How to execute a transaction involving at least one non-fungible token uniquely associated with a physical product

Abstract

The present invention relates to a method for conducting a transaction in a blockchain-type database relating to at least one non-fungible token, comprising the steps of: (c) receiving a request from a first client device (2a) of a first user who is the assignee of the transaction to authenticate a physical product (1) uniquely associated with the non-fungible token; and (d) executing the transaction in the blockchain-type database if the physical product (1) is authenticated by the first client device (2a).

Description

Technical Field

[0003] ,

[0001] The present invention relates to the field of transaction security. More specifically, the present invention relates to a method of executing a transaction in a blockchain type database and a method of executing a transaction related to a product.

Background Art

[0002] Products of top luxury brands (such as handbags, jewelry, watches, etc.) often have little decrease in value over time due to their scarcity, and may even increase in value. Therefore, these products are highly sought after in the resale market known as the aftermarket.

[0003] The problem is that this aftermarket is troubled by an increasing presence of illegal and counterfeit goods, and malicious third parties wish to sell these goods alongside genuine products. This is especially because transactions are very often conducted personally without the involvement of experts who can appraise the product.

[0004] To solve this problem, solutions for unique identification (and thus authentication) of products have been proposed. That is, · Products incorporate physical elements such as RFID tags or QR codes (registered trademark) that encode a unique identifier of the product. · There is also a solution known as "fingerprint" that enables the creation of unique and forgery-proof digital identification information of a product from a photograph, especially from minute visible scratches. · Recently, specially trained artificial intelligence algorithms have made it possible to distinguish each copy of a product.

[0005] These solutions are satisfactory and enable potential purchasers to be assured that the product they are about to buy is original and not a copy, but they cannot guarantee that the product is not stolen.

[0006] Luxury goods are sold with certificates that are intended to guarantee legal ownership of the product, but these certificates themselves can be forged, and conversely, sellers may not be able to find those certificates.

[0007] This invention improves this situation. [Overview of the project]

[0008] Therefore, according to the first aspect, the present invention relates to a method for conducting transactions in a blockchain-type database relating to at least one non-fungible token, the method being (c) A request to authenticate the physical product uniquely associated with the non-fungible token is received by the first client device of the first user, who is the assignee of the transaction, If the physical product is authenticated by the first client device, the steps include (d) executing the transaction in the blockchain-type database, This includes performing the following actions.

[0009] According to the favorable and non-limiting features, the method includes performing step (b) receiving by a second client device of a second user, who is the transferor of the transaction, another request that seeks to authenticate the physical product uniquely associated with the non-fungible token.

[0010] If the physical product is authenticated by the second client device, step (c) is performed. If the physical product is authenticated by the first and second client devices, the transaction is executed in step (d).

[0011] Step (c) includes verification of the certification by a certification body.

[0012] Step (d) includes payment of the gas bill.

[0013] The authentication of the physical product includes at least one of the following: reading a QR code on the physical product, reading an electronic tag on the physical product, extracting a digital fingerprint from a photograph of the physical product, and recognizing the physical product using an artificial intelligence algorithm.

[0014] The aforementioned blockchain-type database is the Ethereum® blockchain or one of its sidechains, and the aforementioned non-fungible tokens are based on the ERC-721 standard.

[0015] The aforementioned method is executed in the form of a smart contract.

[0016] The smart contract is managed by a trusted third party, and step (d) includes calculating and paying royalties for the benefit of the trusted third party, in particular in accordance with the ERC-2981 standard.

[0017] The non-fungible token includes metadata describing the history of the physical product, and step (d) includes updating the metadata.

[0018] According to the second phase, A method for conducting a transaction relating to the physical transfer of products from a second user to a first user, The process includes step (a) of requesting from the second user's second client device that at least one non-fungible token uniquely associated with the physical product be transferred from the second user to the first user, and then performing the method according to the first phase, In a blockchain-type database, the transaction is the transfer of the non-fungible token from the second user to the first user. The present invention relates to a method of conducting transactions.

[0019] According to the third phase, A method for conducting a transaction related to an initial acquisition by a first user of a physical product, comprising: executing step (a’) of requiring the creation of at least one non-fungible token uniquely associated with the physical product for the benefit of the first user; then executing a method according to a first aspect, wherein the transaction in the blockchain-type database is the creation of the non-fungible token for the benefit of the first user. The present invention relates to a method for conducting a transaction.

[0020] According to a fourth aspect, a method for conducting a transaction related to the repair of a physical product of a first user, including the replacement of at least a part of the product, executing step (a’) of requiring the creation of a new non-fungible token uniquely associated with the part of the physical product for the benefit of the first user; then executing a method according to a first aspect, wherein the transaction in the blockchain-type database is the creation of the non-fungible token for the benefit of the first user. The present invention relates to a method for conducting a transaction.

[0021] According to an advantageous and non-limiting feature, a previous non-fungible token is uniquely associated with at least a part of the physical product before the repair, and the method includes executing a preparatory step (a”) of requiring the destruction of the previous non-fungible token uniquely associated with the part of the physical product.

[0022] According to a fifth aspect, a first client device of a first user, which is a transferee of a transaction in a blockchain-type database, related to a non-fungible token, receiving a request for authenticating a physical product uniquely associated with the non-fungible token; · If the physical product is authenticated by the first client device, execute the transaction in the blockchain type database, The present invention relates to a client device configured to perform

[0023] According to a sixth aspect, An assembly of the first client device according to the fifth aspect and a second client device of a second user who is the transferor of the transaction, the assembly being configured to receive another request for authenticating the physical product uniquely associated with the non-fungible token, the present invention relates to.

[0024] According to a seventh aspect, A computer program product comprising code instructions for performing the method according to the first aspect for performing a transaction in a blockchain type database related to at least one non-fungible token when the program is executed by a computer, and A computer-readable storage medium on which is recorded a computer program product comprising code instructions for performing the method according to the first aspect for performing a transaction in a blockchain type database related to at least one non-fungible token, the present invention relates to.

Brief Description of Drawings

[0025] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a diagram of a system for executing the method according to the present invention. [Figure 2a] FIG. 2a is a diagram showing the transfer of a conventional physical NFT. [Figure 2b] FIG. 2b is a diagram showing the transfer of a PBT according to the present invention. [Figure 3a] FIG. 3a is a flowchart showing the steps of a first embodiment of the method according to the present invention. [Figure 3b] FIG. 3b is a flowchart showing the steps of a second embodiment of the method according to the present invention. [Figure 3c] Figure 3c is a flowchart showing the steps of a third embodiment of the method according to the present invention. [Figure 3d] Figure 3d is a flowchart showing the steps of a third embodiment of the method according to the present invention. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0026] composition The present invention relates to a method for executing transactions in a blockchain-type database 3 relating to non-fungible tokens, wherein the tokens are uniquely associated with a physical product 1 (or a part thereof) in the system shown in Figure 1, as understood, for the purpose of conducting transactions relating to product 1. This physical product may be any marketable commodity, particularly luxury goods such as handbags, watches, or shoes. Preferably, the physical product 1 is verifiable or even uniquely identifiable, and methods for this purpose will be presented later.

[0027] The system conveniently includes at least one client device 2a, 2b (generally multiple client devices), each of which is a personal device that acts as a "wallet" and enables transactions on behalf of the user, such as sending and receiving cryptocurrency. Thus, each client device 2a, 2b can implement an application such as MetaMask.

[0028] Alternatively, each user's wallet may be managed in a decentralized manner, particularly by a third client device 2c of an authentication authority such as the manufacturer (brand) of Product 1, or a trusted third party (see below), connected to devices 2a, 2b. The optional third client device 2c is typically a remote automated server or a terminal of a brand employee. In particular, the third client device 2c may create and manage wallets on behalf of the client.

[0029] As an alternative, instead of personal wallets, a shared wallet may be provided that is advantageously held directly by a certification authority (and therefore typically managed by a third device 2c).

[0030] In all cases, in particular, there exists at least one first client device 2a, known as the creditor, as the device of the first “buyer” user (assignee of the transaction) in the transaction, and, advantageously, a second client device 2b, known as the debtor, as the device of the second “seller” user (assignor of the transaction) in the transaction. The non-fungible tokens and / or the physical product are transferred, in other words, from the second user (of the second client device 2b) to the first user (of the first client device 2a). Note that there are specific use cases for generating non-fungible tokens and examples of destroying non-fungible tokens for the benefit of the first user (of the first client device 2a).

[0031] In this example, each client device 2a, 2b is preferably a lightweight physical device such as a smart card or a terminal such as a smartphone, in particular a secure element of such a terminal, i.e., a dedicated, closed, isolated microprocessor. The present invention is not limited to these cases, and it is understood that client devices 2a, 2b may be smartphones, touch tablets, personal computers, etc. Each client device 2a, 2b may further include a camera and / or an NFC or RFID reader.

[0032] Devices 2a, 2b, and 2c communicate with each other via at least one network 20, such as the Internet network, a mobile phone network, or a combination of such networks. Each of these devices has read and write access to a blockchain-type database 3 stored on network 20. Note that in the same case, there are also transaction verification means known to those skilled in the art, called "miners," which will not be discussed in further detail.

[0033] Database 3 is publicly accessible in the sense that it can be freely accessed for reading not only by devices 2a, 2b, and 2c, but also by any other third-party device. Any third-party device can access data written by one of devices 2a, 2b, or 2c.

[0034] Blockchain-type databases are commonly used as the foundation for electronic currency trading systems. Each client device 2a, 2b, and 2c is associated with each other and stores a public and private key unique to that device (which enables transactions in the blockchain-type database 3). The private key enables the writing of signed data to the database. The private key is intended not to be transmitted to third parties. The public key enables devices 2a, 2b, and 2c (and any other holders of access accounts to database 3) to verify that data residing in database 3 was written by devices 2a, 2b, and 2c. Generally, client devices 2a, 2b, and 2c are identified by an address, which is typically the cryptographic fingerprint of their public key.

[0035] Database 3 is distributed or decentralized within network 20, meaning that the database is stored by multiple nodes within network 20 that devices 2a, 2b, and 2c can communicate with.

[0036] Blockchain-type databases are decentralized across several memory nodes in the network. These memory nodes are configured to verify data written to the database by performing a consensus discovery method among the memory nodes. Such methods include, for example, "Proof of Work" (POW) or "Proof of Stake" (POS). Therefore, the contents of the database (a history of all past transactions between user accounts within the system) are protected against forgery despite their decentralized nature.

[0037] The most well-known blockchain-type databases are the Bitcoin® or Ethereum® blockchain, typically the latter in the context of this invention, or any other compatible blockchain, in other words, based on the EVM (Ethereum Virtual Machine), which is the execution environment for Ethereum instructions (in languages ​​like Solidity). These are referred to as “sidechains,” such as Polygon or Avalanche.

[0038] A type of cryptocurrency that is transferable on the blockchain, but unlike cryptocurrencies, is unique and not interchangeable, should be understood as a non-fungible token, or NFT. The Ethereum blockchain (or sidechains), as well as Solana and Cardano, are the most widely used for NFTs.

[0039] NFTs generally include references to digital objects, sometimes artistic, such as images or videos, and constitute a kind of proof of authenticity and sometimes metadata about them. While it is claimed that NFTs can represent ownership of these digital objects, there is no actual legal basis for this.

[0040] "Mint" generally refers to the act of creating an NFT (Non-Functional Token) using a smart contract on a blockchain, for example, in accordance with the ERC-721 standard on the Ethereum blockchain. In particular, ERC-721 standard tokens have a token ID parameter that makes them unique (unlike fungible ERC-20 tokens, which are standard ETH, i.e., the intrinsic cryptocurrency of the Ethereum blockchain). Like any other transaction on the blockchain, minting involves the payment of "gas fees" to reward miners for the computing power they must use to execute the transaction.

[0041] Similarly, "burning" refers to the act of destroying an NFT using the same method.

[0042] principle The present invention proposes a new type of NFT that is advantageously still based on the ERC-721 standard, and this NFT is called a "product-bound token," or PBT, which very cleverly enables the assurance of ownership and authenticity of a physical product during a transaction.

[0043] As explained in the introduction, it should be noted that associating an NFT with a physical product (referred to as a "physical NFT") is already known, for example, if the digital data pointed to by the NFT constitutes a unique digital identifier for the physical product, such as an identifier encoded by a QR code or RFID tag on the physical product.

[0044] However, since NFTs and products can be resold independently, as can be seen in Figure 2a, such physical NFTs do not offer a solution to the problem of reselling counterfeit or stolen goods, and are merely a matter of advertising interest. In reality, the valuable object is the physical NFT, and the attached physical product is the "accessory" that is often offered when purchasing the NFT.

[0045] In contrast, as can be understood in Figure 2b, PBT is an NFT accessory of a physical product (not the other way around), has no value in itself, and is only transferable if the purchaser provides proof of ownership of the linked product. Therefore, If the product is a counterfeit, the transfer of the NFT will be refused. If the product is stolen, it cannot be resold due to the lack of access to NFTs.

[0046] It should be noted that one or more non-fungible tokens according to the present invention may be associated with a product, a part of a product where appropriate, in other words, a component, such as the shoulder strap of a bag, which, where appropriate, allows for repair and its traceability (thus making it possible to resell a repaired product with the assurance that all parts are original and that the product has been repaired in an official workshop). In any case, it is understood that each token is always uniquely associated with that product, even when several tokens are associated with the same product (it is impossible for a token to be associated with several products). Therefore, in the following description, when referring to a token uniquely associated with a product, it means one of the tokens associated with the entire product and / or a token more specifically associated with a part of the product.

[0047] It should be noted that it is also possible to combine global tokens for products ("super tokens") with tokens for components.

[0048] How to execute a transaction involving NFTs As described in the first section, the present invention relates to a method for conducting transactions in a blockchain-type database relating to at least one non-fungible token, i.e., an NFT, here of the PBT type (and preferably each non-fungible token is associated with product 1).

[0049] In reality, there are three types of transactions for the aforementioned tokens that are feasible. That is, Transfer of a token from the second user to the first user, preferably in a situation where the physical product 1 is transferred from the second user to the first user, as shown in Figures 3a and 3b. Alternatively, as represented by Figure 3c, the creation of a token ("mint") by the second user for the first user, typically during the initial sale of physical product 1 or during repair of the product, including the replacement of a part of the product. The token in question is a new token for the replaced part (the second user is the manufacturer, i.e., brand, of product 1). Alternatively, as shown in Figure 3d, the token is destroyed ("burned") by the first user at the request of the second user during product repair, typically involving the replacement of product parts. The token in question is the previous token of the replaced part (the second user is the manufacturer, i.e., brand, of product 1).

[0050] In the case of the transfer / first sale of product 1, all tokens associated with that product (including any super tokens) are preferably transferred, and in the case of the repair of the product, only the tokens associated with the replaced parts are transferred.

[0051] If each user has their own wallet, the effect of a token transfer transaction is the movement of tokens from one wallet to another. In the case of a shared wallet held by a certification authority, the effect of this transaction is the modification of the owner information of the non-fungible token, particularly in the token's metadata. Therefore, the transaction is merely an update of the token's metadata. In particular, each user may be identified by a client identifier, which is created, for example, at the time of the user's initial purchase.

[0052] This method is carried out in all cases by client devices 2a and / or 2b and / or optional 2c, typically in the form of smart contracts, particularly permitted by the Ethereum ecosystem, and especially via a multi-token minter (MTM) central administrator that enables smart contracts to be implemented through any public blockchain. Alternatively, a trusted third party, i.e., a dedicated platform such as OpenSea, may be used.

[0053] The method includes at least one step (c) of receiving a request from a first client device 2a of a first user, who is the assignee of the transaction, to authenticate a physical product 1 uniquely associated with the non-fungible token, and (d) of executing the transaction in the blockchain-type database if the physical product 1 is authenticated by the first client device 2a.

[0054] Authentication of physical product 1 involves, at the very least, verification of the authenticity of physical product 1, and, advantageously, identification of that product, i.e., verification that it is indeed one of the specific products. In both cases, it is ensured that the first user was given an original product and not a counterfeit.

[0055] Preferably, the authentication is proximity authentication requiring the physical product 1 to be in the immediate vicinity, particularly direct interaction between the first client device 2a and the product. This makes it possible to assure that the second user actually possesses the product 1 associated with the PBT, i.e., that the second user has delivered the product, for example, in person or by mail.

[0056] It should be noted that some of the authentication technologies presented utilize, advantageously, photographs directly captured by the camera of the first client device 2a, rather than photographs received from a remote terminal. Photographs received from a remote terminal carry the risk of tampering (it should be understood in all cases that the first user has no interest in doing so, as the authentication technology is precisely trying to ensure that a genuine product is being provided).

[0057] Preferably, the certification of physical product 1 includes at least one of the following: - Reading the QR code on the physical product 1 (by the camera of the first client device 2a). In particular, a product identifier, or even this one unique identifier of product 1, may be extracted from the QR code, and this identifier may be verified, in particular by the brand ownership function of the product, using digital data that, where applicable, is directly contained in or linked to the PBT. For example, a cryptographic fingerprint (hash) of the product reference identifier, known as the expected cryptographic fingerprint, accessible via a URL contained in the PBT, may be provided (it may even be directly contained in the PBT), and verification is performed by hashing the identifier extracted from the QR code (using a predefined hash function) and comparing it with the expected cryptographic fingerprint. • Reading an electronic tag ("wireless tag," also typically called an NFC or RFID tag) on ​​a physical product 1 using, for example, a suitable reader on a client device 2a. The same identification mechanism can also be used for QR codes. • Extracting a digital fingerprint from a photograph of physical product 1. Furthermore, a reference digital fingerprint may be provided, contained in or accessible via a PBT, and a mechanism is used to calculate the distance between the extracted digital fingerprint and the expected digital fingerprint, particularly by fuzzy logic. Such a mechanism is also known to those skilled in the art. • Recognition of physical product 1 by an artificial intelligence algorithm. An artificial intelligence algorithm, such as a classification neural network (typically a CNN), can take a photograph of product 1 as input, which may be provided directly by the product's brand, allowing it to directly answer questions about the product's authenticity in a secure way, since it is a "black box."

[0058] When the transaction is the transfer or destruction of PBT (Figures 3a, 3b, and 3c), there is a favorable preliminary step (b), similar to step (c), in which the second client device 2b of the second user, who is the transferor of the transaction, receives another request to authenticate the physical product 1 uniquely associated with the non-fungible token. Note that this is also the case in Figure 2b. This makes it possible to ensure that, in the case of transfer, the second user (seller) actually possesses the original and therefore has the right to transfer the PBT, and in the case of repair, the first user entrusts the original to the second user (repairer) and therefore has the right to have a new PBT created for the replaced part—even if the counterfeit is clearly detected in the workshop.

[0059] If the transaction is the creation of a PBT for the initial acquisition (Figure 3c), this other requirement requiring the second user to authenticate physical product 1 is not mandatory and can be performed in advance, especially if manufacturing follows later (at the batch level). The result can be stored for authentication by the first user.

[0060] Advantageously, the same authentication / identification technology is used for product 1.

[0061] In cases such as two-factor authentication, one of the following will be performed: Step (c) is performed if, as shown in Figure 3, physical product 1 is authenticated in the second client device 2b (and only if that is the case). In other words, at this stage the second user can transfer physical product 1 to the first user, which triggers an authentication request from the first user. This is an asymmetric mechanism, which is used when the product is forwarded by mail or pre-authenticated, and therefore involves a delay (represented by Figure 3a if the transaction is a transfer). In step (d), it is sufficient for product 1 to be authenticated in the first client device 2a for the transaction to be performed. As shown in Figure 3b, if the physical product 1 is authenticated in the first and second client devices 2a and 2b respectively (and only in such cases), the transaction takes place in step (d). In other words, the two authentications can occur simultaneously or almost simultaneously. We simply wait for the results of both verifications before starting the execution. This is a symmetrical mechanism, which is typically used when product 1 is handed over in person.

[0062] In any case, step (b) (if it is done) and / or step (c) may include verification of the certification by a certification body. As described, the certification body is either the manufacturer (brand) of product 1, or a trusted third party, such as an intermediary involved in the transaction, like a market.

[0063] The concept of verification by a certification body in the aforementioned certification can be interpreted broadly here and can take many forms. That is, According to the first embodiment, a third independent authentication may be performed. In other words, there is a step (c') similar to step (b) and / or step (c) (which may be performed at any time before step (d)) in which the authentication authority receives another request asking for authentication of a physical product 1 uniquely associated with the non-fungibility token by an optional third client device 2c (which may be a remote and automated server or a terminal of a brand employee, as described). For example, each user may perform authentication by electronic tag. In addition, the authentication authority may perform remote authentication by recognizing the physical product 1 using a secret artificial intelligence algorithm. That is, a second user performs authentication (b) and takes a photograph to be transmitted to the third client device that performs the authentication. Thus, the first user knows that product 1 is also authenticated by the brand when receiving it and has greater confidence in the authenticity of the product when scanning its electronic tag in step (c). Alternatively, an exchange may be performed in a store, where the seller also authenticates product 1. In such an embodiment, if the physical product 1 is authenticated by the third client device 2c of the certification body (sequential processing), step (b) or step (c) is performed, and if the physical product 1 is authenticated by the first or second client devices 2a, 2b and the third client device 2c (triple authentication), the transaction is performed in step (d). According to the second embodiment shown in Figure 3b, the first and / or second authentications are managed by a certification body, which, if necessary, signs the transaction, and only signed transactions can be executed in step (d). This means, for example, that the certification body certifies that a recognized authentication mechanism is being used and is being used correctly. According to the third embodiment, the certification body can perform further verifications and monitor the status of certification, for example, by analyzing product wear and tear, comparing products with digital maintenance logs, verifying warranties, and verifying the location of certification if the transaction must take place at a specific location.

[0064] Step (d) typically involves the payment of gas fees (by the first user at client device 2a, or possibly by the brand at device 2c if the gas fees are included in the sales price). In other words, as soon as the requested authentication is complete, the transaction is executable, and it is now the first user who has the assurance that the product is legally owned by the second user and is original, and it is the first user who can cause the actual transfer of PBT by paying the gas fees or at least instructing any third party to manage the wallet to do so. The execution of the transaction on the blockchain then proceeds in the conventional manner, namely the transaction is verified by a miner and included in the next mined block. The miner receives the gas fees for their work.

[0065] To be understood, this transfer may include traditional payments outside the blockchain, and may even be free (a gift), but it should be noted that the transaction may also include the transfer of cryptocurrency from the first user to the second user as payment for the transfer of PBT (and physical product 1), especially if each user has their own wallet.

[0066] Step (d) may further include calculating the payment of a usage fee to the trusted third party as a fee for facilitating the transaction, particularly in the case of cryptocurrency payments and when the smart contract is managed by the trusted third party. This is typically permitted by the ERC-2981 standard.

[0067] Finally, and particularly preferably, the non-fungible token includes metadata describing the history of the physical product, known as traceability data. This may include a history of ownership and / or repair and maintenance of the product, where applicable in a pseudo-anonymized manner. In this case, step (d) favorably provides for updating the metadata, particularly by adding currently occurring transactions. This takes into account a complete, public, and immutable record of what has happened to product 1.

[0068] Preferably, this metadata constitutes a digital passport for product 1, i.e., a digital product passport (DPP) for product 1, in accordance with the requirements of the European Commission.

[0069] How to execute a transaction involving physical products Three methods for executing transactions relating to the transfer of physical product 1 in a first phase, involving at least one non-fungible token, will be described, including a method for executing transactions in a blockchain-type database.

[0070] According to the second aspect, the transaction relating to the transfer of physical product 1 is from a second user to a first user, which is a case of resale of physical product 1.

[0071] Referring to Figures 3a and 3b, the method begins with step (a) a request from the second user's second client device 2b to transfer non-fungible tokens (PBTs) uniquely associated with the physical product 1 (preferably each non-fungible token) from the second user to the first user.

[0072] It should be understood that this step is only possible if the second user has PBT validly in their wallet (or is clearly identified as the owner in the shared wallet). Otherwise, it would mean that product 1 has been stolen. This is done by identifying the first user, particularly in the second client device 2b, for example by providing the public address to the wallet in the case of a personal wallet, or by providing the first user's client identifier. Where applicable, the first request is sent to the third client device 2c, which holds the wallet (to transfer transaction information), and this device generates a second request, which is a request to execute the actual transaction (on the blockchain).

[0073] Next, the first phase of the method is performed to transfer the non-fungible token from the second user to the first user as a transaction in a blockchain-type database, which is the subject of this method (at least steps (c) and (d), and preferably step (b)). By step (b), the second user would have transferred a physical product to the first user, in exchange for something, etc., contrary to payment of an amount, where applicable. Preferably, as described, the transaction in the blockchain-type database 3 may include a reverse transfer of electronic currency from the first user to the second user as payment. Alternatively, it may be a gift.

[0074] In summary, the method using the second phase is as follows: A method for conducting a transaction relating to the transfer of physical product 1 from a second user to a first user, wherein this method is: Step (a) of the second user requesting from the second user's second client device 2b that at least one (preferably each) nonfungible token uniquely associated with the physical product 1 be transferred from the second user to the first user, Optionally, step (b) a request is received by a second client device 2b requesting authentication of physical product 1, Step (c) receiving a request to authenticate physical product 1 by the first user's first client device 2a, If physical product 1 is authenticated by the first client device 2a (and, if applicable, by the second client device 2b), the steps include (d) executing a transaction in a blockchain-type database to transfer a non-fungible token from the second user to the first user, This includes performing the following actions.

[0075] According to the third aspect, the transaction relating to the transfer of physical product 1 is the first acquisition of the physical product by the first user, such as the purchase of the new physical product 1 in a store or online.

[0076] Referring to Figure 3c, the method begins with step (a') requesting that, for the benefit of the first user, at least one non-fungible token (PBT) uniquely associated with the physical product 1, in particular a single token associated with the entire product or one token for each part of the product. Whether this is done independently or by a salesperson in a store using their client device (which is a second client device 2b, potentially identical to a third client device 2c of an optional certification authority—or there may be further requests for the first and second, as in step (a)) determines whether a second user may exist. This step may be triggered by payment for a new physical product 1.

[0077] For the first purchase by the first user, in the case of a decentralized wallet, step (a') may include creating the user's wallet on the third client device 2c. In the case of a shared wallet, a client identifier may be easily created for the user.

[0078] Next, the method according to the first phase is again performed in order to create the non-fungible token ("mint") for the benefit of the first user, as a transaction in a blockchain-type database, which is the purpose of this method (at least steps (c) and (d)).

[0079] In summary, the method using the third phase is as follows: A method for conducting a transaction relating to the first acquisition of physical product 1 by a first user, the method being: Step (a') requests the creation of at least one non-fungible token uniquely associated with physical product 1 for the benefit of the first user, Optionally, step (b) receiving a request to authenticate the physical product 1 by an optional second client device 2b which would have issued the request for creation, Step (c) receiving a request from the first user's first client device 2a to authenticate the physical product 1, If physical product 1 is authenticated by first client device 2a (and second client device 2b, if applicable), then for the benefit of the first user, step (d) execute a transaction for the creation of the non-fungible token in a blockchain-type database, This includes performing the following actions.

[0080] According to the fourth scenario, the transaction relating to the transfer of physical product 1 is a repair of physical product 1 belonging to the first user, typically at an official store. This repair involves the replacement of one (or more) parts of the product, and the various parts of the product, including the parts being replaced, are each associated with a non-fungible token. Worn-out parts are replaced with identical but new parts.

[0081] The idea is that, as is done in the third phase method, for each replaced part, since they are now new, we simply create a new token here.

[0082] Therefore, as described above, the method begins with step (a') requesting the creation of a non-fungible token uniquely associated with the replaced part for the benefit of the first user, as described immediately prior to this step. This step is triggered by payment of the repair costs, particularly when product 1 is deposited.

[0083] The method according to the first phase is performed again to create a non-fungible token ("mint") for the benefit of the first user, as a transaction in a blockchain-type database which is the subject of this method (at least steps (c) and (d)).

[0084] It should be noted that it may be desirable to first verify that the first user actually owns product 1. To do this, it is sufficient to prepare for the destruction ("burn") of the non-fungibility token previously associated with the replaced part. In doing so, the part's previous token is replaced with the new one.

[0085] Therefore, preferably with reference to Figure 3d, the method comprises a preparation step (a) which requires discarding any previous non-fungibility tokens uniquely associated with the parts of physical product 1 (and preferably each token associated with the part to be replaced). Step (a) is performed in the same circumstances as step (a), except that the PBT is discarded instead of being transferred.

[0086] Tokens associated with other parts (that have not been replaced) are unaffected. In other words, only the tokens of the replaced parts are discarded and recreated.

[0087] It is understood that this step (a) can only be performed if the first user actually has the appropriate PBT in their wallet (or is clearly indicated as the owner in the shared wallet). Otherwise, it means that product 1 has been stolen. This step is performed especially from the first terminal 2a if the first terminal 2a is the one that stores the first user's personal wallet.

[0088] Preferably, in the case of a centralized, i.e., shared wallet, steps (a) and (a') are performed in the form of a joint request from a third client device 2c, which itself follows instructions from the first or second devices 2a, 2b. This makes it possible to link the destruction of previous tokens with the creation of new tokens in order to prevent tokens from being destroyed without creating new tokens (which would make the product unsellable), or new tokens from being created without destroying previous tokens (which would be fraudulent).

[0089] Step (c) (and therefore step (d) as well) can only be performed once the product is returned after repair, which allows the user to assure that the original parts were indeed installed in their product during the repair process.

[0090] In summary, the method using the fourth position is as follows: A method for conducting a transaction relating to the repair of a physical product 1 of a first user, which includes the replacement of at least a portion of the product, and this method is Optionally, step (a) requests that any previously non-fungible tokens uniquely associated with the aforementioned portion of physical product 1 be discarded, Step (a') requests the creation of at least one new non-fungible token uniquely associated with the aforementioned portion of physical product 1 for the benefit of the first user, Optionally, step (b) a request to authenticate physical product 1 is received by a second client device 2b, Step (c) receiving a request to authenticate physical product 1 by the first user's first client device 2a, If physical product 1 is authenticated by first client device 2a (and second client device 2b, if applicable), the transaction is executed in the blockchain-type database to destroy the previous non-fungible token and create a new non-fungible token for the benefit of the first user (d), This includes performing the following actions.

[0091] Client device According to the fifth and / or sixth aspect, the present invention relates to first and / or second client devices 2a,2b, in particular assemblies of the first and / or second client devices 2a,2b, for performing a method of executing transactions in a blockchain-type database, and relates to non-fungible tokens according to the first aspect.

[0092] The first client device 2a, which is associated with a non-fungible token of the first user, who is the assignee of a transaction in a blockchain-type database, - A request is received to authenticate physical product 1 uniquely associated with the non-fungible token. If the physical product 1 is authenticated by the first client device 2a, the transaction is executed in a blockchain-type database. It is structured in this way.

[0093] The second client device 2b, which is related to the non-fungible token of the second user who is the transferor of the transaction in the blockchain-type database, If the transaction is the transfer of a non-fungible token uniquely associated with physical product 1 from a second user to a first user, then request the transfer of this non-fungible token. If the transaction is the creation of the non-fungible token uniquely associated with physical product 1 for the benefit of the first user, then request this creation of the non-fungible token, • Receiving any other requests that seek to authenticate physical product 1 uniquely associated with the non-fungible token. It is structured in this way.

[0094] Computer program products According to the seventh and eighth aspects, the present invention relates not only to a storage medium (e.g., the memory of client devices 2a, 2b and / or 2c) in which a computer program product readable by a computer device is found, but also to the computer program product comprising code instructions for executing the method according to the first aspect (see also the method according to the second or third aspect) for executing transactions in a blockchain-type database relating to non-fungible tokens (in the data processing means of client devices 2a, 2b and / or 2c).

Claims

1. A method for conducting transactions in a blockchain-type database relating to at least one non-fungible token, Step (c) of the first user, who is the assignee of the transaction, receiving a request from the first client device (2a) of the first user, who is the assignee of the transaction, to authenticate the physical product (1) uniquely associated with the non-fungible token, If the physical product (1) is authenticated by the first client device (2a), the steps include executing the transaction in the blockchain-type database (d), A method of conducting a transaction, including executing [something].

2. The step (b) includes receiving another request by a second client device (2b) of a second user who is the transferor of the transaction, which requests authentication of the physical product (1) uniquely associated with the nonfungible token, A method for conducting a transaction as described in claim 1.

3. If the physical product (1) is authenticated by the second client device (2b), then step (c) is performed. If the physical product (1) is authenticated by the first and second client devices (2a, 2b), the transaction is executed in step (d). A method for conducting a transaction as described in claim 2.

4. Step (c) includes verification of the certification by the certification body, A method for conducting a transaction according to any one of claims 1-3.

5. Step (d) includes payment of the gas bill, A method for conducting a transaction according to any one of claims 1-4.

6. The authentication of the physical product (1) includes at least one of the following: reading a QR code on the physical product (1), reading an electronic tag on the physical product (1), extracting a digital fingerprint from a photograph of the physical product (1), and recognizing the physical product (1) using an artificial intelligence algorithm. A method for conducting a transaction according to any one of claims 1 to 5.

7. The aforementioned blockchain-type database is the Ethereum® blockchain or one of its sidechains, and the aforementioned non-fungible tokens are based on the ERC-721 standard. A method for conducting a transaction according to any one of claims 1 to 6.

8. It is executed in the form of a smart contract. A method for conducting a transaction according to any one of claims 1 to 7.

9. The smart contract is managed by a trusted third party, and step (d) includes calculating and paying royalties for the benefit of the trusted third party, in particular in accordance with the ERC-2981 standard. A method for conducting a transaction according to claim 8.

10. The non-fungible token includes metadata describing the history of the physical product, and step (d) includes updating the metadata. A method for conducting a transaction according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

11. A method for conducting a transaction relating to the transfer of a physical product (1) from a second user to a first user, The second user's second client device (2b) requests the transfer of at least one non-fungible token uniquely associated with the physical product (1) from the second user to the first user, and then performs the method of any one of claims 1-10 (a), In a blockchain-type database, the transaction is the transfer of the non-fungible token from the second user to the first user. How to conduct a transaction.

12. A method for conducting a transaction relating to the first acquisition of a physical product (1) by a first user, Step (a') is performed to request the creation of at least one non-fungible token uniquely associated with the physical product (1) for the benefit of the first user, Next, the method of any one of claims 1-10 is performed, In a blockchain-type database, the transaction is the creation of the non-fungible token for the benefit of the first user. How to conduct a transaction.

13. A method for conducting a transaction relating to the repair of a first user's physical product (1), which includes the replacement of at least a part of the said product. Step (a') is performed to request the creation of a new non-fungible token uniquely associated with the portion of the physical product (1) for the benefit of the first user, Next, the method of any one of claims 1-10 is performed, In a blockchain-type database, the transaction is the creation of the non-fungible token for the benefit of the first user. How to conduct a transaction.

14. The previous non-fungible token was uniquely associated with at least a portion of the physical product (1) prior to the repair, This includes performing a preparation step (a") which requests the destruction of the previous nonfungibility token uniquely associated with the portion of the physical product (1), A method for conducting a transaction as described in claim 13.

15. A first client device (2a) of a first user who is a transferee of a transaction in a blockchain-type database, relating to at least one non-fungible token, - Receiving a request to authenticate a physical product (1) uniquely associated with the non-fungible token, - If the physical product (1) is authenticated by the first client device (2a), the transaction is executed in the blockchain-type database, A client device configured to perform the following actions.

16. An assembly comprising the first client device (2a) described in claim 15 and the second client device (2b) of a second user who is the transferor of the transaction, the assembly configured to receive another request seeking authentication of the physical product (1) uniquely associated with the non-fungible token.

17. A computer program product comprising, when the program is executed on a computer, code instructions for performing the method according to any one of claims 1 to 10 in order to perform a transaction in a blockchain-type database relating to at least one non-fungible token.

18. A computer-readable storage medium on which a computer program product comprising code instructions for performing the method according to any one of claims 1-10 in order to perform a transaction in a blockchain-type database relating to at least one non-fungible token is recorded.

Images