Method and system for signaling ephemeris data in non-terrestrial based networks - Patents.com

Abstract

A method implemented by a wireless device includes receiving ephemeris data from a network node associated with a first cell, the ephemeris data being associated with a satellite serving a second cell, the ephemeris data being coarse ephemeris data with lower accuracy than full ephemeris data, and using the coarse ephemeris data to determine a position of a beam associated with the second cell and synchronize with the second cell.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates generally to wireless communications, and more particularly to a system and method for signaling ephemeris data in a non-terrestrial based network (NTN). [Background technology]

[0002] In 3GPP Release 8, the Evolved Packet System (EPS) was specified. EPS is based on the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) radio network and the Evolved Packet Core (EPC). EPS was initially intended to provide voice and mobile broadband (MBB) services, but has continuously evolved to expand the capabilities of EPS. Since Release 13, Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) and Long Term Evolution for Machines (LTE-M) are part of the LTE specification, providing connectivity to Massive Machine-Type Communications (mMTC) services.

[0003] 3GPP Release 15 specified the first release of 5G Systems (5GS), a new generation of radio access technology intended to serve use cases such as enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low latency communications (URLLC) and mMTC. 5G includes the New Radio (NR) access hierarchical interface and the 5G Core Network (5GC). The NR physical layer and higher layers reuse parts of the LTE specification and add required components as motivated by new use cases.

[0004] In Release 15, 3GPP also started to prepare NR for operation in non-terrestrial based networks (NTN). The work was carried out within the study item "NR for supporting non-terrestrial based networks" which resulted in 3GPP TR 38.811, see 3GPP TR 38.811, Study on New Radio (NR) for supporting non-terrestrial based networks.

[0005] In Release 16, work to prepare NR for operation in NTN networks continues with the study item "Solutions for NR to support non-terrestrial networks". In parallel, interest in adapting LTE for operation in NTN has increased. As a result, 3GPP is considering introducing support for NTN in both LTE and NR in Release 17.

[0006] A satellite radio access network typically includes satellites, which refer to spaceborne platforms; earth-based gateways that connect the satellites to base stations or to a core network depending on the architecture chosen; feeder links, which refer to the links between the gateways and the satellites; and access links, which refer to the links between the satellites and the UEs.

[0007] Depending on the orbital altitude, satellites may be categorized as Low Earth Orbit (LEO), Medium Earth Orbit (MEO), or Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO), as follows: LEO: Typical altitudes range from 250 to 1,500 km, and orbital periods range from 90 to 120 minutes. MEO: Typical altitudes range from 5,000 to 25,000 km, and orbital periods range from 3 to 15 hours. GEO: At an altitude of approximately 35,786 km, with an orbital period of 24 hours.

[0008] The significant orbital height means that satellite systems are characterized by path loss significantly higher than that expected in terrestrial networks. To overcome the path loss, it is often required that the access and feeder links be operated in line-of-sight conditions, and that the UE be equipped with antennas that provide high beam directionality.

[0009] A communication satellite typically generates several beams over a given area. The footprint of a beam is usually elliptical in shape, which has traditionally been considered a cell. The footprint of a beam is often also called a spot beam. The spot beam may move across the Earth's surface with the satellite moving, or may be Earth-fixed with some beam-pointing mechanism used by the satellite to compensate for its movement. The size of the spot beam depends on the system design and can range from tens of kilometers to thousands of kilometers. Figure 1 illustrates an example architecture of a satellite network with bent-pipe transponders.

[0010] NTN beams are very wide compared to beams observed in terrestrial networks and may cover areas outside the area defined by the served cell. Beams covering adjacent cells will overlap and cause significant levels of inter-cell interference. A common approach to overcome large levels of interference is for NTNs to configure different cells with different carrier frequencies and polarization modes. Throughout this specification, we use the terms beam and cell interchangeably unless explicitly mentioned otherwise. Although this disclosure focuses on NTNs, the proposed method applies to any wireless network governed by line-of-sight conditions.

[0011] In 3GPP TR 38.821, it is captured that ephemeris data should be provided to the UE, for example, to assist in pointing a directional antenna (or antenna beam) towards the satellite and to calculate the correct timing advance (TA) and Doppler shift. See RP-181370, Study on Solution Evaluation for NR to Support Non-Terrestrial Networks. The procedure on how to provide and update ephemeris data has not yet been studied in detail.

[0012] A satellite orbit can be fully described using six parameters. Exactly which set of parameters is chosen can be decided by the user and / or network provider, and many different representations are possible. For example, a choice of parameters often used in astronomy is the set (a, ε, i, Ω, ω, t), where the semi-major axis a and eccentricity ε describe the shape and size of the orbital ellipse, the inclination i, the right ascension of the ascending node Ω, and the argument of the periapsis ω determine its position in space, and the epoch t determines the reference time (e.g., the time when the satellite moves through periapsis). Figure 2 illustrates the set of parameters.

[0013] As an example of a different parameterization, the mean motion n and the mean anomaly M can be used instead of a and t. A completely different set of parameters is the satellite position and velocity vector (x, y, z, v x , v y , v z ) These are sometimes called Orbital State Vectors. They can be derived from Orbital Elements and vice versa, since the information they contain is equivalent. All these formulations (and many others) are possible choices for the format of the ephemeris data to be used in the NTN. To allow further progress, the format of the data should be agreed upon.

[0014] As indicated above, it is important for the UE to be able to determine the position of the satellite with an accuracy of at least a few meters. However, several studies have shown that this can be difficult to achieve. On the other hand, LEO satellites often have Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers that can determine the position of the LEO satellite with an accuracy of a few meters.

[0015] Another aspect captured in 3GPP TR 38.821 is the validity time of the ephemeris data. Predictions of satellite positions in general deteriorate with increasing age of the ephemeris data used due to atmospheric drag, satellite maneuvering, imperfections in the orbital model used, etc. Therefore, publicly available TLE data is updated, for example, very frequently. The update frequency depends on the satellite and the satellite's orbit, and ranges from weekly to multiple times per day for satellites in very low orbits that are exposed to strong atmospheric drag and need to perform frequent corrective maneuvers. Thus, although it seems possible to provide satellite positions with the required accuracy, care needs to be taken to meet these requirements, for example, when choosing the ephemeris data format or the orbital model to be used for orbital propagation.

[0016] System Information (SI) is an important function in cellular communication systems. SI provides wireless devices, also called User Equipment (UE), with information required to access the network and to perform other functions, such as reselecting between cells and receiving Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) transmissions in cellular networks operating according to 3GPP standards. Additionally, in 3GPP cellular systems, the System Information mechanism is used to convey public warning system messages, such as Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) messages and Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS) messages in 3GPP cellular communication systems.

[0017] In LTE, system information is provided using periodic broadcasting in each cell. SI is divided into a Master Information Block (MIB) and several System Information Blocks (SIBs). MIB and SIB1 are broadcast with a period that is fixed in the standard. Other SIBs are broadcast with a different period, set in SIB1. For the 5G system called New Radio (NR) (where the RAN is called Next Generation Radio Access Network (NG-RAN) and the core network is called Next Generation Core (NGC)), 3GPP has partially changed the principles for the distribution of system information (SI) used in LTE.

[0018] For NR, SI is split into "minimum SI" and "other SI", where minimum SI is the SI required to access the cell, and in case of NR standalone mode (i.e. not dual connectivity setup with LTE), minimum SI also contains scheduling information for SIBs of other SI. Minimum SI consists of Master Information Block (MIB) and System Information Block type 1 (SIB1). SIB1 is also called "Residual Minimum System Information" (RMSI). At least in NR standalone mode, minimum SI is broadcast periodically in the cell, and other SI can be either broadcast periodically or delivered on demand triggered by a request from the UE. The granularity of the split into periodically broadcasted SI and on-demand SI is at the level of the SI message. Whether an SI message is broadcast periodically or provided on demand is indicated in SIB1 (using the si-BroadcastStatus parameter).

[0019] A UE in RRC_IDLE, RRC_INACTIVE or RRC_CONNECTED state can request on-demand SI messages either using a random access preamble (referred to as the Msg1-based method) or using a random access message 3 (referred to as the Msg3-based method). If a random access preamble (Msg1) transmission is used, there may be different preambles to request different SI messages (and consequently, SIBs assigned to the SI messages) of other SI. The mapping between the random access preamble and the SI messages to be requested is set in SIB1. If a random access message 3 (Msg3) transmission is used, the UE may specify in such a message which SI messages (and consequently, SIBs assigned to the SI messages) of other SI the UE wants the network to broadcast / transmit.

[0020] The request for an on-demand SI message triggers the network to broadcast the requested SI message for a limited time according to the scheduling information associated with the related SI message in SIB1. The network also sends an acknowledgement message to the requesting UE. In the case of the Msg1-based request method, the network responds with an acknowledgement random access message 2 (Msg2). In the case of the Msg3-based request method, the network responds with an acknowledgement random access message 4 (Msg4).

[0021] The periodic broadcast of system information (SI) is designed in NR largely according to the same principles as in LTE. As in LTE, the Master Information Block (MIB) is transmitted at a fixed location with respect to the synchronization signal. The situation for SIB1 is slightly different in NR than in LTE. The periodicity of SIB1 is 160 ms, but SIB1 can be repeated several times within this 160 ms, and the transmission configuration is indicated in the MIB. The remaining SIBs are scheduled in SIB1 and transmitted on the Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) in the same way as in LTE. Different SIBs can have different periodicities. SIBs with the same periodicity are assigned to the same SI message, and every SI message is associated with a periodic SI-window within which the SI message should be transmitted. The SI-windows of different SI messages have different periodicities, are non-overlapping, and they all have the same duration. It should be noted that the exact transmission opportunity of the SI message is not set, only the window within which the SI message is transmitted. To indicate that a PDSCH transmission contains an SI message, the CRC of the physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) scheduling downlink control information (DCI) that allocates the PDSCH transmission resource is scrambled with the system information-radio network temporary identifier (SI-RNTI). The receiving UE exploits the non-overlapping nature of the SI-windows to identify which SI message it receives (and therefore which SIB it contains), and the SI messages do not have any indication in themselves to distinguish one SI message from another. Figure 3 illustrates the allocation of SIBs to SI messages and the scheduling of SI messages in SI-windows. Each SI message is transmitted in its own SI-window, and the temporal occurrence of the SI-window depends on the SI message periodicity and the position of the SI message in the list in SIB1.

[0022] It should be noted that every SI message has a set schedule, regardless of whether the SI message is broadcast periodically or provided on demand. In the latter case, the scheduled broadcast opportunity is utilized only when the network, i.e. the gNB, receives a request for the relevant SI message. The ASN.1 definition of the SI scheduling related parameters in SIB1 and the associated field descriptions are pointed out below. TIFF0007600394000001.tif180170TIFF0007600394000002.tif64170TIFF0007600394 000003.tif67170TIFF0007600394000004.tif91170TIFF0007600394000005.tif68170

[0023] The basic principles for SI updates in NR are the same as in LTE. It is built around the concept of SI modification periods. With some exceptions, SI can only be updated at the boundary between two SI modification periods. Moreover, planned SI updates must be announced in an SI modification period prior to the actual SI update. Such announcement is performed using a paging mechanism, in other words, an announcement on the paging channel is used to inform UEs in RRC_IDLE, RRC_INACTIVE, and RRC_CONNECTED states about the upcoming system information changes. In NR, the announcement of the upcoming SI update is conveyed via a so-called "short message", in other words, included in the DCI (with CRC scrambled with P-RNTI) on the PDCCH with or without an associated scheduled paging message on the PDSCH. If the UE receives a DCI that includes a short message with a systemInfoModification indication, the UE knows that the system information will change at the next SI modification period boundary.

[0024] A special case of SI update notification via a short message on a paging channel is when the etwsAndCmasIndication parameter in the short message indicates that a public warning system message (Earthquake and Tsunami Warning System (ETWS) or Commercial Mobile Alert System (CMAS)) has been activated (or changed) in the SI. In this case, the UE knows that the update is immediately applicable and that the UE should acquire and read the SIB related to the relevant public warning as soon as possible. The UE has to read SIB1 to find out whether the notification is related to ETWS or CMAS.

[0025] SI updates are hereby signaled via the paging channel, and as a consequence UEs must monitor the paging channel not only to receive pages targeted at them but also to receive possible SI update notifications (including Public Warning System (PWS) notifications). UEs in RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE states monitor their regular paging occasions (POs), i.e. one PO per paging discontinuous reception (DRX) cycle, while UEs in RRC_CONNECTED state may monitor paging occasions (POs) for SI update notifications, but should monitor at least one PO per default paging cycle (pointed to by the defaultPagingCycle parameter in SIB1).

[0026] Currently, there are some challenges. For example, ephemeris data consists of at least five parameters that describe the shape and position in space of the satellite orbit. The ephemeris data also comprises a timestamp, which is the time when the parameters describing the orbital ellipse were obtained. The position of the satellite at a given time in the near future can be predicted from this data using orbital mechanics. However, the accuracy of this prediction deteriorates the further into the future the prediction is. The validity time of a set of parameters depends on many factors such as the type and altitude of the orbit and the desired accuracy, and ranges from days to years. 3GPP is expected to adapt NR and possibly LTE to operate in NTN in Release 17. In NR and LTE, the UE is expected to perform an initial search on the UE's supported frequency bands for Public Land Mobile Networks (PLMNs) and cells to camp on when it is turned on. In NTN, a UE using a directional antenna must, in the worst case, search for a satellite to camp on over the entire sky from horizon to horizon. This effort, and therefore the time required for the initial search, can be significant. A similar problem arises when the UE has to search for cells transmitted from another satellite, for example in preparation for a handover, where the network only informs the UE about the frequencies (and possibly the PCI) of the neighboring cells. Summary of the Invention

[0027] Certain aspects of the present disclosure and their embodiments may provide solutions to these or other problems. For example, according to some embodiments, it is proposed that a network node associated with a serving cell may broadcast ephemeris data associated with other satellites serving neighboring cells. In certain embodiments, one way to reduce the required update frequency of the ephemeris data of other satellites as well as to reduce the volume of ephemeris data is to have the serving network node broadcast only coarse ephemeris data for the other satellites. Ephemeris data with full precision may only be broadcast by each satellite itself. Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the coarse ephemeris data associated with another satellite may come in the form of truncated ephemeris parameters with one or more of the least significant bits (LSBs) omitted.

[0028] According to some embodiments, a method by a wireless device includes receiving ephemeris data from a network node associated with a first cell, the ephemeris data being associated with a satellite serving a second cell, the ephemeris data being coarse ephemeris data with a lower full precision than full ephemeris data, and the wireless device using the coarse ephemeris data to determine a position of a beam associated with the second cell and synchronize with the second cell.

[0029] According to some embodiments, a wireless device is adapted to receive ephemeris data from a network node associated with a first cell, the ephemeris data being associated with a satellite serving a second cell, the ephemeris data being coarse ephemeris data with a lower full accuracy than full ephemeris data, and the wireless device uses the coarse ephemeris data to determine a position of a beam associated with the second cell and to synchronize with the second cell.

[0030] According to some embodiments, a method by a network node serving a wireless device in a first cell includes acquiring ephemeris data associated with a satellite serving a second cell, the ephemeris data being coarse ephemeris data with a lower accuracy than full ephemeris data, and transmitting the coarse ephemeris data to the wireless device.

[0031] According to some embodiments, a network node serving a wireless device in a first cell is adapted to acquire ephemeris data associated with a satellite serving a second cell, the ephemeris data being coarse ephemeris data with a lower accuracy than full ephemeris data, and the network node is adapted to transmit the coarse ephemeris data to the wireless device.

[0032] Some embodiments may provide one or more of the following technical advantages. For example, one or more of the proposed solutions may enable efficient broadcasting of neighbor cell / satellite ephemeris data. As another example, a technical advantage may be that the time required for an initial search by a UE for satellites to camp on across the sky may be significantly reduced by providing the UE with ephemeris data that informs the UE about the satellites' locations and thus the locations where the UE should point its antenna.

[0033] Other advantages may be readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art. Some embodiments may have none, some, or all of the listed advantages.

[0034] For a more complete understanding of the disclosed embodiments and their features and advantages, reference is now made to the following descriptions taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: [Brief description of the drawings]

[0035] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 illustrates an example architecture of a satellite network with bent-pipe transponders. [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 illustrates a set of parameters. [Diagram 3] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless network in accordance with some embodiments. [Figure 4] FIG. 1 illustrates an example network node, according to some embodiments. [Diagram 5] FIG. 1 illustrates an example wireless device according to some embodiments. [Figure 6] FIG. 1 illustrates an example user equipment according to some embodiments. [Figure 7] FIG. 2 illustrates a virtualization environment in which functionality implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized, according to some embodiments. [Figure 8] FIG. 1 illustrates a communication network connected to a host computer through an intermediate network, according to some embodiments. [Figure 9] FIG. 2 is a generalized block diagram of a host computer communicating with user equipment via a base station over a partially wireless connection, according to some embodiments. [Figure 10] FIG. 1 illustrates a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. [Figure 11] FIG. 1 illustrates another method implemented in a communication system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 12] FIG. 1 illustrates another method implemented in a communication system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 13] FIG. 1 illustrates another method implemented in a communication system, according to one embodiment. [Figure 14] FIG. 1 illustrates another example wireless network in accordance with some embodiments. [Figure 15] FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary method, in accordance with certain embodiments. [Figure 16]1 illustrates an example method by a wireless device according to some embodiments. [Figure 17] FIG. 1 illustrates an example method by an NTN node serving a wireless device in a first cell according to some embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0036] Some of the embodiments contemplated herein will now be described more fully with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: However, other embodiments are included within the scope of the subject matter disclosed herein, and the disclosed subject matter should not be construed as being limited to only the embodiments described herein, but rather, these embodiments are provided as examples to convey the scope of the subject matter to those skilled in the art.

[0037] In general, all terms used herein should be interpreted according to the ordinary meaning of those terms in the relevant technical field, unless a different meaning is expressly given and / or implied from the context in which the term is used. All references to a / an / the element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc. should be openly interpreted as referring to at least one instance of that element, apparatus, component, means, step, etc., unless expressly stated otherwise. The steps of any method disclosed herein need not be performed in the exact order disclosed, unless a step is expressly described as being next to or prior to another step, and / or unless it is implied that a step must be next to or prior to another step. Any feature of any of the embodiments disclosed herein may be applied to any other embodiment, whenever appropriate. Likewise, any advantage of any of the embodiments may be applied to any other embodiment, and vice versa. Other objects, features, and advantages of the embodiments of the present specification will become apparent from the following description.

[0038] It may be recognized that in NR, a UE sees a cell but not necessarily a satellite. While this disclosure discusses serving and neighboring satellites, it may be understood that the term serving satellite as used herein is used to refer to a satellite that broadcasts a cell that is serving the UE. Similarly, the term neighboring satellite is used to refer to a satellite that is broadcasting a cell that is a neighbor cell for the UE.

[0039] Broadcasting coarse ephemeris data of neighboring cell satellites To support UE mobility, or in other words cell reselection, in RRC_IDLE and RRC_INACTIVE states, satellites may broadcast, for example in the system information, ephemeris data of other satellites (e.g., carrier frequency, bandwidth fraction (BWP), physical cell identity (PCI), cell global identifier (CGI), synchronization signal block (SSB) absolute radio frequency channel number (ARFCN), SSB measurement timing configuration (SMTC), cell reselection parameters such as thresholds and offsets, etc.), optionally combined with information about the cells they serve. This may be restricted to cells that are neighbors and therefore potential candidates for cell reselection, as well as the satellites serving these cells.

[0040] However, broadcasting up-to-date ephemeris data with full accuracy for multiple satellites would require that the gNBs of the satellites (which may be located on the ground, in the satellites, or split between the two, depending on the network architecture) must keep updated with this information. This would require the transfer of data between satellites, either directly via inter-satellite links, or indirectly via terrestrial nodes, or between gNBs associated with different satellites. Note also that, except in the case of geostationary satellites, the neighboring satellites that are relevant for cell reselection will keep changing (as will the satellite serving the gNB's own cell in the transparent payload architecture case), so that the gNB would have to be updated with ephemeris data of much more satellites than the number of satellites that are relevant for cell reselection at any one time.

[0041] According to some embodiments, a way to reduce the required update frequency of the ephemeris data of other satellites, as well as to reduce the volume of the ephemeris data, is to broadcast only coarse ephemeris data for other satellites, and ephemeris data with full precision is only broadcast by each satellite itself. The coarse ephemeris data of the neighbor satellite is sufficient to allow a UE using directional reception (in other words, receiving beamforming) to point its receiving beam accurately enough to capture the transmission from the neighbor satellite. This allows the UE to synchronize with the cell served by that satellite and receive the broadcasted full precision ephemeris data, which allows the UE to calculate the timing advance (TA) required for a possible random access attempt.

[0042] In a particular embodiment, the coarse ephemeris data of another satellite may come in the form of a truncated ephemeris parameter with one or more of the least significant bits (LSBs) omitted. This results in an inaccuracy range for each parameter, and the UE should preferably assume a value in the middle of that range. As an illustrative hypothetical example, assume that the satellite broadcasts only the most significant bit (MSB) of a 4-bit ephemeris parameter associated with the other satellite. If this bit is set to 0, the full 4-bit parameter may have any value in the range 0 to 7. If the bit is set to 1, the full 4-bit parameter may have any value in the range 8 to 15. However, a 4-bit parameter (representing some real-world measure) is itself an approximation with quantization error, e.g., representing a real-world value V. With respect to an actual full-precision value (V) (without quantization error), the 4-bit value may represent, e.g., a range 0 to 16. According to this representation, the possible 4-bit values ​​correspond to the actual full-precision value V as follows: TIFF0007600394000006.tif93170

[0043] According to this representation, the UE may assume, as an approximation, that if the broadcasted MSB is set to 0, then V is approximated to (8-0) / 2=4. Similarly, if the broadcasted MSB is set to 1, then the UE may assume, as an approximation, that V=8+(16-8) / 2=12. The truncated value should be sufficient for the UE to determine a sufficiently good receive beam direction towards the concerned neighbor satellite. When / if the UE receives the remaining bits in the cell belonging to the concerned neighbor satellite, the UE will have a value with 4-bit accuracy (which, when combined with the UE's own location, should be sufficient to support the calculation of the TA used for uplink transmission in the cell).

[0044] In another particular embodiment, an alternative way of shortening the ephemeris parameters and reducing the granularity of the ephemeris parameters is to shorten the ephemeris parameters to the nearest 2 n The trick is to use rounding to a multiple, say the nearest multiple of 32 (i.e. n=5). When broadcasted, the rounded number is rounded down by 2 to make it shorter. n A UE receiving the broadcasted rounded value, divided by, for example, 32, performs an inverse multiplication to arrive at the original rounded value. The UE can then use this rounded value as an approximation of the full precision value, which should be sufficient for the UE to determine a sufficiently good receive beam direction towards the concerned neighbor satellite. When / if the UE receives a full binary value (replacing the rounded value) in a cell belonging to the concerned neighbor satellite, this value should be accurate enough (when combined with the location of the UE itself) to support the calculation of the TA used for uplink transmission in the cell.

[0045] If the ephemeris data is encoded using the Orbit State Vector, then the satellite uses its own position as the reference location and transmits only the position deltas of the other satellites.

[0046] Special considerations for cell switching in earth-fixed cell deployment architectures. In a particular embodiment, the serving gNB broadcasts ephemeris data (via the serving satellite in a transparent payload architecture case, where the gNB is located on the ground) such as, for example, in a coarse form as described above, only for the satellite that will be serving the cell that is going to replace the current cell in an Earth-fixed cell architecture (in other words, the ephemeris data is associated with the satellite that will be serving the cell that is going to take over coverage of the geographical area of ​​the current cell).

[0047] In another embodiment, the serving gNB broadcasts ephemeris data (via the serving satellite in a transparent payload architecture case, where the gNB is located on the ground) such as, for example, in coarse form as described above, for the satellite that will serve the cell that is about to replace the current cell in an Earth-fixed cell architecture, in addition to ephemeris data associated with satellites serving any other neighboring cells (in other words, the ephemeris data is associated with the satellite that will serve the cell that is about to take over coverage of the geographical area of ​​the current cell).

[0048] As another variation of the above two embodiments, the serving satellite broadcasts full ephemeris data associated with the satellite that will serve the cell that is replacing the current cell in the Earth-fixed cell architecture (in other words, the cell that is taking over the coverage of the geographical area of ​​the current cell). In a further specific embodiment, this full ephemeris data is broadcast in addition to the coarse ephemeris data related to the satellites serving other neighboring cells. In yet another specific embodiment, this full ephemeris data is the only ephemeris data that the satellite broadcasts (other than its own ephemeris data).

[0049] In any of these embodiments described herein, ephemeris data (full and / or coarse) associated with a satellite that will serve a cell that is replacing a current cell in an Earth-fixed cell architecture may be broadcast only temporarily during a time period close to the upcoming satellite / cell switch. Or, alternatively, this ephemeris data is always broadcast periodically, but the frequency of broadcast is increased during a time period close to the upcoming satellite / cell switch. Methods have been discussed above that allow for temporary periods of more frequent broadcast of (selected portions of) SI, or temporary periods during which selected portions of SI are broadcast, where these SI portions are possibly not broadcast at all.

[0050] Using SI broadcast requests (SI on demand) In a particular embodiment, ephemeris data associated with other satellites is not periodically broadcast in the serving cell. Instead, ephemeris data associated with other satellites is only available on demand (e.g., using an Msg1-based SI request or an Msg3-based SI request). For example, in a particular embodiment, a UE may request coarse ephemeris data of another satellite (e.g., by requesting coarse ephemeris data that is appropriate for a neighboring cell). In another particular embodiment, a UE may request full ephemeris data of another satellite (e.g., by requesting full ephemeris data that is appropriate for a neighboring cell).

[0051] In yet another embodiment, the gNB / satellite periodically broadcasts coarse ephemeris data of satellites serving neighboring cells, but the UE may request full ephemeris data of any of these satellites, e.g., using an Msg1-based SI request or an Msg3-based SI request.

[0052] In all the above embodiments and any variations thereof, either Msg1-based SI request or Msg3-based SI request may be used. When Msg1-based SI request is used, a set of RA preambles may be configured to be used for requesting ephemeris data for one or more satellites, respectively. For example, in a particular embodiment, a single RA preamble is used for requesting ephemeris data for all satellites serving neighbor cells. When Msg3-based SI request is used, the UE may specify in Msg3 for which neighbor cell or satellite of the neighbor cell the UE requests ephemeris data.

[0053] The embodiments described herein may be useful for UEs that are in RRC_IDLE or RRC_INACTIVE state.

[0054] FIG. 3 illustrates a wireless network, according to some embodiments. Although the subject matter described herein may be implemented in any suitable type of system using any suitable components, the embodiments disclosed herein are described with respect to a wireless network, such as the exemplary wireless network illustrated in FIG. 3. For simplicity, the wireless network of FIG. 3 depicts only network 106, network nodes 160a and 160b, and wireless device (WD) 110. In practice, the wireless network may further include any additional elements suitable for supporting communication between wireless devices, or between a wireless device and another communication device, such as a landline telephone, a service provider, or any other network node or end device. Of the illustrated components, network node 160 and WD 110 are depicted with additional details. The wireless network may provide communication and other types of services to one or more wireless devices to facilitate the wireless device's access to the wireless network and / or use of services provided by or via the wireless network.

[0055] A wireless network may comprise and / or interface with any type of communication, telecommunication, data, cellular, and / or radio network, or other similar type of system. In some embodiments, a wireless network may be configured to operate according to a particular standard or other type of predefined rules or procedures. Thus, particular embodiments of a wireless network may implement a communications standard, such as Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM), Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS), Long Term Evolution (LTE), and / or other suitable 2G, 3G, 4G, or 5G standards, a wireless local area network (WLAN) standard, such as the IEEE 802.11 standard, and / or any other suitable wireless communication standard, such as Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax), Bluetooth, Z-Wave, and / or ZigBee standards.

[0056] The network 106 may comprise one or more backhaul networks, core networks, IP networks, public switched telephone networks (PSTN), packet data networks, optical networks, wide area networks (WANs), local area networks (LANs), wireless local area networks (WLANs), wired networks, wireless networks, metropolitan area networks, and other networks for enabling communication between devices.

[0057] The network node 160 and the WD 110 comprise various components, which are described in more detail below. These components cooperate to provide network node and / or wireless device functionality, such as providing wireless connectivity in a wireless network. In different embodiments, a wireless network may comprise any number of wired or wireless networks, network nodes, base stations, controllers, wireless devices, relay stations, and / or any other components or systems that may facilitate or participate in the communication of data and / or signals, whether via wired or wireless connections.

[0058] FIG. 4 illustrates an exemplary network node 160 according to some embodiments. A network node, as used herein, refers to a device capable of, set up, configured, and / or operable to communicate, directly or indirectly, with wireless devices and / or with other network nodes or devices in a wireless network to enable and / or provide wireless access to the wireless devices and / or to perform other functions (e.g., administration) in the wireless network. Examples of network nodes include, but are not limited to, access points (APs) (e.g., wireless access points), base stations (BSs) (e.g., radio base stations, Node Bs, evolved Node Bs (eNBs) and NR Node Bs (gNBs)). Base stations may be categorized based on the amount of coverage they provide (or, stated another way, the transmit power level of the base station), in which case they may also be referred to as femto, pico, micro, or macro base stations. A base station may be a relay node or a relay donor node that controls a relay. A network node may also include one or more (or all) parts of a distributed radio base station, such as a centralized digital unit and / or a remote radio unit (RRU), sometimes referred to as a remote radio head (RRH). Such a remote radio unit may or may not be integrated with an antenna as an antenna-integrated radio. A part of a distributed radio base station may also be referred to as a node in a distributed antenna system (DAS). Still further examples of a network node include MSR equipment such as a multi-standard radio (MSR) BS, a network controller such as a radio network controller (RNC) or a base station controller (BSC), a base transceiver station (BTS), a transmission point, a transmitting node, a multi-cell / multicast coordination entity (MCE), a core network node (e.g., MSC, MME), an O&M node, an OSS node, a SON node, a positioning node (e.g., E-SMLC), and / or an MDT. As another example, a network node may be a virtual network node, as described in more detail below.More generally, however, a network node may represent any suitable device (or group of devices) capable of, configured to, and / or operable to enable and / or provide wireless devices with access to a wireless network or to provide some service to wireless devices that have accessed the wireless network.

[0059] In FIG. 4, network node 160 includes processing circuitry 170, device-readable medium 180, interface 190, auxiliary equipment 184, power source 186, power circuitry 187, and antenna 162. Network node 160 may be an NTN network node. Although network node 160 illustrated in the exemplary wireless network of FIG. 4 may represent a device including the illustrated combination of hardware components, other embodiments may comprise network nodes with different combinations of components. It should be understood that a network node comprises any suitable combination of hardware and / or software required to perform the tasks, features, functions, and methods disclosed herein. Moreover, although the components of network node 160 are depicted as a single box disposed within a larger box or nested within multiple boxes, in reality the network node may comprise multiple different physical components that make up a single illustrated component (e.g., device-readable medium 180 may comprise multiple separate hard drives as well as multiple RAM modules).

[0060] Similarly, the network node 160 may be assembled from multiple physically separate components (e.g., a Node B component and an RNC component, or a BTS component and a BSC component, etc.), each of which may have their own respective components. In some scenarios in which the network node 160 comprises multiple separate components (e.g., a BTS component and a BSC component), one or more of the separate components may be shared among several network nodes. For example, a single RNC may control multiple Node Bs. In such scenarios, each unique Node B and RNC pair may be considered as a single separate network node in some cases. In some embodiments, the network node 160 may be configured to support multiple radio access technologies (RATs). In such embodiments, some components may be duplicated (e.g., separate device-readable media 180 for different RATs) and some components may be reused (e.g., the same antenna 162 may be shared by the RATs). Network node 160 may also include multiple sets of the various illustrated components for different wireless technologies, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, integrated into network node 160. These wireless technologies may be integrated in the same or different chips or sets of chips and other components within network node 160.

[0061] The processing circuitry 170 is configured to perform any of the decision, computation, or similar operations (e.g., some acquisition operations) described herein as being provided by a network node. These operations performed by the processing circuitry 170 may include processing information acquired by the processing circuitry 170, for example, by transforming the acquired information into other information, comparing the acquired or transformed information with information stored in the network node, and / or performing one or more operations based on the acquired or transformed information and as a result of the processing making a decision.

[0062] Processing circuitry 170 may comprise one or more combinations of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resources, or combinations of hardware, software, and / or coded logic operable to provide network node 160 functionality, either alone or in conjunction with other network node 160 components, such as device readable medium 180. For example, processing circuitry 170 may execute instructions stored on device readable medium 180 or in memory within processing circuitry 170. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features, functions, or benefits discussed herein. In some embodiments, processing circuitry 170 may include a system on a chip (SOC).

[0063] In some embodiments, the processing circuitry 170 may include one or more of a radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 172 and a baseband processing circuitry 174. In some embodiments, the radio frequency (RF) transceiver circuitry 172 and the baseband processing circuitry 174 may be on separate chips (or sets of chips), boards, or units, such as a radio unit and a digital unit. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry 172 and the baseband processing circuitry 174 may be on the same chip or set of chips, board, or unit.

[0064] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being provided by a network node, base station, eNB, or other such network device may be performed by the processing circuitry 170 executing instructions stored in the device-readable medium 180, or in memory within the processing circuitry 170. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry 170 without executing instructions stored in a separate or distinct device-readable medium, such as in a hardwired manner. In any of those embodiments, the processing circuitry 170 may be configured to perform the described functionality, whether or not it executes instructions stored in a device-readable storage medium. Benefits provided by such functionality are enjoyed by the processing circuitry 170 alone, or by other components of the network node 160, but by the network node 160 as a whole, and / or by end users and wireless networks in general.

[0065] The device readable medium 180 may comprise any form of volatile or non-volatile computer readable memory, including, but not limited to, persistent storage, solid state memory, remotely mounted memory, magnetic media, optical media, random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), mass storage media (e.g., hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., flash drive, compact disk (CD) or digital video disk (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device readable and / or computer executable memory device that stores information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuit 170. The device readable medium 180 may store any suitable instructions, data or information, including applications including one or more of computer programs, software, logic, rules, codes, tables, etc., and / or other instructions that may be executed by the processing circuit 170 and utilized by the network node 160. The device readable medium 180 may be used to store calculations performed by the processing circuit 170 and / or data received via the interface 190. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 170 and the device-readable medium 180 may be considered to be integrated.

[0066] The interface 190 is used in wired or wireless communication of signaling and / or data between the network node 160, the network 106, and / or the WD 110. As shown, the interface 190 comprises a port / terminal 194 for sending and receiving data to and from the network 106, for example, over a wired connection. The interface 190 also includes a radio front-end circuit 192 that is coupled to the antenna 162 or, in some embodiments, may be part of the antenna 162. The radio front-end circuit 192 comprises a filter 198 and an amplifier 196. The radio front-end circuit 192 may be connected to the antenna 162 and the processing circuit 170. The radio front-end circuit may be configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna 162 and the processing circuit 170. The radio front-end circuit 192 may receive digital data to be sent to another network node or WD via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 192 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 198 and / or amplifiers 196. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 162. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 162 may collect the radio signal, which is then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 192. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 170. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0067] In some alternative embodiments, the network node 160 may not include a separate radio front-end circuit 192; instead, the processing circuit 170 may comprise a radio front-end circuit and be connected to the antenna 162 without a separate radio front-end circuit 192. Similarly, in some embodiments, all or a portion of the RF transceiver circuit 172 may be considered part of the interface 190. In still other embodiments, the interface 190 may include one or more ports or terminals 194, the radio front-end circuit 192, and the RF transceiver circuit 172 as part of a radio unit (not shown), and the interface 190 may communicate with a baseband processing circuit 174 that is part of a digital unit (not shown).

[0068] Antenna 162 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays configured to send and / or receive wireless signals. Antenna 162 may be coupled to radio front-end circuitry 190 and may be any type of antenna capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data and / or signals. In some embodiments, antenna 162 may comprise one or more omni-directional, sector or panel antennas operable to transmit / receive wireless signals, for example, between 2 GHz and 66 GHz. An omni-directional antenna may be used to transmit / receive wireless signals in any direction, a sector antenna may be used to transmit / receive wireless signals from devices in a particular area, and a panel antenna may be a line-of-sight antenna used to transmit / receive wireless signals in a relatively straight line. In some instances, the use of more than one antenna may be referred to as MIMO. In some embodiments, antenna 162 may be separate from network node 160 and may be connectable to network node 160 through an interface or port.

[0069] The antenna 162, the interface 190, and / or the processing circuitry 170 may be configured to perform any receiving operation and / or any acquisition operation described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signal may be received from a wireless device, another network node, and / or any other network equipment. Similarly, the antenna 162, the interface 190, and / or the processing circuitry 170 may be configured to perform any transmitting operation described herein as being performed by a network node. Any information, data, and / or signal may be transmitted to a wireless device, another network node, and / or any other network equipment.

[0070] The power circuit 187 may comprise or be coupled to a power management circuit and is configured to supply power to the components of the network node 160 for performing the functions described herein. The power circuit 187 may receive power from the power source 186. The power source 186 and / or the power circuit 187 may be configured to provide power to the various components of the network node 160 in a form suitable for the respective components (e.g., at the voltage and current levels required for each respective component). The power source 186 may either be included in the power circuit 187 and / or the network node 160 or be external to the power circuit 187 and / or the network node 160. For example, the network node 160 may be connectable to an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet) via an input circuit or interface such as an electrical cable, whereby the external power source provides power to the power circuit 187. As a further example, the power source 186 may comprise a power source in the form of a battery or battery pack connected to or integrated in the power circuit 187. Batteries can provide backup power if the external power source fails. Other types of power sources, such as photovoltaic devices, can also be used.

[0071] Alternative embodiments of network node 160 may include additional components other than those shown in FIG. 4 that may be responsible for providing some aspects of the network node's functionality, including any of the functionality described herein and / or functionality necessary to support the subject matter described herein. For example, network node 160 may include user interface devices to enable input of information into network node 160 and output of information from network node 160. This may enable a user to perform diagnostics, maintenance, repair, and other administrative functions for network node 160.

[0072] FIG. 5 illustrates an exemplary WD 110 according to some embodiments. As used herein, a WD refers to a device capable of, configured to, and / or operable to communicate wirelessly with network nodes and / or other wireless devices. Unless otherwise noted, the term WD may be used interchangeably with UE herein. Communicating wirelessly may involve transmitting and / or receiving wireless signals using electromagnetic, radio, infrared, and / or other types of signals suitable for conveying information over the air. In some embodiments, the WD may be configured to transmit and / or receive information without direct human interaction. For example, the WD may be designed to transmit information to the network on a predefined schedule, when triggered by an internal or external event, or in response to a request from the network. Examples of WDs include, but are not limited to, smartphones, mobile phones, cell phones, voice-over-IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, desktop computers, personal digital assistants (PDAs), wireless cameras, gaming consoles or devices, music storage devices, playback appliances, wearable terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, tablets, laptop computers, laptop embedded equipment (LEE), laptop mounted equipment (LME), smart devices, wireless customer premises equipment (CPE), in-vehicle wireless terminal devices, etc. A WD may support device-to-device (D2D) communications, for example, by implementing 3GPP standards for sidelink communications, vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X), in which case it may be referred to as a D2D communications device. As yet another specific example, in an Internet of Things (IoT) scenario, a WD may represent a machine or other device that performs monitoring and / or measurements and transmits results of such monitoring and / or measurements to another WD and / or network node.The WD may be a machine-to-machine (M2M) device in this case, which may be referred to as an MTC device in the 3GPP context. As one particular example, the WD may be a UE implementing the 3GPP Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) standard. Particular examples of such machines or devices are sensors, metering devices such as power meters, industrial machinery, or household or personal appliances (e.g., refrigerators, televisions, etc.), personal wearables (e.g., watches, fitness trackers, etc.). In other scenarios, the WD may represent a vehicle or other equipment capable of monitoring and / or reporting on its operational status or other functions associated with its operation. The WD described above may represent an endpoint of a wireless connection, in which case the device may be referred to as a wireless terminal. Moreover, the WD described above may be mobile, in which case the WD may be referred to as a mobile device or mobile terminal.

[0073] As shown, wireless device 110 includes antenna 111, interface 114, processing circuitry 120, device-readable medium 130, user interface equipment 132, auxiliary equipment 134, power source 136, and power circuitry 137. WD 110 may include multiple sets of one or more of the illustrated components for different wireless technologies supported by WD 110, such as, for example, GSM, WCDMA, LTE, NR, WiFi, WiMAX, or Bluetooth wireless technologies, just to name a few. These wireless technologies may be integrated on the same or different chips or sets of chips as other components in WD 110.

[0074] Antenna 111 may include one or more antennas or antenna arrays configured to send and / or receive wireless signals and is connected to interface 114. In some alternative embodiments, antenna 111 may be separate from WD 110 and connectable to WD 110 through an interface or port. Antenna 111, interface 114, and / or processing circuit 120 may be configured to perform any receiving or transmitting operation described herein as being performed by a WD. Any information, data, and / or signal may be received from a network node and / or another WD. In some embodiments, the wireless front-end circuit and / or antenna 111 may be considered an interface.

[0075] As shown, the interface 114 comprises a radio front-end circuit 112 and an antenna 111. The radio front-end circuit 112 comprises one or more filters 118 and an amplifier 116. The radio front-end circuit 114 is connected to the antenna 111 and the processing circuit 120 and is configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna 111 and the processing circuit 120. The radio front-end circuit 112 may be coupled to the antenna 111 or may be part of the antenna 111. In some embodiments, the WD 110 may not include a separate radio front-end circuit 112; rather, the processing circuit 120 may comprise a radio front-end circuit and be connected to the antenna 111. Similarly, in some embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuit 122 may be considered part of the interface 114. The radio front-end circuit 112 may receive digital data to be sent to other network nodes or WDs via a wireless connection. The radio front-end circuitry 112 may convert the digital data into a radio signal having appropriate channel and bandwidth parameters using a combination of filters 118 and / or amplifiers 116. The radio signal may then be transmitted via the antenna 111. Similarly, when receiving data, the antenna 111 may collect the radio signal, which is then converted into digital data by the radio front-end circuitry 112. The digital data may be passed to the processing circuitry 120. In other embodiments, the interface may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components.

[0076] Processing circuitry 120 may comprise one or more combinations of a microprocessor, controller, microcontroller, central processing unit, digital signal processor, application specific integrated circuit, field programmable gate array, or any other suitable computing device, resource, or combination of hardware, software, and / or coded logic operable to provide WD 110 functionality, either alone or in conjunction with other WD 110 components, such as device readable medium 130. Such functionality may include providing any of the various wireless features or benefits discussed herein. For example, processing circuitry 120 may execute instructions stored on device readable medium 130 or in memory within processing circuitry 120 to provide functionality disclosed herein.

[0077] As shown, the processing circuit 120 includes one or more of an RF transceiver circuit 122, a baseband processing circuit 124, and an application processing circuit 126. In other embodiments, the processing circuit may comprise different components and / or different combinations of components. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 120 of the WD 110 may comprise a SOC. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuit 122, the baseband processing circuit 124, and the application processing circuit 126 may be on separate chips or sets of chips. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the baseband processing circuit 124 and the application processing circuit 126 may be combined into one chip or set of chips, and the RF transceiver circuit 122 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In further alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuit 122 and the baseband processing circuit 124 may be on the same chip or set of chips, and the application processing circuit 126 may be on a separate chip or set of chips. In yet other alternative embodiments, some or all of the RF transceiver circuitry 122, the baseband processing circuitry 124, and the application processing circuitry 126 may be combined in the same chip or set of chips. In some embodiments, the RF transceiver circuitry 122 may be part of the interface 114. The RF transceiver circuitry 122 may condition RF signals for the processing circuitry 120.

[0078] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein as being performed by the WD may be provided by the processing circuitry 120 executing instructions stored on the device-readable medium 130, which in some embodiments may be a computer-readable storage medium. In alternative embodiments, some or all of the functionality may be provided by the processing circuitry 120 without executing instructions stored on a separate or distinct device-readable storage medium, such as in a hardwired manner. In any of those particular embodiments, the processing circuitry 120 may be configured to perform the described functionality, regardless of whether it executes instructions stored on a device-readable storage medium. Benefits provided by such functionality are enjoyed by the WD 110 as a whole, and / or by end users and wireless networks in general, but not limited to the processing circuitry 120 alone or other components of the WD 110.

[0079] Processing circuitry 120 may be configured to perform any of the decision, calculation, or similar operations (e.g., some of the acquisition operations) described herein as being performed by a WD. These operations as performed by processing circuitry 120 may include processing information acquired by processing circuitry 120, for example, by transforming the acquired information to other information, comparing the acquired or transformed information to information stored by WD 110, and / or performing one or more operations based on the acquired or transformed information and as a result of said processing making a decision.

[0080] The device-readable medium 130 may be operable to store applications including one or more of computer programs, software, logic, rules, codes, tables, etc., and / or other instructions that may be executed by the processing circuit 120. The device-readable medium 130 may include computer memory (e.g., random access memory (RAM) or read-only memory (ROM)), mass storage media (e.g., hard disk), removable storage media (e.g., compact disc (CD) or digital video disc (DVD)), and / or any other volatile or non-volatile, non-transitory device-readable and / or computer-executable memory device that stores information, data, and / or instructions that may be used by the processing circuit 120. In some embodiments, the processing circuit 120 and the device-readable medium 130 may be considered to be integrated.

[0081] The user interface equipment 132 may provide components that allow a human user to interact with the WD 110. Such interaction may be of many forms, such as visual, auditory, tactile, etc. The user interface equipment 132 may be operable to produce output to the user and to allow the user to provide input to the WD 110. The type of interaction may vary depending on the type of user interface equipment 132 installed on the WD 110. For example, if the WD 110 is a smartphone, the interaction may be via a touch screen, and if the WD 110 is a smart meter, the interaction may be through a screen that provides usage (e.g., number of gallons used) or a speaker that provides an audible alert (e.g., if smoke is detected). The user interface equipment 132 may include input interfaces, devices and circuits, as well as output interfaces, devices and circuits. The user interface equipment 132 is configured to allow input of information to the WD 110 and is connected to the processing circuit 120 to allow the processing circuit 120 to process the input information. The user interface device 132 may include, for example, a microphone, proximity or other sensors, keys / buttons, a touch display, one or more cameras, a USB port, or other input circuitry. The user interface device 132 is also configured to enable output of information from the WD 110 and to enable the processing circuitry 120 to output information from the WD 110. The user interface device 132 may include, for example, a speaker, a display, vibration circuitry, a USB port, a headphone interface, or other output circuitry. Using one or more input and output interfaces, devices, and circuits of the user interface device 132, the WD 110 may communicate with an end user and / or a wireless network and enable the end user and / or the wireless network to benefit from the functionality described herein.

[0082] The auxiliary device 134 is operable to provide more specific functionality that may not typically be implemented by a WD. It may include specialized sensors for taking measurements for various purposes, interfaces for additional types of communication, such as wired communication, etc. The inclusion of components of the auxiliary device 134 and the types of components of the auxiliary device 134 may vary depending on the embodiment and / or scenario.

[0083] The power source 136 may be in the form of a battery or battery pack in some embodiments. Other types of power sources may also be used, such as an external power source (e.g., an electrical outlet), a photovoltaic device, or a battery. The WD 110 may further comprise a power circuit 137 for delivering power from the power source 136 to various parts of the WD 110 that require power from the power source 136 to perform any of the functions described or indicated herein. The power circuit 137 may comprise a power management circuit in some embodiments. The power circuit 137 may additionally or alternatively be operable to receive power from an external power source, in which case the WD 110 may be connectable to an external power source (such as an electrical outlet) via an input circuit or interface, such as a power cable. The power circuit 137 may also be operable in some embodiments to deliver power from the external power source to the power source 136. This may be for charging the power source 136, for example. Power circuitry 137 may perform any formatting, conversion, or other modification on the power from power source 136 to make the power suitable for the respective components of WD 110 that are being powered.

[0084] FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a UE according to various aspects described herein. User equipment or UE as used herein may not necessarily have a user in the sense of a human user who owns and / or operates an associated device. Instead, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart sprinkler controller) that is intended for sale to or operation by a human user, but may not be associated with or may not be initially associated with a particular human user. Alternatively, a UE may represent a device (e.g., a smart power meter) that is not intended for sale to or operation by an end user, but may be associated with or operated for the benefit of a user. The UE 200 may be any UE identified by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), including an NB-IoT UE, a machine type communication (MTC) UE, and / or an enhanced MTC (eMTC) UE. The UE 200 illustrated in Figure 6 is an example of a WD configured for communication according to one or more communications standards promulgated by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), such as the 3GPP's GSM, UMTS, LTE, and / or 5G standards. As previously mentioned, the terms WD and UE may be used interchangeably. Thus, although Figure 6 is a UE, the components discussed herein are equally applicable to a WD and vice versa.

[0085] In FIG. 6, UE 200 includes processing circuitry 201 operatively coupled to input / output interface 205, radio frequency (RF) interface 209, network connection interface 211, memory 215 including random access memory (RAM) 217, read only memory (ROM) 219, storage medium 221, etc., communication subsystem 231, power source 233, and / or any other components, or any combination thereof. Storage medium 221 includes operating system 223, application programs 225, and data 227. In other embodiments, storage medium 221 may include other similar types of information. Some UEs may utilize all of the components shown in FIG. 6 or only a subset of the components. The level of integration between components may vary from UE to UE. Additionally, some UEs may include multiple instances of components, such as multiple processors, memories, transceivers, transmitters, receivers, etc.

[0086] In Fig. 6, the processing circuit 201 may be configured to process computer instructions and data. The processing circuit 201 may be configured to implement any sequential state machine operable to execute machine instructions stored in memory as a machine-readable computer program, such as one or more hardware-implemented state machines (e.g., in discrete logic, FPGA, ASIC, etc.), programmable logic with appropriate firmware, one or more pre-programmed, general-purpose processors, such as a microprocessor or digital signal processor (DSP) with appropriate software, or any combination of the above. For example, the processing circuit 201 may include two central processing units (CPUs). The data may be information in a form suitable for use by a computer.

[0087] In the depicted embodiment, the input / output interface 205 may be configured to provide a communication interface for an input device, an output device, or an input / output device. The UE 200 may be configured to use an output device via the input / output interface 205. The output device may use the same type of interface port as the input device. For example, a USB port may be used to provide input to and output from the UE 200. The output device may be a speaker, a sound card, a video card, a display, a monitor, a printer, an actuator, an emitter, a smart card, another output device, or any combination thereof. The UE 200 may be configured to use an input device via the input / output interface 205 to allow a user to capture information on the UE 200. The input device may include a touch-sensitive or presence-sensitive display, a camera (e.g., a digital camera, a digital video camera, a webcam, etc.), a microphone, a sensor, a mouse, a trackball, a directional pad, a trackpad, a scroll wheel, a smart card, etc. The presence-sensitive display may include a capacitive or resistive touch sensor to sense input from the user. The sensor may be, for example, an accelerometer, a gyroscope, a tilt sensor, a force sensor, a magnetometer, a light sensor, a proximity sensor, another like sensor, or any combination thereof. For example, the input device may be an accelerometer, a magnetometer, a digital camera, a microphone, and a light sensor.

[0088] In FIG. 6, the RF interface 209 may be configured to provide a communication interface to RF components, such as a transmitter, a receiver, and an antenna. The network connection interface 211 may be configured to provide a communication interface to a network 243a. The network 243a may encompass a wired and / or wireless network, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a communication network, another similar network, or any combination thereof. For example, the network 243a may comprise a Wi-Fi network. The network connection interface 211 may be configured to include a receiver and a transmitter interface used to communicate with one or more other devices over a communication network according to one or more communication protocols, such as Ethernet, TCP / IP, SONET, ATM, etc. The network connection interface 211 may implement receiver and transmitter functions appropriate for a communication network link (e.g., optical, electrical, etc.). The transmitter and receiver functions may share circuit components, software, or firmware, or may alternatively be implemented separately.

[0089] The RAM 217 may be configured to interface to the processing circuit 201 via the bus 202 to provide storage or caching of data or computer instructions during execution of software programs, such as an operating system, application programs, and device drivers. The ROM 219 may be configured to provide computer instructions or data to the processing circuit 201. For example, the ROM 219 may be configured to store unchanging low-level system code or data for basic system functions, such as basic input / output (I / O), booting, or receiving keystrokes from a keyboard, stored in non-volatile memory. The storage medium 221 may be configured to include memory, such as RAM, ROM, programmable read-only memory (PROM), erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM), electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), magnetic disk, optical disk, floppy disk, hard disk, removable cartridge, or flash drive. In one example, the storage medium 221 may be configured to include an operating system 223, an application program 225, such as a web browser application, a widget or gadget engine, or another application, and data files 227. The storage medium 221 may store any of a variety of different operating systems or combinations of operating systems for use by the UE 200.

[0090] The storage medium 221 may be configured to include several physical drive units, such as a redundant array of independent disks (RAID), a floppy disk drive, a flash memory, a USB flash drive, an external hard disk drive, a thumb drive, a pen drive, a key drive, a high density digital versatile disk (HD-DVD) optical disk drive, an internal hard disk drive, a Blu-Ray optical disk drive, a holographic digital data storage (HDDS) optical disk drive, an external mini dual in-line memory module (DIMM), a synchronous dynamic random access memory (SDRAM), an external micro-DIMM SDRAM, a smart card memory such as a subscriber identity module or a removable user identity (SIM / RUIM) module, other memory, or any combination thereof. The storage medium 221 may enable the UE 200 to access computer executable instructions, application programs, etc. stored in a temporary or non-transitory memory medium, offload data, or upload data. An article of manufacture, such as an article of manufacture utilizing a communication system, may be tangibly embodied in the storage medium 221, and the storage medium 221 may comprise a device-readable medium.

[0091] In FIG. 6, the processing circuit 201 may be configured to communicate with the network 243b using the communication subsystem 231. The networks 243a and 243b may be the same network or networks or different networks or networks. The communication subsystem 231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with the network 243b. For example, the communication subsystem 231 may be configured to include one or more transceivers used to communicate with one or more remote transceivers of another device capable of wireless communication, such as another WD, UE, or base station of a radio access network (RAN), according to one or more communication protocols, such as IEEE 802.2, CDMA, WCDMA, GSM, LTE, UTRAN, WiMax, etc. Each transceiver may include a transmitter 233 and / or a receiver 235 for implementing transmitter or receiver functions, respectively, appropriate for the RAN link (e.g., frequency allocation, etc.). Furthermore, the transmitter 233 and receiver 235 of each transceiver may share circuit components, software, or firmware, or alternatively may be implemented separately.

[0092] In the illustrated embodiment, the communication capabilities of the communication subsystem 231 may include data communications, voice communications, multimedia communications, short-range communications such as Bluetooth, near-field communications, location-based communications such as using a global positioning system (GPS) to determine location, another like communication capability, or any combination thereof. For example, the communication subsystem 231 may include cellular communications, Wi-Fi communications, Bluetooth communications, and GPS communications. The network 243b may encompass wired and / or wireless networks, such as a local area network (LAN), a wide area network (WAN), a computer network, a wireless network, a communications network, another like network, or any combination thereof. For example, the network 243b may be a cellular network, a Wi-Fi network, and / or a near-field network. The power source 213 may be configured to provide alternating current (AC) power or direct current (DC) power to the components of the UE 200.

[0093] The features, benefits and / or functions described herein may be implemented in one of the components of the UE 200 or split across multiple components of the UE 200. Furthermore, the features, benefits and / or functions described herein may be implemented in any combination of hardware, software or firmware. In one example, the communication subsystem 231 may be configured to include any of the components described herein. Furthermore, the processing circuit 201 may be configured to communicate with any of such components over the bus 202. In another example, any of such components may be represented by program instructions stored in memory that, when executed by the processing circuit 201, perform the corresponding functions described herein. In another example, the functions of any of such components may be split between the processing circuit 201 and the communication subsystem 231. In another example, non-computationally intensive functions of any of such components may be implemented in software or firmware and computationally intensive functions may be implemented in hardware.

[0094] 7 is a schematic block diagram illustrating a virtualization environment 300 in which functions implemented by some embodiments may be virtualized. In this context, virtualizing means creating a virtual version of an apparatus or device, which may include virtualizing a hardware platform, storage devices, and networking resources. Virtualization as used herein may be applied to a node (e.g., a virtualized base station or a virtualized radio access node) or to a device (e.g., a UE, a wireless device, or any other type of communication device) or to a component of that device, and relates to implementations in which at least a portion of the functionality is implemented as one or more virtual components (e.g., via one or more applications, components, functions, virtual machines, or containers running on one or more physical processing nodes in one or more networks).

[0095] In some embodiments, some or all of the functionality described herein may be implemented as virtual components executed by one or more virtual machines implemented in one or more virtual environments 300 hosted by one or more of the hardware nodes 330. Furthermore, in embodiments where the virtual nodes are not wireless access nodes or do not require wireless connectivity (e.g., core network nodes), the network nodes may be fully virtualized.

[0096] The functionality may be implemented by one or more applications 320 (which may alternatively be referred to as software instances, virtual appliances, network functions, virtual nodes, virtual network functions, etc.) operable to implement some of the features, functions, and / or benefits of some of the embodiments disclosed herein. The applications 320 are run in a virtualization environment 300, which provides hardware 330 comprising processing circuitry 360 and memory 390. The memory 390 includes instructions 395 executable by the processing circuitry 360 such that the applications 320 are operable to provide one or more of the features, functions, and / or benefits of the embodiments disclosed herein.

[0097] The virtualization environment 300 includes general-purpose or dedicated network hardware devices 330 that include a set of one or more processors or processing circuitry 360, which may be commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) processors, dedicated application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), or any other type of processing circuitry including digital or analog hardware components or dedicated processors. Each hardware device may include memory 390-1, which may be a non-persistent memory for temporarily storing instructions 395 or software executed by the processing circuitry 360. Each hardware device may include one or more network interface controllers (NICs) 370, also known as network interface cards, which include physical network interfaces 380. Each hardware device may also include a non-transitory, persistent, machine-readable storage medium 390-2 that stores software 395 and / or instructions executable by the processing circuitry 360. The software 395 may include any type of software, including software for instantiating one or more virtualization layers 350 (also called hypervisors), software for running virtual machines 340, and software that enables it to perform the functions, features and / or benefits described in connection with some of the embodiments described herein.

[0098] The virtual machines 340 may comprise virtual processing, virtual memory, virtual networking or interfaces, and virtual storage, and may be run by a corresponding virtualization layer 350 or hypervisor. Different embodiments of the virtual appliance 320 instances may be implemented on one or more of the virtual machines 340, and the implementation may be done in different ways.

[0099] During operation, the processing circuitry 360 executes software 395 to instantiate a hypervisor or virtualization layer 350, which is sometimes referred to as a virtual machine monitor (VMM). The virtualization layer 350 may present to the virtual machines 340 a virtual operating platform that looks like networking hardware.

[0100] 7, the hardware 330 may be a standalone network node with generic or proprietary components. The hardware 330 may include an antenna 3225 and may implement some functions via virtualization. Alternatively, the hardware 330 may be part of a larger cluster of hardware (e.g., as in the case of a data center or customer premises equipment (CPE)) where many hardware nodes work together and are managed via a management and orchestration (MANO) 3100 that, among other things, oversees the lifecycle management of the application 320.

[0101] Hardware virtualization is referred to in some contexts as network functions virtualization (NFV). NFV can be used to consolidate many network equipment types onto industry-standard high-volume server hardware, physical switches, and physical storage that can be deployed in data centers and customer premises equipment.

[0102] In the context of NFV, virtual machine 340 may be a software implementation of a physical machine that runs programs as if those programs were running on a physical, non-virtualized machine. Each virtual machine 340 and the portion of hardware 330 on which it runs, whether hardware dedicated to that virtual machine and / or hardware shared by that virtual machine with other ones of virtual machines 340, form a separate Virtual Network Element (VNE).

[0103] Further in the context of NFV, a Virtual Network Function (VNF) is responsible for handling a specific network function running in one or more virtual machines 340 on top of the hardware networking infrastructure 330 and corresponds to application 320 in FIG. 7.

[0104] In some embodiments, one or more radio units 3200, each including one or more transmitters 3220 and one or more receivers 3210, may be coupled to one or more antennas 3225. The radio units 3200 may communicate directly with the hardware node 330 via one or more appropriate network interfaces and may be used in combination with a virtualization component to provide a virtual node with wireless capabilities, such as a wireless access node or base station.

[0105] In some embodiments, some signaling may be accomplished using the control system 3230, which may alternatively be used for communication between the hardware nodes 330 and the wireless unit 3200.

[0106] FIG. 7 illustrates a communications network connected to a host computer through an intermediate network, according to some embodiments.

[0107] Referring to FIG. 7, according to an embodiment, a communication system includes a communication network 410, such as a 3GPP type cellular network, comprising an access network 411, such as a wireless access network, and a core network 414. The access network 411 comprises a number of base stations 412a, 412b, 412c, such as NBs, eNBs, gNBs or other types of wireless access points, each defining a corresponding coverage area 413a, 413b, 413c. Each base station 412a, 412b, 412c is connectable to the core network 414 over a wired or wireless connection 415. A first UE 491 located in the coverage area 413c is configured to wirelessly connect to or be paged by the corresponding base station 412c. A second UE 492 in the coverage area 413a is connectable to the corresponding base station 412a wirelessly. Although multiple UEs 491, 492 are shown in this example, the disclosed embodiments are equally applicable to situations where only one UE is in a coverage area or is connected to a corresponding base station 412.

[0108] The communication network 410 is itself connected to a host computer 430, which may be embodied in hardware and / or software of a standalone server, a cloud-implemented server, a distributed server, or as a processing resource in a server farm. The host computer 430 may be owned or under the control of a service provider, or may be operated by or on behalf of the service provider. The connections 421 and 422 between the communication network 410 and the host computer 430 may extend directly from the core network 414 to the host computer 430, or may proceed through an optional intermediate network 420. The intermediate network 420 may be one of a public network, a private network, or a hosted network, or a combination of two or more of them, and the intermediate network 420 may be a backbone network or the Internet, if any, and in particular the intermediate network 420 may comprise two or more sub-networks (not shown).

[0109] The communication system of FIG. 7 as a whole enables connectivity between connected UEs 491, 492 and a host computer 430. The connectivity may be described as an over-the-top (OTT) connection 450. The host computer 430 and connected UEs 491, 492 are configured to communicate data and / or signaling via the OTT connection 450 using the access network 411, the core network 414, any intermediate networks 420, and possible further infrastructure (not shown) as intermediaries. The OTT connection 450 may be transparent in the sense that the participating communication devices through which the OTT connection 450 passes are unaware of the routing of the uplink and downlink communications. For example, the base station 412 may not or need not be informed of the past routing of incoming downlink communications involving data originating from the host computer 430 to be forwarded (e.g., handed over) to the connected UE 491. Similarly, the base station 412 does not need to be aware of the future routing of outgoing uplink communications originating from the UE 491 and destined for the host computer 430 .

[0110] FIG. 9 illustrates a host computer communicating with user equipment via a base station over a partially wireless connection according to some embodiments.

[0111] Next, an exemplary implementation of the UE, base station and host computer discussed in the previous paragraph according to an embodiment will be described with reference to FIG. 9. In the communication system 500, the host computer 510 comprises hardware 515 including a communication interface 516 configured to set up and maintain wired or wireless connections with interfaces of different communication devices of the communication system 500. The host computer 510 further comprises a processing circuit 518, which may have storage and / or processing capabilities. In particular, the processing circuit 518 may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof adapted to execute instructions (not shown). The host computer 510 further comprises software 511, which is stored in or accessible by the host computer 510 and is executable by the processing circuit 518. The software 511 includes a host application 512. The host application 512 may be operable to provide services to a remote user, such as a UE 530 that connects via an OTT connection 550 that terminates at the UE 530 and the host computer 510. In providing services to the remote user, the host application 512 may provide user data that is transmitted using the OTT connection 550.

[0112] The communication system 500 further includes a base station 520 provided in the communication system, the base station 520 comprising hardware 525 enabling the base station 520 to communicate with the host computer 510 and the UE 530. The hardware 525 may include a communication interface 526 for setting up and maintaining wired or wireless connections with interfaces of different communication devices of the communication system 500, as well as a wireless interface 527 for setting up and maintaining at least a wireless connection 570 with a UE 530 located in a coverage area (not shown in FIG. 9) served by the base station 520. The communication interface 526 may be configured to facilitate a connection 560 to the host computer 510. The connection 560 may be direct, or the connection 560 may pass through a core network (not shown in FIG. 9) of the communication system and / or one or more intermediate networks outside the communication system. In the embodiment shown, the hardware 525 of the base station 520 further includes processing circuitry 528, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof (not shown) adapted to execute instructions. The base station 520 further has software 521 stored internally or accessible via an external connection.

[0113] The communication system 500 further includes the UE 530 already mentioned. The hardware 535 of the UE 530 may include a wireless interface 537 configured to set up and maintain a wireless connection 570 with a base station serving a coverage area in which the UE 530 is currently located. The hardware 535 of the UE 530 may further include a processing circuit 538, which may comprise one or more programmable processors, application specific integrated circuits, field programmable gate arrays, or combinations thereof adapted to execute instructions (not shown). The UE 530 further includes software 531 stored in or accessible by the UE 530 and executable by the processing circuit 538. The software 531 includes a client application 532. The client application 532 may be operable to provide services to a human or non-human user via the UE 530 with the support of the host computer 510. At the host computer 510, a running host application 512 may communicate with a running client application 532 via an OTT connection 550 that terminates at the UE 530 and the host computer 510. In providing services to a user, the client application 532 may receive request data from the host application 512 and provide user data in response to the request data. The OTT connection 550 may transfer both the request data and the user data. The client application 532 may interact with the user to generate the user data that the client application 532 provides.

[0114] It should be noted that the host computer 510, base station 520 and UE 530 illustrated in Figure 9 may be similar or equivalent to the host computer 430, one of the base stations 412a, 412b, 412c, and one of the UEs 491, 492, respectively, of Figure 7. That is, the inner workings of these entities may be as shown in Figure 9, and separately, the surrounding network topology may be that of Figure 7.

[0115] 9, the OTT connection 550 is drawn abstractly to illustrate communication between the host computer 510 and the UE 530 via the base station 520, without explicit reference to intermediary devices and the exact routing of messages through these devices. The network infrastructure may determine the routing, and the network infrastructure may be configured to hide the routing from the UE 530 or from the service provider operating the host computer 510, or both. The network infrastructure may also make decisions to dynamically change the routing (e.g., based on load balancing considerations or reconfiguration of the network) while the OTT connection 550 is active.

[0116] The wireless connection 570 between the UE 530 and the base station 520 follows the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. One or more of the various embodiments improve the performance of the OTT service provided to the UE 530 using the OTT connection 550 of which the wireless connection 570 forms the last segment. More precisely, the teachings of these embodiments improve the efficiency with which the UE can discover and synchronize with the NTN cell, which may provide benefits such as improved battery life, fewer gaps in coverage, smoother handovers, etc.

[0117] Measurement procedures may be provided for the purpose of monitoring data rates, latency and other factors that one or more embodiments improve upon. There may further be an optional network function for reconfiguring the OTT connection 550 between the host computer 510 and the UE 530 in response to fluctuations in the measurement results. The measurement procedures and / or the network function for reconfiguring the OTT connection 550 may be implemented in the software 511 and hardware 515 of the host computer 510, or in the software 531 and hardware 535 of the UE 530, or both. In an embodiment, sensors (not shown) may be deployed in or in association with the communication device through which the OTT connection 550 passes, and the sensors may participate in the measurement procedures by providing values ​​of the monitored quantities exemplified above, or other physical quantities from which the software 511, 531 may calculate or estimate the monitored quantities. The reconfiguration of the OTT connection 550 may include message formats, retransmission settings, preferred routing, etc., and the reconfiguration need not affect the base station 520, and the reconfiguration may be unknown or imperceptible to the base station 520. Such procedures and functions may be known and practiced in the art. In some embodiments, the measurements may involve proprietary UE signaling that facilitates the host computer 510 measurements of throughput, propagation time, latency, etc. The measurements may be implemented in the software 511 and 531 causing messages, particularly empty or "dummy" messages, to be sent using the OTT connection 550 while the software 511 and 531 monitors propagation times, errors, etc.

[0118] FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIG. 8 and FIG. 9. For simplicity of the disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 10 are included in this section. In step 610, the host computer provides user data. In sub-step 611 (which may be optional) of step 610, the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 620, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. In step 630 (which may be optional), the base station transmits the user data carried in the host computer initiated transmission to the UE according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 640 (which may also be optional), the UE executes a client application associated with the host application executed by the host computer.

[0119] FIG. 11 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIG. 8 and FIG. 9. For simplicity of the disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 11 are included in this section. In step 710 of the method, the host computer provides user data. In an optional sub-step (not shown), the host computer provides the user data by executing a host application. In step 720, the host computer initiates a transmission carrying the user data to the UE. The transmission may proceed via the base station according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 730 (which may be optional), the UE receives the user data carried in the transmission.

[0120] FIG. 12 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIG. 8 and FIG. 9. For simplicity of the disclosure, only drawing references to FIG. 12 are included in this section. In step 810 (which may be optional), the UE receives input data provided by the host computer. Additionally or alternatively, in step 820, the UE provides user data. In sub-step 821 (which may be optional) of step 820, the UE provides the user data by executing a client application. In sub-step 811 (which may be optional) of step 810, the UE executes a client application that provides the user data in response to the received input data provided by the host computer. In providing the user data, the executed client application may further take into account user input received from the user. Regardless of the particular manner in which the user data is provided, the UE initiates transmission of the user data to the host computer in sub-step 830 (which may be optional). In method step 840, the host computer receives user data transmitted from the UE according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure.

[0121] FIG. 13 is a flow chart illustrating a method implemented in a communication system according to one embodiment. The communication system includes a host computer, a base station, and a UE, which may be as described with reference to FIG. 8 and FIG. 9. For simplicity of the disclosure, only a drawing reference to FIG. 13 is included in this section. In step 910 (which may be optional), the base station receives user data from the UE, according to the teachings of the embodiments described throughout this disclosure. In step 920 (which may be optional), the base station initiates transmission of the received user data to the host computer. In step 930 (which may be optional), the host computer receives the user data carried in the transmission initiated by the base station.

[0122] FIG. 14 depicts a wireless network comprising different devices connected either directly or indirectly to the wireless network through one or more access network nodes, such as gNBs 1060a and 1060b. Among other things, the wireless network includes access network nodes, such as gNBs 1060a and 1060b, UEs 1010a, hubs 1010b, remote devices 1015a and 1015b, and servers 1009. The UEs 1010a and hubs 1010b may be any of a wide variety of devices capable of wirelessly communicating with the gNBs 1060. Although the hubs 1010b are referred to as hubs, the hubs 1010b may also be considered UEs (with hub functionality) because the hubs 1010b are capable of wirelessly communicating with the gNBs 1060b using standard protocols, e.g., wireless standards, such as those provided by 3GPP. Indeed, each of the devices illustrated in FIG. 14 represents a wide variety of different devices that may be used in different scenarios, discussed in more detail below. Any of these devices that are capable of communicating wirelessly with a gNB, eNB, or any other similar 3GPP access node may be considered a wireless device or UE.

[0123] Turning now to some of the possibilities, the UE 1010a may be any of a variety of different devices capable of wirelessly communicating with the gNB 1060a. Some examples listed in FIG. 14 include a virtual reality (VR) headset, a sensor, an actuator, a monitoring device, a vehicle, or a remote controller. These examples are not exhaustive and include therein a wide variety of more specific devices, including a wide range of Internet of Things (IoT) devices. For example, in an embodiment in which the UE 1010a is a VR headset, the UE 1010a may be a cell phone used with a head mount, or the UE 1010a may be a standalone or dedicated VR headset. In some embodiments, the UE 1010a may be an augmented reality (AR) headset. As an AR or VR headset, the UE 1010a may be used for entertainment (e.g., gaming, video, etc.), education / business (e.g., remote meetings, virtual lectures, etc.), medical (e.g., remote diagnosis, patient consultation, etc.), or any other use in which virtual or augmented content may be provided to a remote user. In any of these cases, the UE 1010a may be receiving content via a wireless connection 1070a with the gNB 1060a.

[0124] As another example, in an embodiment where the UE 1010a is a sensor or monitoring device, the UE 1010a may be motion, gravity, moisture, temperature, biometric, speed, door / window opening, smoke, fire, volume, flow, or any other type of device capable of detecting or measuring one or more conditions. As a sensor, the UE 1010a may be capable of capturing a condition. For example, the UE 1010a may capture an image if the UE 1010a is equipped with a camera or emit a sound if the UE 1010a is equipped with a microphone. Regardless of the type of sensor, the UE 1010a may provide an output via a wireless connection 1070a to the gNB 1060a. The output can be periodic (e.g., once every 15 minutes when it reports detected temperature), random (e.g., to even out the load from reporting from several sensors), responsive to a triggering event (e.g., when moisture is detected and an alert is sent), responsive to a request (e.g., a user-initiated request), or a continuous stream (e.g., a live video feed of the patient).

[0125] As another example, in an embodiment in which the UE 1010a is an actuator, the UE 1010a may be a motor, a switch, or any other device that may change state in response to receiving an input via the wireless connection 1070a. For example, the UE 1000a may be a vibrator that creates vibrations to provide haptic feedback to a user. As another example, the UE 1000a may be a small motor that adjusts a control surface of a drone in flight or of a robotic arm performing a medical procedure. As another example, the UE 1000a may be a switch that remotely turns on another device, such as a light.

[0126] As another example, in embodiments where the UE 1010a is a vehicle, the UE 1010a may be a drone, a car, an airplane, a ship, a train, a tractor, a robot, or any other type of device equipped with one or more sensors and / or actuators that may change its location, whether autonomously or at the direction of a user. In such embodiments where the UE 1010a is a remotely controlled vehicle, such as a drone, the UE 1010a may receive instructions for movement, actuation, or sensing from a user via the wireless connection 1070a and provide location, sensor, or video information to the user via the wireless connection 1070a. In such embodiments where the UE 1010a is an autonomous vehicle, the UE 1010a may receive alerts and other messages from other vehicles and / or infrastructure sensors via the wireless connection 1070a, as well as provide its own telemetry data to others via the wireless connection 1070a.

[0127] As another example, in an embodiment where the UE 1010a is a remote control, the UE 1010a may be a device dedicated to controlling other devices or general-purpose computers using programs or applications that provide control of the other devices. The UE 1010a may send commands to the remote device via the wireless connection 1070a. The UE 1010a may also receive feedback, telemetry, or other information from the remote device via the wireless connection 1070a. The UE 1010a may present this received information to a user, who may then issue commands for the remote device. For example, the UE 1010a may receive a video signal from a remote surgical room via the wireless connection 1070a and then issue commands via the wireless connection 1070a to a remote surgical machine that can execute the commands.

[0128] Although only a single UE 1010a is illustrated in FIG. 14, in practice any number of UEs may be used together for a single use case. For example, the first UE 1010a may be a speed sensor used in a drone that provides drone speed information to the second UE 1010a, which is a remote control that operates the drone. The third UE 1010a, which is an actuator, may adjust the throttle on the drone to increase or decrease the speed when the user makes a change from the remote control. Similarly, in the above example, the first (sensor) UE 1010a and the third (actuator) UE 1010a may be a single UE that handles communication for both the speed sensor and the actuator, or the UE QQA 110a may comprise one or more of the above. Similarly, in the above example, a hub, such as hub 1010b, may be used to handle communication between the sensors and actuators and the controller.

[0129] The hub 1010b may be any of a variety of different devices that provide wireless access to the gNB 1060b for one or more remote devices 1015a. Some examples of different types of hubs are listed in FIG. QAA, including controllers, routers, content sources, and analytics. The hub 1010b may include memory for storing data (e.g., video, audio, images, buffers, sensor data, file sharing) collected from or provided to the remote devices 1015a. The hub 1010b may include a processor, an operating system, and server functionality. The hub 1010b may include components for wireless communication to enable wireless connection 1071 to the remote devices 1015a, and / or components for fixed connection to the remote devices 1015b. The hub 1010b may also include routing capabilities, firewall capabilities, VPN-servers or VPN-clients. The hub 1010b may allow for different communication schemes and / or schedules between the hub 1010b and the remote devices 1015 and between the hub 1010b and the network 1006.

[0130] As an example, the hub 1010b may be a broadband router that allows direct or indirect access to the network 1006 for the remote device 1015a. In some embodiments, the hub 1010b may facilitate communication between the remote devices 1015a and 1015b. This may be done with or without communication passing through the network 1006. In some embodiments, the hub 1010b may simply forward data from the remote device 1015a or 1015b to the network 1006. In some embodiments, the hub 1010b may first filter, buffer, store, analyze, or collate data from the remote device 1015a or 1015b before sending the data to the network 1006 or another remote device. Similarly, data from the network 1006 may pass directly through the hub 1010b, or the data may first be processed by the hub 1010b on its way to the remote device 1015a or 1015b.

[0131] As another example, the hub 1010b may be a controller that sends commands or instructions to one or more actuators at the remote device 1015a. The commands or instructions may be received from a second remote device 1015b, from the gNB 1060b, or by executable code, scripts, or process instructions at the hub 1010b.

[0132] As another example, the hub 1010b may be a collection point for data from one or more remote devices 1015a and / or 1015b. For example, the remote devices 1015a and / or 1015b may be sensors, cameras, measuring instruments, or any other type of device discussed herein that may provide an output or receive an input. The hub 1010b may, for example, act as a temporary store for data from the remote devices 1015b and, in some embodiments, perform analysis or other processing on the data. The hub 1010b may have a constant / permanent or intermittent connection to the gNB 1060b.

[0133] As another example, the hub 1010b may be a content source. For example, when the remote device 1015a is a VR headset, display, loudspeaker, or other media delivery device, the hub 1010b may retrieve VR assets, video, audio, or other media via the gNB 1060b, which the hub 1010b then provides to the remote device 1015a either directly, after some local processing, and / or after adding additional local content.

[0134] The remote device 1015a may be any of a variety of different devices, for example, the remote device 1015a may be a device that includes one or more of a sensor, an actuator, and / or a screen. The remote device 1015a may alternatively be a VR (or AR) headset, a Machine-2-Machine (M2M) device, an IoT device, an Internet of Things (IoE) device, or any other type of device that is capable of wirelessly accessing a communications network via a hub or a device capable of acting as a hub, which in this context comprises providing network access to devices that are not capable of directly communicating with the communications network 1006 via the gNB 1060a or 1060b. In some scenarios, the remote device 1015a may be capable of establishing a wireless connection with the gNB 1060a or 1060b, but may still connect via the hub QQA 110b. The remote device 1015b may be similar in most respects to the remote device 1015a, except that the remote device 1015b has a wired connection to the hub 1010b rather than a wireless connection such as wireless connection 1071.

[0135] The gNBs 1060a and 1060b may provide wireless access to the network 1006 for various wireless devices, such as the UE 1010a and the hub 1010b. The network 1006 may connect various devices illustrated in FIG. 14, including a server 1009, which may host various applications, such as live and pre-recorded content, data collection services, such as retrieving and compiling data regarding various ambient conditions detected by the multiple remote devices 1015a, 1015b or the UE 1010a, analysis functions, social media, functions for controlling or otherwise interacting with remote devices, functions for an alarm and surveillance center, or any other such functions performed by a server. For example, factory status information may be collected and analyzed by the server 1009. As another example, the server 1009 may process audio and video data that may have been retrieved from the UE 1010a for use in generating maps. As another example, the server 1009 may collect and analyze real-time data to help control vehicle congestion (e.g., control traffic lights). As another example, the server 1009 may store surveillance videos uploaded by the remote device 1015b via the hub 1010b. As another example, the server 1009 may store media content, such as video, audio, VR, or AR, that the server 1009 can broadcast, multicast, or unicast to a remote device, such as the UE 1010a or the remote device 1015a. As other examples, the server 1009 may be used for energy pricing, remote control of non-time-critical electrical loads to balance power generation needs, location services, presentation services (such as compiling diagrams from data collected from remote devices), or any other function that collects, retrieves, stores, analyzes, and / or transmits data.

[0136] FIG. 15 illustrates an exemplary method 1100 according to a particular embodiment. For the purpose of simplifying the above flow chart, steps performed by both the NTN network node and the wireless device are depicted. In practice, the wireless device may only perform steps marked with (WD), and the NTN network node may only perform steps marked with (NN). The method starts at step 1102, where the wireless device and the network node establish a wireless connection. The network node may be associated with a first cell.

[0137] In step 1104, the network node obtains ephemeris data associated with the second cell. The ephemeris data may be obtained from a network node associated with the second cell. In some embodiments or scenarios, the second cell may be a neighboring cell of the first cell. In some embodiments or scenarios, the second cell will replace the first cell. For example, due to orbital motion of the NTN network nodes of the first cell and the second cell, over time the cells may change as nodes move in and out of coverage.

[0138] In step 1106, the network node reduces the ephemeris data. Once reduced, the ephemeris data may be considered coarse ephemeris data that comprises less than complete ephemeris data obtained from the network node. In some embodiments, the ephemeris data may be reduced by the network node removing one or more of the least significant bits from one or more values ​​of the complete ephemeris data. In some embodiments, the ephemeris data may be reduced by rounding one or more values ​​of the complete ephemeris data. For example, values ​​may be rounded to the nearest 2 n The multiple may be rounded down, for example to the nearest multiple of 32 (in other words, n=5). In some embodiments, the ephemeris data may be reduced by expressing the data as a delta in the ephemeris data of the first cell.

[0139] In step 1108, the network node transmits the reduced ephemeris data associated with the second cell. This may be transmitted on a periodic basis. In some embodiments, the periodicity may vary depending on how close or far the second cell is from replacing the first cell. In some embodiments, the network node may transmit the ephemeris data along with the system information.

[0140] In step 1110, the network node transmits additional ephemeris data associated with its own first cell. In some embodiments, the network node may transmit additional ephemeris data associated with other cells, such as neighboring cells.

[0141] In step 1112, the wireless device receives ephemeris data (both data associated with the first cell and data associated with the second cell). The data may be received together or in separate transmissions.

[0142] In step 1114, the wireless device sends a request for more complete ephemeris data, which is received by the network node in step 1116. In some embodiments, the wireless device may send the request before the network node sends ephemeris data, including the ephemeris data that the network node sent in step 1108 of the method.

[0143] In step 1118, the network node transmits full ephemeris data associated with the second cell. In some embodiments, the full ephemeris data may be transmitted by the network node of the second cell. For example, the full ephemeris data may be transmitted by the second cell after the wireless device synchronizes with the second cell using the coarse ephemeris data received from the first cell.

[0144] In step 1120, the wireless device receives full ephemeris data associated with the second cell.

[0145] In step 1122, the wireless device determines the location of one or more beams associated with the second cell. The wireless device is enabled to point the wireless device's antenna in a direction based on the data. The accuracy of the antenna direction may vary depending on the amount of detail of the received ephemeris data (e.g., complete data allows for more accurate beam location than coarse ephemeris data).

[0146] In step 1124, the wireless device synchronizes with the second cell.

[0147] In step 1126, after completing the handover to the second cell, the wireless device provides the user data. In step 1128, the wireless device forwards the user data to the host computer via a network node associated with the second cell. In step 1130, the network node retrieves the user data. In step 1132, the network node then forwards the user data to the host computer. User data can also flow in the opposite direction, where the network node retrieves the user data and then forwards the data to the wireless device.

[0148] FIG. 16 illustrates a method 1200 by a wireless device 110 according to some embodiments. As shown, the method begins in step 1202 when the wireless device 110 receives ephemeris data from a network node 160 associated with a first cell. The ephemeris data is associated with a satellite serving a second cell, and the ephemeris data is coarse ephemeris data with lower full accuracy than full ephemeris data. In step 1204, the wireless device 110 uses the coarse ephemeris data to determine the position of a beam associated with the second cell. In step 1206, the wireless device 110 synchronizes with the second cell.

[0149] In certain embodiments, the coarse ephemeris data includes data in which the full ephemeris data has been reduced by the network node using at least one of the following: removing one or more of the least significant bits of the full ephemeris data, or rounding the full ephemeris data.

[0150] In certain embodiments, the coarse ephemeris data comprises delta information relative to the full ephemeris data associated with the first cell or the second cell.

[0151] In a particular embodiment, the wireless device 110 receives full ephemeris data associated with the second cell, the full ephemeris data including additional data not included in the coarse ephemeris data. In a further particular embodiment, the full ephemeris data associated with the second cell is received from a satellite serving the second cell. In a further particular embodiment, the full ephemeris data associated with the second cell is received from a network node serving the first cell.

[0152] In a further particular embodiment, the wireless device 110 sends a request for full ephemeris data associated with the second cell. In a further particular embodiment, the request is made for full ephemeris data associated with the second cell and sent after receiving coarse ephemeris data associated with the second cell.

[0153] In a particular embodiment, the ephemeris data is received periodically according to a periodicity, and in a further particular embodiment, the periodicity increases such that the ephemeris data is broadcast more frequently as the distance between the wireless device and the satellite serving the second cell decreases.

[0154] In certain embodiments, the ephemeris data includes additional ephemeris data associated with at least a third cell other than the second cell.

[0155] In certain embodiments, the ephemeris data is received along with the system information.

[0156] 17 illustrates a method 1300 implemented by a network node 160 serving a wireless device 110 in a first cell, according to some embodiments. The method begins at step 1302, where the network node 160 obtains ephemeris data associated with a satellite serving a second cell. The ephemeris data is coarse ephemeris data with lower accuracy than full ephemeris data. At step 1304, the network node 160 transmits the coarse ephemeris data to the wireless device 110.

[0157] In a particular embodiment, the network node 160 transmits additional ephemeris data associated with the first cell.

[0158] In a particular embodiment, the second cell is a neighbor cell.

[0159] In certain embodiments, the second cell will replace the first cell.

[0160] In certain embodiments, the coarse ephemeris data includes data in which the full ephemeris data has been reduced using at least one of the following: removing one or more of the least significant bits of the full ephemeris data, and rounding the full ephemeris data.

[0161] In a particular embodiment, the coarse ephemeris data comprises delta information for the second cell relative to the full ephemeris data associated with the first cell or the second cell.

[0162] In a particular embodiment, the network node 160 transmits full ephemeris data associated with the second cell, the full ephemeris data including additional data not included in the coarse ephemeris data.

[0163] In a particular embodiment, the network node 160 receives a request for ephemeris data from the wireless device 110. In a further particular embodiment, the request is made for full ephemeris data and is received after transmitting the coarse ephemeris data.

[0164] In a particular embodiment, the ephemeris data is transmitted periodically according to a periodicity, and in a further particular embodiment, the periodicity increases such that the ephemeris data is transmitted more frequently as the distance between the wireless device and the satellite serving the second cell decreases.

[0165] In certain embodiments, the ephemeris data comprises additional ephemeris data associated with at least a third cell other than the second cell.

[0166] In certain embodiments, the ephemeris data is transmitted along with the system information.

[0167] Exemplary embodiments Exemplary embodiment 1. A method implemented by a wireless device, the method comprising: receiving ephemeris data from a first cell, the ephemeris data being associated with a second cell; using the ephemeris data to determine a position of a beam associated with the second cell; and synchronizing with the second cell. Exemplary embodiment 2. The method of exemplary embodiment 1, wherein the ephemeris data is coarse ephemeris data comprising less than complete ephemeris data. Exemplary Embodiment 3. The method of exemplary embodiment 2, wherein the coarse ephemeris data comprises data in which the complete ephemeris data has been reduced using at least one of the following: removing one or more of the least significant bits of the complete ephemeris data, or rounding the complete ephemeris data. Exemplary Embodiment 4. The method of exemplary embodiment 2, wherein the coarse ephemeris data comprises delta information relative to the complete ephemeris data associated with the first cell. Exemplary Embodiment 5. The method of exemplary embodiment 2, further comprising receiving full ephemeris data associated with a second cell, the full ephemeris data comprising additional data not included in the coarse ephemeris data. Exemplary embodiment 6. The method of exemplary embodiment 5, wherein full ephemeris data is received from a second cell. Exemplary embodiment 7. The method of exemplary embodiment 5, wherein full ephemeris data is received from the first cell. Exemplary embodiment 8. The method of any one of exemplary embodiments 1 to 7, further comprising sending a request for ephemeris data. Exemplary embodiment 9. The method of exemplary embodiment 8, wherein a request is made for full ephemeris data and sent after receiving coarse ephemeris data. Exemplary embodiment 10. The method according to any one of exemplary embodiments 1 to 9, wherein the ephemeris data is received periodically. Exemplary embodiment 11. The method of exemplary embodiment 10, wherein the periodicity varies over time such that the ephemeris data is broadcast more frequently as the time approaches when the second cell should replace the first cell. Exemplary Embodiment 12. The method of any one of Exemplary Embodiments 1-11, wherein the ephemeris data comprises ephemeris data associated with at least a third cell in addition to the second cell. Exemplary embodiment 13. The method according to any one of exemplary embodiments 1 to 12, wherein the ephemeris data is received together with the system information. Exemplary Embodiment 14. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising providing user data and forwarding the user data to the host computer via transmission to the base station. Exemplary embodiment 15. A method implemented by an NTN network node, the method comprising: establishing a connection with a wireless device, the connection being associated with a first cell; obtaining first ephemeris data associated with a second cell; and transmitting second ephemeris data to the wireless device based on the first ephemeris data. Example Embodiment 16. The method of example embodiment 15, further comprising transmitting third ephemeris data associated with the first cell. Example Embodiment 17. The method of any one of example embodiments 15 to 16, wherein the second cell is a neighbor cell. Exemplary embodiment 18. The method of any one of exemplary embodiments 15 to 16, wherein the second cell is to replace the first cell. Exemplary Embodiment 19. The method according to any one of exemplary embodiments 15 to 19, wherein the first ephemeris data and / or the second ephemeris data are coarse ephemeris data comprising less than complete ephemeris data. Exemplary Embodiment 20. The method of exemplary embodiment 19, wherein the coarse ephemeris data comprises data in which the complete ephemeris data has been reduced using at least one of the following: removing one or more of the least significant bits of the complete ephemeris data, or rounding the complete ephemeris data. Exemplary Embodiment 21. The method of exemplary embodiment 19, wherein the coarse ephemeris data comprises delta information for the second cell relative to the complete ephemeris data associated with the first cell. Exemplary embodiment 22. The method of exemplary embodiment 19, further comprising transmitting full ephemeris data associated with the second cell, the full ephemeris data comprising additional data not included in the coarse ephemeris data. Exemplary Embodiment 23. The method of any one of Exemplary Embodiments 15-22, further comprising receiving a request from a wireless device for ephemeris data. Exemplary Embodiment 24. The method of exemplary embodiment 23, wherein the request is made for full ephemeris data and received after transmitting coarse ephemeris data. Exemplary Embodiment 25. The method of any one of Exemplary Embodiments 15 to 24, wherein the second ephemeris data is received periodically. Exemplary embodiment 26. The method of exemplary embodiment 25, wherein the periodicity varies over time such that the second ephemeris data is transmitted more frequently as the time approaches when the second cell should replace the first cell. Exemplary Embodiment 27. The method of any one of Exemplary Embodiments 15-26, wherein the second ephemeris data comprises ephemeris data associated with at least a third cell in addition to the second cell. Exemplary embodiment 28. The method of any one of exemplary embodiments 15 to 27, wherein ephemeris data is received together with system information. Exemplary Embodiment 29. The method of any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising obtaining user data and forwarding the user data to a host computer or a wireless device. Exemplary embodiment 30. A wireless device comprising: a processing circuit configured to perform any of the steps recited in any one of exemplary embodiments 1 to 14; and a power supply circuit configured to supply power to the wireless device. Exemplary embodiment 31. An NTN network node comprising: a processing circuit configured to perform any of the steps recited in any one of exemplary embodiments 15 to 29; and a power supply circuit configured to supply power to the NTN network node. Exemplary embodiment 32. A user equipment (UE) comprising: an antenna configured to send and receive wireless signals; a radio front-end circuit connected to the antenna and the processing circuit and configured to condition signals communicated between the antenna and the processing circuit; a processing circuit configured to perform any of the steps described in any one of exemplary embodiments 1 to 14; an input interface connected to the processing circuit and configured to enable information input to the UE to be processed by the processing circuit; an output interface connected to the processing circuit and configured to output information processed by the processing circuit from the UE; and a battery connected to the processing circuit and configured to provide power to the UE. Exemplary embodiment 33. A communications system including a host computer, the host computer comprising a processing circuit configured to provide user data and a communications interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE), wherein the cellular network comprises an NTN network node having a wireless interface and a processing circuit, the processing circuit of the NTN network node being configured to perform any of the steps described in any one of exemplary embodiments 15 to 29. Exemplary embodiment 34. The communication system of the previous embodiment, further comprising an NTN network node. Exemplary embodiment 35. The communication system of any one of the previous two embodiments, further including a UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with an NTN network node. Exemplary Embodiment 36. A communications system as described in any one of the previous three embodiments, wherein the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application and thereby provide user data, and the UE comprises processing circuitry configured to execute a client application associated with the host application. Exemplary embodiment 37. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, an NTN network node, and a user equipment (UE), the method including: providing user data at the host computer; and initiating a transmission at the host computer conveying the user data to the UE via a cellular network including the NTN network node, wherein the NTN network node performs any of the steps described in any one of exemplary embodiments 15 to 29. Exemplary embodiment 38. The method according to the previous embodiment, further comprising transmitting user data at the NTN network node. Exemplary embodiment 39. The method of any one of the previous two embodiments, wherein the user data is provided by executing a host application at the host computer, and the method further comprises executing, at the UE, a client application associated with the host application. Exemplary embodiment 40. A user equipment (UE) configured to communicate with an NTN network node, the UE comprising a radio interface and processing circuitry configured to implement any one of the previous three embodiments. Exemplary embodiment 41. A communications system including a host computer, the host computer comprising a processing circuit configured to provide user data and a communications interface configured to forward the user data to a cellular network for transmission to a user equipment (UE), the UE comprising a wireless interface and a processing circuit, the components of the UE being configured to perform any of the steps described in any one of exemplary embodiments 1 to 14. Exemplary embodiment 42. The communication system according to the previous embodiment, wherein the cellular network further includes an NTN network node configured to communicate with the UE. Exemplary Embodiment 43. A communications system as described in any one of the previous two embodiments, wherein the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application thereby providing user data, and the processing circuitry of the UE is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application. Exemplary embodiment 44. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, an NTN network node, and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising: providing user data at the host computer; and initiating a transmission at the host computer conveying the user data to the UE via a cellular network comprising the NTN network node, wherein the UE performs any of the steps described in any one of exemplary embodiments 1 to 14. Exemplary embodiment 45. The method according to the previous embodiment, further comprising receiving, at the UE, user data from the NTN network node. Exemplary embodiment 46. A communications system including a host computer, the host computer comprising a communications interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a user equipment (UE) to an NTN network node, the UE comprising a wireless interface and processing circuitry, the processing circuitry of the UE being configured to perform any of the steps described in any one of exemplary embodiments 1 to 14. Exemplary embodiment 47. The communication system according to the previous embodiment, further including a UE. Exemplary embodiment 48. A communication system as described in any one of the previous two embodiments, further including an NTN network node, wherein the NTN network node comprises a radio interface configured to communicate with the UE, and a communication interface configured to forward user data carried by transmissions from the UE to the NTN network node to a host computer. Exemplary Embodiment 49. A communications system as described in any one of the previous three embodiments, wherein the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, and the processing circuitry of the UE is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing user data. Exemplary Embodiment 50. A communications system as described in any one of the previous four embodiments, wherein the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application thereby providing requested data, and the processing circuitry of the UE is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application thereby providing user data in response to the requested data. Exemplary embodiment 51. A method implemented in a communication system including a host computer, an NTN network node, and a user equipment (UE), the method including receiving, at the host computer, user data transmitted from the UE to the NTN network node, wherein the UE performs any of the steps described in any one of exemplary embodiments 1 to 14. Exemplary embodiment 52. The method according to the previous embodiment, further comprising, in the UE, providing user data to the NTN network node. Exemplary embodiment 53. The method of any one of the previous two embodiments, further comprising: executing, at the UE, a client application thereby providing user data to be transmitted; and executing, at the host computer, a host application associated with the client application. Exemplary embodiment 54. The method of any one of the previous three embodiments, further comprising: executing, at the UE, a client application; and receiving, at the UE, input data for the client application, the input data being provided at the host computer by executing a host application associated with the client application, wherein user data to be transmitted is provided by the client application in response to the input data. Exemplary embodiment 55. A communications system including a host computer, the host computer comprising a communications interface configured to receive user data originating from a transmission from a user equipment (UE) to an NTN network node, the NTN network node comprising a wireless interface and processing circuitry, the processing circuitry of the NTN network node configured to perform any of the steps described in any one of exemplary embodiments 15 to 29. Exemplary embodiment 56. The communication system of the previous embodiment, further comprising an NTN network node. Exemplary embodiment 57. The communication system of any one of the previous two embodiments, further including a UE, wherein the UE is configured to communicate with an NTN network node. Exemplary Embodiment 58. A communications system as described in any one of the previous three embodiments, wherein the processing circuitry of the host computer is configured to execute a host application, and the UE is configured to execute a client application associated with the host application, thereby providing user data to be received by the host computer. Exemplary embodiment 59. A method implemented in a communications system including a host computer, an NTN network node, and a user equipment (UE), the method comprising receiving, at the host computer, user data from the NTN network node originating from a transmission received by the NTN network node from the UE, wherein the UE performs any of the steps described in any one of exemplary embodiments 1 to 14. Exemplary embodiment 60. The method according to the previous embodiment, further comprising receiving, at the NTN network node, user data from the UE. Exemplary embodiment 61. The method of any one of the previous two embodiments, further comprising initiating, at the NTN network node, transmission of the received user data to the host computer.

[0168] Any suitable step, method, feature, function, or benefit disclosed herein may be implemented through one or more functional units or modules of one or more virtual devices. Each virtual device may comprise several of these functional units. These functional units may be implemented via processing circuitry, which may include one or more microprocessors or microcontrollers, as well as other digital hardware, which may include digital signal processors (DSPs), dedicated digital logic, and the like. The processing circuitry may be configured to execute program code stored in memory, which may include one or several types of memory, such as read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), cache memory, flash memory devices, optical storage devices, and the like. The program code stored in memory includes program instructions for executing one or more communication and / or data communication protocols, as well as instructions for performing one or more of the techniques described herein. In some implementations, the processing circuitry may be used to cause each functional unit to perform a corresponding function in accordance with one or more embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0169] The term unit as used herein may have its conventional meaning in the field of electronic equipment, electrical devices, and / or electronic devices, and may include, for example, electrical and / or electronic circuits, devices, modules, processors, memories, logical solid state and / or discrete devices, computer programs or instructions for performing respective tasks, procedures, calculations, output, and / or display functions, etc., such as those described herein.

Claims

1. A method (1200) implemented by a wireless device (110), the method comprising: receiving (1202) ephemeris data from a network node (160) associated with a first cell, the ephemeris data being associated with a satellite serving a second cell, the ephemeris data being coarse ephemeris data with a lower accuracy than full ephemeris data; using the coarse ephemeris data to determine a position of a beam associated with the second cell (1204); Synchronizing with the second cell (1106); sending a request for the full ephemeris data associated with the second cell; Equipped with The method (1200), wherein the request is made for the full ephemeris data associated with the second cell and sent after receiving the coarse ephemeris data associated with the second cell.

2. A method (1300) implemented by a network node (160) serving a wireless device (110) in a first cell, the method comprising: acquiring (1302) ephemeris data associated with a satellite serving a second cell, the ephemeris data being coarse ephemeris data with a lower accuracy than full ephemeris data; transmitting 1304 the coarse ephemeris data to the wireless device; receiving a request from the wireless device for the full ephemeris data; Equipped with The method (1300), wherein the request is made for the full ephemeris data and is received after transmitting the coarse ephemeris data.

3. A wireless device (110), receiving ephemeris data from a network node (160) associated with a first cell, the ephemeris data being associated with a satellite serving a second cell, the ephemeris data being coarse ephemeris data with a lower accuracy than full ephemeris data; using the coarse ephemeris data to identify a position of a beam associated with the second cell; and synchronizing with the second cell; It is adapted to The wireless device is further adapted to send a request for the full ephemeris data associated with the second cell; The request is made for the full ephemeris data associated with the second cell and sent after receiving the coarse ephemeris data associated with the second cell.

4. The coarse ephemeris data is determined based on the following: removing one or more of the least significant bits of the full ephemeris data; or rounding said full ephemeris data 4. The wireless device of claim 3, further comprising data that has been reduced by the network node using at least one of:

5. The wireless device of claim 3 or 4, wherein the coarse ephemeris data comprises delta information relative to full ephemeris data associated with the first cell or the second cell.

6. 6. The wireless device of claim 3, further adapted to receive full ephemeris data associated with the second cell, the full ephemeris data comprising additional data not included in the coarse ephemeris data.

7. The wireless device of claim 6 , wherein the full ephemeris data associated with the second cell is received from the satellite serving the second cell.

8. The wireless device of claim 6, wherein in response to the request for the full ephemeris data associated with the second cell, the full ephemeris data associated with the second cell is received from the network node serving the first cell.

9. The coarse ephemeris data is received periodically according to a periodicity; 9. The wireless device of claim 3, wherein the periodicity increases such that the coarse ephemeris data is broadcast more frequently as the distance between the wireless device and the satellite serving the second cell decreases.

10. 10. A wireless device according to claim 3, wherein the coarse ephemeris data is received together with system information.

11. A network node (160) serving a wireless device (110) in a first cell, the network node comprising: obtaining ephemeris data associated with a satellite serving a second cell, the ephemeris data being coarse ephemeris data having a lower accuracy than full ephemeris data; transmitting the coarse ephemeris data to the wireless device; It is adapted to The network node is further adapted to receive a request from the wireless device for the full ephemeris data; The request is made to a network node (160) for the full ephemeris data and is received after transmitting the coarse ephemeris data.

12. The network node of claim 11 , further adapted to transmit additional ephemeris data associated with the first cell.

13. The network node according to claim 11 or 12, wherein the second cell is a neighbour cell.

14. 14. A network node according to any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the second cell is to replace the first cell.

15. The coarse ephemeris data is determined based on the following: removing one or more of the least significant bits of the full ephemeris data; and rounding said full ephemeris data 15. A network node according to claim 11, comprising data that has been reduced using at least one of the following:

16. The network node of claim 15, wherein the coarse ephemeris data comprises delta information for the second cell relative to the full ephemeris data associated with the first cell or the second cell.

17. A network node as described in any one of claims 11 to 16, further adapted to transmit full ephemeris data associated with the second cell in response to the request from the wireless device for the full ephemeris data, the full ephemeris data comprising additional data not included in the coarse ephemeris data.

18. The coarse ephemeris data is transmitted periodically according to a periodicity; 18. A network node according to claim 11, wherein the periodicity increases such that the coarse ephemeris data is transmitted more frequently as the distance between the wireless device and the satellite serving the second cell decreases.

19. 19. A network node according to any one of claims 11 to 18, wherein the coarse ephemeris data is transmitted together with system information.

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