Heating panel

Abstract

A heating panel (112) having at least one layered structure (128) is disclosed. The layered structure (128) comprises at least one heating conductor (118) embedded in a first support structure made of an oxide ceramic matrix composite material (OCMC) (116). The heating panel (112) has a normalized shell thickness S of 0.0001 to 0.01. norm =s / D eq It has, where s is the thickness of the panel, and D eq = 4A / U, where A is the surface area of ​​the heating panel and U is the perimeter of the surface area.

Description

[Technical Field]

[0001] The present invention relates to a heating panel, an apparatus for heating feedstock comprising at least one heating panel, and several applications. For example, the heating panel may be used for radiant heating, preferably in an industrial furnace, and more preferably in a reaction furnace. However, other applications are also possible. [Background technology]

[0002] When converting industrial furnaces, such as steam crackers, from fossil fuel heating to electric heating, finding a suitable heating element for the cracker coil is challenging. The problem is that heating elements are typically installed as freestanding components within the furnace chamber. This can lead to conflicting characteristics regarding the heating element's mechanical resistance and surface heat load. Heating elements with small surface area are mechanically stable but prone to overheating. Conversely, heating elements with large surface area release significant thermal energy even at low superheating levels but are easily deformed. Furthermore, simply replacing the heating source without altering the reactor design may not be the most economically optimal solution. A significant portion of the power supply is released as low-sensitivity heat along with the product flow. For example, German Patent Publication No. 102016118137, German Patent Publication No. 102016113815, International Publication No. 2018 / 077612, German Patent Publication No. 102017112611, and UK Patent No. 2218310 describe heating elements.

[0003] European Patent Application Publication No. 3835639 describes a structure consisting of at least two layers with a heat transfer coefficient of 500 W / m². 2Disclosed is an airtight multilayer composite tube with a temperature exceeding / K, wherein the inner layer consists of a non-porous monolithic oxide ceramic, the outer layer is surrounded by an oxide fiber composite ceramic, the open porosity of the outer layer is 5% < ε < 50%, preferably 10% < ε < 30%, and a conductive system is incorporated in the outer annular space of the multilayer composite tube, the boundary of which is defined by the outer surface of the inner layer and the inner surface of the outer layer. It also relates to the use of the multilayer composite tube as a reaction tube, lance pipe, or rotating pipe for endothermic reactions. The closed circumferential surface of the cylindrical shape is considered a necessary feature to ensure the stability of the multilayer wall structure.

[0004] U.S. Patent Application Publication 2019 / 208579 describes an infrared panel radiator comprising a carrier with a heating surface and a printed conductor made of a conductive resistive material that generates heat when an electric current flows through it.

[0005] U.S. Patent No. 6,507,006 describes a ceramic substrate. This ceramic substrate has a conductive layer formed on it, and a portion of the edge of the conductive layer has a pointed shape.

[0006] U.S. Patent Application Publication 2010 / 147828 describes a linear heater comprising a linear support, a heating element, and at least two electrodes. The heating element is disposed on the linear support and includes a carbon nanotube composite structure. The carbon nanotube composite structure includes a matrix and at least one carbon nanotube film. The at least one carbon nanotube film includes a plurality of carbon nanotubes intertwined with each other. At least two electrodes are electrically connected to the heating element. [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0007] [Patent Document 1] German Patent Application Publication No. 102016118137 [Patent Document 2] German Patent Application Publication No. 102016113815 [Patent Document 3] International Publication No. 2018077612 [Patent Document 4] German Patent Application Publication No. 102017112611 Specification [Patent Document 5] British Patent No. 2218310 [Patent Document 6] European Patent Application Publication No. 3835639 [Patent Document 7] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019 / 208579 [Patent Document 8] U.S. Patent No. 6,507,006 [Patent Document 9] U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010 / 147828 [Patent Document 10] German Patent Application Publication No. 102016007652 [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0008] Therefore, it is desirable to provide a heating panel and apparatus that at least partially solves the aforementioned technical problems of known methods and apparatuses. Specifically, it is desirable to provide a heating panel suitable for industrial electric furnaces, such as industrial reactors for cracking. [Means for solving the problem]

[0009] This problem is solved by a heating panel, apparatus, and several applications having the features of the independent claim. Advantageous embodiments that can be realized individually or in any combination are enumerated in the dependent claims and throughout this specification.

[0010] In this book, “to have,” “to possess,” “to include,” or any grammatical variations thereof are used in a non-exclusive sense. Therefore, these terms may refer to a situation in which the entity described in this context has no other features other than those introduced by these terms, or to a situation in which one or more other features exist. For example, the expressions “A has B,” “A possesses B,” and “A includes B” may both refer to a situation in which A has no other elements other than B (i.e., A consists only of B), or to a situation in which entity A has one or more additional elements other than B, such as element C, elements C and D, or other elements.

[0011] Furthermore, it should be noted that the terms “at least one” or “one or more” or similar expressions, indicating that a feature or element may exist one or more times, are typically used only once when each feature or element is introduced. In most cases, when referring to each feature or element, the expressions “at least one” or “one or more” are not repeated, despite the fact that each feature or element may exist one or more times.

[0012] Furthermore, the terms “preferably,” “more preferably,” “particularly,” “more specifically,” “specifically,” “more specifically,” or similar terms used herein are used in conjunction with optional features without limiting the possibility of alternatives. Thus, features introduced by these terms are optional features and do not limit the scope of the claims in any way. As those skilled in the art will understand, the present invention may be carried out using alternative features. Similarly, features introduced by “in one embodiment of the present invention” or similar expressions are intended to be any features, without any limitations on alternative embodiments of the present invention, without any limitations on the scope of the present invention, and without any limitations on the possibility of combining such introduced features with other optional or non-optional features of the present invention.

[0013] In a first aspect of the present invention, a heating panel having at least one layer structure is disclosed. This layer structure comprises at least one heating conductor embedded in a first support structure made of an oxide ceramic matrix composite material (OCMC). The normalized shell thickness S of the heating panel norm =s / D eq is 0.0001 to 0.1, where s is the panel thickness, and D eq The formula is 4A / U, where A is the surface area of ​​the heating panel and U is the perimeter of the surface area.

[0014] As used herein, the term “heating” is a broad term with meanings that are common and customary to those skilled in the art and should not be limited to any special or customized meanings. Specifically, the term may, but is not limited to, at least one process for maintaining and / or changing the temperature of at least one element, such as raw materials in a pipeline. For example, heating may include heating raw materials to a temperature range of 200°C to 1700°C, preferably 300°C to 1400°C, more preferably 400°C to 875°C. The temperature range will vary depending on the application. For example, heating may be performed to ensure a constant temperature, or to induce an endothermic reaction at a constant temperature.

[0015] As used herein, the term “panel” is a broad term, given to those skilled in the art in its usual and customary meaning, and is not limited to any special or customized meaning. The term may, but is not limited to, a rigid module having a flat extension, such as a sheet-like and / or shell-like element. The term “panel” may also refer to the geometric properties of an element.

[0016] As used herein, the term “heating panel” is a broad term, given to those skilled in the art in a normal and customary sense, and is not limited to any special or customized meaning. The term may refer to a panel configured to provide at least one heating function, but is not limited to this.

[0017] The heating panel may have a shape selected from the group consisting of planar shapes, arched shapes, regular shapes, or irregular shapes. In particular, the shape of the heating panel may be adjusted to conform to the contour of the heating section. For example, the shape of the heating panel may be adjusted to conform to the contour of the heating section by generating the first support structure by lamination.

[0018] A heating panel may have a surface area A. Surface area can refer to the total surface area occupied by the surface of an object. The surface of a heating panel may be planar. However, other embodiments are also possible, such as curved, arched, and / or shell-formed surfaces. Methods for determining the surface area A are well known to those skilled in the art. A heating panel may have a thickness s. Thickness can be defined as the extension along the surface normal. Thickness can be defined as the smallest of three descriptive measurements: height, width, and length.

[0019] The heating panel may be thin-walled. As used herein, the term “thin-walled” is a broad term with meanings common and customary to those skilled in the art, and should not be limited to any special or customized meanings. This term specifically refers to, but is not limited to, a heating panel whose thickness is significantly smaller than other dimensions of the heating panel. For example, the ratio of thickness to extension along other dimensions is 1 / 10. The thickness of the heating panel ranges from 0.5 mm to 10 mm.

[0020] The heating panel has a normalized shell thickness S from 0.0001 to 0.1. norm =s / D eq It has, and s is the thickness of the panel, D eq = 4A / U, where A is the surface area of ​​the heating panel and U is the perimeter of the surface area. Preferably, the normalized shell thickness of the heating panel is 0.0005 to 0.03. The heating panel can be designed as a cylindrical segment that is part of the circumference of a cylinder, such as a half-shell.

[0021] The heating panel has an area of ​​0.01 m².2 ~50 m 2 、 preferably 0.05 m 2 ~10 m 2 、 more preferably 0.1 m 2 ~5 m 2 The length of the heating panel is 0.1 m to 50 m, preferably 0.5 m to 30 m, more preferably 1 m to 20 m. The width of the heating panel is 0.05 m to 2 m, preferably 0.1 m to 2 m, more preferably 0.1 m to 1 m. The bending angle of the heating panel is 0 1 / m to 3 1 / m, preferably 0 1 / m to 2 1 / m, more preferably 0 1 / m to 1 1 / m. The thickness of the heating panel can be 0.5 mm to 10 mm, preferably 1.5 mm to 7.5 mm, still more preferably 2 mm to 5 mm. However, other dimensions are also possible.

[0022] The term "layered structure" used in this specification is a broad term and should be given the meaning that is normal and customary to those skilled in the art and is not limited to a special meaning or a customized meaning. This term may particularly refer to the fact that the heating element includes a plurality of layers and / or elements, but is not limited thereto. [[ID=IS=17]]

[0023] "First", "second", and similar terms are used as nomenclature and do not specify an order or ranking. Also, there may be cases where a plurality of "first" or "second" properties or elements are specified. [[ID=2SE=20]]

[0024] The layered structure includes at least one heating conductor embedded in the first support structure of the OCMC.

[0025] So far, attempts to incorporate a conductive structure into a flat ceramic plate have not been successful due to cracking of the plate, particularly due to the brittleness of the materials used. However, in the present invention, the proposed hierarchical structure enables the use of OCMC (including all its associated advantages).

[0026] As used herein, the term “support structure” is a broad term with meanings that are common and customary to those skilled in the art, and should not be limited to any special or customized meanings. The term may, but is not limited to, elements of a layered structure configured to provide at least one support function. For example, the support function may be to provide rigidity and / or strength against internal and / or external loads. The support structure may provide dimensional stability for the heating panel.

[0027] As described above, the first support structure is composed of an oxide ceramic matrix composite (OCMC). In this specification, the term “composite material” is broad and has a common and customary meaning to those skilled in the art, and is not limited to any special meaning or specific application. Specifically, the term may refer to, but is not limited to, any material manufactured from two or more constituent materials. These constituent materials may have significantly different chemical or physical properties, and by combining them, a material with properties different from those of the individual materials may be created. Within a composite material, the individual materials may maintain their own independent state. Specifically, a composite material may be a fiber-reinforced composite material. As used herein, the term “fiber-reinforced composite material (FRC)” is broad and has a common and customary meaning to those skilled in the art, and should not be limited to any special or customized meaning. Specifically, the term may refer to, but is not limited to, any material generally consisting of at least two main components: reinforcing fibers and an embedding matrix that functions as a filler and / or adhesive between the fibers. The interaction between the two components may impart to the entire material properties that are superior to either component alone. Fiber-reinforced composites (FRCs) specifically include fibers as a discontinuous or dispersed phase, a matrix as a continuous phase, and an interfacial phase region also called an interface.

[0028] As used herein, the term "ceramic matrix composite (CMC)" is a broad term, given to those skilled in the art in its ordinary and customary meaning, and is not limited to any special or customized meaning. Specifically, the term refers to, but is not limited to, any composite material, specifically any fiber-reinforced composite material containing multiple ceramic fibers embedded in a ceramic matrix. Thus, carbon and carbon fibers may also be considered ceramic materials. As used herein, the term "oxide ceramic matrix composite (OCMC)" is a broad term, given to those skilled in the art in its ordinary and customary meaning, and is not limited to any special or customized meaning. The term refers to, but is not limited to, any ceramic matrix composite material in which an oxide ceramic matrix is ​​reinforced with oxide ceramic-reinforced fibers. The term "OCMC" may refer to a pure OCMC structure, and a hybrid OCMC structure containing OCMC plus at least one additional material, such as metal fibers. Specifically, OCMC is a fiber-reinforced composite material consisting of oxide fibers embedded in a porous matrix of oxide ceramics. The advantages of OCMC include high temperature resistance above 1300°C, high thermal shock resistance, and quasi-ductile deformation and fracture behavior. The open porosity ε of fiber composite ceramics is typically in the range of 5% to 50%. The fracture toughness of OCMC is 10 to 50 MPa·m 0.5 It reaches a KIC value that approximates [value]. Due to its porous structure, fiber composite ceramics may have lower density, modulus of elasticity, and thermal conductivity compared to monolithic ceramics of the same chemical composition. The table below lists the standards relevant to determining these parameters, and in particular, the criteria relevant to determining the structural, mechanical, and thermophysical parameters of monolithic ceramics and OCMC.

[0029] [Table 1]

[0030] For example, the following table compares the properties of monolithic ceramics and aluminum oxide-based OCMC. [Table 2]

[0031] For example, OCMC may be manufactured by a manufacturing procedure that "allows a slurry to penetrate a fibrous fabric in the form of a bundle of fibers, such as a woven fabric or roving." Penetration may be carried out by dipping or knife coating. Multiple layers may be laminated on a suitable mold until a desired wall thickness is reached. Drying may be carried out in a temperature range of 40°C to 150°C, preferably 60°C to 100°C. In a subsequent step, the OCMC layers may be fired. Fired may be carried out in a temperature range of 1100°C to 1300°C, preferably 1150°C to 1250°C.

[0032] Specifically, OCM components can be manufactured using a manufacturing process such as that described in German Patent Application Publication No. 102016007652, which includes the following steps: impregnating a fibrous skeleton with a slurry and placing or laminating it in a mold. The slurry is a viscous mixture of water and mineral powder, used as a raw material for manufacturing ceramic products. For example, the powder may contain metal oxides, carbides, nitrides, etc. Preferably, the powder may contain aluminum oxide, zirconia, mullite, or zirconia-reinforced aluminum oxide. Subsequently, the component is dried at a temperature of 40°C to 150°C, preferably 60°C to 100°C. This provides the component with sufficient stability so that it can be removed from the mold on its own. Finally, the component is fired in a high-temperature furnace at a temperature range of 1100°C to 1300°C, preferably 1150°C to 1250°C. The finished component may have a tight composite of a fibrous skeleton and a sintered porous ceramic matrix.

[0033] However, other manufacturing methods are also possible.

[0034] As described above, OCMC may have a matrix, specifically an oxide ceramic matrix. The term “matrix” as used herein is a broad term and has a meaning that is common and customary to those skilled in the art, and should not be limited to any special or customized meaning. The term refers, in particular, to any component of a composite material, but is not limited thereto. Specifically, the matrix refers to, or may include, at least one material into which the other components are embedded. Specifically, the matrix may perform the following functions: The matrix may be configured to bond fiber reinforcements. Furthermore, the matrix may be configured to give shape to the composite component and define its surface quality.

[0035] The matrix is ​​specifically a binary oxide (M x O z ), M1 x M2 y O z and / or M1 x M2 y M3 w O z It may include at least one of a composite matrix containing mixed oxides such as, multiple ceramic particles and / or metal particles. Specifically, OCMC may contain Six My Oz, Si x M1 y M2 w O z Si x B y N z C w AlN, M x O y , and a mixture of oxides (M1 x O y / M2 w O z It may have a matrix composition selected from the group consisting of ). For example, OCMC may have a matrix composition containing a mixture of oxides such as 85% Al2O3 and 15% ZrO2 (e.g., the matrix available from WPS under the name FW12). However, other types of materials are also possible.

[0036] Therefore, O can refer to the chemical element oxygen. B can refer to the chemical element boron (B). N can refer to the chemical element nitrogen (N). C can refer to the chemical element carbon (C).

[0037] Specifically, M may be an element selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), tungsten (W), hafnium (Hf), and strontium (Sr). Preferably, M may be an element selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), silicon (Si), strontium (Sr), lanthanum (La), and yttrium (Y). Specifically, M1 may be an element selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), and yttrium (Y). Preferably, M1 may be aluminum (Al). Specifically, M2 may be an element selected from the group consisting of zirconium (Zr) and silicon (Si). Preferably, M2 may be silicon (Si). M3 may specifically be cobalt (Co). x, y, and w may each be independently 1 to 10, preferably 1 to 7, most preferably 1 to 5. z may specifically be 1 to 30, preferably 1 to 20, most preferably 1 to 10.

[0038] The metal particles may be made from at least one material selected from the group consisting of iron-based alloys, nickel-based alloys, platinum group metals (PGMs), or refractory metals. Specifically, the metal particles may be made from at least one ferritic iron-chromium-aluminum alloy (FeCrAl alloy) or at least one material having material numbers in accordance with DIN17007-2:1961-09:n1, m1, m2, m3, m4. n1 is specifically a number from groups 1, 2, and 3, preferably a number from groups 1 and 2. m1 is specifically a number from groups 0, 1, 3, 4, and 8, preferably a number from groups 3 and 4, particularly preferably a number 4. m2 is specifically a number from groups 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, preferably a number from groups 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, particularly preferably a number from groups 7, 8, and 9. m3 and m4 preferably each independently represent one of the numbers from groups 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. FeCrAl alloys include products sold under trade names such as Kanthal® AF, Kanthal® A-1, and Kanthal® D. PGM includes elements such as platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, osmium, and ruthenium, and alloys thereof. Refractory metals include elements such as titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium, and alloys thereof.

[0039] Specifically, the matrix can be prepared using Walter EC Pritzkow Spice Ceramics' FW12 (85% Al2O3 and 15% 3YSZ).

[0040] OCMC may have a porosity of 10% to 60%, preferably 20% to 50%, and more preferably 20% to 40%. The pore size of the first support structure of OCMC, specifically the matrix of OCMC, may be between 0.001 μm and 100 μm, preferably between 0.01 μm and 10 μm, and most preferably between 0.05 μm and 0.5 μm. However, other embodiments are also possible.

[0041] As described above, OCMC may have multiple fibers, specifically multiple oxide ceramic reinforced fibers. The term “fiber” as used herein is a broad term and has a meaning that is common and customary to those skilled in the art, and should not be limited to any special or customized meaning. The term refers to, in particular, any element having length and width, where the length of the element is at least 5 times, preferably at least 10 times, and most preferably at least 20 times, the width of the element. The fiber may specifically be a synthetic fiber. A synthetic fiber may refer to a fiber whose chemical composition, structure, and / or properties may change significantly during the manufacturing process. A synthetic fiber may also refer to a regenerated fiber or a synthetic fiber.

[0042] Oxide ceramic reinforced fibers are made of binary oxide (M x O z ), mixed oxide (M1 x M2 y O z or M1 x M2 y M3 w O z ), metal (M), metal carbide (M x C y It may include at least one material selected from the group consisting of ) . Specifically, OCMC may have oxide ceramic reinforced fibers comprising at least one material selected from the group consisting of mullite, Al2O3, and combinations of mullite and Al2O3. However, other types of materials may also be used.

[0043] Therefore, O can refer to the chemical element oxygen (O), and C can refer to the chemical element carbon (C).

[0044] Specifically, M is an element selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), silicon (Si), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), beryllium (Be), yttrium (Y), lanthanum (La), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), tungsten (W), hafnium (Hf), and strontium (Sr). Preferably, M is selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), strontium (Sr), zirconium (Zr), lanthanum (La), and yttrium (Y). Specifically, M1 is an element selected from the group consisting of aluminum (Al), zirconium (Zr), and yttrium (Y). Preferably, M1 is aluminum (Al). Specifically, M2 is an element selected from the group consisting of silicon (Si) and zirconium (Zr). Preferably, M2 may be silicon (Si). Specifically, M3 may be cobalt (Co). x, y, and w are each independently between 1 and 10, preferably between 1 and 7, most preferably between 1 and 5. Specifically, z is between 1 and 30, preferably between 1 and 20, most preferably between 1 and 10.

[0045] The metal fibers may be made from at least one material selected from the group consisting of iron-based alloys, nickel-based alloys, platinum group metals (PGMs), or refractory metals. Specifically, the metal fibers may be made from at least one ferritic iron-chromium-aluminum alloy (FeCrAl alloy) or one alloy having a material number in accordance with DIN 17007-2:1961-09:n1.m1m2m3m4. n1 is specifically a number from groups 1, 2, and 3, preferably a number from groups 1 and 2. m1 is specifically a number from groups 0, 1, 3, 4, and 8, preferably a number from groups 3 and 4, particularly preferably a number 4. m2 is specifically a number from groups 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, preferably a number from groups 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, particularly preferably a number from groups 7, 8, and 9. m3 and m4 may preferably each independently represent one of the numbers from the group 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. FeCrAl alloys include products marketed under the trademark names Kanthal® AF, Kanthal® A-1, and Kanthal® D, for example. PGM includes the elements platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, osmium, ruthenium, and their alloys. Refractory metals include the elements titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, rhenium, and their alloys.

[0046] OCMC has multiple oxide ceramic reinforced fibers and can form textile fabrics. The term “textile fabric” as used herein is a broad term and has the usual and customary meaning to those skilled in the art, and is not limited to any special or customized meaning. The term refers in particular to, but is not limited to, the manufacture of fibers. Textile fabrics can be manufactured in the form of sheets, mats, specifically continuous mats, or continuous filaments. Textile fabrics can be manufactured by at least one technique selected from the group consisting of weaving, knitting, braiding, and sewing. Fibers can be manufactured in two-dimensional or three-dimensional orientation. In two-dimensional orientation, fibers are basically aligned only along the X and Y planes of the material. In three-dimensional orientation, fibers are incorporated in the X, Y, and Z directions. Textile fabrics are also called textile preforms, textile backbones, textile scaffolds, or textile skeletons.

[0047] The first support structure, specifically a plurality of oxide ceramic reinforced fibers, more specifically a fibrous fabric, may have a woven, mesh, or knitted structure. However, other embodiments are also possible.

[0048] The textile fabric can be woven in a weave pattern selected from the group consisting of unidirectional weave, plain weave, twill weave K1 / 2, twill weave K2 / 2, twill weave K1 / 3, twill weave 4 / 4, atlas A1 / 4, and atlas A1 / 7. Preferred weave patterns are 2 / 2 twill weave, 4 / 4 twill weave, 1 / 4 atlas weave, 1 / 7 atlas weave, and especially 4 / 4 twill weave, 1 / 4 atlas weave, and 1 / 7 atlas weave. The textile fabric can be laminated in an angle of 0 / 90° or 45°. However, other embodiments are also possible.

[0049] The textile fabric may be a homogeneous textile fabric or a hybrid textile fabric. Specifically, the hybrid textile fabric may be part of a functional layer. A homogeneous textile fabric may consist of only one type of fiber. A hybrid textile fabric may consist of at least two different types of fibers. One type of fiber that makes up a hybrid textile fabric is a conductive fiber. Specifically, the textile fabric may contain conductive fibers as warp and / or weft threads. Preferably, the textile fabric may contain conductive fibers as weft threads. The conductive fiber may contain at least one of metal, carbon, or silicon carbide, preferably at least one of metal and carbon, most preferably metal. Metallic fibers may be made from at least one material selected from the group consisting of iron-based alloys, nickel-based alloys, platinum group metals (PGMs), or refractory metals. The metal fibers can be made from, specifically, at least one ferritic iron-chromium-aluminum alloy (FeCrAl alloy), or an alloy having material numbers n1, m1, m2, m3, and m4 based on DIN 17007-2:1961-09. n1 is specifically a digit from the group 1, 2, 3, preferably a digit from the group 1 and 2. m1 is specifically a digit from the group 0, 1, 3, 4, 8, preferably a digit from the group 3 and 4, particularly preferably a digit 4. m2 is specifically a digit from the group 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, preferably a digit from the group 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, particularly preferably a digit from the group 7, 8, 9. m3 and m4 preferably each independently represent one of the digits from the group 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9. FeCrAl alloys include products sold under trade names such as Kanthal® AF, Kanthal® A-1, and Kanthal® D. PGMs are composed of elements such as platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, osmium, and ruthenium, and their alloys. Refractory metals are composed of elements such as titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium, and their alloys.

[0050] The fiber diameter of the oxide ceramic reinforced fiber is 1 μm to 50 μm, preferably 3 μm to 30 μm, and most preferably 5 μm to 20 μm. However, other dimensions are also possible.

[0051] Multiple single-oxide ceramic-reinforced fibers (also called filaments) can be bundled together to form strands, wires, or yarns. This allows the multiple single-oxide ceramic-reinforced fibers to extend substantially in one direction. Specifically, filaments can be twisted together to form a single yarn strand. A single yarn strand may consist of 100 to 20,000 filaments, preferably 200 to 10,000 filaments. The yarn thickness, in accordance with ISO 1144, is specifically in the range of 50 to 2,500 Tex, preferably 100 to 1,500 Tex, and most preferably 150 to 1,000 Tex. The yarn may specifically consist of 200 to 10,000 filaments, preferably 300 to 3,000 filaments, and most preferably 300 to 2,000 filaments. The fiber volume content may specifically be 5 to 75%, preferably 10 to 60%, and most preferably 20 to 50%. The diameter of the filament may be 1 μm to 50 μm, preferably 3 μm to 30 μm, and more preferably 5 μm to 20 μm.

[0052] In exemplary embodiments, the textile fabric may include, for example, six overlapping woven sheets of Type DF-11 from 3M (St. Paul, Minnesota, USA), wound in a 0 / 90° direction, which may be impregnated with a slurry that forms an OCMC structure matrix after firing. The slurry may consist of a mixture of 85% Al2O3 and 15% ZrO2. The slurry may contain additional components.

[0053] As used herein, the term “heating conductor” is a broad term, given to those skilled in the art in a common and customary sense, and is not limited to any special or customized meaning. The term refers, in particular, to a heating element configured to convert electrical energy into heat by Joule heating, but is not limited thereto. For example, a heating conductor comprises at least one metallic material or at least one conductive ceramic. For example, a heating conductor may be a resistance wire, e.g., a metallic resistance wire. For example, a heating conductor may comprise at least one conductive material, e.g., at least one ceramic material. A metallic heating conductor may be made from at least one material selected from the group consisting of iron-based alloys, nickel-based alloys, platinum group metals (PGMs), or refractory metals. A metallic heating conductor may be made from at least one ferritic iron-chromium-aluminum alloy (FeCrAl alloy) or an alloy having material numbers n1, m1, m2, m3, m4 in accordance with DIN 17007-2:1961-09. n1 is specifically a digit from groups 1, 2, and 3, preferably a digit from groups 1 and 2. m1 is specifically a digit from groups 0, 1, 3, 4, and 8, preferably a digit from groups 3 and 4, and particularly preferably a digit from group 4. m2 is specifically a digit from groups 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, preferably a digit from groups 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, and particularly preferably a digit from groups 7, 8, and 9. m3 and m4 may preferably each independently represent one of the digits from groups 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. FeCrAl alloys include products sold under trade names such as Kanthal® AF, Kanthal® A-1, and Kanthal® D. PGM consists of elements such as platinum, palladium, iridium, rhodium, osmium, and ruthenium, and alloys thereof. Refractory metals are composed of elements such as titanium, zirconium, hafnium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, tungsten, and rhenium, as well as alloys thereof.

[0054] Materials for ceramic heating elements include carbon (graphite or carbon fiber), carbides (silicon carbide (SiC) or zirconium carbide (ZrC)), nitrides (silicon nitride (Si3N4)), silicides (molybdenum disilicate (MoSi2)), binary oxides (yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), magnesia-stabilized zirconia (MSZ), titanium oxide (TiO)), and ternary oxides (perovskite, ferrite). Other materials can also be used.

[0055] The heating conductor may have an elliptical, circular, or prismatic cross-section. In a top view, the heating conductor may have a rectangular, circular, snail-shaped, or meandering shape. For example, the heating conductor may be a wire, ribbon, straight, or coiled. The heating conductor may also be tape-shaped. However, other embodiments are also possible.

[0056] The cross-sectional area of ​​the heating conductor is, for example, 0.05 mm². 2 ~1000mm 2 Preferably 0.1 mm 2 ~100mm 2 , more preferably 0.2 mm 2 ~100mm 2 The heating conductor can be configured as follows: The ratio of the width to the thickness (cross-sectional area) of the heating conductor can be, for example, 5 to 10,000, preferably 10 to 500, and more preferably 20 to 200. The thickness of the heating conductor is, for example, 0.1 mm to 1 mm, preferably 0.03 mm to 0.5 mm, and more preferably 0.05 mm to 0.3 mm. The width of the heating conductor is, for example, 1 mm to 500 mm, preferably 2 mm to 200 mm, and more preferably 5 mm to 100 mm. The length of the heating conductor is, for example, 1 m to 5,000 m, preferably 5 m to 1,000 m, and more preferably 10 m to 500 m. The specific surface area (perimeter / cross-sectional area) of the heating conductor is, for example, 1,000 l / m to 200,000 l / m, preferably 2,000 l / m to 100,000 l / m, and more preferably 3,000 l / m to 50,000 l / m. The gap width between the traces of the heating conductor can be, for example, 1 mm to 20 mm, preferably 2 mm to 10 mm, and more preferably 3 mm to 5 mm. However, other dimensions are also possible.

[0057] The heating conductor may have an ohm resistance of, for example, 10 ohms to 10,000 ohms, preferably 20 ohms to 5,000 ohms, and more preferably 50 ohms to 1,000 ohms.

[0058] As used herein, the term “embedded” is a broad term, given to those skilled in the art in a normal and customary sense, and is not limited to any special or customized meaning. Specifically, the term means, but is not limited to, one or more of “integrated,” “fixed,” “inside,” or “enclosed.” The layered structure may comprise a plurality of heating conductors embedded in the first support structure.

[0059] The heating conductor and the first support structure may be connected by at least one press-fit connection, at least one shape-fit connection, or at least one material joint. For example, the heating conductor may be a molded piece embedded in the first support structure of the OCMC.

[0060] Specifically, the heating conductor can be manufactured by applying the heating conductor material or starting material to the surface of the first support structure. The heating conductor can be plated onto the first support structure, for example, by molding, printing, or coating one or more of these methods. Furthermore, the heating conductor can be plated, for example, by flame spraying, plasma spraying one or more of these methods. More specifically, the heating conductor can be manufactured by lamination or the like during the manufacturing process of the heating panel. However, other methods are also possible.

[0061] In yet another embodiment, a tape of conductive material is embedded between a first support structure and a second support structure. This tape may preferably consist of fiber strands of conductive ceramic fibers, such as carbon fibers or silicon carbide fibers. These fibers may be twisted together or bundled into threads. Alternatively, metal wires or bundles may be used, preferably containing iron, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, platinum, tantalum, niobium, and / or tungsten, and the strands may consist of round or flat wires. Metal foil may also be used. It may also be used in meandering metal tapes. It may also be used in snail-shaped metal tapes.

[0062] In further embodiments, the fibrous backbone of OCMC may include at least one layer of hybrid fabric. Conductive threads made of conductive material contained therein function as thermal conductors. Specifically, the first support structure may comprise a hybrid OCMC layer that further includes the fibrous backbone of OCMC and thermal conductors in the form of conductive threads such as metallic threads and / or carbon fibers and / or silicon carbide fibers woven into the OCMC structure. Such a hybrid OCMC layer may be referred to herein as a hybrid fabric. The metallic threads in the hybrid fabric may include fibers with a diameter of 10 to 150 microns, preferably 15 to 100 microns, and more preferably 20 to 70 microns. These fibers may be twisted together to form strands. A strand may contain 4 to 100 fibers, preferably 6 to 50 fibers, and particularly preferably 10 to 30 fibers. The ratio of metal fiber weft to oxide ceramic fiber weft may be 20:1 to 1:20, preferably 5:1 to 1:10, and particularly preferably 1:1 to 1:5. The carbon fiber or silicon carbide fiber threads in the hybrid fiber may include fibers with a diameter of 3 to 15 microns, preferably 5 to 10 microns. These fibers may be bundled together to form a thread. One thread may contain 1,000 to 24,000 fibers, preferably 1,000 to 6,000 fibers. According to DIN 609-5-Part 1, the thickness of the thread is 50 Tex to 1,600 Tex, preferably 50 Tex to 400 Tex. The ratio of carbon fiber or silicon carbide fiber weft to oxide ceramic fiber weft may be 20:1 to 1:20, preferably 5:1 to 1:10, and particularly preferably 1:1 to 1:5.

[0063] A heating panel may be configured to be directly powered, for example, by applying at least one voltage to the resistance wire of a heating conductor. The heating conductor may have at least two ends. These ends may be used as electrical contacts for connecting the heating panel, in particular the heating conductor, to a power line. As used herein, the term “power line” is a broad term and has a meaning that is common and customary to those skilled in the art, and is not limited to any special or customized meaning. Specifically, the term may refer to any power source, such as a voltage source, but is not limited to that.

[0064] The heating panel may be connected to the power lines in series or in parallel. For example, the power may be in the range of 10kW to 2000kW, 20kW to 1000kW, or 50kW to 500kW. For example, the current may be in the range of 1A to 1000A, preferably 2A to 500A, and more preferably 10A to 100A. For example, the current density may be 1A / mm². 2 ~500A / mm 2 Preferably 5 A / mm 2 ~100A / mm 2 For example, the voltage gradient can be 1V / m to 100V / m, preferably 5V / m to 50V / m. For example, the voltage can be 10V to 50000V, preferably 20V to 10000V, more preferably 50V to 5000V.

[0065] In a feedstock heating apparatus, multiple heating panels may be used, for example, connected in series. These heating panels may operate at the same or different voltages or currents. The apparatus may include, for example, at least one temperature sensor for each heating panel or group of heating panels, and the voltage may be controlled according to the detected temperature and target temperature.

[0066] The ends of the heating conductor may have enlarged cross sections. This allows for the formation of cold ends to bring the heating element into contact with the power line. For example, the ratio of the cross-sectional area of ​​the cold ends to the heating conductor can be 1 to 100, preferably 2 to 50, and more preferably 5 to 20. However, other dimensions are also possible.

[0067] Alternatively, the heating panel may be configured to be powered indirectly. For example, the first support structure may be configured as a susceptor for coupling an induced current or microwaves to the heating conductor.

[0068] A heating panel may specifically comprise at least one layer stack. As used herein, the term “layer stack” is a broad term, having a common and customary meaning to those skilled in the art, and is not limited to any special or customized meaning. The term refers, without particular limitation, to at least two layers stacked in any order, which are stacked directly or via one or more intermediate layers. The stack may consist of multiple layers of the same material. Furthermore, the stack may consist of layers of different materials. Other embodiments are also feasible in principle. In particular, a layer stack may consist of at least two layers. Other numbers of layers are also conceivable in principle. Layers may be separated from each other by interfaces. These interfaces may be planar or textured. Thus, “layer stack” is also called “layer structure.”

[0069] Each layer of the layer stack may be arranged in a stacked manner. As used herein, the term “stacked” is a broad term and has a meaning that is common and customary to those skilled in the art, and is not limited to any special or customized meaning. Specifically, the term refers to the arrangement of the first face of the first layer and the second face of the second layer, where these two faces are arranged opposite each other, but not limited to this arrangement. In particular, the first and second faces may be in direct contact with each other. In particular, the second layer may be placed on the first layer such that the first and second faces are in at least partial contact with each other. In such an arrangement, the second layer may have smaller dimensions than the first layer, particularly in length and / or width, or vice versa. This may result in a portion of the second face not being covered by the first layer, or vice versa. Furthermore, the first and second layers may be offset from each other, i.e., a portion of the second layer protrudes from the edge of the first layer, or vice versa.

[0070] The heating panel may include at least one second support structure, specifically a second support structure consisting of at least one OCMC. For the characteristics of the second support structure, please refer to the description of the first support structure above. The second support structure may be identical to the first support structure, for example. However, the first support structure and the second support structure may differ from each other, for example, by having at least one different parameter.

[0071] Specifically, the heating conductor may be sandwiched between the first and second support structures of the OCMC. Therefore, the heating panel may comprise a laminate including a layer of the first support structure, a layer of the heating conductor, and a layer of the second support structure in a predetermined order. However, the layer stack may further include additional layers positioned between the first support structure layer and the heating conductor layer, or between the second support structure layer and the heating conductor layer. Other embodiments are also possible.

[0072] The heating panel, specifically the layered structure, may comprise at least one top layer. For example, the top layer may be placed on a second support structure. If the second support structure, such as an OCMC, is omitted, the heating conductor may be sandwiched between the first support structure and the top layer.

[0073] Furthermore, or alternatively, the heating panel, specifically the layered structure, may have at least one bottom layer. The first support structure may be located on the bottom layer. The terms “top layer” and “bottom layer” may refer to the outermost layer of the heating panel. The top layer and bottom layer may be located on opposite sides of the heating panel.

[0074] The first support structure may have at least one first surface and at least one opposing second surface. The heating conductor and optionally a second support layer and / or top layer may be located on the first surface. The bottom layer may be located on the second surface. However, other embodiments are also possible. Thus, one or more intermediate layers may be located between the heating conductor and the first side surface of the first support structure, and / or between the bottom layer and the second side surface of the first support structure.

[0075] The second support structure may have at least one first surface and at least one opposing second surface. The top layer may be positioned on the first surface. The heating conductor and optionally further layers of the heating panel may be positioned on the second surface. However, other embodiments are also possible. Thus, one or more intermediate layers may be positioned between the heating conductor and the second side surface of the second support structure, and / or between the top layer and the first side surface of the second support structure.

[0076] The heating conductor may have at least one first side surface and at least one opposing second side surface. The top layer may be located on the first side surface, and the first support structure may be located on the second side surface. However, other embodiments are also possible. Thus, one or more intermediate layers may be located between the top layer and the first side surface of the heating conductor, and / or one or more intermediate layers may be located between the first support structure and the second side surface of the heating conductor.

[0077] The top layer and / or bottom layer may be monolithic crystalline or amorphous. Specifically, the top layer and / or bottom layer may contain at least one type of stoneware glaze, such as Botz stoneware glaze 9870.

[0078] In a further aspect of the present invention, it is proposed that the heating panel according to the present invention be used for the purpose of radiant heating, preferably radiant heating in an industrial furnace, and more preferably radiant heating in a reaction furnace. For embodiments and definitions, refer to the above description relating to the heating panel.

[0079] In a further aspect of the present invention, an apparatus for heating a raw material is proposed. This apparatus comprises at least one heating panel according to the present invention. For embodiments and definitions, refer to the above description relating to the heating panel. The apparatus comprises at least one pipeline for receiving the raw material. The apparatus comprises a voltage source connected to the heating panel and designed to generate heat by applying at least one voltage to the heating panel. The heating panel and pipeline are arranged such that the heating panel heats the pipeline and heats the raw material by thermal radiation.

[0080] As used herein, the term “feedstock” (also spelled “feed”) is a broad term with meanings that are common and customary to those skilled in the art, and should not be limited to any special or customized meanings. The term may refer to, but is not limited to, the flow of substances supplied to a pipeline. For example, the feedstock may be a gaseous and / or liquid medium (e.g., a fluid). The feedstock may be selected from the group consisting of, for example, water, steam, combustion air, hydrocarbon mixtures, and hydrocarbons to be decomposed. For example, the feedstock may be a hydrocarbon to be pyrolyzed, in particular a mixture of hydrocarbons to be pyrolyzed. For example, the feedstock may be water or steam, and further include a mixture of hydrocarbons to be pyrolyzed, in particular a mixture of hydrocarbons to be pyrolyzed. Examples of feedstocks include a preheated mixture of hydrocarbons to be pyrolyzed and steam. Other fluids are also possible.

[0081] As used herein, the term “pipeline” is a broad term with meanings that are common and customary to those skilled in the art, and is not limited to any special or customized meanings. Specifically, the term refers to, but is not limited to, any device configured for the receiving and transport of raw materials. The shape, surface, and / or material of the pipeline will vary depending on the raw materials being transported.

[0082] The pipeline may be designed as a reaction tube, particularly a heating pipe. The apparatus may be part of an industrial reactor, particularly an electroreactor. The industrial reactor may be configured to perform at least one process selected from the group consisting of performing at least one endothermic reaction, cracking (decomposition), steam cracking (steam decomposition), steam reforming, dehydrogenation of alkanes, heating, preheating, superheating, or intermediate superheating of steam, production of styrene by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, production of acetylene, catalytic cracking, decomposition of ammonia for hydrogen production, and synthesis of hydrogen cyanide from hydrocarbons and ammonia. Ammonia decomposition (NH3 → 1 / 2N2 + 3 / 2H2) Methane steam reforming: (CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2) Cyanate (BMA) from methane and ammonia (CH4 + NH3 → HCN + 3H2) Formamide decomposition (HCONH2 → HCN + H2O) Alkane dehydrogenation (C n H (2n+2) → C n H (2n) (+ H2, n=2,3,4) Styrene synthesis (C8H 10 → C8H8+ H2), or Cyclohexane dehydrogenation (C6H 12 → C6H6 + 3H2)

[0083] This device may have multiple pipelines. This device may have L pipelines (where L is a natural number greater than or equal to 2). For example, this device may have at least 2, 3, 4, 5, or more pipelines. For example, this device may have up to 100 pipelines. Each pipeline may have the same configuration or be different.

[0084] A pipeline may include symmetrical and / or asymmetrical pipes, and / or combinations thereof. In a perfectly symmetrical configuration, the apparatus may include a pipeline made of pipes of the same type. "Asymmetrical pipe" and "combination of symmetrical and asymmetrical pipes" are understood to mean that the apparatus is made up of any combination of pipes, which may be connected in parallel or in series as needed, for example. "Pipe type" is understood to mean a category or type of pipeline characterized by specific features. A pipe type is characterized by at least one feature selected from the following group: the horizontal configuration of the pipeline, the vertical configuration of the pipeline, the length of the inlet (L1) and / or the length of the outlet (L2) and / or the length of the transition section (L3), the diameter of the inlet (d1) and the diameter of the outlet (d2) and / or the diameter of the transition section (d3), the number of passes n, the length per pass, the diameter per pass, the shape, the surface, and the material. The apparatus may include combinations of at least two different types of pipes connected in parallel and / or in series. For example, the device may have pipes of different lengths at the inlet (L1) and / or outlet (L2) and / or transition section (L3). For example, the device may include a pipeline with asymmetrical inlet diameter (d1) and / or outlet diameter (d2) and / or transition section diameter (d3). For example, the device may include a pipeline with a different number of passes. For example, the device may consist of a pipeline with multiple passes having different lengths and / or different diameters for each pass. In principle, all kinds of pipes can be combined in parallel and / or in series.

[0085] This apparatus may have multiple inlets and / or outlets, and / or production streams. Pipelines consisting of different or identical types of pipes may be arranged in parallel and / or in series with the multiple inlets and / or outlets. Pipelines may be supplied in the form of assembly kits of various types of pipes, which can be selected and combined as needed depending on the purpose. Using pipelines of different types of pipes enables more precise temperature control, and / or adaptation of the reaction when the feed rate fluctuates, and / or selective yield of the reaction, and / or optimized process technology.

[0086] Pipelines may have the same or different shapes, surfaces, or materials. Pipelines are connected through each other to form a pipe system that receives fluids. "Pipe system" is understood to mean a device that includes at least two pipes, in particular pipes that are connected to each other. A pipe system may include an inlet pipe and an outlet pipe. A pipe system may include at least one inlet for receiving raw materials. A pipe system may include at least one outlet for discharging raw materials. "Through connection" means that pipelines are fluidly connected to each other. Thus, pipelines may be arranged and connected so that raw materials flow sequentially through the pipelines. However, they may also flow in parallel. Pipelines may be connected in parallel so that raw materials pass through at least two pipelines in parallel. Pipelines may be designed to transport different raw materials in parallel. In particular, parallel-connected pipelines may have different shapes and / or surfaces and / or materials to transport different raw materials. In particular in the transport of raw materials, multiple or all pipelines may be configured in parallel, and raw materials may be distributed between parallel-configured pipelines. A combination of series and parallel connections is also possible.

[0087] This device comprises at least one power supply connected to the heating panel. The power supply can be any power source, such as a direct current (DC) voltage source and / or an alternating current (AC) voltage source. This device may also comprise multiple power supplies. This device may comprise 2 to M different power supplies (where M is a natural number greater than or equal to 3). Power supplies may be controllable or uncontrollable. Power supplies may have at least one electrical output variable that is controllable or uncontrollable. "Output variable" is understood to mean a current value and / or a voltage value, and / or a current signal and / or a voltage signal. Power supplies are electrically controllable independently of each other. For example, different currents may be generated for each heating panel, causing them to reach different temperatures in the pipeline.

[0088] The apparatus described in any of the above-mentioned claims relates to an apparatus configured to heat a raw material to a temperature range of 200°C to 1700°C, preferably 300°C to 1400°C, more preferably 400°C to 875°C.

[0089] The apparatus in question may, for example, be part of a steam cracker. "Steam cracking" can be understood as the process of converting long-chain hydrocarbons such as naphtha, propane, butane, and ethane, as well as diesel fuel and hydrowaxes, into short-chain hydrocarbons by thermal decomposition in the presence of steam. In steam cracking, hydrogen, methane, ethylene, and propene are the main products, but butenes and pyrolytic benzenes are also produced. Steam cracking apparatuses can be designed to heat the raw materials to temperatures in the range of 550°C to 1100°C.

[0090] For example, this device may be part of a reformer furnace. "Steam reforming" can be understood as a process that produces hydrogen and carbon dioxide from water and carbon-containing raw materials, particularly hydrocarbons such as natural gas, light gasoline, and biogas. For example, the raw materials are heated to a temperature of 200°C to 1000°C, preferably 400°C to 900°C.

[0091] For example, this device may be part of an alkane dehydrogenation device. "Alkane dehydrogenation" can be understood as the process of dehydrogenating alkanes to produce alkenes, such as the process of dehydrogenating butane to butene (BDH) or propane to propene (PDH). Alkane dehydrogenation devices may be designed to heat the raw materials to a temperature of 400°C to 700°C.

[0092] However, other temperatures and temperature ranges are also possible.

[0093] This heating panel may offer many advantages compared to known heating panels.

[0094] A ribbon-shaped metal heating conductor (e.g., made of an iron-based or nickel-based alloy) can be embedded between two OCMC half-shells. In this way, a direct electric heating panel can be realized. The ribbon-shaped heating conductor is supported by the OCMC half-shells by force-fit connections and / or shape-fit connections, thereby ensuring the dimensional stability required for the heating panel. The ribbon-shaped heating conductor can be cut so that the power density is locally adjusted according to the power requirements along the cracker coil. In particular, the ends are shaped to become cold ends to allow the heating conductor to contact the power lines. Surprisingly, despite the different thermal expansion coefficients of the metal and OCMC, the heating panel is generally stable.

[0095] The heating panel may be self-supporting and heat and chemical resistant under the intended operating conditions. The heating conductor may be formed from a thin metal tape. Heat is released by a moderate radiation density and the corresponding moderate overheating of the metal tape. The heating conductor can operate at high temperatures, specifically up to 1300°C, even though its strength is almost completely lost. The surface resistivity of the heating conductor can be adjusted and changed over a wide range by the cutting pattern of the metal tape. Surface resistivity ρ A It is defined as follows: [ka] Here, ρA (unit: Ω / m) 2 ) is the surface intrinsic ohm resistance of the heating panel, R hp (Unit: Ω) is the ohm resistance of the heating panel, A hp (unit: m) 2 ) is the surface area of ​​the heating panel, ρ Ω (Unit: Ω·m) is the intrinsic ohmic resistance of the heating conductor, φ hc (unit: m) 2 / m 2 ) is the coverage ratio of the heating conductor on the heating panel, b hc (Units in meters) is the width of the heating conductor track, S hc (Unit: m) represents the thickness of the heating conductor track.

[0096] The surface-specific ohmic resistance is 0.1 Ω / m 2 ~10000Ω / m 2 Preferably 1Ω / m 2 ~1000Ω / m 2 More preferably 5Ω / m 2 ~500Ω / m 2 That is the case.

[0097] As a result, the power density can be concentrated and distributed across the entire surface of the heating panel. The low-temperature end can be integrated into the heating panel, facilitating connection to power lines. Furthermore, the specific surface area of ​​the heating panel can be increased. This allows for increased pressure through convective heat transfer to the circulating ambient gas. Convective heat transport can operate in parallel with heat dissipation. This can help mitigate overheating of the heating panel. Painting the surface of the OCMC shell black can improve heat dissipation efficiency. The effective surface area of ​​the heating panel can be increased by giving it a corrugated shape. Heat radiation can be enhanced by using a fabric with an open weave pattern as the fiber framework of the OCMC shell. Instead of using metal tape, the heating conductor can be plated onto the OCMC shell.

[0098] In summary, without prejudice, the following embodiments are conceivable.

[0099] Embodiment 1. A heating panel comprising at least one layered structure, wherein the layered structure comprises at least one heating conductor embedded in a first support structure of an oxide ceramic matrix composite material (OCMC), and the heating panel has a normalized shell thickness S from 0.0001 to 0.1. norm =s / D eq It has, and s is the thickness of the panel, D eq A heating panel where = 4A / U, where A is the surface area of ​​the heating panel and U is the perimeter of the surface area.

[0100] Embodiment 2. The heating panel according to the above embodiment, wherein the normalized shell thickness of the heating panel is 0.0005 to 0.03.

[0101] Embodiment 3. The heating panel according to one of the embodiments described above, wherein the thickness of the heating panel is 0.5 mm to 10 mm.

[0102] Embodiment 4. The heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein the heating panel has a shape selected from the group consisting of a planar shape, an arched shape, and a regular or irregular shape.

[0103] Embodiment 5. The heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein the heating panel comprises a second support structure of OCMC, and the heating conductor is sandwiched between the first support structure and the second support structure.

[0104] Embodiment 6. The heating panel according to the above-described embodiment, wherein the layered structure comprises at least one top layer.

[0105] Embodiment 7. The heating panel according to Embodiment 6 described above, wherein the top layer is disposed on a second support structure.

[0106] Embodiment 8. A heating panel according to any one of the two embodiments described above, wherein the layered structure comprises at least one bottom layer, and the first support structure is disposed on the bottom layer.

[0107] Embodiment 9. The heating panel includes at least one top layer, and the heating conductor is sandwiched between the first support structure and the top layer. The heating panel according to any one of the three embodiments described above.

[0108] Embodiment 10. The top layer and / or the bottom layer is monolithic crystal or amorphous, and the top layer and / or the bottom layer contains at least one stoneware glaze. The heating panel according to any one of the three embodiments described above.

[0109] Embodiment 11. The heating conductor and the first support structure are connected by one or more of at least one press-fit connection, at least one form-fit connection, or at least one material closure. The heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above.

[0110] Embodiment 12. The OCMC is Si x M y O z 、Si x M1 y M2 w O z 、Si x B y N z C w 、AlN, MxOy, and a matrix composition selected from the group consisting of a mixture of oxides (M1 x O y / M2 w O z ). The heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above.

[0111] Embodiment 13. The OCMC has oxide ceramic reinforcing fibers containing at least one material selected from the group consisting of mullite, Al2O3, and a combination of mullite and Al2O3. The heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above.

[0112] Embodiment 14. The first support structure has a fabric, mesh, woven or knitted structure. The heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above.

[0113] Embodiment 15. The heating conductor comprises at least one metallic material selected from the group consisting of iron-based alloys, nickel-based alloys, platinum group metals (PGM), refractory metals, at least one ferritic iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) alloy, or one alloy having material numbers n1, m1, m2, m3, m4 in accordance with DIN 17007-2:1961-09, where n1 is a digit selected from groups 1, 2, and 3, preferably a digit selected from groups 1 and 2; m1 is a digit selected from groups 0, 1, 3, 4, and 8, preferably a digit selected from groups 3 and 4, particularly preferably a digit 4; m2 is a digit selected from groups 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, preferably a digit selected from groups 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, particularly preferably a digit selected from groups 7, 8, and 9; and m3 and m4 are preferably independently from groups 0, 1, and 2, respectively. A heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein the heating conductor comprises at least one conductive ceramic, and the heating element comprises at least one material selected from the group consisting of carbon such as graphite or carbon fiber, carbides such as silicon carbide (SiC) or zirconium carbide (ZrC), nitrides such as silicon nitride (Si3N4), silicides such as molybdenum disilicide (MoSi2), binary oxides such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), magnesia-stabilized zirconia (MSZ), titanium oxide (TiO), ternary oxides such as perovskite, ferrite, etc.

[0114] Embodiment 16. A heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein the heating conductor is plated on the first support structure by one or more of the following: molding, printing, or coating.

[0115] Embodiment 17. A heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein the heating conductor includes a tape.

[0116] Embodiment 18. A heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein the heating conductor has an elliptical, circular, or prismatic cross-section.

[0117] Embodiment 19. A heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein the heating conductor has a rectangular, circular, snail-shaped, or serpentine structure when viewed from above.

[0118] Embodiment 20. A heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein the end of the heating conductor has a cross-section that extends to form a cold end for bringing the heating panel into contact with a power line.

[0119] Embodiment 21. The heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein the heating panel is configured to be indirectly powered, and the first support structure is configured as a susceptor for coupling an induced current or microwaves to a heating conductor.

[0120] Embodiment 22. Use of a heating panel according to any one of the embodiments described above, which is intended for radiant heating, preferably radiant heating in an industrial furnace, and more preferably radiant heating in a reaction furnace.

[0121] Embodiment 23. An apparatus for heating a raw material, comprising a heating panel as described in any one of the embodiments described above, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one pipeline for receiving the raw material, the apparatus comprises at least one power supply connected to the heating panel and designed to apply at least one voltage to the heating panel to generate heat, and the heating panel and pipeline are arranged such that the heating panel heats the pipeline and heats the raw material by thermal radiation.

[0122] Embodiment 24. An apparatus according to any one of the embodiments described above, wherein the apparatus is part of an industrial reactor, and the industrial reactor may be configured to perform at least one process selected from the group consisting of performing at least one endothermic reaction, cracking, steam cracking, steam reforming, dehydrogenation of alkanes, heating, preheating, superheating, or intermediate superheating of steam, production of styrene by dehydrogenation of ethylbenzene, production of acetylene, catalytic cracking, decomposition of ammonia for hydrogen production, and synthesis of hydrocyanic acid from hydrocarbons and ammonia. Ammonia decomposition (NH3 → 1 / 2N2 + 3 / 2H2) Methane steam reforming: (CH4 + H2O → CO + 3H2) Cyanate (BMA) from methane and ammonia (CH4 + NH3 → HCN + 3H2) Formamide decomposition (HCONH2 → HCN + H2O) Alkane dehydrogenation (C n H (2n+2) → C n H (2n) (+ H2, n=2,3,4) Styrene synthesis (C8H 10 → C8H8+ H2), or Cyclohexane dehydrogenation (C6H 12 → C6H6 + 3H2)

[0123] Embodiment 25. An apparatus according to any one of the embodiments described above, configured to heat the raw material to a temperature range of 200°C to 1700°C, preferably 300°C to 1400°C, more preferably 400°C to 875°C. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0124] Further optional details and features of the present invention will become apparent from the description of preferred embodiments set forth below, in conjunction with the dependent claims. In this context, certain features can be implemented individually or in combination with other features. The present invention is not limited to exemplary embodiments. Exemplary embodiments are schematically shown in the drawings. In each figure, the same reference numeral indicates the same element, an element having the same function, or an element corresponding to one another in terms of function.

[0125] [Figure 1A] An exemplary embodiment of the layer stack of the heating panel according to the present invention is shown in a perspective view, where the Z coordinate scale is enlarged relative to the XY plane scale for clarity. [Figure 1B] An exemplary embodiment of the layer stack of the heating panel according to the present invention is shown in a cross-sectional view. [Figure 2A] Further exemplary embodiments of the layer stack of the heating panel according to the present invention are shown in a cross-sectional view. [Figure 2B] Further exemplary embodiments of the layer stack of the heating panel according to the present invention are shown in a cross-sectional view. [Figure 2C] Further exemplary embodiments of the layer stack of the heating panel according to the present invention are shown in a cross-sectional view. [Figure 3] An exemplary embodiment of the heating panel is shown in a perspective view. [Figure 4] The experimental results are shown below. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0126] [Example Embodiments] Figures 1A and 1B show exemplary embodiments of the layer stack 110 of the heating panel 112 according to the present invention in perspective view (Figure 1A) and cross-sectional view (Figure 1B).

[0127] The layer stack 110 may comprise at least one bottom layer 114 and at least one first support structure of OCMC 116. The first support structure of OCMC 116 may be located on the bottom layer 114. At least one heating conductor 118 is embedded in the first support structure of OCMC 116. The end 120 of the heating conductor 118 may have an enlarged cross-section to form a cold end 122 for bringing the heating conductor into contact with a power line. Furthermore, the layer stack 110 may comprise a second support structure of OCMC 124 and at least one top layer 126 (not shown in Figure 1A). The second support structure of OCMC 124 may be located on the heating conductor 118. The top layer 126 may be located on the second support structure of OCMC 124.

[0128] Figures 2A to 2C show further exemplary embodiments of the layer stack 110 of the heating panel 112 according to the present invention in cross-sectional views. The embodiments in Figures 2A to 2C correspond at least in part to the embodiments in Figures 1A and 1B. Therefore, please refer to the above-described explanation of Figures 1A and 1B.

[0129] In the embodiment shown in Figure 2A, the layer stack 110 may include only the first support structure of OCMC 116, the heating conductor 118, and the second support structure of OCMC 124. The heating conductor 118 is embedded in the first support structure of OCMC 116. The heating conductor 118 may be sandwiched between the first support structure of OCMC 116 and the second support structure of OCMC 124.

[0130] In the embodiment shown in Figure 2B, the layer stack 110 may include only a bottom layer 114, a first support structure 116 of the OCMC, a heating conductor 118, and a top layer 126. The first support structure of the OCMC 116 may be placed on the bottom layer 114. The heating conductor 118 is embedded in the first support structure of the OCMC 116. The heating conductor 118 may be sandwiched between the first support structure of the OCMC 116 and the top layer 126.

[0131] In the embodiment shown in Figure 2C, the layer stack 110 may exclusively include a first support structure of the OCMC 116 and a heating conductor 118. The heating conductor 118 is embedded in the first support structure of the OCMC 116.

[0132] Figure 3 shows a perspective view of an exemplary embodiment of the heating panel.

[0133] The heating panel 112 may have an arched shape. The heating panel 112 comprises at least one layer structure 128. The layer structure 128 comprises at least one heating conductor 118 embedded in a first support structure made of an oxide ceramic matrix composite material (OCMC). The layer stack 110 of the heating panel 112 may refer to the layer stack 110 according to Figure 2A. Therefore, please refer to the description of Figure 2A above.

[0134] The heating panel 112 has a normalized shell thickness S from 0.0001 to 0.1. norm =s / D eq It has, and s is the thickness of the panel, D eq = 4A / U, where A is the surface area of ​​the heating panel and U is the perimeter of the surface area. Surface area can refer to the total area occupied by the surface of an object. The surface of the heating panel 112 can be flat.

[0135] The fabrication of the flat heating panel was astonishing. It was anticipated that embedding metal heating conductors could compromise the interlayer bonds in the laminated structure, potentially leading to delamination. Surprisingly, the result was a stable and robust heating panel with high strength throughout its entire volume.

[0136] [Examples] Figure 4 shows the experimental results. A rectangular heating panel 112 measuring 400 mm × 200 mm × 3 mm (length × width × thickness) was used. The heating panel 112 in this experiment was equipped with a heating conductor 118 made of an alloy described in material number 1.4767. The thickness of the heating conductor 118 was 0.11 mm. The effective heating surface of the heating panel 112 was (276 x 154) mm. 2The heating conductor 118 was embedded in a rectangular OCMC plate. The OCMC plate was a WPS N610-DF11-1500 / FW12 type. The fibrous backbone consisted of eight layers of 3M NEXTEL610DF11-1500 type fabric. The heating conductor 118 was embedded between the fourth and fifth fibrous layers. The heating conductor 118 was positioned so that two 60 mm wide contact strips protruded 180 mm from the edge of the heating panel 112.

[0137] After lamination, the heating panel 112 was dried in a drying oven for 12 hours and then fired. The temperature program during firing followed the standard program for manufacturing FW12 components. Specifically, the temperature was increased from 250 K / h to 1200°C and held at 1200°C for 5 hours. After that, the heating panel 112 was stored in the oven with the heating stopped and cooled to 100°C.

[0138] The heating panel 112 is made of GL-Ni4.0mm glass from Litzenladen. 2 The contacts were made using stranded nickel wire. Therefore, 8mm holes were drilled at the ends of each contact strip, and the ends of the stranded nickel wire were secured to the contact strips with screws.

[0139] The resistance of the heating conductor 118 was measured between two contacts using a Fluke 88-5 digital multimeter and was 8.1 ohms at ambient temperature. The heating conductor 118 was connected to a DC power supply (model: HEA-PS 81000-30 3U) manufactured by Heiden electronics GmbH. The heating output of the heating panel 112 was controlled by the power supply voltage. The surface temperature of the heating panel 112 was measured using an N-type thermocouple and controlled by manually adjusting the output voltage of the power supply.

[0140] In the functional test, the heating plate was wrapped in a 5mm thick mat of CALSITRA CP 1250 type manufactured by RATH&Co. Ltd. and placed between two 25mm thick calcium silicate plates of MICROCAL® 1100 type manufactured by SILCA. In a systematic series of experiments, the heating panel 112 periodically varied the surface temperature of the heating plate between 600°C and 1200°C, and within each cycle, the temperature was maintained at 1200°C for 30 minutes, as shown in Figure 4. During steady-state operation at 1200°C, a voltage of 240V was supplied to the heating panel 112. The current was 28 amperes. Therefore, the heating panel 112 generated 6720 watts of power. The surface-related power density for the effective heating surface was 150 kW / m². 2 Four cycles were performed. Subsequently, the heating panel 112 was inspected. It was confirmed that the heating panel 112 maintained its functionality and structural integrity. [Explanation of Symbols]

[0141] 110-layer stack 112 Heating Panel 114 Bottom layer 116 OCMC's first support structure 118 Heating conductor 120 End 122 Cold end 124 OCMC's second support structure 126 Top Tier 128 Layered structure

Claims

1. A heating panel (112) comprising at least one layered structure (128), the layered structure (128) comprising at least one heating conductor (118) embedded in a first support structure of an oxide ceramic matrix composite material (OCMC) (116), the heating panel (112) having a normalized shell thickness S from 0.0001 to 0.1 ｎｏｒｍ = s / D ｅｑ It has such that s is the thickness of the panel, and D ｅｑ A heating panel (112) where = 4A / U, where A is the surface area of ​​the heating panel and U is the perimeter of the surface area.

2. The heating panel (112) according to claim 1, wherein the normalized shell thickness of the heating panel (112) is 0.0005 to 0.

03.

3. The heating panel (112) according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the thickness of the heating panel (112) is 0.5 mm to 10 mm.

4. The heating panel (112) according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the heating panel (112) has a shape selected from the group consisting of a planar shape, an arched shape, and a regular or irregular shape.

5. The heating panel (112) according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the heating panel comprises a second support structure of OCMC (124), and the heating conductor (118) is sandwiched between a first support structure of OCMC (116) and a second support structure of OCMC (124).

6. The heating panel (112) according to claim 5, wherein the layered structure comprises at least one top layer (126).

7. The heating panel (112) according to claim 6, wherein the top layer (126) is disposed on the second support structure of the OCMC (124).

8. The heating panel (112) according to claim 6 or 7, wherein the layered structure (128) comprises at least one bottom layer (114), and the first support structure (116) of the OCMC is disposed on the bottom layer (114).

9. The heating panel (112) according to any one of claims 6 to 8, wherein the heating panel (112) comprises at least one top layer (126), and the heating conductor (118) is sandwiched between the first support structure of the OCMC (116) and the top layer (126).

10. The OCMC is Si ｘ M ｙ O ｚ Si ｘ M1 ｙ M2 ｗ O ｚ Si ｘ B ｙ N ｚ C ｗ AlN, MxOy, and a matrix composition selected from the group consisting of a mixture of oxides (M1 ｘ O ｙ / M2 ｗ O ｚ ), the heating panel (112) according to any one of claims 1 to 9.

11. The aforementioned OCMC is mullite, Al ２ O ３ , mullite and Al ２ O ３ A heating panel (112) according to any one of claims 1 to 10, comprising oxide ceramic reinforced fibers containing at least one material selected from the group consisting of combinations of the following.

12. The heating conductor comprises at least one metallic material selected from the group consisting of iron-based alloys, nickel-based alloys, platinum group metals (PGM), refractory metals, at least one ferritic iron-chromium-aluminum (FeCrAl) alloy, or one alloy having material numbers n1, m1, m2, m3, m4 in accordance with DIN 17007-2:1961-09, where n1 is a digit selected from groups 1, 2, and 3, preferably a digit selected from groups 1 and 2; m1 is a digit selected from groups 0, 1, 3, 4, and 8, preferably a digit selected from groups 3 and 4, particularly preferably a digit 4; and m2 is a digit selected from groups 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9. Preferably, m3 and m4 are digits selected from groups 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, particularly preferably from groups 7, 8, and 9, and m3 and m4 are preferably independently digits selected from groups 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9, or the heating conductor includes at least one conductive ceramic, and the heating element is made of carbon such as graphite or carbon fiber, carbides such as silicon carbide (SiC) or zirconium carbide (ZrC), nitrides such as silicon nitride (SiC) ３ N4), silicides, such as molybdenum disilicide (MoSi ２ A heating panel (112) according to any one of claims 1 to 11, comprising at least one material selected from the group consisting of binary oxides, such as yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ), magnesia-stabilized zirconia (MSZ), titanium oxide (TiO), and ternary oxides, such as perovskite and ferrite.

13. The use of a heating panel (112) according to any one of claims 1 to 12, which is for the purpose of radiant heating, preferably radiant heating in an industrial furnace, and more preferably radiant heating in a reaction furnace.

14. An apparatus for heating a raw material, comprising at least one heating panel (112) as described in any one of claims 1 to 12, wherein the apparatus comprises at least one pipeline for receiving the raw material, the apparatus comprises at least one power supply connected to the heating panel (112) and designed to generate heat by applying at least one voltage to the heating panel (112), and the heating panel (112) and pipeline are arranged such that the heating panel (112) heats the pipeline and heats the raw material by thermal radiation.

15. The apparatus according to claim 14, configured to heat the raw material to a temperature range of 200°C to 1700°C, preferably 300°C to 1400°C, more preferably 400°C to 875°C.

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