Systems and methods for local resource processing and utilization.

Abstract

A system and method for on-site resource processing are provided. This system comprises an electrolytic cell configured to contain molten regolith. This system further comprises an anode and a cathode configured to be provided in the molten regolith. This system further comprises a variable power supply configured to apply a step voltage between the anode and the cathode to decompose a first metal oxide and to vary the step voltage to decompose a second metal oxide. Another system and method for on-site resource processing are provided. This system comprises a vacuum chamber configured to contain regolith. This system further comprises a variable temperature control configured to give the vacuum chamber a step temperature to decompose a first metal oxide and to vary the step temperature to decompose a second metal oxide.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The following generally relates to space resources, and more particularly to systems and methods for in-situ resource processing and in-situ resource utilization.

Background Art

[0002] Introduction As the interest in space exploration from private companies, governments, and academia grows, efforts to develop new space technologies are becoming active. Many people perceive the moon as a major location for achieving short-term goals in space development, and subsequent continuous development may be directed towards further exploration beyond the moon. For humans to live and conduct research on the moon, it is necessary to develop a lunar infrastructure for maintaining life on the lunar surface.

[0003] Two of the most important fields in lunar research are in-situ resource processing (ISRP) and in-situ resource utilization (ISRU). ISRP and ISRU on the lunar surface are, respectively, the processing and utilization of resources that naturally exist on the lunar surface for desired applications. The processes of ISRP and ISRU follow the acquisition of materials, including mining, excavation, and transportation to a processing plant.

[0004] ISRP and ISRU methods typically involve the processing and utilization of lunar regolith, which is the outermost layer of the moon. This layer is usually in the range of 5 - 15 m deep depending on the region, with particle sizes ranging from several tens of microns to large rocks, and most of the particles being 40 - 100 microns. Lunar regolith is a blanket of unconsolidated rock covering the lunar surface as a result of meteorite impacts and collisions by charged particles from the sun and other stars. The composition of lunar regolith is a mixture of metal oxide particles and consists of many useful components such as oxygen, iron, aluminum, silicon, etc., and can be a useful substance as a whole in certain applications. Based on the soil composition, lunar regolith contains approximately 45 wt% oxygen. [Overview of the Initiative] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0005] One major challenge with ISRP and ISRU methods is the enormous amount of power they require. This power is largely due to the heat needed to physically alter the regolith in many processes. For reference, approximately 1.5 MJ of energy is required to melt 1 kg of regolith. Additional power may then be needed to maintain the set temperature of the regolith and carry out the selected process on the material.

[0006] Regardless of the method used to process lunar regolith, some initial physical treatment is usually required in all cases to increase the efficiency and yield of the desired species. This typically involves reducing particle size by grinding or other methods, followed by particle filtering to use only particles of the desired size. In such processes, various elements contained in the lunar material can be targeted for extraction, depending on the desired use case of the material. Any process is generally energy-intensive and requires large-scale power generation. A summary and overview of existing ISRP methods that are generally being studied and developed is provided below.

[0007] In the carbothermal reduction method, lunar regolith is chemically reduced using carbon compounds (typically methane). The reduction reaction between methane and regolith produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide. These products are converted back into methane and water by the Sabatier reaction. The water is then electrolyzed into hydrogen and oxygen gases. Finally, the methane can be recycled back into the reduction reaction. This multi-step process requires the regolith to melt and reach temperatures above 1600°C, producing oxygen with a theoretical yield of 50%. A clear advantage of this method is the ability to recycle methane. Disadvantages of the carbothermal reduction method include the high operating temperature and the potential for product loss due to its multi-step nature and inefficiency. There is a theoretical design for a 940kg ISRU system that could extract 1000kg of oxygen per year. This oxygen, combined with free hydrogen obtained from solar wind, etc., could be used to create stable, storable water. Small-scale carbothermal reactors have been built and tests are underway to demonstrate the capabilities of this method.

[0008] Molten regolith electrolysis (MRE) requires a standard electrolytic cell equipped with an anode and a cathode. When a sufficient potential is applied, the molten regolith decomposes into oxygen at the anode and metal at the cathode. The advantage of this system is that untreated regolith is the only material used, eliminating the need for auxiliary materials from the earth. The major drawbacks of this process are the high operating temperature of 1600°C required to melt the regolith and the expensive components for the anode. Only expensive platinum group metals have proven successful in this method and must be replaced frequently. MRE reactors have been tested at an operating temperature of 1600°C. As a result, the efficiency is approximately 94% when extracting 35g of oxygen per 100g of regolith.

[0009] The FCC Cambridge process is a well-established process for reducing mineral oxides to 99% pure metal. A standard FCC process uses an electrolytic cell maintained at approximately 900°C, with a metal oxide as the cathode, a carbon-based compound as the anode, and molten calcium chloride as the electrolyte. When a potential is applied to the cell, oxide ions move to the anode and are released as carbon oxides (CO and CO2). When this method is applied to lunar regolith, the target is the release of oxygen molecules. In this configuration, two known anode compounds can release oxygen gas: (1) doped tin oxide (SnO2) and (2) a solid solution of calcium titanate and calcium ruthenate. Experimental tests have shown that the lifetime of tin oxide is limited to a few hours due to erosion observed at the anode and a thin layer of calcium stannate, an insulator that coats the anode and inhibits the electrochemical process. Calcium mixtures have been shown to release oxygen gas for over 100 hours, making anodes with a CaTixRu1-xO3 composition more desirable. Experiments using the FFC Cambridge process, conducted with a titanium mineral (FeTiO3) cathode (found in lunar basalt), were able to produce oxygen in 9 hours. In the context of ISRU, a drawback is that the electrolyte is consumed throughout the reaction and cannot be replenished.

[0010] In vapor-phase pyrolysis (VPP), lunar regolith evaporates when placed in a sufficiently high-temperature vacuum. This temperature must be above 2000°C, and therefore requires a large amount of energy. In a gaseous state, the metal oxides that make up the majority of the regolith decompose into suboxides, metals, and oxygen. This oxygen and metal can be transported and cooled for use in life support, technology, and fuel. The oxygen can combine with free solar hydrogen to create storable water. While VPP also requires operation at high temperatures, the greatest appeal of this method is that it requires no additives and can utilize the primal resources available on the Moon. The oxygen yield of this process is 50%. However, it is important to note that the oxygen and metal must be cooled immediately to prevent the metal from recombining with the oxygen.

[0011] Electrolysis of water is a process that extracts water and separates it into hydrogen and oxygen. The difficulty with this method on the lunar surface is recovering the water and purifying it into a state that can be easily processed. The water content on the sunlit side of the moon is 100-412 ppm (0.01%-0.042%), and there is evidence that there is much more water in the permanently shaded regions near the poles. One advantage of this method is that excess fuel from liquid hydrogen-oxygen rockets can be deposited at a processing plant to produce hydrogen and oxygen. However, to effectively use this processing method with local resources, a lot of energy is required for transporting and heating the water. This method is not readily available because the technology is not ready and there is not abundant water everywhere on the lunar surface.

[0012] Therefore, improved systems and methods are needed for the processing and utilization of local resources on the lunar surface that overcome at least some of the shortcomings of existing systems and methods.

[0013] This background information is provided to clarify information that the applicant believes may be relevant to this disclosure. No prior information is necessarily acknowledged as prior art to this disclosure, nor should it be construed as such. [Means for solving the problem]

[0014] summary A system for on-site resource processing is provided. This system comprises an electrolytic cell configured to contain molten regolith. The system further comprises an anode and a cathode configured to be placed in the molten regolith. The system further comprises a variable power supply configured to apply a step voltage between the anode and the cathode to decompose a first metal oxide and to vary the step voltage to decompose a second metal oxide.

[0015] In one embodiment, the molten regolith is molten lunar regolith.

[0016] In one embodiment, the first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each comprise one different of the following: potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO).

[0017] In one embodiment, the electrolytic cell is powered at least partially by space-based solar power generation.

[0018] In one embodiment, the power source is supplied at least partially by space-based solar power generation.

[0019] In one embodiment, the anode comprises doped tin oxide (SnO2) and a solid solution of calcium titanate and calcium ruthenate.

[0020] A method for processing local resources is provided. This method includes supplying molten regolith into an electrolytic cell. This method further includes providing an anode and a cathode in the molten regolith. This method further includes applying a step voltage between the anode and the cathode to decompose a first metal oxide. This method further includes changing the step voltage to decompose a second metal oxide.

[0021] In one embodiment, the molten regolith is molten lunar regolith.

[0022] In one embodiment, the first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each contain a different one of potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO).

[0023] In one embodiment, the electrolytic cell is at least partially powered by space solar power generation.

[0024] In one embodiment, the power source that supplies the step voltage is at least partially powered by space solar power generation.

[0025] In one embodiment, the anode contains one of doped tin oxide (SnO2) and a solid solution of calcium titanate and calcium ruthenate.

[0026] A system for in-situ resource processing is provided. The system includes a vacuum chamber configured to contain regolith. The system further includes a variable temperature control configured to apply a step temperature to the vacuum chamber to decompose a first metal oxide and to vary the step temperature to decompose a second metal oxide.

[0027] In one embodiment, the regolith is lunar regolith.

[0028] In one embodiment, the first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each contain a different one of potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO).

[0029] In one embodiment, the vacuum chamber is at least partially powered by space solar power generation.

[0030] In one embodiment, the variable temperature control is at least partially powered by space solar power generation.

[0031] In one embodiment, the system further includes a siphon device configured to transfer decomposed oxygen and metal from the vacuum chamber.

[0032] A method for in-situ resource processing is provided. The method includes supplying regolith into a vacuum chamber. The method further includes applying a step temperature to the vacuum chamber to decompose a first metal oxide. The method further includes varying the step temperature to decompose a second metal oxide.

[0033] In one embodiment, the regolith is lunar regolith.

[0034] In one embodiment, the first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each contain a different one of potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO).

[0035] In one embodiment, the vacuum chamber is powered at least partially by space-based solar power generation.

[0036] In one embodiment, a variable temperature control that controls the step temperature is powered at least partially by space-based solar power generation.

[0037] In one embodiment, the system further comprises a siphon device configured to transfer the decomposed oxygen and metal from a vacuum chamber.

[0038] Other aspects and features will become apparent to those skilled in the art by considering the following description of some exemplary embodiments. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0039] The drawings included herein are for illustrating various examples of the objects, methods, and apparatus described herein. [Figure 1] Figure 1 is a block diagram of an exemplary system for on-site resource processing according to one embodiment. [Figure 2] Figure 2 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary method of on-site resource processing according to one embodiment. [Figure 3] Figure 3 is a block diagram of another exemplary system for on-site resource processing according to one embodiment. [Figure 4] Figure 4 is a flowchart of another exemplary method of on-site resource processing according to one embodiment. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0040] Detailed explanation To provide examples of each claimed embodiment, various apparatuses or processes are described below. The embodiments described below are not limiting to the claimed embodiments, and the claimed embodiments may cover processes or apparatuses other than those described below. The claimed embodiments are not limited to apparatuses or processes having all of the features of any one apparatus or process described below, nor are they limited to features common to some or all of the apparatuses described below.

[0041] Where used herein, the term “about” should be read as including variation from the nominal value, for example, a variation of ±10% from the nominal value. It should be understood that such variation is always included in any given value provided herein, whether specifically mentioned or not.

[0042] One or more systems described herein may be implemented in a computer program running on a programmable computer, each comprising at least one processor, a data storage system (including volatile and non-volatile memory and / or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device. For example, but not limited to, the programmable computer may be a programmable logic unit, a mainframe computer, a server, and a personal computer, a cloud-based program or system, a laptop, a personal data assistance device, a mobile phone, a smartphone, or a tablet device.

[0043] Each program is preferably implemented in a high-level procedural or object-oriented programming language and / or scripting language for communicating with a computer system. However, the program may be implemented in assembly language or machine code, if necessary. In any case, the language may be a compiled language or an interpreted language. Each such computer program is preferably stored in a storage medium or device readable by a general-purpose or special-purpose programmable computer in order to configure and operate the computer when the storage medium or device is read by the computer to perform the procedures described herein.

[0044] The description of an embodiment having multiple components that communicate with each other does not mean that all such components are necessary. Rather, various arbitrary components are described in order to illustrate the wide variety of possible embodiments of this disclosure.

[0045] Furthermore, process steps, method steps, algorithms, etc., may be described in a sequential order (within this disclosure and / or claims), but such processes, methods, and algorithms may be configured to operate in an alternative order. In other words, any sequence or order of steps that may be described does not necessarily imply that the steps must be performed in that order. The steps of the processes described herein may be performed in any order that is practical. Furthermore, some steps may be performed simultaneously.

[0046] Where a single device or molded article is described herein, it will be readily apparent that multiple devices / molded articles (whether they cooperate or not) may be used in place of the single device / molded article. Similarly, where two or more devices or molded articles are described herein (whether they cooperate or not), it will be readily apparent that one or more devices / molded articles may be used in place of one or more devices or molded articles.

[0047] The following concerns lunar natural resources in general, and more specifically, systems and methods for in-situ resource processing (ISRP) and in-situ resource utilization (ISRU) on the lunar surface.

[0048] To address the various limitations and challenges present in existing methods, the embodiments disclosed herein describe techniques for ISRP. The molten regolith may be provided in an electrolytic cell. The anode and cathode may also be provided in the molten regolith. By applying a step voltage between the anode and cathode, the decomposition of a first metal oxide is obtained. Then, by changing the step voltage, the decomposition of a second metal oxide is obtained. Overall, each product of the lunar regolith treatment can serve an purpose in the construction of lunar infrastructure.

[0049] Space-Based Solar Power (SBSP) is a desirable solution to the power requirements of ISRP and ISRU methods. Solar energy is an abundant power source in space, with up to 1367 W / m2 being received on the Moon. It is also a nearly always available power source due to the limited shading of solar cell arrays. SBSP consists of utilizing large amounts of electrical energy using large solar cell arrays. This electrical energy is transferred by lasers or microwaves to receivers near the power usage site and converted back into usable electrical energy.

[0050] Several concepts have been proposed for the design of SBSPs, including the reference system defined by the DOE / NASA, NASA's SunTower, SolarDisc, and Integrated Symmetrical Concentrator, ESA's Sun Sail, Japan's Tethered-SSPS, and Kobe University's Sandwich Type Solar Power Satellite concept. All of these concepts are extremely large in scale, with an area of ​​several square kilometers, a weight of several hundred to several thousand tons, and a power generation capacity of several hundred megawatts or even gigawatts. These systems typically consist of a modular design that can be divided and constructed in orbit, and a large rectenna that occupies several square kilometers on the surface where the power is used.

[0051] Wireless power transmission (WPT) technologies, such as microwaves or lasers, have been conceived and developed for several years and are essential for long-distance transmission of power through space. The research group has focused on SBSP and WPT for space-based and Earth-based applications. For example, researchers have demonstrated the ability to wirelessly transmit microwave power from a satellite in space to the Earth's surface. Currently, both microwave and laser power transmission are relatively inefficient, require large installation areas, and are affected by environmental factors. Although these technologies are still under development, progress is being made and promising results are being obtained.

[0052] Eventually, SBSP technology could develop to a level of technological readiness that would enable large-scale energy transfer from orbital space to the surface of a habitable spacecraft.

[0053] One of the notable features of SBSP is the scalability of its power collection system. In space, it is possible to create massive structures in a weightless environment to generate large amounts of power. The scalability of SBSP makes it possible to transmit sufficient power to the lunar surface for energy-intensive ISRP and ISRU methods.

[0054] Nuclear power plants are also capable of generating enough power for ISRP and ISRU methods in a highly efficient manner. However, as more private companies gain access to space but lack access to limited materials, alternative power sources are needed. Nuclear power is limited for reasons other than the design and capabilities of the power source, just as it has the potential to be utilized more on Earth. Overall, SBSP is a promising candidate for supplying large amounts of energy to the lunar surface in ISRP and ISRU methods.

[0055] In the ISRP and ISRU fields, process efficiency and yield are currently the main focus. In material processing methods, it is desirable to produce a large amount of product with as little input material as possible. This minimizes material waste and reduces the energy required for production. Regarding applications, it is desirable to develop the technology at full scale to verify performance and demonstrate the integration of ISRU components in space missions.

[0056] If these methods become sufficiently efficient and reach a sufficient Technological Readiness Level (TRL), they can be used on a large scale to construct critical components of lunar infrastructure. Disclosed herein are high-energy ISRP and ISRU methods that may be made possible by SBSP. This presents novel methods for material handling and demonstrates the importance of ISRP and ISRU methods in the construction and maintenance of SBSP, as well as in the construction and maintenance of other lunar infrastructure essential for human habitation.

[0057] One advantage is that using local materials reduces the amount of materials that need to be brought from Earth to the Moon during the mission, thus lowering the cost of the lunar mission and freeing up cargo space for other resources at launch. Consequently, launch costs are also reduced.

[0058] Overall, the processes disclosed herein could become fundamental components for human exploration and habitation on the lunar surface, potentially offering the potential to significantly accelerate lunar infrastructure development.

[0059] Furthermore, the possibility of producing large quantities of individual elements such as oxygen, aluminum, iron, and silicon by combining the technologies disclosed herein with existing ISRP methods is demonstrated. Similarly, the possibility of producing useful metal alloys or silicon-based glass products is also evident.

[0060] Figure 1 shows a cross-section of a system 100 for on-site resource processing according to one embodiment.

[0061] The system 100 includes an electrolytic cell 102 configured to contain molten regolith 108.

[0062] The system 100 further comprises an anode 115 and a cathode 105 configured to be provided in the molten regolith 108.

[0063] Surface 116 of molten regolith 108 is also depicted for reference.

[0064] The anode 115 and cathode 105 are depicted as being partially immersed in the molten regolith 108 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure. However, it will be reasonably understood that the anode 115 and cathode 105 may be provided in other suitable ways. For example, the cathode 105 may be a liquid cathode provided at the bottom of the electrolytic cell 102.

[0065] System 100 further includes a variable power supply 110.

[0066] The power supply 110 is configured to apply a step voltage between the anode 115 and the cathode 105 in order to decompose the first metal oxide 112.

[0067] Multiple first metal oxides 112 are depicted as being present in the molten regolith 108.

[0068] The power supply 110 is further configured to vary the step voltage in order to decompose the second metal oxide 114.

[0069] In some embodiments, the power supply 110 is further configured to vary the applied voltage so that it is equal to the decomposition potential of the lowest decomposed metal oxide. The voltage is then gradually increased up to the next metal oxide potential.

[0070] Multiple second metal oxides 114 are depicted as being present in the molten regolith 108.

[0071] It should be understood that these descriptions of the first metal oxide 112 and the second metal oxide 114 are illustrative and not limiting. Thus, any number of different metal oxides may be present in the molten regolith 108.

[0072] System 100 further depicts oxygen 106 at the anode 115 and metal 104 at the cathode 105. It will be reasonably understood that this depiction represents the decomposition of a metal oxide (e.g., the first metal oxide 112) into its oxygen 106 and metal 104 components.

[0073] System 100 provides a novel material processing technology based on an improved molten regolith electrolysis (MRE) system according to one embodiment, thereby enabling more sophisticated processing of regolith. This, in turn, may offer more advantages for specific applications.

[0074] When sufficient voltage and current are applied to a molten regolith solution, the metal and metal oxides separate and are extracted from the solution. Based on this, the decomposition of individual metal oxides occurs at different voltages.

[0075] The following table lists examples of oxidative decomposition potentials of lunar metal oxides at 1300K, as performed by system 100 according to one embodiment. [Table 1]

[0076] Using the step voltage method, seed dissociation and removal occur sequentially for each pair of metal oxides, starting with potassium oxide and ending with calcium oxide.

[0077] Alternatively, a selected group of metal oxide pairs may be subsequently extracted. For example, when 1V is applied to the solution, iron and a small amount of potassium are extracted from the regolith.

[0078] Compared to the standard MRE method, this method can extract higher-purity products, thus reducing the overall amount of post-processing required. This reduces the cost of processing residual materials and can provide higher-purity metallic materials for specific post-dissociation applications.

[0079] However, one requirement of this technique is the need to maintain the regolith at high temperatures for extended periods as the material is processed. This must be balanced with the desire to obtain a purer (or more specific) final product.

[0080] In various embodiments, the molten regolith 108 is molten lunar regolith.

[0081] In some embodiments, molten regolith 108 is molten Martian regolith.

[0082] In some embodiments, the molten regolith 108 is molten regolith made from material taken from asteroid resources, dwarf planets, other celestial bodies, or combinations thereof.

[0083] In some embodiments, the molten regolith 108 is molten regolith made from recycled materials such as space debris, satellites in orbit, or other materials transported from Earth into space.

[0084] In some embodiments, the first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each comprise one different of the following: potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO).

[0085] In some embodiments, the electrolytic cell 102 is powered at least partially by space-based solar power generation.

[0086] In some embodiments, the power supply 110 is powered at least partially by space-based solar power generation.

[0087] While there are various technologies for processing local resources, they all typically require large amounts of electricity. As disclosed herein, such electricity may be supported and / or supplied, at least in part, by space-based solar power (SBSP).

[0088] In some embodiments, the anode 115 comprises doped tin oxide (SnO2) and a solid solution of calcium titanate and calcium ruthenate.

[0089] In various embodiments, the cathode 105 contains a metal oxide.

[0090] It should be noted that the novel ISRP techniques disclosed herein, which utilize a variable step voltage, can be applied to the FFC Cambridge process by using specific compounds for the cathode and anode. Therefore, the improved techniques disclosed herein are not limited to existing MRE processes.

[0091] Figure 2 shows a method 200 for processing local resources. In one embodiment, method 200 is carried out in the system 100 shown in Figure 1.

[0092] In 210, method 200 includes supplying molten regolith into an electrolytic cell.

[0093] In 220, the method 200 further includes providing the anode and cathode in the molten regolith.

[0094] In method 200, method 200 further includes applying a step voltage between the anode and the cathode to decompose the first metal oxide.

[0095] In method 200, method 200 further includes changing the step voltage to decompose the second metal oxide.

[0096] The processing methods described herein can also be used to recycle and reuse old equipment and materials made from lunar resources. Since these methods can process lunar regolith, they can similarly process parts made from lunar regolith.

[0097] In this case, pre-treatment would likely be required to break down the old components to a regolith-like particle size. This recyclable property could reduce the amount of material needed from Earth. Overall, materials processed from lunar regolith have several applications that could help accelerate the growth and development of lunar infrastructure.

[0098] In various embodiments, the molten regolith is molten lunar regolith.

[0099] In some embodiments, the first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each comprise one different of the following: potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO).

[0100] In some embodiments, the electrolytic cell is powered, at least partially, by space-based solar power generation.

[0101] Furthermore, in some embodiments, the power supply that provides the step voltage is powered at least partially by space-based solar power generation.

[0102] Although there are technical differences due to on-site resource processing, all of these typically require large amounts of electricity. As disclosed herein, such electricity may be at least partially supported and / or supplied by space-based photovoltaic power (SBSP).

[0103] In some embodiments, the technology for processing local resources may also be supported by other power sources such as fusion reactors and / or fission reactors, thermal power plants, thermophotovoltaics, Stirling engines, thermoelectric generators, regenerative fuel cells, and / or electrostatic tether power generation.

[0104] In various embodiments, SBSP can be used to generate the large amount of energy required to maintain high temperatures for casting the product into a desired shape. If high-purity iron and aluminum can be extracted from regolith, the properties of the metallic material can be tailored to the intended application.

[0105] Another application of high-purity metals is the use of aluminum in solid rocket fuel. Aluminum is a common additive in solid rocket fuel due to its high energy productivity. Furthermore, metals and metal alloys can be used in metal additive manufacturing to produce more complex parts that need to be machined on Earth and transported to the lunar surface. This could be essential for the repair and maintenance of systems that otherwise require replacement parts transported from Earth.

[0106] In some embodiments, the anode comprises doped tin oxide (SnO2) and a solid solution of calcium titanate and calcium ruthenate.

[0107] In various embodiments, the cathode contains a metal oxide.

[0108] It should be noted that by using specific compounds in the cathode and anode, the novel ISRP techniques disclosed herein, which utilize variable step voltage, can be applied to the FFC Cambridge process. Therefore, the improved techniques disclosed herein are not limited to existing MRE processes.

[0109] Figure 3 shows a cross-section of a system 300 for on-site resource processing according to one embodiment.

[0110] The system 300 includes a vacuum chamber 302 configured to contain the regolith 208.

[0111] Multiple first metal oxides 312 and multiple second metal oxides 314 are depicted as being present in the regolith 308. It should be understood that these depictions are illustrative and not limiting. Thus, any number of different metal oxides may be present in the regolith 308.

[0112] System 100 further includes variable temperature control 310.

[0113] Regolith 308 evaporates when placed in a vacuum chamber 302 at a sufficiently high temperature.

[0114] The variable temperature control 310 is configured to apply a step temperature to the vacuum chamber 302 in order to decompose the first metal oxide 312.

[0115] The variable temperature control 310 is further configured to change the step voltage in order to decompose the second metal oxide 314.

[0116] In gaseous form, the metal oxides that make up the majority of the regolith 308 (e.g., the first metal oxide 312) decompose into suboxides, metals, and oxygen.

[0117] In various embodiments, the decomposed oxygen and metals may then be transferred from the vacuum chamber 302 and cooled for use in life support, technology, and fuel.

[0118] Oxygen and metals need to be cooled immediately to prevent the metals from recombining with oxygen.

[0119] Oxygen is the most important component produced from lunar regolith. Most ISRU activities on the lunar surface revolve around the production and utilization of oxygen. Oxygen serves many purposes, including enabling humans to inhabit the lunar surface and conduct complex research and experiments, storing water along with hydrogen to sustain human and plant life, and functioning as an energy source for sustaining life and as a fuel source for rocket propellant. Oxygen production is essential for survival on the moon. Due to the vast uses and needs of oxygen, it is beneficial for lunar regolith to contain approximately 45% oxygen by weight.

[0120] Therefore, System 300 provides a novel material processing technology based on an improved vapor-phase pyrolysis (VPP) system according to one embodiment, enabling more sophisticated processing of regolith. This, in turn, may offer more advantages for specific applications.

[0121] In some embodiments, regolith 308 is lunar regolith.

[0122] In some embodiments, regolith 308 is Martian regolith.

[0123] In some embodiments, regolith 308 is material extracted from asteroid resources, dwarf planets, other celestial bodies, or combinations thereof.

[0124] In some embodiments, regolith 308 is a material recycled from space debris, orbiting satellites, or other materials transported from Earth into space.

[0125] This method also requires high operating temperatures, but its main appeal is that it uses locally available resources on the Moon (for example, lunar regolith) without the need for additives.

[0126] In some embodiments, the first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each comprise one different of the following: potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO).

[0127] In some embodiments, the vacuum chamber 302 is powered at least partially by space-based solar power generation.

[0128] In some embodiments, the variable temperature control 310 is powered, at least in part, by space-based solar power generation.

[0129] Since the temperature needs to be raised to over 2000°C, a large amount of energy is required. Therefore, solar power, including space-based solar power generation (SBSP), can be used, at least partially, to supply this energy.

[0130] By applying the step-temperature method to VPP, chemical species can be gasified and subsequently recovered, thereby advantageously reducing post-processing of the material. Overall, with sufficient power, the proposed novel method can provide a simpler way to obtain high-purity material for desired applications by reducing the required post-processing. Like other existing technologies, VPP shares the common goal of producing usable products from in-situ materials on the lunar surface, and has potential applications in this regard.

[0131] In some embodiments, the system 300 further comprises a siphon device configured to transfer the decomposed oxygen and metal from the vacuum chamber 302.

[0132] Figure 4 shows a method 400 for processing local resources. In one embodiment, method 400 is carried out in the system 300 shown in Figure 3.

[0133] In 410, method 400 includes supplying regolith into a vacuum chamber.

[0134] In 420, method 400 further includes giving a step temperature to a vacuum chamber in order to decompose the first metal oxide.

[0135] In 430, method 400 further includes varying the step temperature to decompose the second metal oxide.

[0136] In various embodiments, the regolith is lunar regolith.

[0137] In some embodiments, the first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each comprise one different of the following: potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO).

[0138] In various embodiments, the regolith is Martian regolith.

[0139] In some embodiments, the first metal oxide and the second oxide each include, but are not limited to, one of the following: silicon oxide (SiO2), iron oxide (Fe2O3, Fe3O4), aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), alkali oxides such as SiO2, TiO2, sodium oxide (Na2O), and potassium oxide (K2O), and / or sulfur oxide (SO3).

[0140] In other embodiments, the first and second oxides are obtained from a waste process.

[0141] In some embodiments, the vacuum chamber is powered, at least partially, by space-based solar power generation.

[0142] In some embodiments, the variable temperature control that controls the step temperature is powered, at least in part, by space-based solar power generation.

[0143] Since the temperature needs to be above approximately 2000°C, a large amount of energy is required. Therefore, space-based solar power (SBSP) can be used, at least partially, to supply such energy.

[0144] In some embodiments, method 400 further includes transferring the decomposed oxygen and metal from the vacuum chamber.

[0145] Materials obtained from on-site lunar processing methods have several potential uses, as they can help create a habitable lunar environment in a more economical way than transporting all the necessary materials from Earth.

[0146] Metals are extremely useful in developing the infrastructure necessary for habitation and survival on the lunar surface. Because many groups focus primarily on oxygen production, metals tend to be overlooked in ISRP discussions.

[0147] Metals and metal alloys can be extracted from lunar regolith and used in the construction of lunar bases, vehicles, equipment, perovskites, and other structures. Ideally, the produced metals and alloys can be molded immediately after processing, as high-temperature processing methods allow the metal products to be easily formed into the desired shapes. For example, it would be ideal if the high-temperature metal products could be cast into molds for beams, or into metal foams or liquids for construction, or into bricks for roads or launch pads. Note that casting, like the regolith processing methods described earlier, is also a high-energy process.

[0148] Similarly, silicon-based products are also important for lunar infrastructure development. Silicon materials such as glass and ceramics have many applications on the lunar surface. Silicon is a key component of solar energy collectors and can be used to create solar panels for future energy production. Silicon-based glass can be used to construct equipment needed for experiments and lunar habitats. Silicon-based ceramics can be used to manufacture electronic devices, casings and tiles, solar cells, and wireless power transmission components such as transceivers. These can also be used as parts for vehicles and equipment, or as floor tiles for people and equipment. Since silicon dioxide is the largest component of lunar regolith, it is important to utilize it effectively as a raw material.

[0149] It is also important to note that all products obtained from the local lunar regolith can be used to support the development and maintenance of SBSPs. As mentioned earlier, silicon can be used, along with other additives, to create solar cells for energy production. Metals can be used to create the base structure for building solar cell arrays to be used in SBSPs on the lunar surface or in orbit. Oxygen can be used as fuel to transport newly created solar cell arrays into orbit as independent structures, or it can be built in combination with existing SBSPs. In a similar manner, these components can be used to maintain SBSPs. If the structure of an array collapses, it can be replaced using metals derived from the regolith. If a solar cell is damaged and could potentially damage the rest of the array, it can be replaced. By developing and maintaining energy production technologies using local materials in this way, a production cycle that is highly independent from Earth and less dependent on materials brought to the lunar surface can be achieved.

[0150] In some embodiments, metals and metal alloys can be sourced from Earth. In other embodiments, sources may include recycled space debris, retired satellites in orbit, second stages, empty fuel tanks, or other materials transported from Earth into space. In other examples, metals and metal alloys may be sourced from space. Sources may also include materials from Mars (Martian regolith), asteroid resources, dwarf planets, other celestial bodies, or combinations thereof.

[0151] The above description provides examples of one or more devices, methods, or systems, but it will be understood that other devices, methods, or systems are also included in the claims as interpreted by those skilled in the art.

[0152] Elements of each embodiment can be incorporated into other embodiments; for example, a configuration described in relation to one embodiment can be applied to other embodiments disclosed herein.

[0153] Furthermore, it is evident that various modifications and combinations can be made without departing from the present invention. Accordingly, this specification and the drawings are to be considered merely illustrative examples of the present invention as defined by the claims and are intended to cover any modifications, variations, combinations, or equivalents that fall within the scope of this disclosure.

Claims

1. A system for processing local resources, An electrolytic cell configured to contain molten regolith, an anode and a cathode configured to be provided in the molten regolith, Equipped with a variable power supply, The aforementioned variable power supply is In order to decompose the first metal oxide, a step voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode, and The step voltage is configured to be changed in order to decompose the second metal oxide. system.

2. The aforementioned molten regolith is molten lunar regolith. The system according to claim 1.

3. The first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each contain one different of the following: potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO). The system according to claim 1.

4. The electrolytic cell is powered, at least partially, by space-based solar power generation. The system according to claim 1.

5. The aforementioned variable power supply is powered at least partially by space-based solar power generation. The system according to claim 1.

6. The anode is doped tin oxide (SnO ２ ), and one of the solid solutions of calcium titanate and calcium ruthenate, The system according to claim 1.

7. A method of processing local resources, Supplying molten regolith into the electrolytic cell, The molten regolith is provided with an anode and a cathode, In order to decompose the first metal oxide, a step voltage is applied between the anode and the cathode, This includes changing the step voltage in order to decompose the second metal oxide. method.

8. The aforementioned molten regolith is molten lunar regolith. The method according to claim 6.

9. The first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each contain one different of the following: potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO). The method according to claim 6.

10. The electrolytic cell is powered, at least partially, by space-based solar power generation. The method according to claim 6.

11. The power supply that provides the step voltage is at least partially powered by space-based solar power generation. The method according to claim 6.

12. The anode is doped tin oxide (SnO ２ ), and comprising one of calcium titanate and calcium ruthenate solid solution, The method according to claim 6.

13. A system for processing local resources, A vacuum chamber configured to contain regolith, Equipped with variable temperature control, The aforementioned variable temperature control is In order to decompose the first metal oxide, a step temperature is applied to the vacuum chamber, and The system is configured to change the step temperature in order to decompose the second metal oxide. system.

14. The aforementioned regolith is lunar regolith. The system according to claim 13.

15. The first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each contain one different of the following: potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO). The system according to claim 13.

16. The vacuum chamber is powered, at least partially, by space-based solar power generation. The system according to claim 13

17. The variable temperature control is powered, at least in part, by space-based solar power generation. The system according to claim 13.

18. The device further comprises a siphon apparatus configured to transfer the decomposed oxygen and metal from the vacuum chamber. The system according to claim 13.

19. A method of processing local resources, Supplying regolith into the vacuum chamber, To decompose the first metal oxide, a step temperature is applied to the vacuum chamber, This includes changing the step temperature in order to decompose the second metal oxide. method.

20. The aforementioned regolith is lunar regolith. The method according to claim 19.

21. The first metal oxide and the second metal oxide each contain one different of the following: potassium oxide (K2O), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), iron(II) oxide (FeO), sodium oxide (Na2O), chromium(III) oxide (Cr2O3), manganese(II) oxide (MnO), silicon dioxide (SiO2), titanium dioxide (TiO2), aluminum(III) oxide (Al2O3), magnesium oxide (MgO), and calcium oxide (CaO). The method according to claim 19.

22. The vacuum chamber is powered, at least partially, by space-based solar power generation. The method according to claim 19.

23. The variable temperature control that controls the step temperature is powered at least partially by space-based solar power generation. The method according to claim 19.

24. The further step includes transferring the decomposed oxygen and metal from the vacuum chamber. The method according to claim 19.

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