Image light guide with segmented diffractive optical elements - Patents.com

Abstract

An image light guide for transmitting a virtual image includes a waveguide, an incoupling diffractive optical element operable to direct an image-bearing light beam into the waveguide, and an outcoupling diffractive optical element operable to direct the image-bearing light beam from the waveguide to the eyebox. The outcoupling diffractive optical element has two or more zones, each including a set of diffractive features. The first zone includes a first set of diffractive features. The second zone includes a second set of diffractive features and is disposed adjacent to the first zone. The outcoupling diffractive optical element includes a first boundary region formed by the first and second zones. The first boundary region includes a set of first subregions and a set of second subregions. The first set of subregions includes a first set of diffractive features, and the second set of subregions includes a second set of diffractive features.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] This disclosure relates to electronic displays, and in particular to displays that use image light guides having diffractive optical elements. [Background technology]

[0002] Head mounted displays (HMDs) and virtual image near-eye displays are being developed for a variety of applications, including military, commercial, industrial, firefighting, and entertainment. In many of these applications, it is valuable to create a virtual image that can be visually overlaid with a real-world image within the field of view of the HMD user. To direct the virtual image to the viewer's pupil and enable the overlay function, an optical image light guide delivers image-bearing light to the viewer within a small space.

[0003] In a conventional image light guide, a collimated, angularly encoded light beam from an image source is coupled into a planar waveguide by an incoupling, such as an incoupling diffractive optical element, which is provided or formed on the surface of the planar waveguide or embedded within the waveguide. After propagating along the waveguide, the diffracted light is directed out of the waveguide by an output diffractive optical element. Additionally, a rotating optical element can be positioned along the waveguide between the incoupling and outcoupling diffractive optical elements to provide pupil expansion in the orthogonal dimension of the virtual image. The image-bearing light output from the waveguide provides an enlarged eyebox for the viewer.

[0004] It will be appreciated that a display device having improved diffraction efficiency, output intensity of image-bearing light, and uniformity across the output aperture would be advantageous. Summary of the Invention

[0005] It is an object of the present disclosure to advance the art of virtual image display, especially when used with compact head mounted and similar imaging devices. According to the present disclosure, in a first aspect, there is provided an image light guide for transmitting a virtual image, the image light guide comprising a waveguide, an incoupling diffractive optical element operable to direct an image-bearing light beam into the waveguide, and an outcoupling diffractive optical element operable to direct the image-bearing light beam from the waveguide to an eyebox. The outcoupling diffractive optical element has a first zone disposed adjacent to a second zone, the first zone including a first set of diffractive features and the second zone including a second set of diffractive features. The outcoupling diffractive optical element has a first boundary region formed by the first zone and the second zone. The first boundary region includes one or more first sub-regions and one or more second sub-regions, the first sub-region including the first set of diffractive features and the second sub-region including the second set of diffractive features. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0006] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated as part of the specification, illustrate embodiments of the presently disclosed subject matter and illustrate selected principles and teachings of the present disclosure. However, the drawings do not illustrate every possible implementation of the presently disclosed subject matter, and are not intended to limit the scope of the present disclosure in any way.

[0007] [Figure 1] FIG. 2 is a simplified cross-sectional view of an image light guide for virtual image transmission with an outcoupling diffractive optical element that provides pupil expansion along one dimension of the virtual image.

[0008] [Diagram 2] FIG. 13 is a perspective view of an image light guide for virtual image transmission that includes a rotating grating in addition to an outcoupling diffractive optical element to provide pupil expansion along two dimensions of the virtual image.

[0009] [Figure 3A] FIG. 1 is a side view of an imaging device with an image light guide for forming a virtual image at a focus at infinity. [Figure 3B] FIG. [Figure 3C] FIG.

[0010] [Figure 4A] 1 is a top view of an image light guide having a segmented outcoupling diffractive optical element, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. [Figure 4B] FIG. [Figure 4C] FIG.

[0011] [Figure 5A] FIG. 4B is a top view of an image light guide with segmented outcoupling diffractive optical elements of FIG. 4A. [Figure 5B] FIG. [Figure 5C] FIG.

[0012] [Figure 6A] FIG. 1 illustrates lattice vectors according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. [Figure 6B] FIG.

[0013] [Figure 7A] FIG. 4B is a top view of an image light guide with segmented outcoupling diffractive optical elements of FIG. 4A. [Figure 7B] FIG. [Figure 7C] FIG.

[0014] [Figure 8A] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating progressive diffractive feature depth according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. [Figure 8B]1 is a schematic diagram illustrating progressive diffractive feature depth according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. [Figure 8C] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating progressive diffractive feature depth according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. [Figure 8D] 1 is a schematic diagram illustrating progressive diffractive feature depth according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.

[0015] [Figure 9] 1 is a top view of an image light guide having a segmented outcoupling diffractive optical element according to an exemplary embodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein.

[0016] [Figure 10] 1 is a top view of an image light guide having a segmented outcoupling diffractive optical element according to an exemplary embodiment of the subject matter disclosed herein.

[0017] [Figure 11A] 1 is a schematic diagram of a diffractive feature according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. [Figure 11B] 1 is a schematic diagram of a diffractive feature according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. [Figure 11C] 1 is a schematic diagram of a diffractive feature according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. [Figure 11D] 1 is a schematic diagram of a diffractive feature according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. [Figure 11E] 1 is a schematic diagram of a diffractive feature according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.

[0018] [Figure 12] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a rectangular unit cell operable to form a repeating pattern of diffractive features in an outcoupling diffractive optical element in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.

[0019] [Figure 13]FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram of a portion of an outcoupling diffractive optical element including the unit cell of FIG.

[0020] [Figure 14A] 1 is a schematic top view of an image light guide having a segmented outcoupling diffractive optical element, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. [Figure 14B] FIG.

[0021] [Figure 15] FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram of a portion of the outcoupling diffractive optical element of FIG.

[0022] [Figure 16A] 1 is a top view of an image light guide having a segmented outcoupling diffractive optical element, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter. [Figure 16B] FIG.

[0023] [Figure 17] FIG. 16B is a schematic diagram of a portion of the outcoupling diffractive optical element of FIG. 16A.

[0024] [Figure 18] 1 is a schematic diagram of a portion of three zone boundaries of an outcoupling diffractive optical element, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.

[0025] [Figure 19] 1 is a schematic diagram of a portion of three zone boundaries of an outcoupling diffractive optical element, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.

[0026] [Figure 20] 1 is a schematic diagram of a portion of zone boundaries of an outcoupling diffractive optical element, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.

[0027] [Figure 21]1 is a schematic diagram of a portion of zone boundaries of an outcoupling diffractive optical element, according to an exemplary embodiment of the disclosed subject matter.

[0028] [Figure 22] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a binocular display system for augmented reality display using at least one close focus image light guide according to an exemplary embodiment of the subject matter of this disclosure. Detailed Description

[0029] It is to be understood that the present invention may assume various alternative arrangements and sequences of steps, unless expressly specified. It is also to be understood that the specific assemblies and systems illustrated in the drawings and described in the specification are merely exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined herein. Thus, specific dimensions, orientations, or other physical characteristics relating to the disclosed embodiments are not to be considered as limiting, unless expressly stated. Also, like elements in the various embodiments described herein are referred to with like reference numerals.

[0030] In this specification, unless otherwise specified, terms such as "first", "second", etc. do not necessarily indicate an order or priority relationship, but are merely used to more clearly distinguish one element or set of elements from another element or set of elements.

[0031] The word "exemplary" is used herein to mean "example" and is not intended to imply a preferred or ideal embodiment.

[0032] In this specification, the terms "viewer," "operator," "observer," and "user" are considered equivalent and specifically refer to a person viewing a virtual image transmitted by an image light guide disposed in an HMD device.

[0033] As used herein, the term "excitable" refers to a device or set of components that perform an indicated function when it receives power, and optionally an enable signal.

[0034] The term "set" as used herein refers to a non-empty set, as the concept of a collection of elements or members is widely understood in elementary mathematics. The term "subset" is used, unless otherwise noted, to refer to a non-empty proper subset, i.e., a subset having one or more elements of a larger set. In the case of a set S, a subset may include the complete set S. However, a "proper subset" of set S is strictly contained in set S and excludes at least one element of set S.

[0035] As used herein, the terms "optical infinity" and "at infinity" correspond to conventional usage in camera and imaging technology and refer to imaging using one or more bundles of substantially collimated light such that the focal length is at least greater than about 4 m.

[0036] As used herein, the terms "coupled" or "coupler" in an optical context refer to a coupling that allows light to be transmitted from one optical medium or device to another optical medium or device through an intermediate structure that facilitates the connection.

[0037] As used herein, the terms "beam expander" and "pupil expander" are considered synonymous and are used interchangeably herein. These terms generally refer herein to expanding the overlap area between angularly related beams to transmit a virtual image.

[0038] As used herein, "beam expansion" refers to replicating a beam through multiple encounters with an optical element to provide exit pupil expansion in one or more directions. Similarly, "expanding a beam or a portion of a beam" refers to replicating a beam through multiple encounters with an optical element to provide exit pupil expansion in one or more directions.

[0039] Optical systems such as HMDs can provide a virtual image. Instead of real image projection, optical systems can create a virtual image that is apparent to the viewer's eyes. In contrast to methods of forming a real image, the virtual image is not formed on the display surface. That is, no image is formed on the display surface if it were placed at the perceived location of the virtual image. Virtual image displays have many inherent advantages for augmented reality displays. For example, the apparent size of the virtual image is not limited by the size or location of the display surface. Furthermore, the source object of the virtual image can be small. For example, a magnifying glass provides a virtual image of an object. By forming a virtual image that appears at some distance, a more realistic viewing experience can be provided compared to systems that project a real image. Providing a virtual image eliminates the need to compensate for screen artifacts, which is necessary when projecting a real image.

[0040] The image light guide uses image-bearing light from a light source, such as a projector, to display a virtual image. For example, a collimated and relatively angularly encoded light beam from the projector is coupled into the planar waveguide by an in-coupling diffractive optical element or other in-coupling. The in-coupling diffractive optical element is provided or formed on the surface of the planar waveguide or embedded within the waveguide. Such a diffractive optical element may be formed of a diffraction grating, a holographic optical element (HOE), or other element. For example, the diffraction grating may be formed by a surface relief. After propagating along the waveguide, the diffracted light is returned out of the waveguide by an out-coupling diffractive optical element or other in-coupling. The out-coupling diffractive optical element is configured to provide pupil expansion in at least one direction. Additionally, a rotating grating may be disposed on or within the waveguide to provide pupil expansion in at least one other direction. The image-bearing light from the waveguide provides the viewer with an enlarged eyebox.

[0041] As shown in FIG. 1, the image light guide 10 comprises a planar waveguide 22 having flat and parallel faces. The waveguide 22 comprises a transparent substrate S having an outer surface 12 and an opposite inner surface 14. In this example, an incoupling diffractive optical element IDO and an outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO are disposed on the inner surface 14, the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO being a reflective diffraction grating, and the image-bearing light WI is coupled into the planar waveguide 22 through the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO. However, the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO may also be a volume hologram or other holographic diffractive element, or any other type of optical element that provides diffraction of the incident image-bearing light WI. The incoupling diffractive optical element IDO may be disposed on the outer surface 12 or the inner surface 14 of the planar waveguide 22, depending on the direction in which the image-bearing light WI approaches the planar waveguide 22, and may be transmissive or reflective. When used as part of a virtual display system, the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO couples image-bearing light WI from a real image source into the substrate S of the planar waveguide 22. The real image or image dimensions are first converted into a superimposed array of angularly related beams that encode different pixel locations in the image for presentation to the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO. The image-bearing light WI is diffracted by the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO, whereby at least a portion of the image-bearing light WI is redirected into the planar waveguide 22 as image-bearing light WG, which propagates further along the planar waveguide 22 by total internal reflection (TIR). The image-bearing light WG is diffracted into a more condensed range of angularly related beams while maintaining the boundaries established by the TIR, but still preserving the image information in an encoded form. The outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO receives the encoded image-bearing light WG and diffracts at least a portion of the image-bearing light WG from the planar waveguide 22 as image-bearing light WO toward the intended location of the viewer's eye. In general, the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO is designed symmetrically with respect to the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO to restore the original angular relationship of the image-bearing light WI between the angularly related beams of the output image-bearing light WO. However, in order to increase one dimension of the overlap between the angularly related beams in the eyebox E where the virtual image can be seen, the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO is arranged to encounter the image-bearing light WG multiple times and diffract only a portion of the image-bearing light WG at each encounter. The multiple encounters along the length of the outcoupling diffractive optical element in the propagation direction result in a one-dimensional expansion of the eyebox where the image-bearing light beams overlap. The expanded eyebox E reduces the sensitivity to the viewer's eye position for seeing the virtual image.

[0042] An outcoupling diffractive optical element with a refractive index change along a single direction can expand the eyebox in one direction in the propagation direction along the waveguide, by duplicating the image-bearing light beam upon encounter with the outcoupling diffractive optical element. An outcoupling diffractive optical element with a refractive index change along a second direction can expand the eyebox in a second direction, thereby expanding the eyebox in two directions. The refractive index change of the outcoupling diffractive optical element along a first direction can be configured to diffract a portion of the energy of each beam from the waveguide via a desired first order diffraction each time it encounters the outcoupling diffractive optical element, and another portion of the energy of the beam is preserved for further propagation in the original direction via zero order diffraction. The refractive index change of the outcoupling diffractive optical element along a second direction can be configured to diffract a portion of the energy of each beam from the waveguide via a desired first order diffraction each time it encounters the outcoupling diffractive optical element, and another portion of the energy of the beam is preserved for further propagation in the original direction via zero order diffraction.

[0043] The outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO is shown as a transmissive diffraction grating disposed on the inner surface 14 of the planar waveguide 22. However, like the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO, the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO can be disposed on the outer surface 12 or the inner surface 14 of the planar waveguide 22 and can be transmissive or reflective, the combination depending on the direction in which the image-bearing light WG exits the planar waveguide 22.

[0044] As shown in FIG. 2, the image light guide 20 is configured to expand the eyebox 74 in two directions, i.e., along both the x-axis and the y-axis of the intended image. To achieve two-dimensional beam expansion, the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO with a grating vector k0 is oriented to diffract a portion of the image-bearing light WI toward the intermediate rotating optical element TG with a grating vector kl. The intermediate rotating optical element TG is oriented to diffract the image-bearing light WG in a reflective mode toward the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO. Only a portion of the image-bearing light WG is diffracted by each of the multiple encounters with the intermediate rotating optical element TG, thereby laterally expanding each of the angularly related beams of image-bearing light WG approaching the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO. The rotating optical element TG redirects the image-bearing light WG toward the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO, where the angularly related beams of image-bearing light WG are expanded in a second dimension, vertically, before exiting the planar waveguide 22 as image-bearing light WO. The grating vectors, such as grating vectors k0, k1, k2, extend in a direction perpendicular to the diffractive features (e.g., grooves, lines, or rulings) of the diffractive optical element and have a magnitude that is the reciprocal of the period or pitch d (i.e., the center-to-center distance between the grooves) of the diffractive optical elements IDO, TG, ODO. The incoupling diffractive optical element IDO, the intermediate grating TG, and the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO may have different periods or pitches d.

[0045] As shown in FIG. 2, the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO receives the incoming image-bearing light WI. The image source 16 is operable to generate a full range of angularly encoded beams for generating a virtual image, and can be, but is not limited to, a real display with focusing optics, a beam scanner to set the angle of the beam more directly, or a one-dimensional real display used in conjunction with a scanner. The image light guide 20 outputs a set of angularly related beams expanded in two dimensions of the image by having the image-bearing light WG encounter both the intermediate rotating grating TG and the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO multiple times in different directions. For a given orientation of the planar waveguide 22, the intermediate rotating optical element TG provides beam expansion in the y-axis direction, and the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO provides similar beam expansion in the x-axis direction. The reflectivity properties and respective periods d of the diffractive optical elements IDO, ODO, TG, together with the orientation of the respective grating vectors, provide beam expansion in two dimensions. In so doing, the intended relationships between the angularly related beams of image-bearing light WI emerging from image light guide 20 as image-bearing light WO are maintained.

[0046] Although the image-bearing light WI incident on the image light guide 20 is encoded by the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO into a different set of angularly related beams, the information required to reconstruct the image is preserved by the systematic effect of the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO. The rotating gratings TG and ODO, which are located at an intermediate position between the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO and the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO, are typically positioned so as not to cause significant changes in the encoding of the image-bearing light WG. The outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO is typically configured symmetrically with respect to the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO, e.g., containing diffractive features of the same period. Similarly, the period of the rotating grating TG also typically coincides with the common period of the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO and the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO. As shown in FIG. 2, the grating vector k1 of the rotating optical element TG is oriented at 45 degrees with respect to the other grating vectors K0, K2 (all grating vectors are assumed to be unoriented). However, in one embodiment, the grating vector k1 of the rotating grating TG may be oriented at 60 degrees relative to the grating vector k0 of the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO and the grating vector k2 of the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO. In this case, the image-bearing light WG is rotated by 120 degrees. By orienting the grating vector k1 of the intermediate rotating grating at 60 degrees relative to the grating vector k0 of the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO and the grating vector k2 of the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO, the grating vector k0 and the grating vector K1 (the grating vectors are assumed to be unoriented) are also arranged at an angle of 60 degrees to each other. Based on the magnitude of the grating vectors due to the common pitch of the rotating grating TG and the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO and the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO, the three grating vectors k0, k1, k2 (the grating vectors are assumed to be unoriented) form an equilateral triangle and sum to a magnitude of zero. This avoids asymmetric effects that may induce undesirable aberrations such as chromatic dispersion.

[0047] The image-bearing light WI diffracted into the planar waveguide 22 is effectively encoded by the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO, whether the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO is a grating, hologram, prism, mirror, or other mechanism. The reflection, refraction, and / or diffraction of light occurring at the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO requires a corresponding decoding by the act-coupling diffractive optical element ODO to reshape the virtual image presented to the viewer. The rotating optical element TG, located at an optically intermediate position between the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO and the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO, is typically designed and oriented so as not to cause any change to the encoded light. The outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO decodes the image-bearing light WG into the original or desired form of angularly related beams expanded to fill the eyebox 74.

[0048] Regardless of whether any symmetry is maintained between the rotating optical element TG and the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO and the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO, or whether changes occur along the planar waveguide 22 in the encoding of the angularly associated beams of the image-bearing light WI, the rotating grating TG and the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO and the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO are associated such that the image-bearing light WO output from the planar waveguide 22 retains the original or desired form of the image-bearing light WI to generate the intended virtual image.

[0049] The letter "R" represents the orientation of the virtual image as seen by a viewer whose eyes are in the eyebox 74. As shown, the orientation of the letter "R" in the represented virtual image coincides with the orientation of the letter "R" encoded by the image-bearing light WI. A change in the rotation or angular orientation of the incident image-bearing light WI about the z-axis, relative to the xy-plane, causes a corresponding symmetric change in the rotation or angular orientation of the exiting light from the outcoupling diffractive optical element (ODO). From the perspective of the image orientation, the rotating optical element TG acts as a kind of optical relay, expanding the angularly encoded beam of the image-bearing light WG along one axis of the image (e.g., the y-axis). The outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO further expands the angularly encoded beam of the image-bearing light WG along another axis of the image (e.g., the x-axis) while maintaining the original orientation of the virtual image encoded by the image-bearing light WI. As shown in FIG. 2, the rotating grating TG can be a tilted or square grating placed on the front or rear surface of the planar waveguide 22. Alternatively, the rotating grating TG can be a blazed grating.

[0050] For diffractive optical elements formed as diffraction gratings, increasing the depth of the grating increases the diffraction efficiency. However, increasing the diffraction efficiency of the outcoupling grating can reduce the image-bearing light WO emitted from the outer regions of the grating because too much image-bearing light WG is output from the center of the outcoupling diffractive optical element, creating visible hot spots. Disclosed embodiments of the image light guide use a zoned outcoupling diffractive optical element, which promotes a more uniform distribution of the outcoupled image-bearing light WO with high diffraction efficiency.

[0051] In the embodiment shown in Figures 3A, 3B, and 3C, the image light guide 100 is operable to transmit the virtual image to an enlarged eyebox and present the virtual image at a focus at optical infinity. That is, each of the angularly associated beams comprising the image-bearing light in the eyebox maintains a substantially collimated form. The image content is generated by the projector 110 and transmitted by the image light guide 100 via the incoupling diffractive optical element IDO and the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO, and appears to the viewer's eye as a virtual image VI located in front of the image light guide 100 at a focus at infinity. The apparent size of the virtual image in the viewer's field of view is related to the range of angles over which the angularly associated beams encode the image. The solid line exiting the outcoupling diffractive optical element ODO represents one of the collimated beams of image-bearing light WO. The dashed line represents the virtual extension of one collimated beam in front of the image light guide 100. This virtual extension corresponds to a pixel of the virtual image that appears to originate from a source located at infinity.

[0052] As shown in Figures 4A-4C, in one embodiment, an image light guide 200 includes a waveguide 202 having front and back parallel faces 204, 206. An incoupling diffractive optical element 210 and an outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 are disposed on the front face 204 of the waveguide. In one embodiment, an incoupling diffractive optical element 210 and an outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 are disposed on the back face 206 of the waveguide. In another embodiment, an incoupling diffractive optical element 210 is disposed on the front face 204 of the waveguide and an outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 is disposed on the back face 206 of the waveguide.

[0053] In one embodiment, the intermediate diffractive optical element is optically disposed between the incoupling diffractive optical element 210 and the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212. The intermediate diffractive optical element may be a rotating grating and / or the intermediate diffractive optical element may allow for increased design versatility.

[0054] The outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 includes a composite grating pattern operable to magnify and outcouple the image-bearing light WG as the image-bearing light WO. The composite grating pattern includes two or more overlapping diffraction patterns. Each diffraction pattern is defined by a grating vector k. In one embodiment, the composite grating pattern includes non-overlapping sinusoidal diffraction patterns having three or more vector k components. As shown in FIG. 4A, in one embodiment, the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 includes two or more zones 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229 of diffractive features. Here, the diffractive features of each zone 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229 are different from the diffractive features of adjacent zones 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229. As shown in FIGS. 4A-6C, in one embodiment, the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 includes a first zone 214 located approximately in the center in the y-axis direction. The second zone 216 is located approximately above and adjacent to the first zone 212 in the y-axis direction. The third zone 218 is located approximately above and adjacent to the second zone 216. The fourth zone 220 is located approximately below and adjacent to the first zone 214 in the y-axis direction. The fifth zone 222 is located adjacent to and approximately below the fourth zone 220 in the y-axis direction. The sixth zone 224 is located approximately in the center in the y-axis direction and approximately to the right of and adjacent to the first zone 214 in the x-axis direction. The seventh zone 226 is located adjacent to and approximately to the right of the sixth zone 224 along the x-axis direction.

[0055] The outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 defines an output aperture 230. The portion of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 located outside the output aperture 230, which sometimes redirects the image-bearing light back to the output aperture 230, may be shaped like a wedge or a triangle. The output aperture 230 is indicated by a dotted line located outside the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212. However, one skilled in the art will understand that this is presented for clarity of illustration and that the output aperture 230 does not extend outside the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212.

[0056] 4A, for visualization purposes, an eyebox 232A (i.e., a head motion box) is shown above the first zone 214 of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212. The eyebox 232A corresponds to an incident ray of image-bearing light in the center of the field of view (FOV) of the virtual image. The viewer's eye is located a certain distance away from the waveguide 202. This distance is called the eye relief. In operation, the observer's eye can move within the eyebox 232A and still see the pixels corresponding to the incident ray.

[0057] The incoupling diffractive optical element 210 is operable to incouple an incident ray of image-bearing light WI under the TIR condition, such that the image-bearing light WG propagates towards the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 where the image-bearing light WO can be outcoupled towards the eyebox 232A. As shown in FIGS. 4A-4C, in one embodiment, a ray corresponding to a center of the field of view (FOV) of the virtual image is incoupled into the waveguide 202 via the incoupling diffractive optical element 210. This ray is shown as entering the incoupling diffractive optical element 210 perpendicular to the waveguide 202. However, this central ray may enter the incoupling diffractive optical element 210 at an angle other than perpendicular to the waveguide 202. In the embodiment shown in Figures 4A-4C, the first zone 214 of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 is operable to expand the image-bearing light WG in one or more dimensions (i.e., the x-axis and y-axis directions) and outcouple the image-bearing light WO into the eyebox 232A.

[0058] From the perspective of this viewing angle, an ideal outcoupling grating in this region below the eyebox 232A would have a linear grating with only one function (outcoupling image-bearing light) aligned parallel to the linear gratings of the incoupling grating. However, to facilitate the expansion of the image-bearing light to create a larger eyebox, the outcoupling grating in the first zone 214 is provided with approximately diamond-shaped posts. The approximately diamond-shaped posts implicitly define a grating vector k3 that is parallel to the grating vector k0 of the incoupling diffractive optical element. In other words, in the first zone 214, the vertical linear grating features are almost completely de-rated, and the only evidence of the vertical linear grating features are the approximately diamond-shaped posts. The approximately diamond-shaped posts are offset row by row, but still form vertical lines. Diffraction of the image-bearing light WO in the eyebox 232A occurs due to the periodicity of the diffractive features.

[0059] In Figures 5A-5C, the rays of the image-bearing light WG correspond to the portion of the virtual image that is below and to the right of the center of the virtual image, and the projection of the eyebox 232B moves correspondingly. If the image-bearing light WG was not redirected (i.e., rotated) by the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212, the outcoupled image-bearing light WO would completely miss the projection of the eyebox 232B. Now, the different zones all outcouple the image-bearing light WO from a single pixel or field of view to the same angular range to form the virtual image. In other words, the image-bearing light from a single virtual pixel is output at the same angle by the adjacent zones. For example, as shown in Figure 5A, the image-bearing light WG of the virtual pixel corresponding to the eyebox 232B is outcoupled at the same angle or angular range in both the first zone 214 and the fourth zone 220.

[0060] In one embodiment, the first zone 214 includes diffractive features operable to diffract (i.e., rotate) the rays of the image-bearing light WG downwards at an angle relative to the direction of travel of the image-bearing light WG in a rotation region. The diffractive features of the first zone 214 are also operable to outcouple the redirected image-bearing light WG as the image-bearing light WO. As shown in FIG. 6A, FIG. 6B, the diffractive features of the first zone 214 define two grating vectors k1, k2, which combine with the grating vector k0 of the incoupling diffractive optical element 210 to describe a closed triangle and form a vector diagram having substantially zero magnitude. In other words, the combination of the grating vectors k0, k1, k2 forms a vector that has substantially no magnitude. In one embodiment, the grating vectors k0, k1, k2 form a closed isosceles triangle. In another embodiment, the grating vectors k0, k1, k2 form a closed scalene triangle. In this way, no light dispersion or angular error is induced in the virtual image by the diffractive features of the first zone 214. The first zone 214, through its arrangement of diffractive features, also implicitly defines a fourth grating vector k3, which is equivalent to the grating vector k0 of the incoupling diffractive optical element 210. In this embodiment, all of these grating vectors k0, k1, k2, k3 are required in the first diffractive zone 214.

[0061] In Figures 7A-7C, the rays of the image-bearing light WG correspond to a portion of the virtual image that is further down and to the right of the center of the virtual image, and the projection of the eyebox 232C moves correspondingly. The rays of the image-bearing light WG propagate through the waveguide 202 to an area in the third zone 218, but the rays of the image-bearing light WG must exit a portion of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 in the fourth or fifth zone 220, 222. The third zone 218 is operable to redirect (i.e., rotate) the image-bearing light WG downward in the y-axis direction toward the fifth zone 222. Image-bearing light WG that is directly outcoupled from the third zone 218 (i.e., outcoupled as from a linear diffraction grating) would miss the observer's eye. Only one grating vector is required for the third and fifth zones 218, 222 to redirect or outcouple the image-bearing light WG.

[0062] Due to symmetry of propagation, the image-bearing light WG travels downward in the y-direction towards the fifth zone 222 and is necessarily redirected upward in the y-direction towards the third zone 218 and outcoupled as image-bearing light WO. The lattice features required to redirect the image-bearing light WG towards the third zone 218 are identical to the lattice features required to outcouple the redirected image-bearing light WG from the third zone 218. Thus, in the fifth zone 222, only a single lattice vector k5 is required.

[0063] The second and fourth zones 216, 220 can act as transition zones or intermediate zones of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212, and the design of the grating features in the second and fourth zones 216, 220 is a combination or convolution of two adjacent zones. For example, the second zone 216 represents a combination of the first and third zones 214, 218. The transition zones 216, 220 make the transition in the waveguide 202 smoother and create a more desirable see-through experience of the image light guide 200. For example, the brightness of the virtual image is more uniform across the field of view (FOV). In one embodiment, the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 includes multiple transition zones from the center to the edge of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 in the x-axis and y-axis directions.

[0064] As shown in Figures 8A-8C, in one embodiment, the depth of the diffractive features in two or more zones 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229 of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 can be varied independently of the zone boundaries 290 (see Figure 10) defined in the basic configuration of the diffractive features. The basic configuration of the diffractive features of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 determines the direction and relative magnitude of the diffractive orders, but the depth adjustment of the diffractive features serves to adjust the relative efficiency of all the diffractive orders present. It is possible to apply a gradient depth independent of the basic pattern of the diffractive features of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212.

[0065] In one embodiment, the depth of the diffractive features of the zones 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229 gradually increases as the diffractive features approach the edge of the outcoupling diffractive optical element in the y-axis direction. For example, as shown in FIG. 8D, the diffractive feature 250 (see FIG. 9) has a depth n in the y-axis direction from the centerline 280 of the first zone 214 to the outer edge of the first zone 214. 1 -n 3The diffractive feature 256 (see FIG. 9 ) extends from the edge of the first zone 214 to the outer edge of the second zone 216 in the y-axis direction to a depth n 4 -n 6 The diffractive feature 252 (see FIG. 9 ) extends in the y-axis direction from the edge of the second zone 216 to the outer edge of the third zone 218 to a depth n 7 -n 9 This gradual increase in the depth of the diffractive feature is mirror symmetric across the centerline 280 of the first zone 214. FIG. 8A shows a schematic diagram of a linear grating feature. The depth of the linear grating feature increases along the y axis symmetrically across a center plane 282 that is parallel to the xz plane. 8B shows a schematic diagram of a linear grating feature whose depth increases stepwise along the y axis symmetrically across a central plane 282 parallel to the xz plane.

[0066] In another embodiment, the depth of the diffractive features in the zones 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229 increases progressively in the x-axis direction as the diffractive features approach the edge of the outcoupling diffractive optical element. Figure 8C shows a schematic diagram of a linear grating feature. The depth of the linear grating feature increases symmetrically along the x-axis across a central plane 284 that is parallel to the yz-plane. In one embodiment, the depth of the diffractive features in the zones 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229 increases progressively in both the x-axis direction and the y-axis direction as the diffractive features approach the edge of the outcoupling diffractive optical element.

[0067] As shown in FIG. 9, in one embodiment, the first zone 214 of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 includes diffractive features 250 that represent a composite diffraction pattern. The diffractive features 250 shown in FIG. 9 are generally diamond-shaped posts. A schematic diagram of the diffractive features 250 is shown in FIG. 11A. In another embodiment, the diffractive features 250 are one or more rows of sinusoidal waves or wave-like features. The diffractive features 252, 254 in the third and fifth zones 218, 222, respectively, represent linear gratings. The diffractive feature 254 is symmetrical to the diffractive feature 252 about the centerline 280 of the first zone 214. The diffractive features 252, 254 are also disposed at an angle φ with respect to the centerline 280. A schematic diagram of the diffractive feature 252 is shown in FIG. 11C. A schematic diagram of the diffractive feature 254 is shown in FIG. 11E.

[0068] Diffractive feature 256 in second zone 216 represents a combination of diffractive feature 250 and diffractive feature 252. In other words, in one embodiment, diffractive feature 256 is a parallelogram feature. A schematic diagram of diffractive feature 256 is shown in FIG. 11B. Similarly, diffractive feature 258 in fourth zone 220 represents a combination of diffractive feature 250 and diffractive feature 254 such that a diamond shaped feature approximates a linear grating. In other words, in one embodiment, diffractive feature 258 is a parallelogram feature. A schematic diagram of diffractive feature 258 is shown in FIG. 11D. Diffractive feature 260 in sixth zone 224 represents a substantially triangular feature approximating a substantially linear grating arranged substantially parallel to the y-axis. Diffractive feature 262 in seventh zone 226 represents a substantially vertical linear grating.

[0069] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of rectangular unit cells 300A, 300B, 300C, 300D, 300E. In one embodiment, the first zone 214, the fourth zone 220A, 220B, 220C, and the fifth zone 222 of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 are formed by unit cells 300A, 300B, 300C, 300D, 300E arranged in a two-dimensional grid. In one embodiment, each unit cell 300A, 300B, 300C, 300D, 300E includes the smallest repeating diffractive feature in the zone. However, the unit cells 300A, 300B, 300C, 300D, 300E can be of any size that is repeatable in the zone to form periodic diffractive features. The diffractive features in each zone include an arrangement of unit cells in a periodic grid to form a two-dimensional periodic lattice structure. The periodic grating is the same in each zone 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229 in the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212. As shown in Figure 13, a portion of the composite diffraction pattern of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 includes duplicate and consecutive (adjacent) arrangements of unit cells 300A, 300B, 300C, 300D, 300E. One skilled in the art will recognize that there may be more unit cells 300A, 300B, 300C, 300D, 300E in the x-axis and / or y-axis directions in the first zone 214, the fourth zone 220A, 220B, 220C, and the fifth zone 222, respectively.

[0070] In one embodiment, there are multiple zones that transition in the y-axis and / or x-axis direction from the center to the edge of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212. However, in practice, only a finite number of nanostructures are permitted in the y-axis and / or x-axis direction of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212. Thus, in one embodiment, the number of transition zones in the y-axis and / or x-axis direction from the center to the edge of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 is, at least in part, a function of the smallest manufacturable structures and sizes of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212.

[0071] In another embodiment, the zones 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229 of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 are delineated by gap regions. As shown in Figure 10, zone boundaries 290 are shown by dotted lines that define the zones 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229. The zone boundaries 290 can define the gap regions between the zones 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229.

[0072] 10, in one embodiment, the diffractive features 250 in the first zone 214 may include only a single row. In this embodiment, the second zone 216 includes subsections 216A, 216B, and the diffractive features 256 in zone 216B are closer to a linear grating than the diffractive features 256 in zone 216A. The fourth zone 220 includes subsections 220A, 220B, and the diffractive features 258 in zone 220B are closer to a linear grating than the diffractive features 258 in zone 220A.

[0073] 14A and 14B, in one embodiment, an image light guide 300 includes a waveguide 302 having front and back parallel faces 304, 306. An incoupling diffractive optical element 310 and an outcoupling diffractive optical element 312 are disposed on the front face 304 of the waveguide. The outcoupling diffractive optical element 312 includes a composite diffraction grating pattern operable to magnify the image-bearing light WG and outcouple it as image-bearing light WO. The outcoupling diffractive optical element 312 includes ten zones 314, 316, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332 of diffractive features. The diffractive features of each zone 314, 316, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332 are different from the diffractive features of adjacent zones 314, 316, 318, 320, 322, 324, 326, 328, 330, 332.

[0074] The first zone 314 of the outcoupling diffractive optical element is approximately centered in the y-axis direction. The second zone 316 is disposed adjacent to and approximately above the first zone 314 in the y-axis direction. The third zone 318 is disposed adjacent to and approximately above the second zone 316. The fourth zone 320 is disposed adjacent to and approximately above the third zone 318. The second zone 316 and the third zone 318 include diffractive optical elements that can act as transition zones between the diffractive features of the first zone 314 and the fourth zone 320. In other words, the second zone 316 and the third zone 318 include diffractive features that are a combination or convolution of the first zone 314 and the fourth zone 310. As shown in FIG. 15, the second zone 316 is more similar to the first zone 314, and the third zone 318 is more similar to the fourth zone 320.

[0075] The fifth zone 322 is disposed adjacent to and generally below the first zone 314 in the y-axis direction. The sixth zone 324 is disposed adjacent to and generally below the fifth zone 322 in the y-axis direction. The seventh zone 326 is disposed adjacent to and generally below the sixth zone 324 in the y-axis direction. The fifth and sixth zones 322 and 324 include diffractive optical elements that can act as transition zones between the different diffractive features of the first zone 314 and the seventh zone 326. In other words, the fifth and sixth zones 322 and 324 include diffractive features that are a combination or convolution of the first zone 314 and the seventh zone 326. The diffractive features of the fifth, sixth and seventh zones 322, 324 and 326 are symmetrical to the diffractive features of the second, third and fourth zones 316, 318 and 320 across the centerline of the first zone 314. However, the shape of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 312 is not necessarily symmetric across the centerline of the first zone 314 .

[0076] The eighth zone 328 is approximately centered in the y-axis direction and disposed approximately adjacent to the right side of the first zone 314 in the x-axis direction. The ninth zone 330 is approximately centered in the y-axis direction and disposed approximately adjacent to the right side of the eighth zone 328 along the x-axis direction. The tenth zone 332 is also approximately centered in the y-axis direction and disposed between the third zone 318 and the sixth zone 324, and disposed approximately adjacent to the right side of the ninth zone 330, the second zone 316, and the fifth zone 322 in the x-axis direction. The eighth and ninth zones 328, 330 include diffractive features that can act as transition zones between the diffractive features of the first zone 314 and the tenth zone 332. In other words, the eighth and ninth zones 328, 330 include diffractive features that are a combination or convolution of the first zone 314 and the tenth zone 332.

[0077] Additionally, the first zone 314, the eighth zone 328, and the ninth zone 330 have approximately the same width in the y-direction. The first zone 314, the second zone 316, and the fifth zone 322 together have approximately the same width in the y-direction as the tenth zone 332. In one embodiment, the fourth zone 320, the third zone 318, the sixth zone 324, and the seventh zone 326 do not have the same length in the x-direction.

[0078] As shown in Figures 16A-B, in one embodiment, an image light guide 400 includes a waveguide 402 having front and back parallel faces 404, 406. An incoupling diffractive optical element 410 and an outcoupling diffractive optical element 412 are disposed at the front face 404 of the waveguide. In one embodiment, the incoupling optical element 410 and the outcoupling diffractive optical element 412 are disposed at the back face 406 of the waveguide. In another embodiment, the incoupling optical element 410 is disposed at the front face 404 of the waveguide and the outcoupling diffractive optical element 412 is disposed at the back face 406 of the waveguide.

[0079] In one embodiment, the intermediate diffractive optical element is optically disposed between the incoupling diffractive optical element 410 and the outcoupling diffractive optical element 412. The intermediate diffractive optical element may be a rotating grating and / or the intermediate diffractive optic allows for increased design variation.

[0080] The outcoupling diffractive optical element 412 includes a composite grating pattern operable to expand the image-bearing light WG in two dimensions and output-couple the image-bearing light WG as image-bearing light WO. The composite grating pattern includes two or more overlapping diffraction patterns, each of which represents a grating vector k. In one embodiment, the composite grating pattern includes non-overlapping sinusoidal diffraction patterns representing three or more vector k components. As shown in FIG. 16A, FIG. 17, in one embodiment, the outcoupling diffractive optical element 412 includes multiple zones 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424 of diffractive features, and the diffractive features of each zone 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424 are different from the diffractive features of adjacent zones 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424. As shown in FIG. 16A, in one embodiment, the outcoupling diffractive optical element 412 includes a first zone 414 located approximately in the center of the y-axis direction. The second zone 416 is disposed adjacent to the upper side of the first zone 414 in the y-axis direction. The third zone 418 is disposed adjacent to the upper side of the second zone 416. The fourth zone 420 is disposed adjacent to the lower side of the first zone 414 in the y-axis direction. The fifth zone 422 is disposed adjacent to the lower side of the fourth zone 420 in the y-axis direction. The sixth zone 424 is located approximately in the center in the y-axis direction and approximately adjacent to the right side of the first zone 414 in the x-axis direction.

[0081] The incoupling diffractive optical element 410 is operable to in-couple an incident ray of image-bearing light WI under TIR conditions, such that the image-bearing light WG propagates towards the outcoupling diffractive optical element 412, where the image-bearing light WO can be out-coupled towards the eyebox. In one embodiment, a ray corresponding to the center of the field of view (FOV) of the virtual image is in-coupled into the waveguide 402 via the incoupling diffractive optical element 410. The ray is shown incident on the incoupling diffractive optical element 410 perpendicular to the waveguide 402. However, the incident central ray may also be incident on the incoupling diffractive optical element 410 at an angle other than perpendicular to the waveguide 402. As shown in FIGS. 16A-B, the first zone 414 of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 412 is operable to expand the image-bearing light WG in one or more dimensions (i.e., the x-axis and the y-axis) and out-couple the image-bearing light WO to the eyebox.

[0082] To facilitate the expansion of the image-bearing light creating a larger eyebox, the outcoupling grating in the first zone 414 includes approximately diamond-shaped posts 414A. The diamond-shaped posts 414A define grating vectors k1, k2 and implicitly define a grating vector k3 that is parallel to the grating vector k0 of the incoupling diffractive optical element 410. In other words, in the first zone 414, the vertical linear features are almost completely de-rated and the only evidence of vertical linear grating features are the approximately diamond-shaped posts 414A. The approximately diamond-shaped posts 414A are offset from row to row but still form vertical lines. In the second zone 416, the approximately diamond-shaped posts 416A are reduced in size compared to the posts 414A in the first zone 414. The approximately diamond-shaped posts 416A in the second zone 416 are connected by linear diffractive features 416B that are angled with respect to the grating vector k0 (see FIG. 17). In the third zone 418, the periodic diffractive features include linear grating features 418A. The linear diffractive features 418A are arranged substantially parallel to the linear diffractive features 416B. The sixth zone 424 includes periodic diffractive features 424A having three sets of periodic linear features. The first set of linear features and the second set of linear features intersect each other, and the third set of linear features are arranged perpendicularly through the intersections of the first and second linear features. In one embodiment, the outcoupling diffractive optical element 412 is symmetrical about the longitudinal axis BB, with the fourth zone 420 being the mirror symmetrical of the second zone 416 and the fifth zone 422 being the mirror symmetrical of the third zone 418.

[0083] In one embodiment, as shown in FIG. 18, the diffractive features of the zones 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424 are mixed in the boundary region. In other words, one zone 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424 includes the same grating features in the boundary region as the adjacent zones 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424. For example, the approximately triangular portion 450 of the first zone 414 projects into the second zone 416, and the approximately triangular portion 452 of the second zone 416 projects into the first zone 414. In this manner, the triangular portions 450, 452 are arranged in an alternating pattern in the first boundary region. Similarly, the approximately triangular portion 450 of the first zone 414 projects into the sixth zone 424, and the approximately triangular portion 454 of the sixth zone 424 projects into the first zone 414. Thus, in the second boundary region, the triangular portions 450, 454 are arranged in an alternating pattern. In one embodiment, the approximately triangular portions 450, 452, 454 may be 400 μm high and 800 μm wide.

[0084] In one embodiment, the diffractive features in each zone 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424 include an arrangement of unit cells 414C, 416C, 418C, 420C, 422C, 424C in a periodic grid that forms a two-dimensional periodic lattice of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 412. In one embodiment, each unit cell 414C, 416C, 418C, 420C, 422C, 424C includes the smallest repeating diffractive feature in the zone. However, the unit cells 414C, 416C, 418C, 420C, 422C, 424C can be of any size that forms a repeatable, periodic diffractive feature in the zone. The diffractive features in each zone include an arrangement of unit cells in a periodic grid that forms a two-dimensional periodic lattice structure. Each of the triangular portions 450, 452, 454 of adjacent zones 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424 may include multiple unit cells. The unit cell 424C of the sixth zone 424 shown in Figure 18 is for reference only and is not drawn to scale.

[0085] In another embodiment, as shown in FIG. 19 , in a mixed boundary between adjacent zones 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424, one unit cell 414C, 416C, 418C, 420C, 422C, 424C from an adjacent zone 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424 protrudes into each adjacent zone 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424 in an alternating pattern.

[0086] 20, in one embodiment, the zone boundary between the first zone 414 and the second zone 416 includes a plurality of unit cells 414C, 416C intermixed in a pseudo-random arrangement. In one embodiment, the diffraction pattern represented by the unit cells in the zones 214, 215, 216, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 225, 226, 227, 229 of the outcoupling diffractive optical element 212 can include non-overlapping sinusoidal diffraction patterns representing three or more lattice vector k-components and / or posts.

[0087] 21, in another embodiment, the boundary between the first zone 414 and the second zone 416 includes subregions 414S, 416S intermixed in a pseudo-random arrangement. Each subregion 414S includes one or more unit cells 414C, and each subregion 416S includes one or more unit cells 416C. In one embodiment, each subregion 414S, 416S includes the same number of unit cells. In another embodiment, the subregions 414S, 416S can include different numbers of unit cells. The unit cells 416C shown in FIG. 21 are not drawn to scale and are for reference only. For example, the boundary regions between adjacent zones 414, 416, 418, 420, 422, 424 may be less than 1 mm wide, the subregions 414S, 416S, 418S, 420S, 422S, 424S may be less than 0.15 mm wide, and the unit cells 414C, 416C, 418C, 420C, 422C, 424C may be 1 μm wide.

[0088] As shown in FIG. 21, in one embodiment, the boundary region between the first zone 414 and the second zone 416 can be divided into a grid of sub-regions 414S, 416S. One skilled in the art will recognize that the illustrated grid is for illustrative purposes only and is not a physical feature of the image light guide 400. In one embodiment, at the centerline of the boundary region along the longitudinal axis LI, the sub-regions 414S, 416S in the center row of the boundary region are alternately arranged in the x-axis direction. In the row of sub-regions 414S, 416S below the center row in the y-axis direction (i.e., the row adjacent to the center row on the side of the first zone 414), every third sub-region is a sub-region 416S. In the row of sub-regions 414S, 416S two rows below the center row in the y-axis direction, every fourth sub-region is a sub-region 416S. In the third row of subregions 414S, 416S down the y-axis from the center row, all subregions are subregions 414S. The total area of ​​the subregions 414S within the boundary region increases from the longitudinal centerline of the boundary region toward the first zone 414.

[0089] As shown in FIG. 21, the subregions 414S, 416S are arranged from the center row toward the second zone 416 in the same manner as above. In the row of subregions 414S, 416S above the center row in the y-axis direction (i.e., the row adjacent to the center row on the second zone 414 side), every third subregion (every third subregion) is a subregion 414S. In the row of subregions 414S, 416S two rows above the center row in the y-axis direction, every fourth subregion (every third subregion) is a subregion 414S. In the row of subregions 414S, 416S three rows above the center row, all subregions are subregions 416S. The total area of ​​the subregions 416S in the boundary region increases from the longitudinal centerline of the boundary region toward the second zone 416.

[0090] In one embodiment, the depth of the diffractive features in subregion 416S is different from the depth of the diffractive features in subregion 414S. In another embodiment, the depth of the diffractive features from one subregion 416S to the next subregion 416S is different, and the depth of the diffractive features from one subregion 414S to the next subregion 414S is different.

[0091] One advantage of blending the zone boundaries to eliminate abrupt transitions is that the transition from one diffraction pattern to another becomes less visible.

[0092] The perspective view of FIG. 22 shows a display system 60 for three-dimensional (3-D) augmented reality display using a pair of image light guides of the present disclosure. The display system 60 is shown as an HMD with a left-eye optical system 64L with an image light guide 140L for the left eye and a right-eye optical system 64R with an image light guide 140R for the right eye. An image source 152, such as a picoprojector (or similar device), is provided. The image source 152 is operable to generate separate images for each eye, which are formed as virtual images with the image orientation required for standing image display. The images generated can be a stereoscopic pair of images for three-dimensional display. The virtual images formed by the optical system are displayed superimposed on the real-world scene seen by the viewer through the image light guides. Additional components familiar to those skilled in the art of augmented reality visualization can be fitted, such as one or more cameras attached to the frame of the HMD for displaying the view and tracking the viewer's gaze. Alternative configurations are also possible, including a display device for providing an image to one eye.

[0093] One or more features of the embodiments described herein may be combined to create additional embodiments not shown. Although various embodiments have been described in detail, it should be understood that these are presented by way of example and not limitation. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that the disclosed subject matter may be embodied in other specific forms, variations, and modifications without departing from the scope, spirit, or essential characteristics thereof. The above-described embodiments should therefore be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive. The scope of the present invention is indicated by the appended claims, and all changes that come within the meaning and range of equivalents thereof are intended to be embraced therein.

Claims

1. 1. An image light guide for transmitting a virtual image, comprising: A waveguide; an incoupling diffractive optical element operable to direct an image-bearing light beam into said waveguide; an outcoupling diffractive optical element operable to expand the image-bearing light beam in two dimensions and direct at least a portion of the image-bearing light beam from the waveguide to an eyebox; Equipped with the outcoupling diffractive optical element includes a first zone disposed adjacent to a second zone, the first zone including a first set of diffractive features and the second zone including a second set of diffractive features; the first zone and the second zone form a boundary region, the boundary region including one or more first sub-regions and one or more second sub-regions, the first sub-regions including the first set of diffractive features, and the second sub-regions including the second set of diffractive features; The image light guide, wherein the first sub-regions and second sub-regions are arranged in a pseudo-random arrangement within the boundary region.

2. The image light guide of claim 1 , wherein the first sub-region and the second sub-region represent substantially triangular regions, and the first sub-regions and second sub-regions are alternated along one dimension of the boundary region.

3. The image light guide of claim 1 , wherein the first sub-regions are intermixed with the second sub-regions.

4. The image light guide of claim 1 , wherein a total area of ​​the first sub-regions in the boundary region increases from a longitudinal centerline of the boundary region toward the first zone.

5. The image light guide of claim 4 , wherein a total area of ​​the second sub-regions in the boundary region increases from the longitudinal centerline of the boundary region toward the second zone.

6. An image light guide for transmitting a virtual image, comprising: A waveguide; an incoupling diffractive optical element operable to direct an image-bearing light beam into said waveguide; an outcoupling diffractive optical element operable to expand the image-bearing light beam in two dimensions and direct at least a portion of the image-bearing light beam from the waveguide to an eyebox; Equipped with the outcoupling diffractive optical element includes a first zone disposed adjacent to a second zone, the first zone including a first set of diffractive features and the second zone including a second set of diffractive features; the first zone and the second zone form a first boundary region, the first boundary region including one or more first sub-regions and one or more second sub-regions, the first sub-region including the first set of diffractive features, and the second sub-region including the second set of diffractive features; the outcoupling diffractive optical element includes a third zone disposed adjacent to the first zone and the second zone, the third zone including a third set of diffractive features; an image light guide, the first zone and the third zone forming a second boundary region, the second boundary region including one or more first sub-regions and one or more third sub-regions, the third sub-region including the third set of diffractive features.

7. The image light guide of claim 6 , wherein the first and third sub-regions are disposed in a pseudo-random arrangement within the second bounding region.

8. The image light guide of claim 6 , wherein the first sub-region and the third sub-region represent substantially triangular regions, and the first sub-regions and third sub-regions are alternated along one dimension of the second bounding region.

9. The image light guide of claim 6 , wherein a total area of ​​the first sub-regions in the second boundary region increases from a longitudinal centerline of the second boundary region to the first zone.

10. The image light guide of claim 9 , wherein a total area of ​​the third sub-regions in the second boundary region increases from the longitudinal centerline of the second boundary region to the third zone.

11. 7. The image light guide of claim 6, wherein the outcoupling diffractive optical element comprises a third boundary region located between the second zone and the third zone, the third boundary region including one or more second sub-regions and one or more third sub-regions.

12. The image light guide of claim 11 , wherein the second sub-region and the third sub-region are arranged in a pseudo-random arrangement within the third bounded region.

13. 12. The image light guide of claim 11, wherein the second sub-region and the third sub-region represent substantially triangular regions, and the second sub-region and the third sub-region are alternated along one dimension of the third bounding region.

14. The image light guide of claim 1 , wherein the first subregion and the second subregion comprise one or more unit cells of a periodic diffractive feature.

15. The image light guide of claim 1, characterized in that the first sub-region and the second sub-region are less than 0.15 mm in width.

Images