Modified GIP peptide analogues

Abstract

Disclosed are peptide analogs derived from glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP), which are antagonists of the GIP receptor, modified by including one or more individual amino acid substitutions and fatty acid conjugated with or without a linker, resulting in improved antagonist activity and improved pharmacokinetic profiles.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to peptide analogs derived from glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) that are antagonists of the GIP receptor. These GIP peptide analogs are modified by including one or more individual amino acid substitutions and fatty acid conjugated with or without a linker, and thus have improved antagonist activity and improved pharmacokinetics. [Background technology]

[0002] Glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) is a hormone secreted from intestinal K cells after a meal. 1 Like its sister hormone glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1), GIP is a potent insulin secretagogue. 2 In contrast to the glucagonostatic effects of GLP-1 3 ' 4 , GIP has been shown to exhibit glucagon-releasing properties under certain conditions ( 3 ' 5~13 Interest in understanding the biology of GIP has been fuelled by its association with the rodent GIPR (GIP receptor) and adiposity. 14~21 In humans, evidence of GIPR expression in adipose tissue is less clear. 22 , Association between high BMI and increased GIP levels 22,23 Increased adipose tissue blood flow and triacylglycerol deposition after GIP administration in the hyperinsulinaemic and hyperglucose state 24 Decreased basal and postprandial GIP levels observed in diet-restricted obese children 25 and increased fasting GIP levels observed in healthy young men fed a high-fat diet 26 There is similar evidence for a role for GIP in fat metabolism.

[0003] Therefore, advances in understanding GLP-1 following the discovery of the GLP-1 receptor antagonist exendin(9-39) 27,28 In addition to the general demand from researchers who have seen this, its potential as an anti-obesity agent has attracted further attention for the development of potent GIPR antagonists. Many different strategies have been developed to antagonize the function of GIP, e.g., small molecule receptor antagonists. 29 , vaccination against GIP 30~32 Various truncations and mutations of the GIP molecule that have antagonistic properties 33~39 , and recently, a potent antagonist antibody against GIPR 40 is being carried out.

[0004] Under physiological conditions, the 42 amino acid hormone GIP is degraded by the enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), which cleaves the GIP molecule at position 3, yielding GIP3-42. Synthetic porcine GIP3-42 antagonizes the human GIPR in vitro but did not display antagonistic properties in porcine or perfused rat pancreas at physiological concentrations. 41 Many peptide hormones are post-translationally modified, resulting in a variety of biological forms with different lengths and amino acid modifications. 42,43 Therefore, GIP1-30 is generated as a result of post-translational processing. 44 , which is an agonist for GIPR 33,45 It has been shown that when GIP1-30 is secreted into the human circulation, DPP-4-catalyzed cleavage generates GIP3-30.

[0005] US Patent No. 7,875,587 discloses GIP receptor antagonists derived from GIP(1-42) with increased resistance to degradation by DPP-4, and their use for the treatment of insulin resistance and obesity. In WO 2004 / 067548, DPP-4 metabolites are modified by covalent attachment of pharmacophores to achieve longer half-lives associated with peptide metabolites and retain the biological activity of truncated peptides as well as native peptides, including GIP. WO 2012 / 055770 discloses GIP(3-42) as an endogenous metabolite with GIPR antagonistic activity and easily removed, and discloses GIP(2-30) as an example of a truncated GIP analog with GIPR agonist activity. WO 1998 / 24464 discloses antagonist GIP(7-30).

[0006] WO 2016 / 034186 and Hansen et al. 2016 disclose the antagonists GIP(3-30) and GIP(5-30). Pathak et al. 2015 disclose GIP(3-30) modified at the C-terminus with nine amino acids Cex from exendin(1-39) and modified at lysine residues with palmitoyl.

[0007] A range of different approaches have been used to modify the structure of GLP-1 compounds to provide a longer duration of action in vivo. These include the introduction of amino acid residues (WO 96 / 29342 and WO 98 / 08871) and lipophilic substituents into acylated GLP-1 analogues (WO 00 / 34331). WO 02 / 46227 discloses GLP-1 and exendin-4 analogues fused to human serum albumin to extend in vivo half-life. Summary of the Invention

[0008] The present inventors have identified GIP peptides that are antagonists of GIPR, which contain one or more individual substitutions resulting in GIP peptides with improved antagonist properties. The GIP peptides of the present disclosure are herein acylated to increase half-life and in vivo stability. The GIP peptides of the present disclosure are also N-terminally truncated compared to native GIP(1-42), and do not include at least the first two amino acids at positions 1 and 2 of GIP(1-42). More surprisingly, the present inventors have discovered that longer GIP peptides, such as peptides containing one or more of the GIP(31-42) residues or peptides containing one or more residues of acylated exendin-4 linked to the C-terminus of any one of GIP3-30, GIP5-30 and GIP6-30, retain or even exhibit improved GIPR antagonist properties and / or very long in vivo half-life and / or increased selectivity, making them potentially useful for a range of therapeutic applications. Effect of the Invention

[0009] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:XX: [ka] (wherein X1 and X2 are individually any amino acid or are removed). or a functional variant thereof, said variant having 1 to 8, 1 to 4, etc. amino acid substitutions at any amino acid of SEQ ID NO:XX, The peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 3 to 29 of SEQ ID NO:XX or a functional variant thereof, Z is a peptide comprising one or more amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (GKKNDWKHNITQ; SEQ ID NO: Z) or one or more amino acid residues of exendin-4 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: E).

[0010] When GIP(3-30) / GIP(5-30) / GIP(6-30) and analogs thereof are extended with amino acid residues from the C-terminal portion of exendin-4 or GIP(1-42), such as GPSSGAPPPS, PSSGAPPPS or GKKNDW, an important advantage of the above embodiment is that the in vivo half-life is extended to a surprisingly high degree compared to the corresponding non-extended analogs. This may be especially the case when the extended GIP analogs are lipidated at specific positions, such as, for example, position 18 for extended GIP(3-30) analogs and position 11 for extended GIP(5-30) analogs.

[0011] Another important advantage of the above embodiment is that when GIP(3-30) / GIP(5-30) / GIP(6-30) and their analogs are extended with amino acid residues from the C-terminal portion of exendin-4 or GIP(1-42), such as GPSSGAPPPS, PSSGAPPPS or GKKNDW, the antagonistic properties may be increased and / or the selectivity for GIP receptor agonism may be increased. Therefore, when the extended GIP analogs are lipidated at specific positions, such as position 18 for extended GIP(3-30) analogs and position 11 for extended GIP(5-30) analogs, improved antagonistic effects may be obtained and the half-life may be surprisingly increased.

[0012] A further important advantage of the above embodiments, when GIP(3-30) / GIP(5-30) / GIP(6-30) and analogs thereof are extended with amino acid residues from the C-terminal portion of exendin-4 or GIP(1-42), such as, for example, GPSSGAPPPS, PSSGAPPPS or GKKNDW, is the increased selectivity with respect to activating or inhibiting other receptor members of family B GPCRs, such as, for example, GLP-1R and Glucagon R. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0013] [Figure 1]For example, C-terminally extended GIP(3-30) antagonists such as AT631 show a significantly longer T1 / 2 of more than 30 hours compared to non-C-terminally extended GIP(3-30) antagonists such as analog AT158. Pigs were subcutaneously administered lipidated GIP(3-30)NH2 analog AT158 and lipidated GIP(3-30)Cex(31-39) analog AT631, and blood samples were taken from a central venous catheter at the indicated time points. The half-life of AT631 was determined based on RIA (see Materials and Methods), and the percentage of Cmax was plotted against time. AT631 shows a surprisingly longer half-life than AT158. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0014] definition The term "affinity" refers to the strength of binding between a receptor and its ligand(s). In the present context, the affinity (Ki) of a peptide antagonist for its binding site determines the duration of inhibition of agonist activity. The affinity of an antagonist can be determined using Schild regression in functional studies, or 1) competitive binding experiments using the Cheng-Prusoff equation, 2) saturation binding experiments using the Scatchard equation, or 3) on- and off-rates (K 0n and K. 0ff These can be determined experimentally by radioligand binding experiments such as kinetic studies using the determination of .DELTA..times ...

[0015] The term "IC50" refers to the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), which is a measure of the effectiveness of a substance to inhibit a particular biological or biochemical function. This quantitative measure indicates how much of a particular drug or other substance (e.g., an antagonist) is required to half-inhibit a given biological process (or a component of the process, i.e., an enzyme, a cell, a cell receptor, or a microorganism). It is commonly used as a measure of the potency of antagonist drugs in pharmacological studies. IC50 refers to the concentration of drug required for 50% inhibition in vitro. In this context, IC50 value can also refer to the concentration of drug at which 50% of the radiolabeled ligand is displaced from the receptor, which is a characterization of drug affinity performed in competitive binding experiments.

[0016] The term "agonist" in this context refers to a peptide, or an analog thereof, that is capable of binding to and activating a downstream signaling cascade from a receptor.

[0017] The term "antagonist" in this context refers to a GIP peptide analogue that can bind to a receptor and block or reduce the agonist-mediated response of the receptor, as defined herein. Antagonists do not usually cause a biological response themselves when binding to a receptor. Antagonists have affinity, but not potency, for their cognate receptor, and bind to an antagonist for that receptor to inhibit the function of an agonist or inverse agonist at the receptor. Antagonists mediate their effects by binding to an active (orthosteric) or allosteric site on the receptor, or they may interact at a unique binding site that is not normally involved in the biological regulation of the receptor's activity. Antagonist activity can be reversible or irreversible, depending on the longevity of the antagonist-receptor complex, which in turn depends on the nature of the antagonist-receptor binding. The majority of drug antagonists typically achieve their efficacy by competing with endogenous ligands or substrates at structurally defined binding sites on the receptor. The antagonist can be a competitive antagonist, a non-competitive antagonist, an uncompetitive antagonist, a silent antagonist, a partial agonist or an inverse agonist.

[0018] A competitive antagonist (also called a overcomer antagonist) reversibly binds to the receptor at the same binding site (i.e., the active site) as the endogenous ligand or agonist, but does not activate the receptor. The agonist and antagonist therefore "compete" for the same binding site on the receptor. Upon binding, the antagonist blocks the binding of the agonist. The level of receptor activity is determined by the relative affinity of each molecule for the site and their relative concentrations. A high concentration of a competitive antagonist increases the proportion of receptors occupied by the antagonist.

[0019] The term "noncompetitive antagonism" (insurmountable or persistent antagonism) describes two separate phenomena with functionally similar outcomes: the binding of an antagonist to the active site of a receptor and the binding of an antagonist to an allosteric site of a receptor. Unlike competitive antagonists, which affect the amount of agonist required to achieve a maximal response but not the magnitude of that maximal response, noncompetitive antagonists reduce the magnitude of the maximal response that can be achieved with a given amount of agonist.

[0020] The term "silent antagonist" refers to a competitive receptor antagonist that has no intrinsic activity to activate the receptor.

[0021] The term "partial agonist" refers to an agonist that may elicit different amplitudes of functional responses at a given receptor following maximal receptor occupancy. A partial agonist can function as a competitive antagonist in the presence of a full agonist (or a more effective agonist) because it competes with the full agonist for receptor occupancy, thereby resulting in a net decrease in receptor activation compared to that observed with the full agonist alone.

[0022] The term "inverse agonist" refers to a ligand, such as a GIP peptide analog, that can bind to the same receptor binding site as an agonist and antagonize its effect. In addition, an inverse agonist can also inhibit the basal activity of a constitutively active receptor.

[0023] As used herein, the term "glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor (GIPR) antagonist" refers to a compound, such as a peptide, that can bind to the GIPR and block or reduce agonist-mediated responses of the GIPR.

[0024] The term "individual" refers to a vertebrate, a particular member of a mammalian species, preferably a primate, including a human. As used herein, "subject" and "individual" may be used interchangeably.

[0025] An "isolated peptide" is a peptide that has been separated and / or recovered from components of its natural, typically cellular, environment and is essentially free of contaminating cellular components, such as carbohydrate, lipid, or other proteinaceous impurities that are naturally associated with the polypeptide. Typically, a preparation of an isolated peptide contains the peptide in a highly purified form, i.e., at least about 80% pure, at least about 90% pure, at least about 95% pure, greater than 95% pure, or greater than 99% pure. The term "isolated" does not exclude the presence of the same peptide in alternative physical forms, such as dimers, tetramers, or glycosylated or derivatized forms.

[0026] An "amino acid residue" may be a naturally occurring or unnatural amino acid residue linked by a peptide bond or a bond other than a peptide bond. The amino acid residue may be in the D or L configuration. An amino acid residue comprises an amino terminal portion (NH2) and a carboxy terminal portion (COOH) separated by a central portion comprising a carbon atom or a chain of carbon atoms, at least one of which comprises at least one side chain or functional group. NH2 refers to the amino group present at the amino terminus of an amino acid or peptide, and COOH refers to the carboxy group present at the carboxy terminus of an amino acid or peptide. The general term amino acid includes both natural and unnatural amino acids. The natural amino acids of standard nomenclature as listed in J. Biol. Chem., 243:3552-59 (1969) and adopted in the United States Patent Code (37 CFR), section 1.822(b)(2) belong to the following groups of amino acids as described herein: Y, G, F, M, A, S, I, L, T, V, P, K, H, Q, E, W, R, D, N, and C. Non-naturally occurring amino acids are those not listed immediately above and also include, but are not limited to, modified amino acid residues, L-amino acid residues, and stereoisomers of D-amino acid residues.

[0027] An "equivalent amino acid residue" refers to an amino acid residue that can be substituted for another amino acid residue in a polypeptide without substantially changing the structure and / or function of the polypeptide. Thus, equivalent amino acids have similar properties such as side chain bulkiness, side chain polarity (polar or non-polar), hydrophobicity (hydrophobic or hydrophilic), pH (acidic, neutral or basic) and side chain organization of carbon molecules (aromatic / aliphatic). Thus, an "equivalent amino acid residue" can be considered as a "conservative amino acid substitution", which is a substitution of an amino acid whose side chain has similar biochemical properties and does not affect the function of the peptide.

[0028] Among common amino acids, for example, "conservative amino acid substitutions" can also be exemplified by substitutions of amino acids within each of the following groups: (1) glycine, alanine, valine, leucine, and isoleucine; (2) phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan; (3) serine and threonine; (4) aspartic acid and glutamic acid; (5) glutamine and asparagine; and (6) lysine, arginine, and histidine.

[0029] By the term "equivalent amino acid substitution" as used herein, one amino acid may in one embodiment be substituted with another amino acid within the group of amino acids presented herein below: i) Amino acids with polar side chains (Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg, His, Asn, Gln, Ser, Thr, Tyr, and Cys) ii) Amino acids with non-polar side chains (Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Phe, Trp, Pro, and Met) iii) Amino acids with aliphatic side chains (Gly, Ala, Val, Leu, Ile) iv) Amino acids with cyclic side chains (Phe, Tyr, Trp, His, Pro) v) Amino acids with aromatic side chains (Phe, Tyr, Trp) vi) Amino acids with acidic side chains (Asp, Glu) vii) Amino acids with basic side chains (Lys, Arg, His) viii) Amino acids with amide side chains (Asn, Gln) ix) Amino acids with hydroxy side chains (Ser, Thr, Tyr) x) Amino acids with sulfur-containing side chains (Cys, Met) xi) Neutral and slightly hydrophobic amino acids (Pro, Ala, Gly, Ser, Thr) xii) hydrophilic, acidic amino acids (Gln, Asn, Glu, Asp), and xiii) Hydrophobic amino acids (Leu, Ile, Val).

[0030] In addition, the serine residues of the peptides of the present disclosure may be substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Gln, Asn, and Thr (all amino acids having a polar uncharged side chain); and independently, the glycine residues (Gly) may be substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Ala, Val, Leu, and Ile; and independently, the arginine residues (Arg) may be substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Lys and His (all having a positively charged side chain); and independently, the lysine residues (Lys) may be substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Arg and His; and independently, the methionine residues (Met) may be substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Leu, Pro, Ile, Val, Phe, Tyr, and Trp (all having a hydrophobic side chain); and independently, the glutamine residues (Gln) may be substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Asp, Glu, and Asn. And independently, the alanine residue (Ala) may be substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of Gly, Val, Leu, and Ile.

[0031] Where the L or D form (optical isomer) is not specified, it is to be understood that the amino acid in question has the naturally occurring L form (see Pure & Appl. Chem. Vol. (56(5) pp 595-624 (1984)) or D form, such that the peptide formed may be composed of sequences of L or D amino acids, or mixed L and D forms.

[0032] As used herein, a glutamic acid (Glu) mimetic is a moiety having two carboxy functional groups separated by three carbon atoms. Examples include beta-Glu, gamma-Glu, or glutaric acid.

[0033] A "functional variant" of a peptide is a peptide that can perform essentially the same function as the peptide that is its functional variant. In particular, a functional variant can bind to essentially the same molecule, such as a receptor, or perform the same receptor-mediated response as the peptide that is its functional variant. A functional variant of a "glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analog" is a peptide that can bind to GIPR and activate or inhibit downstream signaling of GIPR, such as cAMP production. A functional variant of a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide receptor (GIPR) antagonist is a peptide that can bind to GIPR and inhibit or reduce agonist-mediated GIPR signaling, such as cAMP production.

[0034] A "biologically active agent" (i.e., a biologically active agent / drug) is any agent, drug, compound, composition or mixture of substances that provides some pharmacological, often beneficial, effect that can be demonstrated in vivo or in vitro. It refers to GIP peptide analogs as defined herein and compounds or compositions that contain them. As used herein, the term includes any physiologically or pharmacologically active substance that produces a local or systemic effect in an individual.

[0035] As used herein, the terms "drug" and "medicine" include biologically, physiologically, or pharmacologically active substances that act locally or systemically in the human or animal body.

[0036] The terms "treatment" and "treating" as used herein refer to the management and care of a patient with the purpose of combating a condition, disease or disorder. This term includes the full spectrum of treatments for a given condition from which a patient is suffering, and is intended to refer equally to curative, prophylactic or preventative, restorative or palliative therapies, such as administration of peptides or compositions, for the purpose of preventing the onset of a condition, disease or disorder, and including administration of active compounds for the prevention or reduction of the risk of onset of symptoms or complications; delaying the progression of a condition, partial cessation of clinical symptoms, disease or disorder; cure or elimination of a condition, disease or disorder; amelioration or alleviation of a condition or symptoms, whether detectable or undetectable, and remission (whether partial or complete); and / or prevention of the acquisition of a condition, disease or disorder or reduction of the risk of acquiring a condition, disease or disorder, where "preventing" or "prevention" should be understood to refer to the management and care of a patient with the purpose of preventing the onset of a condition, disease or disorder, and includes administration of active compounds for the prevention or reduction of the risk of onset of symptoms or complications. As used herein, the term "ameliorate" and variations thereof means to lessen the severity and / or undesirable symptoms of a physiological condition or symptom, and / or to slow or prolong the time course of progression compared to when the compositions of the invention are not administered.

[0037] Preferably, the individual to be treated is a mammal, in particular a human, however, treatment of animals such as mice, rats, dogs, cats, cows, horses, sheep and pigs is also encompassed herein.

[0038] "Individual in need thereof" refers to an individual who may benefit from the present disclosure. In one embodiment, said individual in need thereof is an individual with a disease, said disease may be a metabolic disease or disorder such as obesity or diabetes, a bone density disorder, or cancer.

[0039] Treatment according to the present invention can be preventative, ameliorative and / or curative.

[0040] A "pharmacologically effective amount", "pharmaceutical effective amount" or "physiologically effective amount" of a bioactive agent is the amount of bioactive agent present in a pharmaceutical composition described herein that is necessary to provide a desired level of active agent in the bloodstream or at the site of action (e.g., lungs, gastric system, colonic system, prostate, etc.) of the individual to be treated such that, when such composition is administered, the desired physiological response is obtained. Bioactive agent in this context refers to the GIP peptide analogs disclosed herein.

[0041] As used herein, "co-administering" or "co-administration" refers to the administration of one or more GIP peptide analogs of the present invention and the current pharmaceutical composition. The at least two components can be administered separately, sequentially or simultaneously.

[0042] Detailed Description GIP refers to glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, also known as gastric inhibitory peptide (or polypeptide). The abbreviation GIP or hGIP used herein is human GIP (Uniprot accession number P09681). GIP is derived from a 153 amino acid proprotein and circulates as a biologically active 42 amino acid peptide. It is synthesized by K cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum of the gastrointestinal tract.

[0043] GIPR (or GIP receptor) refers to gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor. These seven transmembrane proteins are found at least on the beta cells of the pancreas. The abbreviation GIPR or hGIPR as used herein is human GIPR (Uniprot accession number P48546).

[0044] The present inventors have identified GIP peptides that are antagonists of GIPR, which contain one or more individual substitutions that result in GIP peptides with improved antagonist properties. The GIP peptides of the present disclosure are acylated to increase half-life and in vivo stability. More surprisingly, the present inventors have discovered that longer GIP peptides, such as peptides that contain one or more of the GIP(31-42) residues, or peptides that contain one or more residues of acylated exendin-4 linked to the C-terminus of any one of GIP3-30, GIP5-30 and GIP6-30, retain GIPR antagonist properties. This makes them potentially useful for a range of therapeutic applications.

[0045] In one embodiment, exendin-4 is a peptide having the amino acid sequence HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS (SEQ ID NO:).

[0046] GIP peptides The present invention is directed to GIP peptide analogs, including peptide fragments of GIP that contain one or more individual substitutions and have unprecedented GIPR antagonist properties, and have one or more fatty acids attached thereto to increase the half-life of the peptide while retaining its GIPR antagonist properties.

[0047] Extended GIP peptide analogs Amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:XX: [ka] (wherein X1 and X2 are individually any amino acid or are removed). or a functional variant thereof, said variant having 1 to 8 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid of SEQ ID NO:XX, The peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 3 to 29 of SEQ ID NO:XX or a functional variant thereof, Z is a peptide comprising one or more amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (GKKNDWKHNITQ; SEQ ID NO: Z) or one or more amino acid residues of exendin-4 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: E).

[0048] Amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:XX: [ka] (wherein X1 and X2 are individually any amino acid or are removed). or a functional variant thereof, wherein the variant has 1 to 4 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid of SEQ ID NO:XX, The peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 3 to 29 of SEQ ID NO:XX or a functional variant thereof, Z is a peptide comprising one or more amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (GKKNDWKHNITQ; SEQ ID NO: Z) or one or more amino acid residues of exendin-4 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: E).

[0049] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of and sequence number hGIP(6-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of or a functional variant thereof, wherein the variant has one to four individual amino acid substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO:; The peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid residue to one or more amino acid residues at positions 4 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO:, or a functional variant thereof comprising one to four amino acid substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO:; Z, with or without a linker, can be glycine or proline, A fragment selected from the group consisting of GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS, PS, PSS, PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS A fragment selected from the group consisting of: A fragment selected from the group consisting of GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or A fragment selected from the group consisting of GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or a variant thereof comprising one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; or A fragment selected from the group consisting of PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS, or a variant thereof containing one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; It is.

[0050] An important advantage of the above-mentioned embodiment in which the GIP antagonists GIP(3-30) / GIP(4-30) / GIP(5-30) / GIP(6-30) and analogs thereof are extended with amino acid residues from the C-terminal portion of exendin-4 or GIP(1-42), such as GPSSGAPPPS, PSSGAPPPS or GKKNDW, is that the in vivo half-life is extended to a surprisingly high degree compared to the corresponding non-extended analogs. This may be especially the case when the extended GIP(3-30) analogs are lipidated at specific positions, such as, for example, positions 11, 12, 17 and 18 of the extended GIP(3-30), GIP(4-30), GIP(5-30) and GIP(6-30) analogs. Thus, for example, C-terminal extension of GPSSGAPPPS, PSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, or fragments thereof, and lipidation at specific positions, can result in improved antagonist effect and simultaneously improved half-life to a surprisingly large extent of 5 or 10 hours or even more than 15 or 20 hours compared to the corresponding sequences without the C-terminal extension.

[0051] As used herein, "GIP(3-30)" refers to a GIP peptide analog consisting of residues 3-30 of GIP or a functional variant thereof, such as SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30), and functional variants thereof. As used herein, "GIP(4-30)" refers to a GIP peptide analog consisting of residues 4-30 of GIP or a functional variant thereof, such as SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30), and functional variants thereof. As used herein, "GIP(5-30)" refers to a GIP peptide analog consisting of residues 5-30 of GIP or a functional variant thereof, such as SEQ ID NO: GIP(5-30). As used herein, "GIP(6-30)" refers to a GIP peptide analog consisting of residues 6 to 30 of GIP or a functional variant thereof, such as SEQ ID NO: GIP(6-30).

[0052] In one embodiment, the peptide is C-terminally carboxylated (-COOH).

[0053] Without being bound by any theory, the free C-terminal carboxylic acid aids in increased binding to albumin, which can unexpectedly further increase in vivo half-life.

[0054] Another important advantage of the above embodiments, in which the GIP antagonists of SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30) and analogs thereof are extended with amino acid residues from the C-terminal portion of exendin-4 or GIP(1-42), such as, for example, GPSSGAPPPS, PSSGAPPPS or GKKNDW, is that they may have increased antagonist properties and / or increased selectivity for GIP receptor agonism. Since GIP(3-42) is a poorer antagonist than GIP(3-30) [Hansen et al. 2016 Br J Pharmacol], the improved antagonism of AT631 with the C-terminal extension -PSSGAPPPS derived from exendin-4 is unexpected. Furthermore, since exendin-4 is a GLP-1 agonist, the improvement of GIP antagonism by extension of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30) analogs with amino acid residues from the C-terminal portion of exendin-4 is highly unexpected.

[0055] A further important advantage of the above embodiments, in which the GIP antagonists of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30) and analogs thereof are extended with amino acid residues from the C-terminal portion of Exendin-4 or GIP(1-42), such as, for example, GPSSGAPPPS, PSSGAPPPS or GKKNDW, is the increased selectivity with respect to activating or inhibiting other receptor members of the GPCR family B, such as, for example, GLP-1R and Glucagon-R.

[0056] In one embodiment there are provided GIP antagonists of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30) and analogs thereof which are extended with amino acid residues from the C-terminal portion of exendin-4 or GIP(1-42), e.g., GPSSGAPPPS, PSSGAPPPS or GKKNDW, and C-terminally carboxylated.

[0057] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof is provided that is an isolated peptide.

[0058] In one embodiment, the method disclosed herein comprises: the amino acid at position 5 is T or removed; the amino acid at position 9 is selected from D, E, and T; the amino acid at position 11 is selected from S, K and A; the amino acid at position 12 is selected from I, K, and 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib); the amino acid at position 13 is selected from A and Aib; the amino acid at position 14 is selected from M, K, E, S, L and Nle; the amino acid at position 15 is selected from D and E; the amino acid at position 16 is selected from K and R; the amino acid at position 17 is selected from I and K; the amino acid at position 18 is selected from H and K; the amino acid at position 20 is selected from Q and K; the amino acid at position 21 is selected from D and E; the amino acid at position 24 is selected from N, K, Q, and E; the amino acid at position 28 is selected from A and E; the amino acid at position 29 is selected from Q and G; and / or the amino acid at position 30 is selected from K, R, G and A; GIP peptide analogs or functional variants thereof are provided.

[0059] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, said functional variant having one individual amino acid substitution, two individual amino acid substitutions, etc., such as three individual amino acid substitutions, four individual amino acid substitutions, etc. at any amino acid residue of SEQ ID NO:XX.

[0060] In one embodiment, there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, said functional variant having one individual amino acid substitution, two individual amino acid substitutions, etc., such as three individual amino acid substitutions, four individual amino acid substitutions, etc. at any amino acid residue of SEQ ID NO:XX, said substitutions being conservative amino acid substitutions.

[0061] In one embodiment, there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, said functional variant having 1-2 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 2-3 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 3-4 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 5-6 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 6-7 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 7-8 individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue of SEQ ID NO:XX.

[0062] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or a functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, said GIP peptide analogue consisting of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:XX, in which X1 and X2 are removed.

[0063] In one embodiment, there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, said GIP peptide analog consisting of the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:XX, wherein the amino acid residues at positions X1, X2 and 5 are removed. In one embodiment, there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, said functional variant having 1 to 7 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 1 individual amino acid substitution, such as 2 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 3 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 4 individual amino acid substitutions, for example, such as 5 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 6 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 7 individual amino acid substitutions, at any one of amino acid residues 3 to 30 of SEQ ID NO:XX.

[0064] In one embodiment, there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof disclosed herein, said functional variant having 1-2 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 2-3 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 3-4 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 4-5 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 5-6 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 6-7 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 7-8 individual amino acid substitutions, at any one of amino acid residues 3-30 of SEQ ID NO:XX.

[0065] In one embodiment, there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, said functional variant having 1-2 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 2-3 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 3-4 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 4-5 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 5-6 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 6-7 individual amino acid substitutions, such as 7-8 individual amino acid substitutions, at any one of amino acid residues 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 24, 28, 29 and 30 of SEQ ID NO:XX.

[0066] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, said functional variant having one to two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of amino acid residues 4 to 10 of SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(6-30).

[0067] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, said functional variant having one to two, such as one to three, such as two to three individual amino acid substitutions at any one of amino acid residues 19 to 27 of SEQ ID NO:XX, such as any one of SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30).

[0068] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein is provided, wherein at least one amino acid residue of the GIP peptide analog of SEQ ID NO:XX is replaced with E.

[0069] In one embodiment, there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein at least one amino acid residue at any one of positions 9, 14, 15, 21, 24 and 28 is substituted with E, preferably at least one amino acid residue at any one of positions 9, 15, 21 and 24 of SEQ ID NO:XX is substituted with E.

[0070] As defined herein, the substitution of one or more amino acid residues of a peptide of SEQ ID NO:XX with E is particularly advantageous as it may result in increased antagonistic activity, increased solubility, and / or increased stability of the substituted peptide.

[0071] In one embodiment, there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein X1 is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of E, S, G, V, 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), P, D, γ-glutamic acid (γGlu), D-γ-glutamic acid (D-γGlu), β-glutamic acid (βGlu), pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), and glutaric acid.

[0072] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof disclosed herein, wherein X1 is E.

[0073] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein X1 is pyroE (pyroglutamic acid).

[0074] In one embodiment, there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof disclosed herein, in which E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:XX) is replaced with any amino acid, such as an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of S, G, V, 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), P, D, γ-glutamic acid (γGlu), D-γ-glutamic acid (D-γGlu), β-glutamic acid (βGlu), pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), and glutaric acid. Glutaric acid, which may also be called pentanedioic acid, is a desaminoglutamic acid lacking an amino group, i.e., glutamic acid. Glutaric acid may also be called a glutamic acid mimetic.

[0075] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof disclosed herein, wherein X1 is E or glutaric acid.

[0076] The GIP peptide analogs according to the present disclosure having E at position 3 can be very potent antagonists in GIPR. However, having E at position 3 can lead to unstable compounds. Without being bound by any theory, E at position 3 can form pyroGlu by cyclization between the amino group at the N-terminus and the side chain carboxylic acid of E. Therefore, it can be advantageous to substitute E at position 3. The inventors have found that the amino group at the N-terminus may not be necessary to obtain a potent antagonist.

[0077] Substitution of E at position 3 (i.e., the first amino acid from the N-terminus) with glutaric acid may be advantageous because glutaric acid does not have an amino group and therefore cannot form pyroGlu at the N-terminus. PyroGlu formation may be an undesirable side reaction for glutamic acid. Substitution with glutaric acid at position 3 may also increase potency. Glutaric acid is naturally produced in the body during the metabolism of several amino acids, including lysine and tryptophan.

[0078] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:), such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), is replaced with S (Ser).

[0079] In one embodiment, there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof disclosed herein, wherein E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:), such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), is replaced with pyroE (pyroglutamic acid).

[0080] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:), such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), is replaced with P (Pro).

[0081] In one embodiment, there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof disclosed herein, wherein E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:), such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), is replaced with G (Gly).

[0082] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof as disclosed herein, wherein E (Glu) at position 3 of (hGIP3-30, SEQ ID NO:), such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), is replaced with A (Ala).

[0083] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof is provided, wherein X2 is an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of G and E.

[0084] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the D at position 9 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0085] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the D at position 9 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0086] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof is provided, wherein D at position 9 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof, is replaced with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of E and T. The advantage of having E at position 9 is that potency and / or physical stability, such as solubility, may be increased. E at position 9 may also prevent antagonist activity.

[0087] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the S at position 11 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0088] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the S at position 11 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0089] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the S at position 11 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of A, K and Orn.

[0090] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the S at position 11 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of A, R, K and Orn.

[0091] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein S at position 11 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with K or Orn.

[0092] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the I at position 12 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0093] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the I at position 12 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0094] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the I at position 12 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of K, Orn and 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib).

[0095] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the A at position 13 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0096] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the A at position 13 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0097] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the A at position 13 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof is replaced with 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib). The advantage of having Aib at position 13 is that potency can be significantly increased. In addition, Aib at position 13 can increase the stability of the peptide, such as in vivo stability or physical stability.

[0098] It has been observed that substitution of any one of the amino acid residues at positions 12 and 13 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof, can further increase the stability and half-life of the GIP peptide analogues.

[0099] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the M at position 14 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0100] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the M at position 14 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0101] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the M at position 14 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of L, norleucine (Nle), E, ​​S, K and Orn.

[0102] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof is provided, wherein M at position 14 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof is replaced with an amino acid residue selected from the group consisting of L, norleucine (Nle) and K. In some embodiments, the amino acid at position 14 is L or Nle. Since M is susceptible to oxidation, it may be advantageous to replace it with another amino acid such as L, Nle or K, e.g., L or Nle.

[0103] In some embodiments, the amino acid at position 14 is L.

[0104] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the D at position 15 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0105] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the D at position 15 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0106] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof is provided, in which the D at position 15 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof is replaced with E. The advantage of having E at position 15 is that potency and / or physical stability, such as solubility, may be increased. E at position 15 may also prevent antagonist activity.

[0107] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein D at position 9 and / or 15 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with E.

[0108] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the K at position 16 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0109] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the K at position 16 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid substitution.

[0110] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein K at position 16 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of R, A and E.

[0111] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein K at position 16 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with R.

[0112] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the I at position 17 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0113] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the I at position 17 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0114] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the I at position 17 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with K or Orn.

[0115] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the H at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0116] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the H at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0117] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the H at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of A, R, K and Orn.

[0118] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the H at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with K or Orn.

[0119] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein S at position 11 and / or H at position 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with K.

[0120] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein Q at position 20 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0121] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the Q at position 20 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0122] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein Q at position 20 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with K or Orn.

[0123] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof is provided, wherein D at position 21 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0124] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the D at position 21 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0125] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof is provided, wherein D at position 21 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with E. The advantage of having E at position 21 is that potency and / or physical stability, such as solubility, may be increased.

[0126] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein N at position 24 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0127] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the N at position 24 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0128] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein N at position 24 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with an amino acid selected from Q, A and E.

[0129] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof is provided, in which the N at position 24 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof is replaced with E. The advantage of having E at position 24 is that it may increase physical stability, such as solubility. It may also reduce susceptibility to aggregation.

[0130] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the A at position 28 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0131] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the A at position 28 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0132] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein A at position 28 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with E.

[0133] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the Q at position 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0134] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the Q at position 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid.

[0135] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof is provided, wherein Q at position 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with G.

[0136] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the K at position 30 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is substituted with any amino acid.

[0137] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the K at position 30 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof, is replaced with a conservative amino acid substitution.

[0138] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, wherein the K at position 30 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof is substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of R, A, E and G, preferably substituted with an amino acid selected from the group consisting of R, A and G.

[0139] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid residues at positions 9, 15, 21, and 24 are all individually alpha-helix stabilizing amino acid residues selected from the group consisting of A, L, E and K.

[0140] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, said GIP peptide analogue comprising at least one K substitution and one E or Aib substitution at any one of amino acid residues 3-30 of SEQ ID NO:XX, such as any one of SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30).

[0141] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, said GIP peptide analogue comprising at least one K substitution and one E or Aib substitution at any one of amino acid residues 3-30 of SEQ ID NO:XX, such as any one of SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), wherein at least one of amino acid residues at any one of positions 11, 14 and / or 18 is substituted with K and at least one of amino acid residues at any one of positions 9, 15, 21 and / or 24 is substituted with E.

[0142] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, the amino acid at position 5 is T; the amino acid at position 6 is F; the amino acid at position 10 is Y; the amino acid at position 22 is F; the amino acid at position 23 is V; the amino acid at position 25 is W; the amino acid at position 26 is L; The amino acid at position 27 is L.

[0143] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid at position 5 is a T.

[0144] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid at position 6 is F.

[0145] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid at position 7 is I.

[0146] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid at position 10 is Y.

[0147] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid at position 22 is F.

[0148] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid at position 23 is V.

[0149] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid at position 25 is W.

[0150] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid at position 26 is L.

[0151] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid at position 27 is L.

[0152] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid residues at positions 29 and 30 are both different from G.

[0153] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein only one of the amino acid residues at positions 29 and 30 is G.

[0154] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analog (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid residues at positions 29 and 30 are individually selected from the group consisting of Q, E and K.

[0155] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid at position 29 is Q.

[0156] In one embodiment a GIP peptide analogue (SEQ ID NO:XX) or a functional variant thereof is provided, wherein the amino acid at position 30 is K.

[0157] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog (SEQ ID NO: XX): wherein the amino acid residue at position 3 is E, glutaric acid, or absent; the amino acid residue at position 4 is G or absent; the amino acid residue at position 5 is T; the amino acid residue at position 6 is F; the amino acid residue at position 7 is I; the amino acid residue at position 8 is S; the amino acid residue at position 9 is D or E; the amino acid residue at position 10 is Y; the amino acid residue at position 11 is K or S; the amino acid residue at position 12 is I or K; the amino acid residue at position 13 is A, Aib, or K; the amino acid residue at position 14 is M, L, Nle, or K; the amino acid residue at position 15 is D or E; the amino acid residue at position 16 is K; the amino acid residue at position 17 is I or K; the amino acid residue at position 18 is H or K; the amino acid residue at position 19 is Q; the amino acid residue at position 20 is Q; the amino acid residue at position 21 is D or E; the amino acid residue at position 22 is F; the amino acid residue at position 23 is V; the amino acid residue at position 24 is N, A, Q or E; the amino acid residue at position 25 is W; the amino acid residue at position 26 is L; the amino acid residue at position 27 is L; the amino acid residue at position 28 is A, E or K; the amino acid residue at position 29 is Q, G or K; and The amino acid residue at position 30 is K or G. or a functional variant thereof is provided.

[0158] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog (SEQ ID NO: XX): wherein the amino acid residue at position 3 is E, glutaric acid, or absent; the amino acid at position 4 is Gly or absent; the amino acid at position 5 is T; the amino acid at position 9 is selected from D, E; the amino acid at position 11 is selected from S, K and A; the amino acid at position 12 is selected from I and K; the amino acid at position 13 is selected from A and Aib; the amino acid at position 14 is selected from M, L and Nle; the amino acid at position 15 is selected from D and E; the amino acid at position 16 is selected from K and R; the amino acid at position 17 is selected from I and K; the amino acid at position 18 is selected from H and K; the amino acid at position 20 is selected from Q and K; the amino acid at position 21 is selected from D and E; the amino acid at position 24 is selected from N, Q, and E; the amino acid at position 28 is selected from A and E; the amino acid at position 29 is selected from Q and G; and / or The amino acid at position 30 is selected from K, R, G and A. is provided.

[0159] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog (SEQ ID NO: XX): (wherein the amino acid at position 3 is Glu, glutaric acid, or absent; the amino acid at position 4 is Gly or absent; the amino acid at position 5 is T; The amino acid at position 6 is F; the amino acid at position 7 is I; the amino acid at position 9 is selected from D and E; the amino acid at position 10 is Y; the amino acid at position 11 is selected from S, K and A; the amino acid at position 12 is selected from I and K; the amino acid at position 13 is selected from A and Aib; the amino acid at position 14 is selected from M, L and Nle; the amino acid at position 15 is selected from D and E; the amino acid at position 16 is selected from K and R; the amino acid at position 17 is selected from I and K; the amino acid at position 18 is selected from H and K; the amino acid at position 20 is selected from Q and K; the amino acid at position 21 is selected from D and E; The amino acid at position 22 is F; the amino acid at position 23 is V; the amino acid at position 24 is selected from N, Q, and E; the amino acid at position 25 is W; the amino acid at position 26 is L; the amino acid at position 27 is L; the amino acid at position 29 is Q; and / or The amino acid at position 30 is K or R. is provided.

[0160] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the sequences of SEQ ID NO: (GIP3-30 X1-X2): [ka] The present invention provides a GIP peptide analog comprising:

[0161] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: (GIP3-30 X2): [ka] The present invention provides a GIP peptide analog comprising:

[0162] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: (GIP3-30 X1): [ka] The present invention provides a GIP peptide analog comprising:

[0163] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: (GIP3-30): [ka] The present invention provides a GIP peptide analog comprising:

[0164] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: (GIP4-30 X2): [ka] The present invention provides a GIP peptide analog comprising:

[0165] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: (GIP4-30): [ka] The present invention provides a GIP peptide analog comprising:

[0166] In one embodiment, the disclosure provides a GIP peptide analog wherein if the amino acid residue at position 3 is absent, then the amino acid residue at position 4 is absent.

[0167] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: (GIP5-30): [ka] The present invention provides a GIP peptide analog comprising:

[0168] In one embodiment, the present disclosure provides the nucleic acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: (GIP6-30): [ka] The present invention provides a GIP peptide analog comprising:

[0169] One feature of the GIP peptide analogs of the present disclosure is the presence of a moiety referred to as Z, Z peptide, or peptide Z. As described herein, Z is a peptide that includes one or more amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (GKKNDWKHNITQ; SEQ ID NO: Z) or one or more amino acid residues of exendin-4 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: E). The presence of the Z peptide is advantageous because it improves both the half-life and antagonist potency of the GIP peptide analog.

[0170] In one embodiment of the disclosure, Z consists of one or more contiguous amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (SEQ ID NO: Z).

[0171] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, Z consists of one or more consecutive amino acid residues of exendin-4 (SEQ ID NO: E).

[0172] In one embodiment of the disclosure, Z consists of one or more contiguous amino acid residues at the C-terminus of exendin-4(30-39) (PSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: CE30-39).

[0173] In one embodiment of the disclosure, Z consists of one or more contiguous amino acid residues at the C-terminus of exendin-4(29-39) (GPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: CE29-39).

[0174] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, Z contains at least one G or one P. Without being bound by any theory, when Z contains a G or P, for example at positions 31 and / or 32, the half-life of the GIP peptide analog is increased, which may be due to reduced degradation from the C-terminus, increasing the in vivo stability of the GIP peptide analog.

[0175] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, Z comprises at least two Ps.

[0176] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, Z is -glycine or proline, -GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS, -PS, PSS, PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS, -GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, - GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GKKKDW, GKKNDK GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or a variant thereof comprising one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues, or - PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS or variants thereof containing one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues, The peptide is selected from the group consisting of:

[0177] In one embodiment of the present disclosure, no fatty acid molecule is attached to the amino acid residue at position 3 of SEQ ID NO:XX or a variant thereof.

[0178] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is not attached to the N-terminal amino group of amino acid residue at position 3 of SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1 or SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30).

[0179] In one embodiment, no fatty acid molecule is attached to the N-terminal amino group of the amino acid residue in SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30)X2 or at position 4 of SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30).

[0180] In one embodiment, no fatty acid molecule is attached to the N-terminal amino group of the amino acid residue at position 5 of SEQ ID NO: GIP(5-30).

[0181] In one embodiment, no fatty acid molecules are attached to any amino acid residue of Z.

[0182] In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analog of the present disclosure has a free N-terminus. Thus, the N-terminus of the GIP peptide analog comprises an amino (-NH2) moiety that is not substituted, such as not acetylated, acylated, or alkylated. Thus, the N-terminus of the GIP peptide analog may comprise a free amino (-NH2) moiety.

[0183] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at any one of positions 7-29 of said GIP peptide analog, such as SEQ ID NO: XX. In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at any one of positions 7-29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: XX, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(6-30), or variants thereof.

[0184] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at any one of positions 6-29 of said GIP peptide analog, such as of SEQ ID NO: XX. In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at any one of positions 6-29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: XX, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(6-30), or variants thereof.

[0185] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at any one of positions 4 to 29 of said GIP peptide analog, such as of SEQ ID NO: XX. In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at any one of positions 4 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: XX, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO: GIP(6-30), or variants thereof.

[0186] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at position 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 or 29 of said GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, such as SEQ ID NO:XX.

[0187] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at position 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 or 29 of hGIP(6-30) or a functional variant thereof.

[0188] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at position 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 or 29 of hGIP(5-30) or a functional variant thereof.

[0189] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is attached to an amino acid residue at position 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28 or 29 of hGIP(3-30) or a functional variant thereof.

[0190] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is attached to one or more amino acid residues within the central region of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

[0191] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is attached to one or more amino acid residues at any one of positions 11 to 21 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

[0192] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to one or more amino acid residues at any one of positions 11, 12, 17, 18 and 20 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof.

[0193] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to one or more amino acid residues at any one of positions 11, 12, 17 and 18 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof. Attachment of a fatty acid at any one of these positions may result in a GIP peptide analogue having a particularly long half-life and having particularly high antagonist potency.

[0194] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon amino group of a K or Orn residue of said GIP peptide analog such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising at least one K or Orn residue.

[0195] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino residue at position 16 of said GIP peptide analog such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof.

[0196] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to K at position 16 of said GIP peptide analogue such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof.

[0197] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino acid residue at position 18 of said GIP peptide analogs such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof, and H at position 18 is replaced with K or Orn in said GIP peptide analogs. Attachment of a fatty acid to the side chain amino group of the amino acid residue at position 18 may result in GIP peptide analogs with particularly long half-lives and particularly high antagonist potency.

[0198] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino residue at position 11 of said GIP peptide analog such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or variants thereof, wherein S at position 11 is replaced with K or Orn in said GIP peptide analog.

[0199] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino residue at position 12 of said GIP peptide analog such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or variants thereof, wherein I at position 12 is replaced with K or Orn in said GIP peptide analog.

[0200] In one embodiment, at least one fatty acid molecule is attached to the amino residue at position 11 of said GIP peptide analog such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or variants thereof.

[0201] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to K at position 11 of said GIP peptide analogue such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof.

[0202] In one embodiment, at least one fatty acid molecule is attached to the amino acid residue at position 12 of said GIP peptide analog such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof.

[0203] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to K at position 12 of said GIP peptide analogue such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof.

[0204] In one embodiment, at least one fatty acid molecule is attached to the amino acid residue at position 17 of said GIP peptide analog such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof.

[0205] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to K at position 17 of said GIP peptide analogue such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof.

[0206] In one embodiment, at least one fatty acid molecule is attached to the amino acid residue at position 18 of said GIP peptide analog such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof.

[0207] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to K at position 18 of said GIP peptide analogue such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), or functional variants thereof.

[0208] In one embodiment, at least one fatty acid molecule is attached to a lysine at position 18 of said GIP peptide analog such as any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), wherein at least two of the amino acids at positions 9, 15, and 24 of any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30) are E.

[0209] In one embodiment, at least one fatty acid molecule is attached to the central amino acid of the GIP peptide analog, such as any one of positions 11-18, such as positions 11 or 18 of the GIP peptide analog.

[0210] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue or functional variant thereof, said peptide being an analogue of any one of SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO: GIP(3-30), [ka] TIFF0007605747000016.tif242161 TIFF0007605747000017.tif153162, The peptides may be modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 4-29 of any one of the above sequences, such that the peptides are C-terminally carboxylated.

[0211] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof is provided, said peptide being an analog of hGIP5-30 (SEQ ID NO: (5-30)), [ka] having a sequence selected from the group consisting of The peptides may be modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 4-29 of any one of the above sequences, such that the peptides are C-terminally carboxylated.

[0212] In one embodiment, a GIP peptide analog or functional variant thereof is provided, said peptide being an analog of hGIP6-30 (SEQ ID NO: (6-30)), FISDYSIAMDKIKQQDFVNWLLAQK - Z; sequence number GIP(6-30) [H18K] having a sequence selected from the group consisting of The peptides may be modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 4-29 of any one of the above sequences, such that the peptides are C-terminally carboxylated.

[0213] In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogs of the disclosure are C-terminally amidated (-NH2).

[0214] In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogs of the disclosure are C-terminally carboxylated (-COOH), eg, the C-terminus is a free carboxylic acid.

[0215] Functional variants In one embodiment, one or more, or all of the amino acid substitutions are conservative amino acid substitutions (or synonymous substitutions). Conservative substitutions are substitutions of amino acids whose side chains have similar biochemical properties and therefore do not affect the function of the peptide.

[0216] Specific amino acid substitutions disclosed herein are: K to R, A, G; E to D, S, P, G, V, 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), gamma-glutamic acid (γGlu), D-gamma-glutamic acid (D-γGlu), beta-glutamic acid (βGlu), pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), glutaric acid; L to M; Q to E; I to V; I to L, K, Aib; A to S, Aib, E; Y to W; K to Q; S to T, K; N to S; M to L, Nle, E, S, K; H to K; N, I, S, G to A; N, I, S to T; D to E, T; N to Q, E; Q to R, K, G; G to E, T, K.

[0217] In another embodiment, functional variants as defined herein include sequences in which an alkyl amino acid is substituted with an alkyl amino acid, an aromatic amino acid is substituted with an aromatic amino acid, a sulfur-containing amino acid is substituted with a sulfur-containing amino acid, a hydroxy-containing amino acid is substituted with a hydroxy-containing amino acid, an acidic amino acid is substituted with an acidic amino acid, a basic amino acid is substituted with a basic amino acid, and / or a dibasic monocarboxylic acid amino acid is substituted with a dibasic monocarboxylic acid amino acid.

[0218] Conservative substitutions may be introduced into any one or more of the above specific positions of the GIP peptide analogs selected from any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30), as long as the resulting variant is functional. However, it may also be desirable to introduce non-conservative substitutions (non-synonymous substitutions) into one or more positions.

[0219] In one embodiment, non-conservative substitutions leading to the formation of a variant of a GIP peptide analog selected from any one of SEQ ID NO:XX, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1-X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30)X1, SEQ ID NO:GIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30)X2, SEQ ID NO:GIP(4-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(5-30), SEQ ID NO:GIP(6-30) are selected from the group consisting of i) an amino acid residue having a substantially different polarity, e.g., a residue having a polar side chain such as Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, or Gln, or a non-polar side chain (Ala, Leu, Pro, Trp, Val, Ile ... , Leu, Phe or Met), or the replacement of a charged or polar residue with a non-polar residue; and / or ii) the replacement of amino acid residues which have a substantially different effect on the peptide backbone orientation, such as the replacement of Pro or Gly with another residue; and / or iii) the replacement of amino acid residues which have a substantially different charge, for example the replacement of a negatively charged residue such as Glu or Asp with a positively charged residue such as Lys, His or Arg (and vice versa); and / or iv) the replacement of amino acid residues which have a substantially different steric bulk, for example those with small side chains, for example the replacement of bulky residues such as His, Trp, Phe or Tyr with for example Ala, Gly or Ser (and vice versa).

[0220] Amino acid substitutions can be made, in one embodiment, based on their hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity values, as well as the relative similarity of the amino acid side-chain substituents, including charge, size, and the like.

[0221] The GIP peptide analogs or functional variant counterparts thereof as defined herein contain proteinogenic or natural amino acids, i.e., the 22 amino acids that are naturally incorporated into polypeptides. Twenty of these are encoded by the universal genetic code, while the remaining two, selenocysteine ​​(Sec, U) and pyrrolysine (Pyl, O), are incorporated into proteins by unique synthetic mechanisms.

[0222] GIP peptide analogs as defined herein include one or more non-naturally occurring amino acid residues (non-natural, non-proteinogenic or non-standard amino acids) or amino acid mimetics such as glutaric acid. Non-naturally occurring amino acids include, but are not limited to, β-2-naphthylalanine, trans-3-methylproline, 2,4-methanoproline, cis-4-hydroxyproline, ornithine (Orn), trans-4-hydroxyproline, N-methylglycine, allothreonine, methylthreonine, hydroxyethylcysteine, hydroxyethylhomocysteine, nitroglutamine, homoglutamine, pipecolic acid, thiazolidine carboxylic acid, dehydroproline, 3- and 4-methylproline, 3,3-dimethylproline, tert-leucine, norleucine (Nle), methoxynine (Mox), norvaline, 2-azaphenylalanine, 3-azaphenylalanine, 4-azaphenylalanine, and 4-fluorophenylalanine.

[0223] In one embodiment, the amino acid Met is replaced with an oxidation-resistant amino acid analog, such as norleucine (Nle) or Leu, which retains the length of the amino acid side chain important for hydrophobic interactions but not its hydrogen-bonding properties; or methoxynine (Mox), a non-natural amino acid that more closely resembles the electronic properties of Met compared to Nle; or Lys.

[0224] The standard and / or non-standard amino acids may be linked by peptide bonds (to form a linear peptide chain) or by non-peptide bonds (e.g., via the variable side chains of the amino acids). Preferably, the amino acids of the peptides defined herein are linked by peptide bonds.

[0225] The term peptide also encompasses post-translational modifications introduced by chemical or enzyme-catalyzed reactions, as known in the art, including acetylation, phosphorylation, methylation, glucosylation, glycation, amidation, hydroxylation, deimination, deamidation, carbamylation and sulfation of one or more amino acid residues, as well as proteolytic modifications by known protein enzymes, including lysosomal cathepsins, and also calpains, secretases and matrix metalloproteases.

[0226] Functional equivalents of peptides may also include chemical modifications such as ubiquitination, labeling (e.g., radionuclides, various enzymes, etc.), pegylation (derivatization with polyethylene glycol), etc., or the insertion (or substitution by chemical synthesis) of amino acids such as ornithine that do not normally occur in human proteins (non-proteinogenic).

[0227] Stereo-analogous compounds can be formulated to mimic key parts of peptide structures. This can be achieved by modeling and chemical design techniques known to those skilled in the art. For example, esterification and other alkylation can be used to modify the amino terminus of the di-arginine peptide backbone, for example, to mimic a tetrapeptide structure. It will be understood that all such sterically analogous constructs fall within the scope of the present invention. Peptides with N- and C-terminal alkylation and esterification are also encompassed within the present invention. For example, glutaric acid is a sterically analogous compound that mimics glutamic acid.

[0228] In one embodiment, the N-terminal amino acid of the GIP peptide analog of the present disclosure does not have any chemical modification.It may be advantageous for the amino group at the N-terminus of the GIP peptide analog to be free, i.e., unsubstituted, since substitution may result in agonistic action at GIPR.

[0229] When present, it appears that increasing the length of the fatty acid or linker may reduce antagonist potency, but at the same time incorporation of an Aib residue at position 13 appears to compensate for some or all of the reduced potency, especially when combined with an E at one or more of positions 9, 15, 21, and 24, such as in combination with one or more E at positions 9, 15, and 21.

[0230] Bonding of fatty acid molecules In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule has a side chain aminoalkyl group (-C n H 2n It is bound to one or more amino acid residues having a cyclic amine (NH2).

[0231] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is attached to one or more amino acid residues having a side chain amino group (NH2).

[0232] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is attached to the amino group (NH2) of the amino acid residue.

[0233] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino acid residue.

[0234] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is attached to the ε (epsilon) side chain amino group of a lysine residue (Lys, K).

[0235] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is attached to the δ (delta) side chain amino group of an ornithine residue (Orn).

[0236] In one embodiment, the amino acid residue to which the fatty acid molecule is attached is selected from the group consisting of Lys and Orn.

[0237] In one embodiment, the amino acid residue to which the fatty acid molecule is attached is Lys.

[0238] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to the delta amino group of an Orn residue of said GIP peptide analog, such as SEQ ID NO:XX, or a functional variant comprising an Orn amino acid residue.

[0239] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule is attached to the epsilon amino group of the K residue of said GIP peptide analog, such as SEQ ID NO:XX, or a functional variant thereof.

[0240] In one embodiment, the amino acid residue to which the fatty acid molecule is attached is the most N-terminal amino acid residue, such as the most N-terminal amino acid residue of said GIP peptide analog, such as SEQ ID NO:XX, or a variant thereof, and said fatty acid is attached to an amino group contained in the side chain of the N-terminal amino acid.

[0241] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a straight chain fatty acid.

[0242] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a branched fatty acid.

[0243] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a monoacyl fatty acid molecule that contains one fatty acid. A monoacyl fatty acid molecule is a fatty acid molecule that contains only one carboxyl group. Preferably, the carboxyl group is located at one end of the fatty acid molecule.

[0244] For example, the GIP peptide has the formula I: [ka] As shown in Figure 1, it can be conjugated to a monoacyl fatty acid (such as hexadecanoyl) via a linker.

[0245] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a diacyl fatty acid molecule. A diacyl fatty acid molecule is a fatty acid molecule that contains two carboxyl groups. Preferably, one or both of the carboxyl groups are located at one or each terminus of the fatty acid molecule.

[0246] For example, the GIP peptide has the formula II: [ka] As shown in Figure 1, it can be conjugated via a linker to a diacyl fatty acid (such as 15-carboxypentadecanoyl), also called a "diacid."

[0247] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a diacyl fatty acid molecule comprising two fatty acids.

[0248] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is a diacyl fatty acid molecule containing two carboxyl functional groups.

[0249] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure has the formula CH3(CH2) n It contains an acyl group of CO- (wherein n is an integer of 4 to 24).

[0250] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is CH3(CH2)6CO-, CH3(CH2)8CO-, CH3(CH2) 10 CO-, CH3(CH2) 12 CO-, CH3(CH2) 14 CO-, CH3(CH2) 16 CO-, CH3(CH2) 18 CO-, CH3(CH2) 20 CO- and CH3(CH2) 22 CO-.

[0251] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is CH3(CH2) 10 CO-(Lauryl, C12), CH3(CH2) 12 CO-(myristoyl, C14), CH3(CH2) 14 CO-(Palmitoyl, C16), CH3(CH2) 16 CO-(Stearyl, C18), CH3(CH2) 18 CO-(arachidyl, C20) and CH3(CH2) 20 CO-(behenyl, C22).

[0252] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is HOOC-CH3(CH2) 10 CO-(dodecanoyl, C12), HOOC-CH3(CH2) 12 CO-(1-tetradecanoyl, C14), HOOC-CH3(CH2) 14 CO-(hexadecanoyl, C16), HOOC-CH3(CH2) 15 CO-(15-carboxy-pentadecanoyl, C17), HOOC-CH3(CH2) 16 CO-(octadecanoyl, C18), HOOC-CH3(CH2) 17 CO-(17-carboxy-heptadecanoyl, C19), HOOC-CH3(CH2) 18 CO-(eicosanoyl, C20), HOOC-CH3(CH2) 19 CO-(19-carboxy-nonadecanoyl, C21) and HOOC-CH3(CH2) 20 CO-(behenyl, C22).

[0253] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is CH3(CH2) 10 CO-(Lauryl, C12), CH3(CH2) 12 CO-(myristoyl, C14), CH3(CH2) 14C O-(Palmitoyl, C16), CH3(CH2) 16 CO-(Stearyl, C18), CH3(CH2) 18 CO-(arachidyl, C20) and CH3(CH2) 20 CO-(behenyl, C22).

[0254] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule has the formula COOH(CH) n It contains an acyl group of CO-(dicarboxylic acid) (wherein n is an integer of 4 to 24).

[0255] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is COOH(CH) 14 CO-(C16 diacid), COOH(CH2) 16CO-(C18 diacid), COOH(CH2) 18 CO-(C20 diacid) and COOH(CH2) 20 CO-(C22 diacid).

[0256] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecules are selected from C12, C14, C16, C18, C20 and C22.

[0257] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecules are selected from a C14 diacid, a C16 diacid, a C18 diacid, a C20 diacid, and a C22 diacid.

[0258] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is palmitoyl.

[0259] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is 1,16-hexadecanedioic acid / hexadecanedioic acid.

[0260] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is 15-carboxypentadecanoyl.

[0261] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is stearyl.

[0262] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is 1,18-octadecanedioic acid / octadecanedioic acid.

[0263] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is 17-carboxyheptadecanoyl.

[0264] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is arachidyl.

[0265] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is 1,20-eicosanoic acid / eicosanoic acid.

[0266] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is 19-carboxynonadecanoyl.

[0267] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is behenyl.

[0268] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is 1,22-docosanoic acid / docosanoic acid.

[0269] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule is COOH(CH) 14 In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule comprises or consists of COOH(CH2) 16 In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule comprises or consists of COOH(CH2) 18 It comprises or consists of CO-.

[0270] The fatty acid molecule may be attached directly to the amino acid residue such that a carboxyl group of the fatty acid molecule forms an amide bond with the amino group of the amino acid residue.

[0271] Linking fatty acid molecules via a linker The attachment of a fatty acid molecule to a peptide herein may occur directly or indirectly, i.e. via a linker or spacer.

[0272] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is directly attached to an amino acid residue.

[0273] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is directly attached to the alpha-amino group of an amino acid residue, said amino acid residue being the N-terminal amino acid residue.

[0274] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is directly attached to the epsilon amino group of a Lys residue.

[0275] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is attached directly to the delta amino group of the Orn residue.

[0276] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure has formula III: [ka] As shown in the figure, the amino acid residue is linked via a linker or spacer.

[0277] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is attached to the epsilon amino group of a Lys residue via a linker or spacer.

[0278] In one embodiment, a fatty acid molecule according to the present disclosure is attached to the delta amino group of the Orn residue via a linker or spacer.

[0279] In one embodiment, the fatty acid molecule can be attached to an amino acid residue using a spacer (or linker) such that the amino group of the linker forms an amide bond with the carboxyl group of the fatty acid molecule.

[0280] In one embodiment, the linker is an α,ω-amino acid. Examples of suitable linkers are succinic acid, Lys, Glu or Asp, or dipeptides such as Gly-Lys. When the linker is succinic acid, one of its carboxyl groups can form an amide bond with the amino group of the amino acid residue, and the other carboxyl group can form an amide bond with the amino group of the fatty acid molecule. When the linker is Lys, Glu or Asp, its carboxyl group can form an amide bond with the amino group of the amino acid residue, and the amino group can form an amide bond with the carboxyl group of the fatty acid molecule. When Lys is used as a linker, an additional linker can be inserted between the ε-amino group of Lys and the fatty acid molecule, if necessary. In one embodiment, such additional linker is succinic acid, in which the ε-amino group of Lys and an amino group present in the fatty acid molecule form an amide bond. Other linkers are Nε-(γ-L-glutamyl), Nε-(β-L-asparagyl), Nε-glycyl, and Nε-(α-(γ-aminobutanoyl).

[0281] In one embodiment, the linker is a. α-amino acid, γ-amino acid or ω-amino acid, b. one or more amino acids selected from the group consisting of succinic acid, Lys, Glu, and Asp; c. one or more of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-Glu (γ-glutamic acid), β-Asp (β-asparagyl), β-Ala (β-alanyl), and Gly; and d.[8-Amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] n (AEEAc n ) wherein n is an integer from 1 to 50, such as an integer from 1 to 4, 1 to 3, or 1 to 2. The compound comprises one or more moieties individually selected from the group consisting of:

[0282] In one embodiment, the linker is a hydrophilic linker. In one embodiment, the linker is a non-natural amino acid hydrophilic linker.

[0283] In one embodiment, the linker is selected from the group consisting of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-glutamyl (γ-glutamic acid), β-asparagyl, β-alanyl, and glycyl. In one embodiment, the linker comprises one or more of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-glutamyl (γ-glutamic acid), β-asparagyl, β-alanyl, and glycyl.

[0284] In one embodiment, the linker is a repeat of an individual linker moiety. In one embodiment, the linker is a repeat of the same linker moiety. In one embodiment, the linker is a repeat of different linker moieties.

[0285] In one embodiment, the linker is gamma-glutamic acid.

[0286] In one embodiment, the linker is γ-glutamic acid-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc), or repeats thereof.

[0287] In one embodiment, the linker is γ-glutamic acid-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc n ) is repeated one or more times.

[0288] Exemplary linkers disclosed herein are those that can be attached to an amino acid residue of a GIP peptide analog via any one of the ends of the linker. Thus, for example, a linker can be γ-glutamic acid-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc n When the linker contains one or more repeats of γ-Glu, the linker is n can be linked to an amino acid residue of the GIP peptide analog via

[0289] In one embodiment, the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] n (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc n ) in which n is an integer of 1 to 50.

[0290] In one embodiment, the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] n (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc n ), where n is an integer from 1 to 50, such as 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, or 45-50.

[0291] In one embodiment, the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] n (γ-Glu)-(AEEAc n ), where n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50.

[0292] In one embodiment, the linker is [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] n (AEEAc n ), wherein n is an integer from 1 to 50, such as 1-2, 2-3, 3-4, 4-5, 5-6, 6-7, 7-8, 8-9, 9-10, 10-11, 11-12, 12-13, 13-14, 14-15, 15-20, 20-25, 25-30, 30-35, 35-40, 40-45, or 45-50.

[0293] In one embodiment, the linker is [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] n (AEEAc n ), where n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, and 50.

[0294] In one embodiment, the linker is [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] n (AEEAc n ) where n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, and 3.

[0295] In one embodiment, the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] n (γ-Glu)-AEEAc n ) where n is an integer selected from the group consisting of 1, 2, and 3.

[0296] In one embodiment, the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] (γ-Glu)-AEEAc or [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]-[γ-glutamic acid] (AEEAc-γ-Glu). For example, the GIP peptide has the formula IV: [ka] It can be conjugated to a fatty acid (e.g., C16 or palmitic acid / palmitoyl in formula IV, but any other fatty acid may be used) via [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] as shown in Formula IV: The formula does not depict stereochemistry, and typically the natural L-form is used unless otherwise specified.

[0297] For example, the GIP peptide has the formula V: [ka] It can be conjugated to a fatty acid (e.g., C16 or palmitic acid / palmitoyl in formula IV, but any other fatty acid may be used) via [8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]-[γ-glutamic acid] as shown in Formula V: The formula does not depict stereochemistry, and typically the natural L-form is used unless otherwise specified.

[0298] In one embodiment, the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]2(γ-Glu)-(AEEAc)2. For example, the linker can comprise or consist of yGlu-AEEAc-AEEAc- or AEEAc-yGlu-AEEAc- or AEEAc-AEEAc-yGlu-.

[0299] In one embodiment, the linker is [γ-glutamic acid]-[8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid]3(γ-Glu)-(AEEAc)3. For example, the linker can comprise or consist of yGlu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- or AEEAc-yGlu-AEEAc-AEEAc- or AEEAc-AEEAc-yGlu-AEEAc- or AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc-yGlu-.

[0300] As provided herein, a linker comprising or consisting of one γ-glutamic acid and one, two or three 8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid moieties is provided via γ-Glu or AEEAc. ncan be linked to an amino acid residue of the GIP peptide analog via

[0301] In one embodiment, the linker is an amino acid residue other than Cys. In one embodiment, the linker is 4-Abu. In one embodiment, the linker is y-aminobutyric acid.

[0302] In another embodiment, the linker is a dipeptide, for example a dipeptide in which the C-terminal amino acid residue is Lys, His or Trp, preferably Lys, and the N-terminal amino acid residue is selected from the group including Ala, Arg, Asp, Asn, Gly, Glu, Gln, He, Leu, Val, Phe and Pro. In one embodiment, the dipeptide linker is Gly-Lys.

[0303] In one embodiment, the linker comprises one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-glutamyl (γ-glutamic acid), β-asparagyl, β-alanyl, and glycyl. In one embodiment, the linker comprises one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-glutamyl (γ-glutamic acid), β-asparagyl, β-alanyl, glycyl, γ-glutamic acid-8-amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid (γ-Glu-AEEAc). n (wherein n is an integer of 1 to 50), and contains one or more amino acid residues excluding Cys, 4-Abu, y-aminobutyric acid, and dipeptides.

[0304] In another embodiment, the linker is an unbranched alkane α,ω-dicarboxylic acid group having 1 to 7 methylene groups, preferably 2 methylene groups, which forms a bridge between an amino group of the parent peptide and an amino group of the fatty acid molecule.

[0305] In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogs disclosed herein comprise a fatty acid, the fatty acid molecule being such that the combination of the linker and the fatty acid is i. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu- ii. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- iii. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc- iv. Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- v.Hexadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- vi. [15-Carboxypentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu- vii. [15-Carboxypentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- viii. [15-Carboxypentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc- ix. [15-Carboxypentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- x.[15-Carboxypentadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- xi. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu- xii. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- xiii. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc- xiv. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- xv. Octadecanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- xvi. [17-Carboxyheptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu- xvii. [17-Carboxyheptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- xviii. [17-Carboxyheptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc- xix. [17-Carboxyheptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- xx.[17-Carboxyheptadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- xxi. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu- xxii.Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- xxiii.Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc- xxiv. Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- xxv.Eicosanoyl-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- xxvi. [19-Carboxynonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu- xxvii. [19-Carboxynonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-γ-Glu- xxviii. [19-Carboxynonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc- xxix. [19-Carboxynonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc- xxx.[19-Carboxynonadecanoyl]-γ-Glu-AEEAc-AEEAc-AEEAc- is linked to an amino acid residue via a linker such that the amino acid residue is selected from the group consisting of:

[0306] In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogs disclosed herein comprise a fatty acid, the fatty acid molecule being such that the combination of the linker and the fatty acid is i. [15-carboxypentadecanoyl-γGlu ii. [17-carboxyheptadecanoyl-γGlu-AEEAc-AEEAc-, and iii. [17-carboxyheptadecanoyl-yGlu-yGlu is linked to an amino acid residue via a linker such that the amino acid residue is selected from the group consisting of:

[0307] GIP peptides with fatty acids In one embodiment, the GIP analog as defined herein is [ka] TIFF0007605747000025.tif242161TIFF0007605747000026.tif242160TIFF0007605747000027.tif242161TIFF0007605747000028.tif242160TIFF0007605747000029.tif242160TIFF0007605747000030.tif224162 or a functional variant thereof, wherein said fatty acid is directly attached or attached via a linker / spacer as defined herein.

[0308] C16 is fatty acid CH3(CH2) 14 CO-(palmitoyl), C18 is fatty acid CH3(CH2) 16 CO-(stearyl). The suffix "-diacid" means that the fatty acid molecule is a diacyl fatty acid molecule. Such a suffix does not refer to a monoacyl fatty acid molecule.

[0309] C20 is fatty acid CH3(CH2) 18 CO-(arachidyl). The suffix "-diacid" means that the fatty acid molecule is a diacyl fatty acid molecule. Such a suffix does not refer to a monoacyl fatty acid molecule.

[0310] C22 is fatty acid CH3(CH2) 20 CO-(behenyl). The suffix "-diacid" means that the fatty acid molecule is a diacyl fatty acid molecule. Such a suffix does not refer to a monoacyl fatty acid molecule.

[0311] In one embodiment, the GIP analog as defined herein is [ka] TIFF0007605747000032.tif152162 or a functional variant thereof.

[0312] In one embodiment, the GIP analog is [ka] or a functional variant thereof; The fatty acids may be directly attached or may be attached via a linker / spacer as defined herein.

[0313] compound A further aspect is to provide a compound comprising or consisting of a peptide as defined herein, in one embodiment said compound is formulated as a peptide monomer (i.e. comprising one copy of the peptide), while in another embodiment said compound is formulated as a peptide multimer.

[0314] multimeric compounds In one embodiment, the peptides according to the present disclosure are formulated as multimers. A multimer is a protein that comprises or consists of multiple peptide monomers. A multimer is usually an assembly of multiple molecules held together by non-covalent bonds. This definition distinguishes a multimer from a polymer, which is a series of monomers held together by covalent bonds.

[0315] A peptide sequence of the present disclosure is, in one embodiment, linked to another (identical or non-identical) peptide sequence of the present disclosure by a chemical bond or via a linker group. In some embodiments, the disclosed peptides are formulated as oligomers or multimers of monomers, each monomer being a peptide sequence defined in accordance with the present disclosure.

[0316] Thus, according to the present disclosure, a multimeric compound is in one embodiment a polymer comprising two or more peptide sequences as disclosed, said peptide sequences being identical or non-identical, and at least one of the two or more peptide sequences being a peptide according to the present disclosure. Preferably, both peptide sequences are peptides according to the present disclosure.

[0317] In one embodiment, the multimeric compound is a dimer and comprises two peptides according to the present disclosure, said two peptides being identical or non-identical with respect to each other.

[0318] In another embodiment, the multimeric compound is a trimer and comprises three peptides according to the present disclosure, said peptides being identical or non-identical with respect to each other.

[0319] In another embodiment, the multimeric compound is a tetramer and comprises four peptides according to the present disclosure, said peptides being identical or non-identical with respect to each other.

[0320] In one embodiment, the multimeric compound is a dendrimer, such as a tetrameric or octameric dendrimer. Dendrimers are repeatedly branched, roughly spherical large molecules that are typically symmetrical about a core, often adopting a spherical three-dimensional shape.

[0321] A dendrimer according to the present disclosure may comprise 4 peptides, 8 peptides, 16 peptides, or 32 peptides. In one particular embodiment, the dendrimer comprises 4 peptides (i.e., a tetrameric dendrimer) or 8 peptides (an octameric dendrimer).

[0322] In some particular embodiments, the multimeric compound comprises two identical amino acid sequences of the invention (dimers), or the compound comprises four identical copies of an amino acid sequence of the present disclosure (tetrameric dendrimer).

[0323] Multimers according to the present disclosure are in one embodiment made by linking two or more peptide monomers via peptide bonds or linker groups. In one embodiment, they are linked to a lysine backbone, such as a lysine residue (each peptide chain is linked to a single lysine residue) or are attached to a polymeric carrier, such as a protein carrier. The linker group in one embodiment comprises multiple lysine residues, such as a core moiety having multiple lysine residues as found in lysine-based dendrimer structures containing 3, 7, 15 or more lysine residues, although any other linkage of peptide monomers known to one skilled in the art can be envisaged.

[0324] In one embodiment, the linkage occurs at the N-terminus and / or C-terminus of the peptide monomer.

[0325] In one embodiment, A) - Amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: XX: [ka] where X1 and X2 are individually any amino acid or are removed. or a functional variant thereof, said variant having 1-7, 1-4, etc. individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid of SEQ ID NO:XX, said peptide being modified by attachment of at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 3-29 of SEQ ID NO:XX or said functional variant thereof, Z is a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analog, which is a peptide that includes one or more amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (GKKNDWKHNITQ; SEQ ID NO: Z) or one or more amino acid residues of exendin-4 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: E); and -Sequence number hGIP(3-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of: SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of or a functional variant thereof, said variant having one to four individual amino acid substitutions in any one of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30); The peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 4 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: and SEQ ID NO:, or any one of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30) and their functional variants comprising one to four amino acid substitutions, with or without a linker, Z is a. glycine or proline, b. a fragment selected from the group consisting of GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, and GPSSGAPPPS; b1. a fragment selected from the group consisting of PS, PSS, PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS; c. a fragment selected from the group consisting of GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or d. A fragment selected from the group consisting of GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ or a variant thereof comprising one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues; or e. a fragment selected from the group consisting of PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS, or a variant thereof containing one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues; a glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) analog selected from the group consisting of: B) optionally, one or more linker groups A multimeric compound is provided, which comprises:

[0326] Antagonist characterization and affinity determination To determine whether a peptide is an antagonist of GIPR, methods known in the art can be employed, for example, by determining the IC50 of the peptide. This can be done by constructing a dose-response curve and examining the effect of different concentrations of the peptide on reversing agonist activity. The agonist can be GIP1-42, for example, hGIP-1-42 or hGIP1-30. The GIPR can be hGIPR, rGIPR, mGIPR, canine GIPR, porcine GIPR or rhesus GIPR. IC50 values ​​can be calculated for a given antagonist by determining the concentration required to inhibit half of the maximal biological response of the agonist. Methods for determining whether a peptide is an antagonist are described in Example 4, although other methods known in the art can also be used. For example, Schild plot analysis can be performed on hGIP1-42 cAMP dose-response curves with increasing concentrations of GIP-derived peptides. In this way, the type of antagonist activity can also be determined.

[0327] The GIP peptide analogs of the present disclosure are characterized by having antagonist activity against the GIPR. In particular, the GIP peptide analogs of the present disclosure are potent antagonists of the GIPR, due in large part to the presence of fatty acids in the core of the GIP peptide (residues 3-29 of GIP) and the presence of an extension at the C-terminus of the GIP peptide.

[0328] In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogs of the disclosure are antagonists of GIPR.

[0329] In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogs of the disclosure, if capable of inhibition, inhibit GIPR activity by at least 70%, such as at least 75%, such as at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as about 100%, as measured by an assay that determines the reduction in intracellular cAMP, such as by the CisBio cAMP assay and / or the DiscoveRx cAMP assay described in Materials and Methods.

[0330] In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogs of the disclosure inhibit GIPR activity by at least 80%, such as at least 85%, such as at least 90%, such as at least 95%, such as about 100%, where inhibition of GIPR activity is determined as a reduction in intracellular cAMP, for example, by an assay that determines a reduction in intracellular cAMP, such as by the CisBio cAMP assay and / or the DiscoveRx cAMP assay described in Materials and Methods. % inhibition is % of inhibition of Emax, meaning that if a peptide inhibits an Emax of 85%, there is 15% remaining activity of GIPR.

[0331] In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogs of the disclosure have GIPR antagonist activity corresponding to an IC50 of 50 nM or less, 45 nM or less, 40 nM or less, 35 nM or less, 30 nM or less, 25 nM or less, 20 nM or less, 15 nM or less, 10 nM or less, 5 nM or less, 1-5 nM, etc., where the antagonist activity (also referred to as "potency") is measured by an assay that determines the reduction in intracellular cAMP, such as by the CisBio cAMP assay and / or the DiscoveRx cAMP assay described in Materials and Methods.

[0332] The method of determining the antagonist activity of a compound such as GIP peptide analogue is known to those skilled in the art.The exemplary method that can be used to determine the antagonist activity of a compound such as GIP peptide analogue can be found in the "Examples" section of this specification, for example, these methods include measuring intracellular cAMP and determining the decrease in intracellular cAMP resulting from the treatment of cells with GIP peptide analogue.

[0333] The GIP peptide analogs of the present disclosure are also characterized by having low or no agonist activity against GIPR.GIP peptide analogs with low or no agonist activity against GIPR, such as 20% or less, preferably 10% or less, even more preferably 5% or less agonist activity, are also called "silent antagonists".

[0334] In one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogs of the disclosure can stimulate GIPR activity by at most 30%, such as at most 25%, such as at most 20%, such as at most 15%, such as at most 10%, such as at most 5%, and in one embodiment, the GIP peptide analogs of the disclosure have no agonist activity towards GIPR, i.e., stimulate about 0% GIPR activity.

[0335] As described in Materials and Methods, agonist activity of GIP peptide analogs on the GIPR can be determined in the same manner as antagonist activity, but instead of a decrease, an increase in intracellular cAMP is measured.

[0336] Treatment method Also, an aspect is to provide a peptide as defined herein, or a composition comprising said peptide, for use as a medicament.

[0337] In one embodiment, the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: XX: is provided for use as a medicament. [ka] where X1 and X2 are individually any amino acid or are removed. or a functional variant thereof, said variant having 1-8, 1-4, etc. individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid of SEQ ID NO:XX, The peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 3 to 29 of SEQ ID NO:XX or a functional variant thereof, Z is a peptide comprising one or more amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (GKKNDWKHNITQ; SEQ ID NO: Z) or one or more amino acid residues of exendin-4 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: E).

[0338] In one embodiment, for use as a medicament, SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of or a functional variant thereof, the variant comprises one to four individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30); the peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising one to four amino acid substitutions in any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30), with or without a linker; Z is glycine or proline; A fragment selected from the group consisting of GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS, A fragment selected from the group consisting of PS, PSS, PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS; A fragment selected from the group consisting of GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or A fragment selected from the group consisting of GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or a variant thereof comprising one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; or A fragment selected from the group consisting of PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS, or a variant thereof containing one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; It is.

[0339] In one embodiment, a compound having the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:XX: is provided for use in a method of inhibiting or reducing one or more of: i) GIP-induced glucagon secretion, ii) GIP-induced insulin secretion, iii) GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, iv) GIP-induced glucose uptake, v) GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and / or fatty acid incorporation, vi) high or increased GIPR expression or activity, vii) postprandial GIP release, viii) serum levels of free fatty acids and / or triglycerides, ix) GIP-induced increased appetite, x) GIP-induced decrease in energy expenditure, xi) GIP-induced increase in absorption of nutrients from the intestine, xii) GIP-induced decrease in the appetite suppressant effect of GLP-1, xiii) GIP-induced leptin resistance. [ka] where X1 and X2 are individually any amino acid or are removed. or a functional variant thereof, The variant has 1-8, 1-4, etc. individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid of SEQ ID NO:XX, The peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 3 to 29 of SEQ ID NO:XX or a functional variant thereof, Z is a peptide comprising one or more amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (GKKNDWKHNITQ; SEQ ID NO: Z) or one or more amino acid residues of exendin-4 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: E).

[0340] In one embodiment, the compound is for use in a method of inhibiting or reducing one or more of: i) GIP-induced glucagon secretion, ii) GIP-induced insulin secretion, iii) GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, iv) GIP-induced glucose uptake, v) GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and / or fatty acid incorporation, vi) high or increased GIPR expression or activity, vii) postprandial GIP release, viii) serum levels of free fatty acids and / or triglycerides, ix) reduction in GIP-induced bone resorption. SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of or a functional variant thereof, the variant comprises one to four individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30); the peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising one to four amino acid substitutions in any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30), with or without a linker; Z is glycine or proline, A fragment selected from the group consisting of GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS, A fragment selected from the group consisting of PS, PSS, PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS; A fragment selected from the group consisting of GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or A fragment selected from the group consisting of GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or a variant thereof comprising one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; or A fragment selected from the group consisting of PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS, or a variant thereof containing one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; It is.

[0341] In one embodiment, a compound comprising: a medicament for use in a method for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, pre-diabetes, type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose, hyperglycemia, elevated fasting serum triglyceride levels, low levels of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), dyslipidemia, increased / decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL), high cholesterol levels, abnormal lipid deposition, cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis. Amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:XX: [ka] where X1 and X2 are individually any amino acid or are removed. or a functional variant thereof, The variant has 1-8, 1-4, etc. individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid of SEQ ID NO:XX, The peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 3 to 29 of SEQ ID NO:XX or a functional variant thereof. Z is a peptide comprising one or more amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (GKKNDWKHNITQ; SEQ ID NO: Z) or one or more amino acid residues of exendin-4 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: E).

[0342] In one embodiment, a compound is provided which is capable of acting as a therapeutic agent for use in a method for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, overweight, obesity-related disorders, pre-diabetes, type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related disorders, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose, hyperglycemia, elevated fasting serum triglyceride levels, low levels of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), dyslipidemia, increased / decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL), high cholesterol levels, abnormal lipid deposition, cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis. SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of or a functional variant thereof, the variant comprises one to four individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30); the peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising one to four amino acid substitutions in any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30), with or without a linker; Z is glycine or proline; A fragment selected from the group consisting of GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS, A fragment selected from the group consisting of PS, PSS, PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS; A fragment selected from the group consisting of GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or A fragment selected from the group consisting of GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or a variant thereof comprising one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; or A fragment selected from the group consisting of PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS, or a variant thereof containing one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; It is.

[0343] In one embodiment, for use in a method for inducing weight loss, Amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:XX: [ka] where X1 and X2 are individually any amino acid or are removed. or a functional variant thereof, The variant has 1-8, 1-4, etc. individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid of SEQ ID NO:XX, The peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 3 to 29 of SEQ ID NO:XX or a functional variant thereof, Z is a peptide comprising one or more amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (GKKNDWKHNITQ; SEQ ID NO: Z) or one or more amino acid residues of exendin-4 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: E).

[0344] In one embodiment, for use in a method for inducing weight loss, SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of or a functional variant thereof, the variant comprises one to four individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30); the peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising one to four amino acid substitutions in any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30), with or without a linker; Z is glycine or proline; A fragment selected from the group consisting of GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS, A fragment selected from the group consisting of PS, PSS, PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS; A fragment selected from the group consisting of GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or A fragment selected from the group consisting of GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or a variant thereof comprising one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; or A fragment selected from the group consisting of PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS, or a variant thereof containing one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; It is.

[0345] In one embodiment, - for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, overweight, obesity-related disorders, pre-diabetes, type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related disorders, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose, hyperglycemia, elevated fasting serum triglyceride levels, low levels of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), dyslipidemia, increased / decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL), high cholesterol levels, abnormal lipid deposition, cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis; or - to induce weight loss, or - to treat cancer, including but not limited to colon cancer, neuroendocrine cancer, and adrenal adenoma; For use in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products Amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO:XX: [ka] where X1 and X2 are individually any amino acid or are removed. or a functional variant thereof, The variant has 1-8, 1-4, etc. individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid of SEQ ID NO:XX, The peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 3 to 29 of SEQ ID NO:XX or a functional variant thereof, Z is a peptide comprising one or more amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (GKKNDWKHNITQ; SEQ ID NO: Z) or one or more amino acid residues of exendin-4 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO: E).

[0346] In one embodiment, - for treating a condition selected from the group consisting of metabolic syndrome, obesity, overweight, obesity-related disorders, pre-diabetes, type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes, diabetes-related disorders, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose, hyperglycemia, elevated fasting serum triglyceride levels, low levels of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), dyslipidemia, increased / decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL), high cholesterol levels, abnormal lipid deposition, cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis; or - to induce weight loss, or - to treat cancer, including but not limited to colon cancer, neuroendocrine cancer, and adrenal adenoma; For use in the manufacture of pharmaceutical products SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30): [ka] A peptide having an amino acid sequence consisting of or a functional variant thereof, the variant comprises one to four individual amino acid substitutions at any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30); the peptide is modified by attaching at least one fatty acid molecule to one or more amino acid residues at positions 6 to 29 of any one of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30), or a functional variant thereof comprising one to four amino acid substitutions in any one of the amino acid residues of SEQ ID NO: hGIP(3-30), SEQ ID NO: hGIP(5-30) and SEQ ID NO: hGIP(6-30), with or without a linker; Z is glycine or proline; A fragment selected from the group consisting of GP, GPS, GPSS, GPSSG, GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP and GPSSGAPPPS, A fragment selected from the group consisting of PS, PSS, PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS; A fragment selected from the group consisting of GK, GKK, GKKN, GKKND, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or A fragment selected from the group consisting of GPSSGA, GPSSGAP, GPSSGAPP, GPSSGAPPP, GPSSGAPPPS, GKKNDW, GRKNDW, GKRNDW, GRRNDW, GKKNDWK, GKKNDWKH, GKKNDWKHN, GKKNDWKHNI, GKKNDWKHNIT and GKKNDWKHNITQ, or a variant thereof comprising one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; or A fragment selected from the group consisting of PSSG, PSSGA, PSSGAP, PSSGAPP, PSSGAPPP and PSSGAPPPS, or a variant thereof containing one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; It is.

[0347] In one particular embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method for the treatment of obesity.

[0348] In one particular embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method for the treatment of diabetes mellitus, including type I and type II diabetes mellitus.

[0349] In one particular embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method for treating insulin resistance.

[0350] A further aspect is to provide a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method of treating cancer.

[0351] The obesity-related disorder can be any one of increased food intake, increased appetite, overeating, bulimia nervosa, obesity induced by administration of antipsychotics or steroids, decreased / increased gastric motility, delayed / increased gastric emptying, decreased physical mobility, osteoarthritis, dyslipidemia, increased / decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL), high cholesterol levels, and abnormal lipid deposition.

[0352] In some embodiments, dyslipidemia, increased / decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol, and abnormal lipid deposition are referred to as fatty acid metabolism disorders.

[0353] The diabetes-related disorder can be any one of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), progression of IGT to type 2 diabetes, progression of insulin-nonrequiring type 2 diabetes to insulin-requiring type 2 diabetes, decreased beta cell function, decreased beta cell mass, increased beta cell apoptosis, and decreased glucose sensitivity to beta cells.

[0354] The cardiovascular disease may be any one of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, reperfusion injury, stroke, cerebral ischemia, left ventricular hypertrophy, coronary artery disease, hypertension, essential hypertension, acute hypertensive emergency, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, exercise intolerance, acute and / or chronic heart failure, cardiac arrhythmias, cardiac arrhythmias, syncope, angina pectoris, cardiac bypass and / or stent reocclusion, intermittent claudication (also called atherosclerosis), diastolic dysfunction, and systolic dysfunction, and combinations thereof.

[0355] In one embodiment, the cancer is selected from the group consisting of colorectal cancer, neuroendocrine carcinoma, and adrenal adenoma.

[0356] A further aspect is to provide a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method for the treatment of a bone density disorder (or a bone volume disorder).

[0357] In one embodiment there is provided a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method of inhibiting bone cell activity.In one embodiment there is provided a peptide as defined herein for use in a method of inhibiting (or antagonizing) the postprandial decrease in GIP-induced bone resorption.In one embodiment there is provided a peptide as defined herein for use in a method of treating bone cancer.

[0358] In one embodiment, the bone density (or volume) disorder is selected from the group consisting of osteoporosis, disorders characterized by low bone density and / or decreased bone volume, disorders characterized by high bone density and / or increased bone volume and osteoporosis.

[0359] A further aspect provides a GIP peptide analogue as defined herein for use in a method of characterizing or investigating aspects of a disorder and / or a method of characterizing or investigating aspects of human physiology associated with a disorder, in one embodiment said disorder being selected from metabolic syndrome, obesity, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, an obesity-related disorder as defined herein or a diabetes-related disorder as defined herein. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating cancer, such as colon cancer or adrenal adenoma. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating a bone density disorder characterized by high bone density and / or increased bone volume or osteoporosis. In another aspect, the invention relates to a method of treating atherosclerosis.

[0360] Also provided is a method for treating metabolic syndrome, obesity, overweight, diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance, an obesity-related disorder as defined herein, or a diabetes-related disorder as defined herein; cancer, such as colon cancer or adrenal adenoma; a bone density disorder, such as a bone density disorder characterized by high bone density and / or increased bone volume; or atherosclerosis, comprising the step of administering to an individual in need thereof an effective amount of a peptide as defined herein.

[0361] An individual in need referred to herein is an individual who can benefit from administration of a peptide or pharmaceutical composition according to the present disclosure. Such an individual may suffer from or be at risk of suffering from metabolic syndrome and / or a metabolic disorder such as obesity, overweight, diabetes, insulin resistance, an obesity-related disorder as defined herein, or a diabetes-related disorder as defined herein, cancer such as colon cancer or adrenal adenoma, a bone density disorder. The individual may be any human, male or female, infant, middle-aged or elderly. The disorder to be treated or prevented in an individual may be related to the age of the individual, the general health of the individual, the medication used to treat the individual, and whether the individual has or has a history of a disease or disorder that may have been induced by metabolic syndrome and / or obesity, overweight, diabetes, insulin resistance, an obesity-related disorder as defined herein, or a diabetes-related disorder as defined herein, cancer such as colon cancer or adrenal adenoma, atherosclerosis, a bone density disorder, or a metabolic disorder. In some embodiments, the disorder to be treated is associated with GIP-induced glucagon secretion, GIP-induced insulin secretion, GIP-induced somatostatin secretion, GIP-induced glucose uptake, GIP-induced fatty acid synthesis and / or fatty acid uptake, high expression and / or activity of GIPR, postprandial release of GIP. The term "high" should be interpreted as referring to a level that is greater than the corresponding level observed in an individual not in need of treatment.

[0362] Preparation method (peptide) Peptides according to the present disclosure may be prepared by any method known in the art. Thus, GIP-derived peptides may be prepared by standard peptide preparation techniques such as solution synthesis or Merrifield-type solid phase synthesis.

[0363] In one embodiment, a peptide as defined herein is a non-naturally occurring peptide and is derived from the natural protein native GIP, such as GIP(1-42).

[0364] In one embodiment, the peptides according to the present disclosure are purified from their naturally occurring source, such as serum. Protein purification is a series of processes intended to separate a single type of protein from a complex mixture. The starting material is usually a living tissue. The various steps of the purification process can liberate the protein from the matrix that entraps it, separate the protein and non-protein parts of the mixture, and finally separate the desired protein from all other proteins. The separation steps can exploit (for example) differences in protein size, physicochemical properties, binding affinity, and biological activity.

[0365] In one embodiment, a peptide according to the present disclosure is synthetically made or produced.

[0366] Methods for the synthetic production of peptides are well known in the art. Detailed descriptions and practical advice for the production of synthetic peptides can be found in Synthetic Peptides: A User's Guide (Advances in Molecular Biology), Grant GA (ed.), Oxford University Press, 2002, or Pharmaceutical Formulation: Development of Peptides and Proteins, Frokjaer and Hovgaard (eds.), Taylor and Francis, 1999.

[0367] In one embodiment, the peptide or peptide sequence of the invention is produced synthetically, in particular by the sequence-assisted peptide synthesis (SAPS) method, by solution synthesis, by solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) such as Merrifield type solid phase synthesis, by recombinant techniques (production by a host cell comprising a first nucleic acid sequence encoding the peptide operably linked to a second nucleic acid capable of directing its expression in said host cell) or by enzymatic synthesis, which are well known to the person skilled in the art.

[0368] Peptides can be synthesized batchwise on a fully automated peptide synthesizer using 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl (Fmoc) or tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc) as the Na-amino protecting group and as suitable common protecting groups for side chain functions.

[0369] After purification, such as by reverse phase HPLC, the peptides can be further processed, for example, to obtain cyclic or C-terminally or N-terminally modified isomers. Methods for cyclization and terminal modifications are well known in the art.

[0370] The peptides according to the invention may be synthesised as monomers or multimers, such as dimers or tetramers.

[0371] Pharmaceutical Compositions and Formulations While it is possible for the bioactive agents of the present disclosure to be administered as raw chemicals (peptides), it may be preferable to present them in the form of a pharmaceutical formulation, which may be referred to as a pharmaceutical composition, a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition, or a pharma- ceutically safe composition.

[0372] Thus, there is further provided a pharmaceutical formulation comprising the bioactive agent of the invention, or a pharma- ceutically acceptable salt or ester thereof, and a pharma- ceutical acceptable carrier, excipient and / or diluent, which may be prepared by conventional techniques, for example as described in Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy 2005, Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.

[0373] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the peptide compounds of the invention, where they can be prepared, are also intended to be encompassed by the present invention. These salts are acceptable for application in pharmaceutical use, meaning that they retain the biological activity of the parent compound and do not impart any untoward or deleterious effects in its application and use in treating disease.

[0374] Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are prepared by standard methods. If the parent compound is a base, it is treated with an excess of an organic or inorganic acid in a suitable solvent. If the parent compound is an acid, it is treated with an inorganic or organic base in a suitable solvent.

[0375] The peptide compounds disclosed herein may be administered by oral, rectal, or parenteral (including subcutaneous) routes in effective amounts, either concurrently, simultaneously, or together with a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier or diluent, in the form of their alkali metal or alkaline earth metal salts, particularly preferably in the form of a pharmaceutical composition thereof.

[0376] Examples of pharma- ceutically acceptable acid addition salts for use in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention include those derived from mineral acids such as, for example, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, phosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, nitric acid, and sulfuric acid, and organic acids such as tartaric acid, acetic acid, citric acid, malic acid, lactic acid, fumaric acid, benzoic acid, glycolic acid, gluconic acid, succinic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and arylsulfonic acids.

[0377] In certain embodiments, the peptides according to the present disclosure are formulated as acetate, HCl (hydrochloric acid) or TFA (trifluoroacetic acid) salts.

[0378] Administration and Dosage According to the present disclosure, a peptide or a composition comprising a peptide as defined herein is administered to an individual in need of treatment in a medicament or therapeutically effective dose. Dosage requirements vary depending on the particular drug composition used, the route of administration and the particular subject being treated, which in turn depends on the severity and type of disorder, as well as the weight and general condition of the subject. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that the optimal amount and interval of individual doses of peptide compounds will be determined by the nature and extent, form, route and site of administration of the pathology being treated, as well as the particular patient being treated, and such optimization can be determined by conventional techniques. Those skilled in the art will also recognize that the optimal course of treatment, i.e., the number of doses of compound given per day for a defined number of days, can be ascertained using a course of conventional treatment determination tests.

[0379] In one embodiment, the bioactive agent is administered at least once a day, such as once a day, twice a day, such as three times a day, such as four times a day, such as five times a day.

[0380] Doses can also be administered at intermittent intervals, or intervals where the doses are not administered daily, but rather one or more doses can be administered every 2 days, 3 days, 4 days, 5 days, 6 days, every week, every 2 weeks, 3 weeks, 4 weeks, 5 weeks, 6 weeks, or any interval within these ranges (such as every 2-4 weeks, or every 4-6 weeks).

[0381] In one embodiment, the dose is administered once a week, such as once a week, such as one dose per week.

[0382] Route of administration It will be appreciated that the preferred route of administration will depend on the general condition and age of the subject being treated, the nature of the condition being treated, the location of the tissue being treated within the body and the active ingredient selected.

[0383] whole body treatment For systemic treatment according to the present disclosure, the route of administration can introduce bioactive agents into the bloodstream where they are ultimately targeted to the desired site of action.

[0384] Such routes of administration may be any suitable route, such as enteral routes (including oral, rectal, nasal, pulmonary, buccal, sublingual, transdermal, intracisternal and intraperitoneal administration), and / or parenteral routes (including subcutaneous, intramuscular, intrathecal, intracerebral, intravenous and intradermal administration).

[0385] Parenteral Administration Parenteral administration is any administration route that is not oral / enteral, whereby the drug avoids first-pass degradation in the liver. Thus, parenteral administration includes injection and infusion, e.g., bolus injection or continuous infusion, such as intravenous, intramuscular or subcutaneous administration. In addition, parenteral administration includes inhalation and topical administration.

[0386] Thus, the bioactive agent may be administered topically so that the bioactive substance crosses any mucous membrane of an animal, for example, the nose, vagina, eye, mouth, reproductive tract, lungs, digestive tract, or rectum, preferably the mucous membrane of the nose, or given to the mouth, and thus parenteral administration may also include buccal, sublingual, nasal, rectal, vaginal and intraperitoneal administration, as well as pulmonary and bronchial administration by inhalation or placement. The agent may also be administered topically so as to cross the skin.

[0387] According to an advantageous embodiment of the invention, the GIP analogue is administered subcutaneously.

[0388] Local treatment The bioactive agent according to the present invention may in one embodiment be used as a local treatment, i.e., it may be introduced directly to the site(s) of action. Thus, the bioactive agent may be applied directly to the skin or mucous membrane, or the bioactive agent may be injected into the site of action, for example, into a terminal artery that leads directly to the diseased tissue or to the diseased tissue. These forms of administration preferably avoid the blood-brain barrier.

[0389] Kit of parts The present disclosure also relates to a kit-of-parts comprising one or more of the bioactive agents listed above and at least one additional or further component, such as one or more second active ingredients.

[0390] Reference 1. Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Biology of Incretins: GLP-1 and GIP. Gastroenterology 2007;132(6):2131-2157. 2. Holst JJ. On the Physiology of GIP and GLP-1. Horm Metab Res 2004;36(11 / 12):747-754. 3. Heer J, Rasmussen C, Coy DH, Holst JJ. Glucagon-like peptide-1, but not glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, inhibits glucagon secretion via somatostatin (receptor subtype 2) in the perfused rat pancreas. Diabetologia 2008;51(12):2263-2270. 4. Gutniak M, Orskov C, Holst JJ, Ahrne B, Efendic S. Antidiabetogenic Effect of Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (7-36)amide in Normal Subjects and Patients with Diabetes Mellitus. N Engl J Med 1992;326(20):1316-1322. 5. Christensen M, Vedtofte L, Holst JJ, Vilsboell T, Knop FK. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide: A Bifunctional Glucose-Dependent Regulator of Glucagon and Insulin Secretion in Humans. Diabetes 2011;60(12):3103-3109. 6. Pederson R, Brown J. Interaction of Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide, Glucose, and Arginine on Insulin and Glucagon Secretion from the Perfused Rat Pancreas. Endocrinology 1978;103(2):610-615. 7. Adrian TE, Bloom SR, Hermansen K, Iversen J. Pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon and insulin secretion from the isolated perfused canine pancreas. Diabetologia 1978;14(6):413-417. 8. Brunicardi FC, Druck P, Seymour NE, Sun YS, Elahi D, Andersen DK. Selective neurohormonal interactions in islet cell secretion in the isolated perfused human pancreas. Journal of Surgical Research 1990;48(4):273-278. 9. Dupre J, Caussignac Y, McDonald TJ, Van Vliet S. Stimulation of Glucagon Secretion by Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide in Patients with Hepatic Cirrhosis and Hyperglucagonemia. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 1991;72(1):125-129. 10. Ding WG, Renstrom E, Rorsman P, Buschard K, Gromada J. Glucagon-like peptide I and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide stimulate Ca2+-induced secretion in rat alpha-cells by a protein kinase A-mediated mechanism. Diabetes 1997;46(5):792-800. 11. Meier JJ, Gallwitz B, Siepmann N et al. Gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) dose-dependently stimulates glucagon secretion in healthy human subjects at euglycaemia. Diabetologia 2003;46(6):798-801. 12. Christensen MB, Calanna S, Holst JJ, Vilsboell T, Knop FK. Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide: Blood Glucose Stabilizing Effects in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 2013;99(3):E418-E426. 13. Christensen M, Calanna S, Sparre-Ulrich AH et al. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Augments Glucagon Responses to Hypoglycemia in Type 1 Diabetes. Diabetes 2014. 14. Song DH, Getty-Kaushik L, Tseng E, Simon J, Corkey BE, Wolfe MM. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Enhances Adipocyte Development and Glucose Uptake in Part Through Akt Activation. Gastroenterology 2007;133(6):1796-1805. 15. Miyawaki K, Yamada Y, Ban N et al. Inhibition of gastric inhibitory polypeptide signaling prevents obesity. Nat Med 2002;8(7):738-742. 16. Starich GH, Bar RS, Mazzaferri EL. GIP increases insulin receptor affinity and cellular sensitivity in adipocytes. Am J Physiol 1985;249(6 Pt 1):E603-E607. 17. Getty-Kaushik L, Song DH, Boylan MO, Corkey BE, Wolfe MM. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Modulates Adipocyte Lipolysis and Reesterification. Obesity 2006;14(7):1124-1131. 18. Hauner H, Glatting G, Kaminska D, Pfeiffer EF. Effects of gastric inhibitory polypeptide on glucose and lipid metabolism of isolated rat adipocytes. Ann Nutr Metab 1988;32(5-6):282-288. 19. Kim SJ, Nian C, Karunakaran S, Clee SM, Isales CM, McIntosh CHS. GIP-Overexpressing Mice Demonstrate Reduced Diet-Induced Obesity and Steatosis, and Improved Glucose Homeostasis. PLoS ONE 2012;7(7):e40156. 20. Nasteska D, Harada N, Suzuki K et al. Chronic Reduction of GIP Secretion Alleviates Obesity and Insulin Resistance Under High-Fat Diet Conditions. Diabetes 2014;63(7):2332-2343. 21. Miyawaki K, Yamada Y, Yano H et al. Glucose intolerance caused by a defect in the entero-insular axis: A study in gastric inhibitory polypeptide receptor knockout mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1999;96(26):14843-14847. 22. Ahlqvist E, Osmark P, Kuulasmaa T et al. Link Between GIP and Osteopontin in Adipose Tissue and Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2013;62(6):2088-2094. 23. Calanna S, Christensen M, Holst JJ et al. Secretion of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies. Diabetes Care 2013;36(10):3346-3352. 24. Asmar M, Simonsen L, Madsbad S, Stallknecht B, Holst JJ, Bulow J. Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide May Enhance Fatty Acid Re-esterification in Subcutaneous Abdominal Adipose Tissue in Lean Humans. Diabetes 2010;59(9):2160-2163. 25. Deschamps I, Heptner W, Desjeux JF, Baltakse V, Machinot S, Lestradet H. Effects of diet on insulin and gastric inhibitory polypeptide levels in obese children. Pediatr Res 1980;14(4 Pt 1):300-303. 26. Brons C, Jensen CB, Storgaard H et al. Impact of short-term high-fat feeding on glucose and insulin metabolism in young healthy men. The Journal of Physiology 2009;587(10):2387-2397. 27. Raufman JP, Singh L, Eng J. Exendin-3, a novel peptide from Heloderma horridum venom, interacts with vasoactive intestinal peptide receptors and a newly described receptor on dispersed acini from guinea pig pancreas. Description of exendin-3(9-39) amide, a specific exendin receptor antagonist. Journal of Biological Chemistry 1991;266(5):2897-2902. 28. Jorgensen NB, Dirksen C, Bojsen-Moller KN et al. Exaggerated Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Response Is Important for Improved β-Cell Function and Glucose Tolerance After Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes. Diabetes 2013;62(9):3044-3052. 29. Nakamura T, Tanimoto H, Mizuno Y, Tsubamoto Y, Noda H. Biological and functional characteristics of a novel lowGComolecular weight antagonist of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor, SKL-14959, in vitro and in vivo. Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism 2012;14(6):511-517. 30. Ebert R, Illmer K, Creutzfeldt W. Release of gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) by intraduodenal acidification in rats and humans and abolishment of the incretin effect of acid by GIP-antiserum in rats. Gastroenterology 1979;76(3):515-523. 31. Fulurija A, Lutz TA, Sladko K et al. Vaccination against GIP for the Treatment of Obesity. PLoS ONE 2008;3(9):e3163. 32. Irwin N, McClean PL, Patterson S, Hunter K, Flatt PR. Active immunisation against gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) improves blood glucose control in an animal model of obesity-diabetes. Biological Chemistry. bchm 390, 75. 2009. 16-7-2014. 33. Hinke SA, Manhart S, Pamir N et al. Identification of a bioactive domain in the amino-terminus of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Protein Structure and Molecular Enzymology 2001;1547(1):143-155. 34. Tseng CC, Kieffer TJ, Jarboe LA, Usdin TB, Wolfe MM. Postprandial stimulation of insulin release by glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP). Effect of a specific glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor antagonist in the rat. J Clin Invest 1996;98(11):2440-2445. 35. Irwin N, Green BD, Parker JC, Gault VA, O‘Harte FPM, Flatt PR. Biological activity and antidiabetic potential of synthetic fragment peptides of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, GIP(1-16) and (Pro3)GIP(1-16). Regulatory Peptides 2006;135(1GCo2):45-53. 36. Kerr BD, Flatt AJS, Flatt PR, Gault VA. Characterization and biological actions of N-terminal truncated forms of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2011;404(3):870-876. 37. Gelling RW, Coy DH, Pederson RA et al. GIP(6-30amide) contains the high affinity binding region of GIP and is a potent inhibitor of GIP1-42 action in vitro. Regulatory Peptides 1997;69(3):151-154. 38. Deacon CFP. GIP-(3-42) does not antagonize insulinotropic effects of GIP at physiological concentrations. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006;291(3):E468-E475. 39. Gault VA, O‘Harte FPM, Harriott P, Flatt PR. Characterization of the Cellular and Metabolic Effects of a Novel Enzyme-Resistant Antagonist of Glucose-Dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 2002;290(5):1420-1426. 40. Ravn P, Madhurantakam C, Kunze S et al. Structural and Pharmacological Characterization of Novel Potent and Selective Monoclonal Antibody Antagonists of Glucose-dependent Insulinotropic Polypeptide Receptor. Journal of Biological Chemistry 2013;288(27):19760-19772. 41. Deacon CF, Plamboeck A, Rosenkilde MM, de Heer J, Holst JJ. GIP-(3-42) does not antagonize insulinotropic effects of GIP at physiological concentrations. American Journal of Physiology - Endocrinology and Metabolism 2006;291(3):E468-E475. 42. Goetze JP, Hunter I, Lippert SK, Bardram L, Rehfeld JF. Processing-independent analysis of peptide hormones and prohormones in plasma. Front Biosci 2012;17:1804-1815. 43. Goetze JP, Rehfeld JF. Peptide hormones and their prohormones as biomarkers. Biomarkers Med 2009;3(4):335-338. 44. Fujita Y, Asadi A, Yang GK, Kwok YN, Kieffer TJ. Differential processing of pro-glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in gut. American Journal of Physiology - Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 2010;298(5):G608-G614. 45. Widenmaier SB, Kim SJ, Yang GK et al. A GIP Receptor Agonist Exhibits beta-Cell Anti-Apoptotic Actions in Rat Models of Diabetes Resulting in Improved beta-Cell Function and Glycemic Control. PLoS ONE 2010;5(3):e9590. 46. Graham FL, van der Eb AJ. A new technique for the assay of infectivity of human adenovirus 5 DNA. Virology 1973;52(2):456-467. 47. Kissow H, Hartmann B, Holst JJ et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonism or DPP-4 inhibition does not accelerate neoplasia in carcinogen treated mice. Regulatory Peptides 2012;179(1-3):91-100. 48. Hoejberg PV, Vilsboell T, Raboel R et al. Four weeks of near-normalisation of blood glucose improves the insulin response to glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetologia 2009;52(2):199-207. 49. Hansen LS, Sparre-Ulrich AH, et al.. N-terminally and C-terminally truncated forms of glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide are high-affinity competitive antagonists of the human GIP receptor. British Journal of Pharmacology 2016; 173 826-838.

[0391] Working Example This example supports the following conclusions: 1) Individual amino acid substitutions at specific sites result in improved antagonist profiles 2) Some acylation sites show great potential for both GIP(3-30)+ and GIP(5-30)+ extension. 3) Extension of the C-terminal amino acid residue from GIP(1-42) or exendin-4 results in improved efficacy, such as antagonistic effect and / or extended in vivo half-life and / or selectivity. 4) GIP peptide analogs according to embodiments of the invention have enhanced physical stability, such as increased solubility. 5) GIP peptide analogs according to embodiments of the present invention have reduced or no agonist activity at the GIPR.

[0392] Materials and Methods The production and action of the GIP(3-30) and GIP(5-30) peptides themselves are disclosed in WO 2016 / 034186.

[0393] material Human GIP(1-42) was purchased from Bachem, Bubendorf, Switzerland (H5645), and the remaining ligands were synthesized by Caslo™, Lyngby, Denmark and Almac Group, Craigavon, UK, Peptides&Elephants GmbH, Henningsdorf, Germany, and WuXi AppTec, China. Human GIP receptor cDNA was purchased from Origene, Rockville, Maryland, USA (SC110906), and human GIP(1-42) was cloned into pCMV-Script vector. Iodized human GIP(1-42) was purchased from PerkinElmer Life Sciences, Skovlunde, Denmark (NEX402025UC).

[0394] animal Göttingen minipigs or male Wistar rats were housed in the animal facility of the Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences.

[0395] Transfection and tissue culture COS-7 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium 1885 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2 mM glutamine, 180 units / ml penicillin, and 45 μg / ml streptomycin at 10% CO2 and 37°C. Transient transfection of COS-7 cells was performed using the calcium phosphate precipitation method with the addition of chloroquine for cAMP accumulation and competitive binding. 46-47 .

[0396] cAMP assay Alternative 1 (also called DiscoveRx Assay): Transiently transfect COS-7 cells expressing the human GIP receptor at 3.5 * 10 4Cells were seeded in white 96-well plates with a density of 1000 μg / well. The next day, cells were washed twice with Hepes-buffered saline (HBS) buffer and incubated with HBS and 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) for 30 min at 37°C. To determine agonist properties, ligands were added and incubated for 30 min at 37°C. To determine antagonist properties, cells were pre-incubated with antagonist for 10 min before addition of agonist and then incubated for an additional 20 min. The HitHunter™ cAMP XS assay (DiscoveRx) was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0397] Alternative 2 (also called CisBio Assay): The in vitro functional activity of compounds against human GIP receptor can also be determined in HEK-293 cells that transiently express the receptor.On the day of the assay, cells are resuspended in HBSS buffer (Gibco, 14025-50) supplemented with 20 mM HEPES (Gibco, 15630-106), 0.1% Pluronic F-68 (Gibco, 24040-032) and 0.1% casein (Sigma, C4765) and seeded in 384-well plates at a density of 5000 cells / well.The GIP peptide analogs of the present disclosure are diluted in HBSS buffer supplemented with 20 mM HEPES, 0.1% Pluronic, 0.1% casein and 500 uM IBMX. To investigate antagonist properties, each GIP peptide analogue to be tested was added independently to the cells and incubated for 20 min at 37°C before adding the agonist (GIP1-42) at EC50 concentration, followed by 30 min at 37°C. The resulting decrease in intracellular cAMP was quantitatively determined using the CisBio cAMP Dynamic 2 HTRF Assay Kit. This assay is based on the competition between natural cAMP produced by the cells and cAMP labeled with dye d2 for binding to the cryptate-labeled antibody. The specific signal (i.e., the energy transfer signal) is inversely proportional to the concentration of cAMP in the sample. Both the cAMP-d2 conjugate and the antibody anti-cAMP-cryptate were diluted in the lysis buffer provided in the kit and added to the cells according to the manufacturer's protocol. The resulting competitive assay was incubated for 60 min at room temperature and the signal was detected using a PerkinElmer Envision® instrument with 320 nm excitation and 665 nm and 620 nm emission. HTRF ratio (665nm / 620nm *The release at 10,000) is inversely proportional to the amount of cAMP present and is converted to nM cAMP per well using a cAMP standard curve. Dose-response curves were fitted using nonlinear regression analysis (equation of four logistic parameters) in GraphPad Prism, thereby estimating pIC50 values. To investigate agonist properties at the GIP receptor, compounds were diluted as above and added to cells and incubated for 30 min at 37°C. The resulting increase in intracellular cAMP was determined using the CisBio cAMP Dynamic2 HTRF Assay Kit as described above.

[0398] Estimated elimination half-life (T 1 / 2 ) Two to three Göttingen minipigs were subcutaneously administered one of the GIP analogues of the invention (1-10 nmol / kg, 2-6 mL total volume) and blood samples were taken from a central venous catheter before and up to 432 hours after subcutaneous administration. Between samples, the catheter was flushed with saline and heparin. Blood was collected in cold EDTA tubes, centrifuged, and plasma was kept at -20°C until analysis.

[0399] Estimated elimination half-life (T 1 / 2 ) Three Wistar rats were intravenously dosed with one of the GIP analogs of the invention (7 nmol / kg, total dose 1 ml / kg) and blood samples were taken from the tail tip before and up to 72 hours after dosing. Blood was collected into cold EDTA tubes, centrifuged, and plasma was kept at -20°C until analysis.

[0400] Determination of plasma concentrations of modified GIP peptide analogs Plasma concentrations of the GIP analogues according to the invention in Gottingen minipigs or male Wistar rats were analyzed by radioimmunoassay (RIA) or liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC / MS). For RIA-based measurements, the immunoreactivity of the analogues was determined using antisera Ab95234, Ab95235, or Ab95236, which are polyclonal antibodies raised in laboratory rabbits and specific for either the central region of GIP(1-30)NH2 or the amidated C-terminus of GIP(3-30)NH2. For LC / MS-based measurements, plasma samples were precipitated by adding three parts of ethanol followed by thorough mixing. After centrifugation and dilution of the supernatant, samples were analyzed by LC-MS / MS and compared to a nine-point calibration curve. The calibration curve was prepared with untreated plasma matrix from Gottingen minipigs. LC / MS was performed by Red Glead Discovery AB, Lund, Sweden.

[0401] Data analysis I C 50 , E.C. 50 The Tmax and Emax values ​​were determined by nonlinear regression, which was performed using GraphPad Prism 6.0 software (GraphPad, San Diego, California, USA) and Microsoft Excel. 1 / 2 Pharmacokinetic parameters, including were calculated using the software PK Solution 2.0 (Summit Research services, USA).

[0402] Example 1 - The antagonist properties of human GIP(3-30) and GIP(5-30) extended with 1 to 12 C-terminal amino acid residues from GIP(1-42) or exendin-4 are preserved or improved after addition of extra C-terminal amino acid residues Addition of 1 to 12 extra C-terminal amino acid residues to GIP(3-30) and GIP(5-30) reduces antagonist activity and T 1 / 2The effect on GIP was tested as shown below: GIP analogs were also acylated, for example, at positions 11, 12, 17, 18 or 20, with or without a linker, where serine-11, isoleucine-12, isoleucine-17, histidine-18 or glutamine-20 had previously been replaced with lysine.

[0403] result: GIP(3-36) analogs lipidated at position 18 with a C16 diacid, e.g., AT361, have an improved IC of 2 nM compared to, e.g., AT158. 50 The AT361 also has a very high T of 31 hours. 1 / 2 The half-life is surprisingly long compared to analogous GIP(3-30) variants lipidated at position 18 with a C16 diacid, such as AT158, which had a half-life of only 14 hours. The long half-life is achieved without N-capping or other types of stabilization at the N-terminus, for example, because AT361 has a free amine group at the N-terminus.

[0404] For example, GIP(3-30)+amino acids from the C-terminal part of exendin-4, such as AT631, were generally highly potent antagonists. AT631 had an improved IC of 1.9 nM compared to, for example, AT158. 50 The half-life of AT631 was also very long at 56 hours. 1 / 2 was measured to be greater than 30 hours in vivo, which is surprisingly long compared to, for example, AT158 (see FIG. 1) or liraglutide, which also has a C16 fatty acid. The long half-life is achieved without N-capping or other types of stabilization at the N-terminus, for example, because AT631 has a free amine group at the N-terminus.

[0405] In summary, the C-terminal extended GIP(3-30) antagonists, such as AT361 and AT631, were more potent antagonists than those reported in PCT / EP2018 / 064355. 1 / 2For the investigation of the present invention, the antagonists tested in pigs were far superior to those reported in PCT / EP2018 / 064355. Both AT361 and AT631 showed a very long T of more than 30 hours compared to other C16 lipidated peptides known in the art, such as the GIP(3-30) analog AT158 (see Table 1B and Figure 1) and, for example, liraglutide (a once-daily GLP-1 analog). 1 / 2 Also, AT437, AT632, AT587, AT589, AT614, AT616, AT618, and AT619 have very long half-lives. The combination of C-terminal extension of GIP(3-30) (as in AT361 and AT631) and acylation, i.e., attachment of a fatty acid at a specific position, e.g., on lysine at position 18, can result in a surprisingly long half-life.

[0406] Without being bound by any theory, the presence of a carboxylic acid at the C-terminus (as in AT361 and AT631) may also contribute to improved half-life.

[0407] When evaluating and comparing the pharmacokinetic properties of various compounds, it may be beneficial to use more than one species. Thus far, the half-lives discussed above have only been determined in minipigs. It is generally accepted that elimination half-lives are shorter in rats than in minipigs, but the pharmacokinetic findings in rats are discussed below. From Tables 3A and 3B, it can be seen that the mean time-dependent plasma concentrations in Wistar rats show much higher exposure and half-life for analogs with fatty acids attached to the central region of the peptide compared to GIP analogs with fatty acids attached to the C-terminus at position 40, e.g., AT651. Also, the exposure at each time point is much higher for all tested peptides according to embodiments of the present invention compared to GIP analogs with fatty acids attached to the C-terminus at position 40, e.g., AT651. Thus, attaching fatty acids to the central region of GIP(3-30) and extending the C-terminus at positions 11 and 18, for example, produces a more pharmacologically superior analog than fatty acid attachment to the C-terminus at position 40. In addition, while many of the analogs tested have a C16 fatty acid (AT361, AT631, AT366, AT632, AT447), similar peptides with fatty acids of the same length, e.g., had a T of 4 hours in rats. 1 / 2 Compared with liraglutide, which has 1 / 2 It is also important to note that the half-life of the C-terminally extended GIP peptides is surprisingly long (11 h, 7 h, 7 h, 8 h, and 5.8 h, respectively). Without being bound by any theory, the C-terminally extended GIP peptides could constitute a molecule favorable for half-life extension by lipidation.

[0408] Table 2B also shows that certain substitutions can be advantageous. Introducing alpha-helix stabilizing amino acids such as E, L, K, A and Aib at certain positions, such as any of the individual positions 9, 13, 14, 15, 18, 21 and 24, can be beneficial, especially with respect to increasing antagonist potency. For example, substitution with E at position 24 maintains or increases potency. Substitution with L, Nle or K at position 14 maintains or even increases potency, as seen for example in AT618, AT619 and AT621. Substitution with D and E at positions 9 and / or 15 and / or 21 appears to increase potency, as seen for example in AT613, AT614, AT616 and AT617, and for example in AT693, AT695, AT696 and AT700. It is also shown that in general, a free C-terminal carboxylic acid increases potency. As the length of fatty acid increases, such as C16 diacid to C18 diacid, the potency often decreases. However, certain substitutions can compensate for this. For example, Aib at position 13 or substitution with E at positions 9 and / or 15 and / or 21. Substitution with E at position 24 not only maintains or improves antagonist potency, but also improves solubility at physiological pH, for example, about 7.5. Also, Table 2B shows that various Zs maintain or increase potency, such as AT467, AT468, AT469, AT470, AT471, AT472, AT473 and AT474. For example, AT633 and AT635 show that N-terminal acetylation leads to (partial) agonism at GIPR.

[0409] Table 1A: Names and structures of GIP antagonists with extensions. When the linker consists of two or more units, it is intended that the first named unit is linked to the peptide and the last named unit is linked to the fatty acid. However, the units of the linker may be arranged in a different order, with no or little effect on the function of the linker. [Table 1] TIFF0007605747000059.tif242160TIFF0007605747000060.tif242160TIFF0007605747000061.tif24216 0TIFF0007605747000062.tif242160TIFF0007605747000063.tif242161TIFF0007605747000064.tif24216 0TIFF0007605747000065.tif242160TIFF0007605747000066.tif242160TIFF0007605747000067.tif24216 0TIFF0007605747000068.tif242160TIFF0007605747000069.tif242160TIFF0007605747000070.tif25162

[0410] Table 1B: Half-life T of some GIP antagonists with antagonistic, agonistic, and prolonged properties. 1 / 2 Data were obtained by cAMP assay (DiscoveRx assay). [Table 2] TIFF0007605747000072.tif213162

[0411] Table 1C: Elimination half-lives T of some GIP antagonists with antagonistic, agonistic, and prolonged properties. 1 / 2 The CisBio assay (alternative 2 above) was used to determine the antagonist and agonist activity of the GIP peptide analogs listed in Table 1B. [Table 3] TIFF0007605747000074.tif25162Table 1C continued [Table 4] TIFF0007605747000076.tif242160TIFF0007605747000077.tif103162The half-life of AT631 is determined based on RIA and the half-life of AT361 is determined based on LC / MS (see Materials and Methods).

[0412] Table 2A: Mean and time-dependent plasma concentrations in Wistar rats for selected compound numbers are shown. Plasma concentrations were determined by LC / MS (see Materials and Methods). [Table 5] na: not available as this time point / plasma sample was not taken. Table 2B: Loss of T in Wistar 1 / 2 is shown for the number of selected compounds for which the data set allowed the calculation (see Materials and Methods). [Table 6]

[0413] Example 2 - Selectivity cAMP Assay - Selectivity Transiently transfected COS-7 cells expressing either the GLP1 receptor (GLP1R), GLP2 receptor (GLP2R), glucagon receptor (GcgR) or secretin receptor (SCTR) were incubated for 3.5 h at 4 °C. * 10 4Cells were seeded in white 96-well plates at a density of 1000 μg / well. The next day, cells were washed twice with Hepes-buffered saline (HBS) buffer and incubated with HBS and 1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) for 30 min at 37 °C. To investigate agonist properties, ligands were added and incubated for 30 min at 37 °C. To investigate antagonist properties, cells were preincubated with antagonists for 10 min before adding the natural agonist for the expressed receptor (GLP1 for GLP-1R expressing cells, GLP2 for GLP2R expressing cells, glucagon for GcgR and secretin for SCTR). To determine IC50, the concentration of natural agonist corresponding to 50-80% of maximal cAMP accumulation was used. HitHunterTM cAMP XS assay (DiscoveRx) was performed according to the manufacturer's instructions.

[0414] result: The inventors compared the selectivity data of the best antagonists from PCT / EP2018 / 064355 with the best antagonists in this application. This was done by determining the antagonist properties of the peptides against the GIPR, glucagon receptor and GLP-1 receptor. As shown by the data in Table 3, the antagonists in this application were more selective than the antagonists from PCT / EP2018 / 064355. The combination of C-terminal extensions of GIP(3-30) (e.g., AT361 and AT631, etc.) and acylation, for example, on lysine at position 18, appears to generate surprisingly selective antagonists.

[0415] Table 3A. Antagonist properties of GIP antagonists related to the GIPR, glucagon receptor and GLP-1 receptor, as disclosed herein and as previously described in PCT / EP2018 / 064355 [Table 7] NA = Not available Italics indicate previously described antagonists.

[0416] Furthermore, the antagonist properties of the peptides against GIPR, GLP-2 receptor and secretin receptor were determined. As shown by the data in Table 3B, the GIP analogs of the present invention, such as AT361 and AT631, do not antagonize the GLP-2 or secretin receptors and are therefore highly selective for the GIP receptor.

[0417] Table 3B. Antagonist properties of the GIP antagonists of the present disclosure with respect to the GIPR, GLP-2 receptor and secretin receptor [Table 8]

[0418] Array List [ka] TIFF0007605747000083.tif242159TIFF0007605747000084.tif242162TIFF00076057470 00085.tif242161TIFF0007605747000086.tif242159TIFF0007605747000087.tif242160 TIFF0007605747000088.tif242161TIFF0007605747000089.tif242160TIFF00076057470 00090.tif242159TIFF0007605747000091.tif242161TIFF0007605747000092.tif106162

Claims

1. Amino acid sequence: 【Chemistry 1】 or a functional variant thereof, said variant having one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue in said amino acid sequence, with the proviso that the amino acid residue at position 9 is E, the amino acid residue at position 15 is E, and the amino acid residue at position 18 is K or Orn; the amino acid sequence is modified by attaching a fatty acid molecule to the amino acid residue at position 18 of the amino acid sequence or of the functional variant thereof, A GIP analogue, wherein Z is a peptide comprising one or more amino acid residues of GIP(31-42) (GKKNDWKHNITQ; SEQ ID NO:2) or Z is a peptide comprising one or more amino acid residues of exendin-4 (HGEGTFTSDLSKQMEEEAVRLFIEWLKNGGPSSGAPPPS; SEQ ID NO:3), and said GIP analogue is an antagonist of GIPR.

2. the GIP analog inhibits GIPR activity by at least 80%, and / or the GIP analog inhibits GIPR activity by at least 80%, where inhibition of GIPR activity is determined as a decrease in intracellular cAMP; and / or 2. The GIP analog of claim 1, wherein the GIP analog has a GIPR antagonist potency corresponding to an IC50 value of 50 nM or less.

3. The amino acid at position 3 of the amino acid sequence is selected from E, S, G, V, 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib), P, D, γ-glutamic acid (γGlu), D-γ-glutamic acid (D-γGlu), β-glutamic acid (βGlu), pyroE (pyroglutamic acid), and glutaric acid; the amino acid at position 11 of said amino acid sequence is selected from S, K, Orn and A; the amino acid at position 12 of said amino acid sequence is selected from I, K, Orn, and 2-aminoisobutyric acid (Aib); the amino acid at position 13 of said amino acid sequence is selected from A and Aib; the amino acid at position 16 of said amino acid sequence is selected from K and R; the amino acid at position 17 of said amino acid sequence is selected from I, Orn, and K; the amino acid at position 20 of said amino acid sequence is selected from Q, Orn, and K; the amino acid at position 28 of said amino acid sequence is selected from A and E; the amino acid at position 29 of said amino acid sequence is selected from Q and G; and / or the amino acid at position 30 of the amino acid sequence is selected from K, R, G and A; 2. The GIP analog of claim 1.

4. the functional variant has one individual amino acid substitution at any amino acid residue in the amino acid sequence, and / or the functional variant has two individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue in the amino acid sequence, with the proviso that the amino acid residue at position 9 is E, the amino acid residue at position 15 is E, and the amino acid residue at position 18 is K or Orn; or 2. The GIP analog of claim 1, wherein the functional variant has one individual amino acid substitution at any amino acid residue in the amino acid sequence, and / or wherein the functional variant has two individual amino acid substitutions at any amino acid residue in the amino acid sequence, said substitutions being conservative amino acid substitutions, with the exception that the amino acid residue at position 9 is E, the amino acid residue at position 15 is E, and the amino acid residue at position 18 is K or Orn.

5. The GIP analog of claim 1, wherein Z consists of one or more consecutive amino acid residues (PSSGAPPPS; sequence number 4) at the C-terminus of exendin-4(30-39).

6. Z, glycine or proline, GP, PS, PSS, GPS, GPSS (SEQ ID NO:6), PSSG (SEQ ID NO:12), PSSGA (SEQ ID NO:13), GPSSG (SEQ ID NO:7), GPSSGA (SEQ ID NO:8), PSSGAP (SEQ ID NO:14), GPSSGAP (SEQ ID NO:9), PSSGAPP (SEQ ID NO:15), GPSSGAPP (SEQ ID NO:10), PSSGAPPP (SEQ ID NO:16), PSSGAPPP (SEQ ID NO:11), GPSSGAPPPS (SEQ ID NO:5), and PSSGAPPPS (SEQ ID NO:4), or a variant thereof comprising one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues; GK, GKK, GKKN (SEQ ID NO: 17), GKKND (SEQ ID NO: 18), or GKKNDW (SEQ ID NO: 19), GKKKDW (SEQ ID NO: 28), GKKNDK (SEQ ID NO: 29), GRKNDW (SEQ ID NO: 20), GKRNDW (SEQ ID NO: 21), GRRNDW (SEQ ID NO: 22), GKKNDWK (SEQ ID NO: 23), GKKNDWKH (SEQ ID NO: 24), GKKNDWKHN (SEQ ID NO: 25), GKKNDWKHNI (SEQ ID NO: 26), GKKNDWKHNIT (SEQ ID NO: 27) and GKKNDWKHNITQ (SEQ ID NO: 2), or a variant thereof comprising one or two individual amino acid substitutions at any one of said amino acid residues, 2. The GIP analog of claim 1, which is a peptide selected from the group consisting of:

7. 2. The GIP analog of claim 1, wherein a fatty acid molecule is attached to the side chain amino group of the amino acid residue at position 18 of the amino acid sequence, e.g., a fatty acid molecule is attached directly or via a linker to the side chain amino group of the lysine residue at position 18 of the amino acid sequence.

8. 2. The GIP analog of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid molecule is a straight chain fatty acid or a branched fatty acid.

9. the fatty acid molecule is a monoacyl fatty acid molecule or a diacyl fatty acid molecule; and / or The fatty acid molecule has the formula CH ３ (CH ２ ) ｎ and / or containing an acyl group of the formula CO- (wherein n is an integer from 4 to 24); 2. The GIP analog of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid molecule comprises an acyl group selected from the formula COOH(CH 2 ) n CO-(dicarboxylic acid), where n is an integer from 4 to 24.

10. 2. The GIP analog of claim 1, wherein the fatty acid molecule is attached directly or via a linker to an epsilon amino group of the side chain of an amino acid residue of the GIP analog.

11. The linker is a. α-amino acids, γ-amino acids and ω-amino acids, b. one or more amino acids selected from succinic acid, Lys, Glu, and Asp; c. one or more of γ-aminobutanoyl (γ-aminobutyric acid), γ-Glu (γ-glutamic acid), β-Asp (β-asparagyl), β-Ala (β-alanyl) and Gly, and d. [8-Amino-3,6-dioxaoctanoic acid] ｎ (AEEAc ｎ ) wherein n is an integer from 1 to 50, or an integer from 1 to 4, 1 to 3, or 1 to 2.

11. The GIP analog of claim 10, comprising one or more moieties individually selected from:

12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a GIP analogue described in any one of claims 1 to 11.

13. An amino acid sequence selected from the following: 【Chemistry 2】 or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has one to two individual amino acid substitutions.

14. 【Chemical 3】 or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has one to two individual amino acid substitutions.

15. 【Chemical 4】 or a functional variant thereof, wherein said variant has one to two individual amino acid substitutions.

16. 2. A pharmaceutical composition or medicament comprising the GIP analogue of claim 1 for use in a method for inhibiting or reducing one or more of: i) GIP induced glucagon secretion, ii) GIP induced insulin secretion, iii) GIP induced somatostatin secretion, iv) GIP induced glucose uptake, v) GIP induced fatty acid synthesis and / or fatty acid incorporation, vi) high or increased GIPR expression or activity, vii) postprandial GIP release, viii) serum levels of free fatty acids and / or triglycerides, ix) GIP induced increased appetite, x) GIP induced decrease in energy expenditure, xi) GIP induced increase in absorption of nutrients from the intestine, xii) GIP induced decrease in the appetite suppressant effect of GLP-1, xiii) GIP induced leptin resistance.

17. 13. A pharmaceutical composition or medicament comprising the GIP analog of claim 1 for use in a method for treating a condition selected from metabolic syndrome, obesity, pre-diabetes, type I diabetes, type 2 diabetes, insulin resistance, elevated fasting glucose, hyperglycemia, elevated fasting serum triglyceride levels, low levels of very low density lipoprotein (VLDL), low levels of high density lipoprotein (HDL), dyslipidemia, increased / decreased low density lipoprotein (LDL), high cholesterol levels, abnormal lipid deposition, cardiovascular disease, elevated blood pressure and atherosclerosis.

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