al. (2001) Klin Padiatr. 213:285-287; Hauber et al (2008) Int J Med Sci. 5:371-376). For this purpose, the two specific sugars mentioned above, D-galactose and L-fucose, are typically administered in aqueous solution form.

[0005] However, this form of treatment is not widely used, has not received regulatory approval, and is not commercially accepted. This is likely due to the fact that aqueous compositions containing D-galactose and L-fucose become ineffective over time.

[0006] Sugar-specific lectins can distinguish between the alpha and beta configurations of sugars (Ghazarian et al. (2011) Acta Histochem. 113:236-247). When sugars in solid form are dissolved in solution, a thermodynamic equilibrium is established over time between the alpha, beta, and linear configurations of the sugar.

[0007] Therefore, there is still a need for improved pharmaceutical compositions containing D-galactose and L-fucose, and for their use in the treatment of infections in individuals, particularly for the treatment and prevention of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in individuals. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0008] [Non-Patent Document 1] Gilboa-Garber (1982) Methods Enzymol.83:378-3 [Non-Patent Document 2] Gilboa-Garber and Garber (1989) FEMS Microbiol Rev.5:211-211 [Non-Patent Document 3] Adam et al. (1997) Am J Respir Crit Care Med.155:2102-2104 [Non-Patent Document 4] Mewe et al. (2005) J Laryngol Otol. 119(8):595-9 [Non-Patent Document 5] Winzer et al.(2000)J Bacteriol.182:6401-6411 [Non-Patent Document 6] von Bismarck et al.(2001)Klin Padiatr.213:285-287 [Non-Patent Document 7] Hauber et al (2008) Int J Med Sci.5:371-376 [Non-Patent Document 8] Ghazarian et al.(2011)Acta Histochem.113:236-247 [Overview of the project]

[0009] In one embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising D-galactose and L-fucose for use in treating or preventing infectious diseases in an individual, which is administered to the individual in solid form, preferably as a powder.

[0010] In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising D-galactose and L-fucose for use in the treatment or prevention of an infectious disease in an individual, wherein the composition is administered to the individual in liquid form, and the liquid composition is prepared by mixing D-galactose and L-fucose, which are in solid form, with a liquid within 3 hours prior to administration of the composition to the individual.

[0011] The present invention also provides a composition comprising D-galactose for use in the treatment or prevention of infectious diseases in an individual, wherein the treatment comprises administering D-galactose and L-fucose in solid form, preferably as a powder, or as a liquid composition prepared within 3 hours prior to administration of the composition to the individual.

[0012] In a related embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising L-fucose for use in the treatment or prevention of an infection in an individual, wherein the treatment comprises administering D-galactose and L-fucose in solid form, preferably as a powder, or as a liquid composition prepared within 3 hours prior to administration of the composition to the individual.

[0013] The above-mentioned compositions of the present invention, for use in the treatment or prevention of infectious diseases in individuals, preferably contain beta-type D-galactose and alpha-type L-fucose.

[0014] The present invention also provides a container comprising the above-mentioned solid composition, preferably a powder, and having an opening for administering the solid composition to a patient.

[0015] In one embodiment, each container comprises two compartments and means for distributing the contents of each compartment, wherein one compartment contains a liquid and the other compartment contains the solid composition, and the container comprises means for mixing the solid composition with the liquid.

[0016] In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a dressing, bandage, or adhesive plaster comprising the above composition, which can be applied directly to an infected site.

[0017] Furthermore, the present invention also provides devices such as inhalers or nebulizers for delivering the above-mentioned compositions to the patient's airways, including the nose and sinuses, and / or lungs. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0018] The present invention provides a composition comprising D-galactose and L-fucose for use in the treatment or prevention of infectious diseases in an individual, wherein the composition is in the form of a solid, such as a powder, or is a liquid composition prepared by mixing D-galactose and L-fucose in solid form with a liquid within 3 hours prior to administration of the composition to an individual.

[0019] Although not bound by theory, the present invention is based on the observation that in aqueous solution, D-galactose and L-fucose undergo mutarotation, which rapidly converts a significant amount of the sugar into the unbound conformation. Thus, mutarotation reduces the effective concentration of each sugar in a particular configuration. As a result, prior art compositions for treating microbial infections containing D-galactose and L-fucose were partially ineffective and, in fact, inactivated during storage.

[0020] As far as the present invention relates to a composition comprising D-galactose and L-fucose for use in the treatment or prevention of an infection in an individual, which is a liquid composition prepared by mixing D-galactose and L-fucose in solid form with a liquid to obtain the composition, it is prepared within 3 hours before administration of the composition to the individual, preferably within 2 hours, 1.5 hours, 1 hour or 30 minutes before administration of the composition to the individual.

[0021] The composition of the present invention for use in the treatment or prevention of an infection in an individual can be administered using D-galactose at any concentration relative to L-fucose. Preferably, the relative concentration of D-galactose to L-fucose is in the range of 1:10000 to 10000:1, preferably 1:1.

[0022] As far as the composition of the present invention for use in the treatment or prevention of an infection in an individual is a solid composition, the amount of D-galactose is preferably in the range of 0.001 mg to 10 g per 1 cm 2 of the application site, and the amount of L-fucose is in the range of 0.001 mg to 10 g per 1 cm 2 of the application site, preferably, the amount of D-galactose in the solid composition is 0.02 g per 1 cm 2 of the application site, and the amount of L-fucose in the solid composition is 0.02 g per 1 cm 2 of the application site.

[0023] Insofar as the composition of the present invention is inhaled for use in the treatment or prevention of infectious diseases in an individual, the composition is in the form of a solid, the dose of D-galactose per inhalation is in the range of 0.001 mg to 5.0 g, the dose of L-fucose per inhalation is in the range of 0.001 mg to 5.0 g, preferably the dose of D-galactose per inhalation is 0.1 g, and the amount of L-fucose applied per inhalation is 0.1 g. In this embodiment, it is even more preferable that the solid consists of particles smaller than 50 μm, preferably particles smaller than 30 μm, for example particles smaller than 15 μm, and most preferably particles smaller than 10 μm.

[0024] Insofar as the composition of the present invention for use in the treatment or prevention of infectious diseases in individuals is a liquid composition, the concentration of D-galactose in the liquid composition is in the range of 0.001 mM to 3.0 M, and the concentration of L-fucose in the liquid composition is in the range of 0.001 mM to 3.0 M, preferably the concentration of D-galactose in the liquid composition is 0.15 M, and the concentration of L-fucose in the liquid composition is 0.15 M.

[0025] This composition can be used for the treatment or prevention of infectious diseases in general, particularly bacterial infections, and most preferably for the treatment or prevention of infections suspected to be caused by microorganisms expressing D-galactose-binding lectin or L-fucose-binding lectin, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Further pathogens expressing D-galactose-binding lectins or L-fucose-binding lectins are listed in the table below. [Table 1]

[0026] In one embodiment, the composition of the present invention, for use in treating or preventing infectious diseases in individuals, is administered topically.

[0027] Various infectious diseases can be treated with the compositions of the present invention, including respiratory tract infections, such as respiratory tract infections in patients with cystic fibrosis, ear, nose, and throat infections, such as otitis externa, skin infections, dermatitis, wound infections, urinary tract infections, catheter-related infections, osteomyelitis, implant-related infections, eye infections, surgical site infections, or joint infections.

[0028] As described above, the core aspect of the present invention is to transition D-galactose and L-fucose from a stable aggregated state or administration form (solid) to an unstable aggregated state or administration form (dissolved in liquid) immediately before administration, that is, immediately before or during administration to a patient.

[0029] In particular, the compositions of the present invention can be administered as powders, aerosols, liquid compositions of various viscosities, such as gels or ointments, or administration of the compositions may include inhaling the compositions.

[0030] In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a container comprising the above-mentioned solid composition, preferably a powder, and having an opening for administering the solid composition to a patient.

[0031] The alternative container provided by the present invention may comprise two compartments and means for distributing the contents of each compartment, wherein one compartment contains a liquid and the other compartment contains the solid composition described in any one of the claims, and the container comprises means for mixing the solid composition with the liquid. These containers are used in a method comprising mixing D-galactose and L-fucose with a liquid within 3 hours prior to administration, preferably within 2 hours, 1.5 hours, 1 hour, 30 minutes prior to administration, or during administration of the composition.

[0032] The present invention also provides a dressing, bandage, or adhesive plaster containing the above composition, which can be applied directly to the site of infection.

[0033] Finally, the present invention provides a device such as an inhaler or nebulizer for delivering the above composition to a patient's lungs.

[0034] In a further embodiment, the present invention provides a method for treating or preventing an infectious disease in an individual, comprising preparing a liquid composition comprising D-galactose and L-fucose, wherein the composition is prepared by mixing D-galactose and L-fucose in solid form with a liquid within 3 hours prior to administering the composition to the individual in liquid form.

[0035] In another embodiment, the present invention provides a method for preparing a pharmaceutical composition comprising D-galactose and L-fucose, wherein the composition is prepared by mixing D-galactose and L-fucose in solid form with a liquid within 3 hours prior to administering the composition to a solid in liquid form. The order in which the components are mixed is not important. D-galactose can be mixed with L-fucose, and then the combination can be mixed with a liquid.

[0036] In these methods of the present invention, the step of treating or preventing an infection in an individual includes administering D-galactose and L-fucose to the individual.

[0037] In the method of the present invention, the composition is a liquid composition prepared by mixing D-galactose and L-fucose in solid form with a liquid within 2 hours, 1.5 hours, 1 hour, or 30 minutes before administering the composition to an individual. In this method, D-galactose in beta-anomer form and L-fucose in alpha-anomer form are preferably used.

[0038] The relative concentrations and amounts of D-galactose used in these methods relative to L-fucose are preferably within the ranges shown above.

[0039] This method is suitable for treating infectious diseases in individuals in general, and is preferably used to treat or prevent infections suspected to be caused by microorganisms expressing L-fucose-binding lectins or D-galactose-binding lectins, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

[0040] Examples of infections treated by the method of the present invention include cystic fibrosis, ear, nose, and throat infections such as otitis externa, skin infections, dermatitis, wound infections, urinary tract infections, catheter-related infections, osteomyelitis, implant-related infections, eye infections, surgical site infections, or joint infections.

[0041] This method may include topical administration of the composition.

[0042] As one option, a method for treating or preventing infections in an individual involves transforming a composition into a different aggregated state or form before administration.

[0043] definition Unless otherwise noted, terms should be understood in accordance with the ordinary usage of those skilled in the art in the relevant field.

[0044] As used herein, the term “sugar” includes soluble carbohydrates, such as monosaccharides like glucose, fucose, and galactose; disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides, which consist of two or more monosaccharides chemically linked by glycosidic bonds, such as sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

[0045] As used herein, the term "anomeric" refers to the alpha-(α-)anomeric or beta-(β-)anomeric configuration of the anomeric center of a sugar molecule. This refers to the stereocenter that determines the absolute configuration of a biological molecule. This term refers to the overall three-dimensional structure of a carbohydrate, arising from its basic molecular structure.

[0046] As used herein, "mutarotation" refers to the interconversion between different diastereomers (anomers) of monosaccharides in aqueous solution. In aqueous solution, monosaccharides generally exist as an equilibrium mixture of different anomers.

[0047] The term “approximately” is used to indicate that a value includes the standard deviation of the error of the apparatus or method used to determine that value. The use of the term “or” in the claims is used to mean “and / or” unless it is explicitly indicated that it refers only to alternative options, or that the alternative options are mutually exclusive. However, this disclosure supports both the definition referring only to alternative options and the definition referring to “and / or.” Where used in the claims with the word “comprising” (including, comprising) or other open language, “a” and “an” (one) mean “one or more” unless specifically noted. The terms “comprise” (including), “have” (have), and “include” (including) are open-ended linking verbs. Any one or more forms or tenses of these verbs, such as “comprises,” “comprising,” “has,” “having,” “includes,” and “including,” are also open-ended. For example, any method that "comprises," "has," or "includes" one or more processes is not limited to having only those one or more processes, but also includes other processes that are not enumerated. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0048] [Figure 1] This image illustrates a negative control of human respiratory epithelium at time 0. No lectins were applied. No red staining is observed. [Figure 2]This shows the binding of PA-IIL to human respiratory epithelium at time zero (0). 5 μg / ml PA-IIL was applied to the tissue. PA-IIL binding in cilia can be observed by a considerable amount of red colored product. [Figure 3] This shows the inhibition of PA-IIL binding to human respiratory epithelium by L-fucose at time zero (0). 5 μg / ml PA-IIL was incubated with freshly dissolved 0.01 mM L-fucose. PA-IIL lectin binding in cilia was abolished by L-fucose, as demonstrated by the absence of a red coloration product. [Figure 4] The study showed that L-fucose reduced inhibition of PA-IIL binding to human respiratory epithelium after 12 hours of incubation. 0.01 mM L-fucose was dissolved in water, stored in water for 12 hours, and then incubated with 5 μg / ml PA-IIL. PA-IIL lectin binding in cilia was not completely eliminated by L-fucose, as evidenced by the faintly present red coloration of the product. [Figure 5] After 24 hours of incubation, L-fucose did not inhibit PA-IIL binding to human respiratory epithelium. 0.01 mM L-fucose was dissolved in water, stored in water for 24 hours, and then incubated with 5 μg / ml PA-IIL. PA-IIL lectin binding in cilia was not abolished by L-fucose, as demonstrated by the red coloration of the product. [Figure 6] This shows the binding of PA-IL to human respiratory epithelium at time zero (0). 5 μg / ml PA-IL was applied to the tissue. PA-IL binding in the cilia and the mucus layer surrounding the cilia can be seen by a considerable amount of red staining product. Some epithelial cells are also stained. [Figure 7]This shows the inhibition of PA-IL binding to human respiratory epithelium by D-galactose at time zero (0). 5 μg / ml PA-IL was incubated with freshly dissolved 0.0375 mM D-galactose. PA-IL lectin binding in cilia was abolished by D-galactose, as demonstrated by the absence of a red coloration product. [Figure 8] After 80 minutes of incubation, the inhibition of PA-IL binding to human respiratory epithelium by D-galactose was reduced. 0.0375 mM D-galactose was dissolved in water, stored in water for 80 minutes, and then incubated with 5 μg / ml PA-IL. PA-IL lectin binding in cilia was significantly reduced by D-galactose, as demonstrated by the faintly present red coloration of the product, but it did not completely disappear.

[0049] Examples The present invention will be further illustrated below by examples. These examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the present invention.

[0050] material and method Histochemical analysis of PA lectin binding to human respiratory epithelium Tissue preparation and histological staining of lectins have already been described (Schreiber et al. (2014) Anticancer Res. 34(12):7045-53). 5 μm thick human airway epithelial sections were mounted on Adhesion Micro Slides (Histo Bond®; Marienfeld GmbH, Lauda-Königshofen, Germany). The slides were deparaffinized and rehydrated in a series of steps from ethanol to distilled water. Lectin histochemical staining was performed with and without compositions containing either L-fucose and biotinylated PA-IIL lectin or D-galactose and biotinylated PA-IIL lectin (Mewe et al. (2005) J Laryngol Otol. 119(8):595-9). Deparaffinized sections were incubated for a short time in lectin buffer (LB) (adjusted to pH 7.6) consisting of Tris-buffered saline (TBS contains Trisma base, 50 mM Tris; Sigma, Steinheim, Germany) in distilled water supplemented with 1% MgCl2 and 1% CaCl2 (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany), sodium chloride (150 mM; JTBaker, Deventer, Netherlands), and hydrochloric acid (Merck, Darmstadt, Germany). The sections were then treated with 0.1% trypsin (Biochrom KG, Berlin, Germany) dissolved in LB and incubated at 37°C for 10 minutes. To stop the digestion of the sections by trypsin, the sections were washed under running tap water for 5 minutes. Next, the sections were washed three times with LB (for 5 minutes each) and incubated in a humid chamber at room temperature for 30 minutes with and without a composition containing either L-fucose and biotinylated PA-IIL (5 μg / ml) or D-galactose and biotinylated PA-IIL (5 μg / ml). Following this step, the sections were washed three times with TBS (for 5 minutes each). Subsequently, the sections were incubated with alkaline phosphatase streptavidin complex (Vectastain® ABC-Kit; Vector Laboratories) in a humid chamber for 30 minutes.Finally, after washing three times in TBS (5 minutes each time), the sections were transferred to a visualization mixture containing naphthol-AS-biphosphate, hexatozised new fuchsin, dimethylformamide, and Zween 20 (all from Sigma-Aldrich Chemies, Darmstadt, Germany), and left in the dark for 20 minutes to visualize the enzymatic reactivity. To stop the enzymatic reaction, the sections were washed under running tap water (7 minutes) and then transferred to distilled water (2 minutes). Counterstaining was performed using Meyer's Hemalam (Merck). The sections were dehydrated and then covered with coverslips using a resinous permanent mounting medium (Eukitt, Kindler GmbH, Freiburg, Germany). The slides were first evaluated using a ZEISS Axiophot2 microscope (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany). Digital images were obtained using a ZEISS Axio Scan Z1 slide scanner equipped with a ZEISS EC Plan-Neofluar 20x / 0.50 Pol M27 objective lens (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany) and a 1600×1200 pixel Hitachi HV-F20SCL camera (Hitachi Kokusai Electric America Ltd., New York, USA). ZEISS ZEN 2.3 software was used for image acquisition (Carl Zeiss, Jena, Germany). The images were further processed using netScope Viewer software (Net-Base Software, Freiburg, Germany).

[0051] Relationship between the lectin-blocking efficacy of sugar solutions and storage time PA-IIL blocking efficacy of L-fucose: For the PA-IIL blockade experiment, a 10 μg / ml PA-IIL solution dissolved in LB was incubated 1:1 with a newly prepared L-fucose solution (Merck) for 30 minutes to obtain a final 5 μg / ml PA-IIL solution, which was then applied to the tissue sections. The final concentration of dissolved L-fucose ranged from 0.16 mM to 0.01 mM L-fucose.

[0052] To analyze the loss of L-fucose activity that blocks PA-IIL tissue binding in relation to storage time as an aqueous solution, L-fucose was dissolved in water and stored for different periods (0 minutes, 40 minutes, 80 minutes, 160 minutes, 320 minutes, and 12 and 24 hours). After storage, L-fucose was mixed with PA-IIL solution and used to incubate human respiratory epithelial tissue samples as described above.

[0053] PA-IL blocking effect by D-galactose: For the PA-IL blockade experiment, a 10 μg / ml PA-IL solution dissolved in LB was incubated 1:1 with a newly prepared D-galactose solution (Merck, Darmstadt) for 30 minutes to obtain a final 5 μg / ml PA-IL solution, which was then applied to the sections. The final concentration of dissolved D-galactose ranged from 0.3 mM to 0.0375 mM D-galactose.

[0054] To analyze the loss of D-galactose activity that blocks PA-IL tissue binding in relation to storage time as an aqueous solution, D-galactose was dissolved in water and stored for different periods (0 minutes, 40 minutes, 80 minutes, 160 minutes, 320 minutes, and 12 and 24 hours). After storage, D-galactose was mixed with PA-IL solution and used to incubate human respiratory epithelial tissue samples as described above.

[0055] The time-dependent decrease in lectin-blocking efficacy by each specific sugar dissolved in solution. Reduction in PA-IIL blocking efficacy due to L-fucose: The PA-IIL blocking efficacy of aqueous solutions containing L-fucose was analyzed in relation to the storage time after dissolving L-fucose in aqueous solution. Maximum activity was detected when L-fucose was added to PA-IIL immediately after dissolving it in water. Newly prepared L-fucose solutions exhibited significant blocking activity, but this decreased significantly over time and completely disappeared after 24 hours of storage. Representative results are shown in Figures 1-5.

[0056] This proof-of-principle experiment demonstrates that while L-fucose has significant PA-IIL blocking properties, these properties are lost within a short period of less than 24 hours while stored as an aqueous solution.

[0057] D-galactose reduces PA-IL blocking efficacy: The PA-IL blocking activity of aqueous solutions containing D-galactose was analyzed in relation to the storage time after dissolving D-galactose in the aqueous solution. Maximum activity was detected when D-galactose was added to PA-IL immediately after dissolving it in water. Newly prepared D-galactose solutions exhibited significant blocking activity, but this decreased significantly over time, almost disappearing after 80 minutes of storage. Representative results are shown in Figures 6-8.

[0058] This proof-of-principle experiment demonstrates that while D-galactose has significant PA-IL blocking activity, this activity is lost within a short period of approximately 80 minutes while stored as an aqueous solution.

Claims

1. A composition comprising D-galactose and L-fucose for use in treating or preventing infectious diseases in an individual, wherein the composition is administered to the individual in solid form, preferably as a powder.

2. A composition comprising D-galactose and L-fucose for use in the treatment or prevention of an infectious disease in an individual, wherein the composition is administered to the individual in liquid form, and the liquid composition is prepared by mixing D-galactose and L-fucose in solid form with a liquid within three hours prior to administration of the composition to the individual.

3. A composition comprising D-galactose for use in the treatment or prevention of an infectious disease in an individual, wherein the treatment comprises the administration of the D-galactose and L-fucose described in claim 1 or claim 2.

4. A composition comprising L-fucose for use in the treatment or prevention of an infectious disease in an individual, wherein the treatment comprises the administration of D-galactose and L-fucose as described in claim 1 or claim 2.

5. A composition for use in treating or preventing an infection in an individual, according to any one of the claims, wherein the composition is a liquid composition prepared by mixing D-galactose and L-fucose in solid form with a liquid within 2 hours, 1.5 hours, 1 hour, or 30 minutes before administering the composition to the individual.

6. A composition for use in treating or preventing an infection in an individual, according to any one of the claims, wherein D-galactose is a beta-anomeric and L-fucose is an alpha-anomeric.

7. A composition for use in treating or preventing infectious diseases in an individual, according to any one of the claims, wherein the relative concentration of D-galactose to L-fucose is in the range of 1:10000 to 10000:1, preferably 1:

1.

8. The composition is a solid composition, and the amount of D-galactose is preferably such that it is present in a 1 cm area of ​​application. 2 The amount of L-fucose is within the range of 0.001 mg to 10 g per 1 cm of the application area. 2 The amount is in the range of 0.001 mg to 10 g per unit area, preferably the amount of D-galactose in the solid composition per 1 cm of the application area. 2 The amount is 0.02 g per unit area, and the amount of L-fucose in the solid composition is 0.02 g per unit area. 2 A composition for use in treating or preventing infectious diseases in an individual, according to claim 1 or any one of claims 3 to 7, wherein the amount is 0.02 g per unit.

9. A composition for use in treating or preventing infectious diseases in an individual, according to any one of claims 2 to 7, wherein the composition is a liquid composition, the concentration of D-galactose in the liquid composition is in the range of 0.001 mM to 3.0 M, the concentration of L-fucose in the liquid composition is in the range of 0.001 mM to 3.0 M, preferably the concentration of D-galactose in the liquid composition is 0.15 M, and the concentration of L-fucose in the liquid composition is 0.15 M.

10. The composition for use in treating or preventing an infection in an individual, according to any one of the claims, wherein the composition is inhaled, the dose of D-galactose per inhalation is in the range of 0.001 mg to 5.0 g, the dose of L-fucose per inhalation is in the range of 0.001 mg to 5.0 g, preferably the dose of D-galactose per inhalation is 0.1 g, and the amount of L-fucose applied per inhalation is 0.1 g.

11. A composition for use in treating or preventing an infection in an individual according to any one of the claims, the infection being suspected to be caused by a microorganism expressing L-fucose-binding lectin or D-galactose-binding lectin, such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

12. A composition for topical administration, according to any one of the claims, for use in treating or preventing an infection in an individual.

13. A composition for use in treating or preventing an infection in an individual according to any one of the claims, wherein the infection is a respiratory tract infection, such as a respiratory tract infection in a patient suffering from cystic fibrosis, an ear, nose, and throat infection, such as otitis externa, a skin infection, dermatitis, a wound infection, a urinary tract infection, a catheter-related infection, osteomyelitis, an implant-related infection, an eye infection, a surgical site infection, or a joint infection.

14. A composition for use in treating or preventing an infection in an individual, according to any one of the claims, wherein the composition is transferred to different aggregated states or administration forms, the composition is administered as a powder, an aerosol, a liquid composition of various viscosities, such as a gel or an ointment, and the administration of the composition includes inhaling the composition.

15. A container comprising a solid composition according to any one of claims 1 and 3 to 14, preferably a powder, and having an opening for administering the solid composition to a patient.

16. A container comprising two compartments and means for distributing the contents of each compartment, wherein one compartment contains a liquid and the other compartment contains the solid composition according to any one of the claims, and the container comprises means for mixing the solid composition with the liquid.

17. The container according to claim 16, wherein the mixing is performed within 3 hours or 2 hours before administration of the composition or during administration of the composition.

18. A dressing, bandage, or adhesive plaster comprising the composition according to any one of the above claims, which can be applied directly to an infected site.

19. A device, such as an inhaler or nebulizer, for delivering the composition according to any one of the preceding claims to a patient's lungs.

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