How to Make L-Glufosinate

Abstract

To provide methods for production of L-glufosinate (phosphinothricin or (S)-2-amino-4-(hydroxy(methyl)phosphonoyl)butanoic acid).SOLUTION: The methods comprise a two-step process. The first step involves oxidative deamination of D-glufosinate to PPO (2-oxo-4-(hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl)butyric acid). The second step involves specific amination of PPO to L-glufosinate, using an amine group from one or more amine donors. By combining these two reactions, the proportion of L-glufosinate in a mixture of L-glufosinate and D-glufosinate can be substantially increased.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] Cross-reference to priority applications This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 302,421, filed March 2, 2016, U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 336,989, filed May 16, 2016, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 62 / 413,240, filed October 26, 2016, which are incorporated herein by reference.

[0002] Described herein are methods for producing a single stereoisomer of glufosinate, and in particular, methods for producing L-glufosinate. [Background technology]

[0003] The herbicide glufosinate is a non-selective foliar applied herbicide that is considered to be one of the safest herbicides from a toxicological or environmental standpoint. Current commercial chemical synthesis methods for glufosinate result in a racemic mixture of L- and D-glufosinate (Duke et al. 2010 Toxins 2:1943-1962). However, L-glufosinate (also known as phosphinothricin or (S)-2-amino-4-(hydroxy(methyl)phosphonoyl)butanoic acid) is much more potent than D-glufosinate (Ruhland et al. (2002) Environ. Biosafety Res. 1:29-37). Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0004] Therefore, there is a need for a method that produces only or mainly the active L-glufosinate form. Heretofore, no cost-effective method has been available for producing pure L-glufosinate or a mixture of D- and L-glufosinate enriched in L-glufosinate. Described herein is a new cost-effective method for the production of L-glufosinate. [Means for solving the problem]

[0005] Compositions and methods for making L-glufosinate are provided. The first step of the process involves the oxidative deamination of D-glufosinate to PPO (2-oxo-4-(hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl)butyric acid). The second step involves the specific amination of PPO to L-glufosinate using amine groups from one or more amine donors. In some embodiments, the method includes reacting D-glufosinate with a D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) enzyme to form PPO (2-oxo-4-(hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl)butyric acid), followed by aminating PPO to L-glufosinate by a transaminase (TA) enzyme using amine groups from one or more amine donors, thereby eliminating at least 70% of the D-glufosinate and / or providing a yield of L-glufosinate that is at least 85% of the input racemic glufosinate, or at least 70-85% of the D-glufosinate is converted to L-glufosinate. In some embodiments, the amine donor that is unreacted in one reaction can be reused in a further stage of the reaction. Optionally, D-glufosinate is originally present (i.e., from the reaction stage) in a racemic mixture of D- and L-glufosinate.

[0006] The DAAO enzyme must have an increased activity of about 3 μmol / min*mg or more to facilitate the reaction. DAAO enzymes are available in the art and can be modified or mutated to have the requisite increased activity required to facilitate the process. Thus, mutant or modified enzymes from Rhodosporidium toruloides (UniProt P80324), Trigonopsis variabilis (UniProt Q99042), Neolentinus lepideus (GenBank KZT28066.1), Trichoderma reesei (GenBank XP_006968548.1), or Trichosporon oleaginosus (KLT40252.1) can be used. In some embodiments, the DAAO enzyme is a mutant DAAO based on a sequence from Rhodosporidium toruloides. While numerous mutants can be made and tested for effects on activity, in some embodiments, the mutant DAAO may include mutations at positions 54, 56, 58, 213, and / or 238. For example, the mutant DAAO may include one or more of the following mutations at position 54: N54C, N54L, N54T, or N54V. The mutant DAAO may optionally include the following mutation at position 56: T56M. Optionally, the mutant DAAO may include one or more of the following mutations at position 58: F58A, F58G, F58H, F58K, F58N, F58Q, F58R, F58S, or F58T. Optionally, the mutant DAAO may include the following mutation at position 213: M213S. In some embodiments, the mutant DAAO can include one or more of the following combinations of mutations: F58K and M213S, N54T and T56M, N54V and F58Q, and / or N54V, F58Q, M213S, in each case the enzyme should have an activity equal to or greater than about 3 μmol / min*mg, greater than about 4 μmol / min*mg, or higher.Wild-type enzymes can be used in the methods of the invention so long as the enzymes have activity levels as described above.

[0007] The TA enzyme was gabT transaminase from Escherichia coli (UniProt P22256 defined herein as SEQ ID NO:3; ) or the TA enzyme may be a transaminase having a sequence identified as SEQ ID NO:1. The TA enzyme may also be selected based on sequence similarity to SEQ ID NO:1 and / or mutated to improve its activity in a desired reaction. Thus, sequences having 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% or more sequence identity to SEQ ID NO:1 based on the BLASTP method of alignment and which retain transaminase activity are encompassed by the present invention. Any DNA sequence encoding the enzyme sequence of SEQ ID NO:1, or variants thereof, are similarly encompassed by the present invention.

[0008] The reacting step and the amination step can be carried out in a single vessel or in separate vessels. In one embodiment, all reagents are added substantially at the beginning of the reaction. Alternatively, the reagents for the reacting step and the reagents for the amination step are added at different times in a single vessel.

[0009] Also described herein is a method for selectively controlling weeds in a field containing one or more crops of planted seeds that can be optionally resistant to glufosinate, comprising applying to the field an effective amount of a composition comprising L-glufosinate at an enantiomeric excess of more than 90% relative to D-glufosinate. Also described herein is a method for selectively controlling weeds in a field, controlling weeds in non-field areas, defoliating plants or crops, and / or drying crops before harvesting, comprising applying to the field an effective amount of a composition comprising L-glufosinate at an enantiomeric excess of more than 90% relative to D-glufosinate and a PPO that is greater than 0.01% but less than 15%.

[0010] The details of one or more embodiments are set forth in the drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims.

[0011] Some compositions of the present invention include D-glufosinate, PPO, and L-glufosinate. In such compositions, L-glufosinate is present at a concentration of equal to or greater than 80% by weight of the composition, greater than 90% by weight, greater than 95% by weight, greater than 96% by weight, greater than 97% by weight, greater than 98% by weight, or greater than 99% by weight, based on the total weight of D-glufosinate, PPO, and L-glufosinate. Other compositions include L-glufosinate at a concentration of equal to or greater than 80% after isolation of L-glufosinate from the reaction mixture. The present invention also relates to the following: [Item 1] 1. A method for making L-glufosinate, comprising: reacting D-glufosinate with a D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) enzyme to form PPO (2-oxo-4-(hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl)butyric acid); amminating PPO to L-glufosinate by a transaminase (TA) enzyme using an amine group from one or more amine donors; wherein at least 70% of the D-glufosinate is converted to L-glufosinate. [Item 2] 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the amine donor is selected from the group consisting of glutamate, L-glutamate, alanine, sec-butylamine, phenylethylamine, glycine, lysine, valine, serine, glutamine, isopropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-aminobutyric acid, diaminopropionic acid or any secondary amine or amino acid. [Item 3] 2. The method according to item 1, wherein the D-glufosinate is originally present in a racemic mixture of D- and L-glufosinate or salts thereof. [Item 4] 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the DAAO enzyme is selected from the group consisting of enzymes from Rhodosporidium toruloides (UniProt P80324), Trigonopsis variabilis (UniProt Q99042), Neolentinus lepideus (KZT28066.1), Trichoderma reesei (XP_006968548.1), or Trichosporon oleaginosus (KLT40252.1). [Item 5] The method of claim 1, wherein the DAAO enzyme is a mutant DAAO. [Item 6] The method according to item 5, wherein the mutant DAAO is a mutant DAAO based on a sequence derived from Rhodosporidium toruloides. [Item 7] The method of claim 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises one or more mutations at positions 54, 56, 58, 213, and 238. [Item 8] 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the mutation at position 54 is selected from the group consisting of N54C, N54L, N54T, and N54V. [Item 9] 8. The method according to item 7, wherein the mutation at position 56 is T56M. [Item 10] 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the mutation at position 58 is selected from the group consisting of F58A, F58G, F58H, F58K, F58N, F58Q, F58R, F58S, and F58T. [Item 11] 8. The method according to item 7, wherein the mutation at position 213 is M213S. [Item 12] The method according to item 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutations F58K and M213S. [Item 13] The method of claim 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutations at positions 54 and 56. [Item 14] The method of claim 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutations N54T and T56M. [Item 15] The method according to item 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutation F58Q or F58H. [Item 16] The method according to item 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutations N54V and F58Q. [Item 17] The method of item 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutations N54V, F58Q, and M213S. [Item 18] 2. The method according to item 1, wherein the TA enzyme is gabT transaminase from Escherichia coli (UniProt P22256). [Item 19] The method according to item 1, wherein the TA enzyme is an enzyme encoded by SEQ ID NO:1. [Item 20] 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the reacting and aminating steps are carried out in a single vessel. [Item 21] 21. The method of claim 20, wherein all reagents are added substantially at the start of the reaction. [Item 22] 21. The method according to item 20, wherein the reagents for the reacting step and the reagents for the aminating step are added to a single container at different times. [Item 23] 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the reacting and aminating steps are carried out in separate vessels. [Item 24] A composition comprising D-glufosinate, PPO, and L-glufosinate. [Item 25] 25. The composition according to item 24, wherein the amount of L-glufosinate is 90% or more based on the total amount of D-glufosinate, PPO, and L-glufosinate. [Item 26] Item 26. The method according to item 1, wherein a solid having the composition according to item 25 is obtained. [Item 27] 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein a solution of L-glufosinate for use in a formulation having herbicidal activity is obtained. [Item 28] L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 10 to 30% by weight of the formulation; one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 10-40% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 0.5-2% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount of 4-18% by weight of the formulation, and alkyl polysaccharides in an amount of 4-20% by weight of the formulation; and Water as balance of the formulation A formulation comprising: [Item 29] L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation; Sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 31.6% by weight of the formulation; 1-Methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation; dipropylene glycol in an amount of 8.6% by weight of the formulation; an alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 9.8% by weight of the formulation, and Water in an amount of 36.75% by weight of the formulation 29. The formulation according to item 28, comprising: [Item 30] L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 24.5% by weight of the formulation; Sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 31.6% by weight of the formulation; 1-Methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation; dipropylene glycol in an amount of 8.6% by weight of the formulation; an alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 9.8% by weight of the formulation, and Water in an amount of 24.5% by weight of the formulation 29. The formulation according to item 28, comprising: [Item 31] L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation; Sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 15.8% by weight of the formulation; 1-Methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 0.5% by weight of the formulation; dipropylene glycol in an amount of 4.3% by weight of the formulation; an alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 4.9% by weight of the formulation, and Water in an amount of 62.25% by weight of the formulation 29. The formulation according to item 28, comprising: [Item 32] L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 10 to 30% by weight of the formulation; one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 10-40% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 0.5-2% by weight of the formulation, and alkyl polysaccharides in an amount of 3-10% by weight of the formulation; and Water as balance of the formulation A formulation comprising: [Item 33] L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation; Sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 22.1% by weight of the formulation; 1-Methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation; an alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 6.2% by weight of the formulation, and Water in an amount of 58.45% by weight of the formulation 33. The formulation according to item 32, comprising: [Item 34] L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 24.5% by weight of the formulation; Sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 22.1% by weight of the formulation; 1-Methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation; an alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 6.2% by weight of the formulation, and Water in an amount of 46.2% by weight of the formulation 33. The formulation according to item 32, comprising: [Item 35] L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation; Sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 11.05% by weight of the formulation; 1-Methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 0.5% by weight of the formulation; an alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 3.1% by weight of the formulation, and Water in an amount of 73.1% by weight of the formulation 33. The formulation according to item 32, comprising: [Item 36] 1. A method for selectively controlling weeds in an area, comprising: applying to the area an effective amount of a composition comprising L-glufosinate in an enantiomeric excess of greater than 90% over D-glufosinate. The method includes: [Item 37] 37. The method according to item 36, wherein an amount of the composition applied is less than 400 grams of L-glufosinate and D-glufosinate combined per hectare. [Item 38] 1. A method for selectively controlling weeds in an area, comprising: applying to the area an effective amount of a composition comprising L-glufosinate in an enantiomeric excess of greater than 90% over D-glufosinate and greater than 0.01% but less than 10% PPO. The method includes: [Item 39] 39. The method according to item 38, wherein an amount of the composition applied is less than 400 grams in total of L-glufosinate, D-glufosinate and PPO per hectare. [Item 40] 1. A method for selectively controlling weeds in an area containing one or more crops of planted seed that are resistant to glufosinate, comprising: applying to the field an effective amount of a composition comprising L-glufosinate at an enantiomeric excess of greater than 90% over D-glufosinate and greater than 0.01% but less than 10% PPO. The method includes: [Brief description of the drawings]

[0012] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a typical conversion of D-glufosinate to L-glufosinate. The amine donor and keto acid products are examples and are not intended to be limiting.

[0013] [Diagram 2]1 is a graph showing concentrations of L-glufosinate (circles), D-glufosinate (triangles), and PPO (squares) during one-step deracemization by N54T, T56M, F58K, and M213S mutants of Rhodosporidium toruloides DAAO and E. coli gabT transaminase. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0014] Compositions and methods are provided for the production of L-glufosinate (also known as phosphinothricin or (S)-2-amino-4-(hydroxy(methyl)phosphonoyl)butanoic acid). The method includes a two-step process, which may be performed approximately simultaneously in a single vessel. The first step involves the oxidative deamination of D-glufosinate to PPO (2-oxo-4-(hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl)butyric acid). The second step involves the specific amination of PPO to L-glufosinate using an amine group from one or more amine donors. By combining these two reactions, the proportion of L-glufosinate can be substantially increased in racemic glufosinate mixtures. Thus, methods are provided herein for obtaining a composition substantially composed of L-glufosinate. Because L-glufosinate is more potent than D-glufosinate, a smaller amount of the composition is required to be effective as a herbicide.

[0015] In one embodiment herein, a composition is described that includes a mixture of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate, where L-glufosinate is the predominant compound in the composition that includes a mixture of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate. Such a composition can be used directly as a herbicide, since PPO can contribute herbicidal activity (EP0030424). In other embodiments, L-glufosinate can be purified or substantially purified and used as a herbicide.

[0016] The composition of L-glufosinate may include D-glufosinate, PPO, and L-glufosinate. Optionally, the amount of L-glufosinate is 80% or more, 85% or more, 90% or more, or about 95% or more, 97% or more, 98% or more based on the total weight of D-glufosinate, PPO, and L-glufosinate. Optionally, the amount of D-glufosinate is 10% or less, 5% or less, 2.5% or less, or 1% or less based on the total weight of D-glufosinate, PPO, and L-glufosinate. Optionally, the amount of PPO is more than 1% but less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5% based on the weight of D-glufosinate, PPO, and L-glufosinate. These compositions may optionally be present as a dry powder or dissolved in an aqueous or non-aqueous carrier, and may optionally contain additional chemical species. Optionally, the compositions are prepared and used in an ex vivo environment.

[0017] It is also understood that L-glufosinate can be further isolated and used in formulations as a herbicide.

[0018] Also described herein are formulations. The formulations include one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 10-30% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 10-40% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 0.5-2% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount of 4-18% by weight of the formulation, and alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 4-20% by weight of the formulation, and water as the balance of the formulation. Optionally, the formulations include L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 31.6% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount of 8.6% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 9.8% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 36.75% by weight of the formulation. Optionally, the formulation comprises L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 24.5% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 31.6% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount of 8.6% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 9.8% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 24.5% by weight of the formulation. Optionally, the formulation comprises L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 15.8% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 0.5% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount of 4.3% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 4.9% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 62.25% by weight of the formulation. Optionally, the formulation comprises L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 24.5% by weight of the formulation, alkyl ether sulfate sodium salt in an amount of 22.1% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1.0% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 6.2% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 46.2% by weight of the formulation.

[0019] While the method can be used to produce substantially purified L-glufosinate in a batch reaction, it is understood that a continuous process can be used.

[0020] I. Synthesis method A method for converting D-glufosinate to L-glufosinate is provided. The method described herein provides a means for converting a low-cost feedstock of a racemic mixture of D- and L-glufosinate to a more valuable product enriched in L-glufosinate. The conversion method includes two steps, which can be carried out in one or more separate vessels. The first step is the oxidative deamination of D-glufosinate (which may be present in the racemic mixture of D- and L-glufosinate) to PPO (2-oxo-4-(hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl)butyric acid). This step can be catalyzed by D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) enzyme, D-amino acid dehydrogenase (DAAD) enzyme, or chemical conversion. The second step is the specific amination of PPO to L-glufosinate using an amine group from one or more amine donors. Such amine donors can be selected from glutamate, L-glutamate, lysine, alanine, isopropylamine, sec-butylamine, phenylethylamine, and the like. This step can be catalyzed by a transaminase (TA) enzyme, an L-amino acid dehydrogenase (LAAD) enzyme, or by chemical conversion. Using the methods described herein, compositions of substantially purified L-glufosinate can be obtained.

[0021] An example of the conversion of D-glufosinate to L-glufosinate is described in Figure 1. As noted above, the method involves a two-step process. As shown, the first step is the oxidative deamination of D-glufosinate to PPO, and the second step is the amination of PPO to L-glufosinate.

[0022] The first step, the oxidative deamination of D-glufosinate to PPO, can be catalyzed by several types of enzymes or can occur non-enzymatically, including DAAO, DAAD, and D-amino acid dehydrogenase.

[0023] In one embodiment, a DAAO enzyme is used to catalyze the conversion of D-glufosinate to PPO, which has the following stoichiometry: D-Glufosinate + O2 + H2O ⇒ H2O2 + NH3 + PPO.

[0024] Generally, oxygen must be introduced throughout the duration of the DAAO reaction in order for the process to proceed efficiently, since the solubility of oxygen in the aqueous reaction buffer is low compared to that of glufosinate. This is in contrast to the Hawkes reaction, which is carried out in a sealed vessel, as described, for example, in U.S. Patent Nos. 7,723,576, 7,939,709, 8,642,836, and 8,946,507. Initially, D-glufosinate is present at greater than 30 g / L, up to around 140 g / L. The initial oxygen level is generally affected by the reaction temperature, but is usually present at approximately 8 mg / L initially, and is added throughout the reaction to provide enough oxygen to continue the rapid reaction. Water is usually present at greater than 500 g / L, but is not required.

[0025] Several DAAO enzymes are known in the art and can be used in the methods described herein as long as they can accept D-glufosinate as a substrate and provide a sufficient level of activity to drive the reaction. DAAO enzymes useful in the methods of the present invention have an activity equal to or greater than about 3 μmol / min*mg, greater than about 4 μmol / min*mg, or higher. Wild-type enzymes can be used in the methods of the present invention as long as the enzyme has an activity level as described above. Such DAAO enzymes that can be used in the methods include those from Rhodosporidium toruloides, Trigonopsis variabilis, Fusarium sp, Candida sp, Schizosasaccharomyces sp, Verticillium sp, Neolentinus lepideus, Trichoderma reesei, Trichosporon oleaginosus, etc., which have been modified to increase activity. Any DAAO enzyme can be used as the starting enzyme, including those having sequences corresponding to Swissprot accession numbers P80324, Q99042, P00371, and P24552, or SPTREMBL numbers Q9HGY3 and Q9Y7N4, or GenBank numbers KZT28066.1, XP_006968548.1, and KLT40252.1. The DNA sequence encoding the DAAO can be selected from the sequences described in EMBL accessions A56901, RGU60066, Z50019, SSDA04, D00809, AB042032, RCDAAOX, A81420, and SPCC1450, or can be codon-optimized from the protein sequences shown above to optimize expression in the selected expression host(s). U.S. Patent No. 8,227,228 describes the DAAO enzyme from Candida intermedia. Such sequences are incorporated herein by reference. These enzymes may be modified for increased activity and used in the methods of the invention.

[0026] Further DAAO enzymes can be identified in various ways, including sequence similarity and functional screening. The DAAO enzyme can also be a mutant DAAO enzyme that can accept D-glufosinate as a substrate. In Hawkes et al., above, a mutant DAAO based on the sequence from Rhodosporidium toruloides (consisting of F58K and M213S mutations) is shown to accept D-glufosinate as a substrate (Hawkes et al. (2011) Plant Biotechnol J. 9(3):301-14). Similarly, other DAAO enzymes can be modified to accept D-glufosinate and have greater activity, i.e., the activity required to proceed with the method of the present invention. Similarly, known DAAO enzymes can be improved by mutagenesis and / or new DAAO enzymes can be identified.

[0027] In some embodiments, mutant enzymes can be made and tested in the manner described herein. A mutant DAAO enzyme (e.g., from Rhodotorula gracilis) can include one, two, three, or more than three mutations (e.g., four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, or ten mutations, or more) at a position of the mutant sequence when compared to the wild-type sequence. The mutant DAAO can optionally include mutations at positions 54, 56, 58, 213, and / or 238. In some embodiments, such mutants can include amino acid substitutions at positions 54 and 56 when compared to the wild-type sequence. In other embodiments, such mutants can include amino acid substitutions at positions 54 and 58 when compared to the wild-type sequence. In other embodiments, such mutants can include amino acid substitutions at positions 54, 213, and 238 when compared to the wild-type sequence.

[0028] Optionally, the wild-type asparagine may be replaced with Ala, Cys, Gly, Ile, Ser, Leu, or, more preferably, Thr or Val at position 54. For example, the mutant DAAO can include one of the following mutations at position 54: N54C, N54L, N54T, or N54V.

[0029] Optionally, wild-type threonine can be replaced at position 56 with Ala, Cys, Gly, Ile, Asn, Arg, Ser, Thr, Met, or Val.See U.S. Patent No. 7,939,709, which is incorporated herein by reference.For example, mutant DAAO can include T56M mutation.

[0030] Furthermore, the wild type Phe can be replaced at position 58 with Lys, Arg, Gln, Thr, Gly, Ser, Ala, Arg, Asn, or His. The mutant DAAO can optionally include one of the following mutations at position 58: F58A, F58G, F58H, F58K, F58N, F58Q, F58R, F58S, or F58T. In some embodiments, the mutant DAAO does not include a mutation at position 58.

[0031] Optionally, the wild-type methionine at position 213 is replaced by Arg, Lys, Ser, Cys, Asn, or Ala. In some examples, the mutant DAAO can include a M213S mutation.

[0032] Optionally, the wild type tyrosine at position 238 is replaced by His, Ser, Gys, Asn, or Ala.

[0033] In some embodiments, the mutant DAAO may include one or more of the following combinations of mutations: F58K and M213S, N54T and T56M, N54V and F58Q, N54C and F58H, N54T and F58T, N54T and F58G, N54T and F58Q, N54T and F58A, N54L and F58R, N54V and F58R, N54V and F58N, and / or N54V, F58Q and M213S.

[0034] In one embodiment, the mutant DAAO comprises a mutation in a Rhodosporidium toruloides DAAO or another DAAO enzyme having mutations at positions equivalent to positions 54, 56, 58, 213, and / or 238 of the Trigonopsis variabilis DAAO.

[0035] Other suitable D-amino acid oxidases may be obtained, preferably from fungal sources. Such DAAO enzymes can be identified and tested for use in the methods of the present invention. To determine whether an enzyme accepts D-glufosinate as a substrate, an oxygen electrode assay (Hawkes, supra, 2011), a colorimetric assay (Berneman A, Alves-Ferreira M, Coatnoan N, Chamond N, Minoprio P (2010) Medium / High Throughput D-Amino Acid Oxidase Colorimetric Method for Determination of D-Amino Acids. Application for Amino Acid Racemases. J Microbial Biochem Technol 2: 139-146), and / or a direct measurement of product formation (via high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS), or the like) can be used.

[0036] The reaction catalyzed by DAAO enzyme requires oxygen. In some embodiments, oxygen, oxygen-enriched air, oxygen-enriched gas stream, or air is intermittently or continuously introduced into the reaction in the head space or by sparging gas through the reactor to increase the reaction rate. In addition, in other embodiments, a pressurized reactor may be used, optionally in combination with sparging gas through the reactor. That is, the reactor may be sealed to consume O2. Using a sealed chamber will limit the release of vapor.

[0037] When DAAO enzymes catalyze the conversion of D-glufosinate to PPO, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is generated. This can damage the enzyme and other biotransformation components (e.g., products and / or substrates). Thus, in one embodiment, in addition to the DAAO enzymes, an enzyme such as catalase can be used to catalyze the reaction to remove hydrogen peroxide. Catalase catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide with the following stoichiometry: 2H2O2⇒ 2H2O+O2.

[0038] In some embodiments, hydrogen peroxide can be removed using catalytic and non-catalytic decomposition reactions. For example, hydrogen peroxide can be removed by non-catalytic decomposition reactions using heat and / or an increase in pH. Hydrogen peroxide can also be removed by catalytic decomposition reactions using other substances such as transition metals and potassium iodide. In addition to removing hydrogen peroxide, the use of catalase also generates oxygen (O2). Since DAAO requires oxygen to function, the oxygen produced by catalase can help promote the conversion of D-glufosinate to PPO using DAAO enzymes.

[0039] Other enzymes can be used to catalyze the conversion of D-glufosinate to PPO. For example, a DAAD enzyme that accepts D-glufosinate as a substrate can be used with the following stoichiometry: D-glufosinate + H2O+ acceptor ⇒ NH3+ reduced acceptor + PPO.

[0040] In methods using DAAD, it is understood that the DAAD-catalyzed reaction can include recycling of a redox cofactor, which involves oxidizing a reduced acceptor so that it can accept more electrons from D-glufosinate.

[0041] In one embodiment, chemical oxidative deamination, in which an intermediate α-keto acid is produced from a parent amino acid, can be used to convert D-glufosinate to L-glufosinate in the methods described herein. Chemical oxidative deamination involves the conversion of an amine group to a keto group, typically using a metal ion such as copper or cobalt, with the concomitant release of ammonia, in aqueous solution at a pH ranging from about 4 to about 10 and at a temperature between room temperature and the boiling point of the solution. See, e.g., Ikawa and Snell (1954) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 76 (19): 4900-4902, incorporated herein by reference.

[0042] Substantially complete (greater than 70%, greater than 75%, greater than 80%, greater than 85%, greater than 90%, or greater than 95%) conversion of D-glufosinate to PPO can occur within 24 hours, within 18 hours, within 12 hours, within 8 hours or less.

[0043] The second step of the method described herein involves the conversion of PPO to L-glufosinate using a transaminase (TA) enzyme, an L-amino acid dehydrogenase (LAAD) enzyme, or by chemical conversion. In one embodiment, the method is a reaction catalyzed by a TA. A TA with the required stereospecificity to accept PPO as a substrate catalyzes the amination of PPO to L-glufosinate with the following stoichiometry: PPO + amine donor → L-glufosinate + keto acid.

[0044] When the reaction is carried out as a two-step process in which the D-sulfonate is substantially converted to PPO in the absence of an amine donor and / or a transaminase, the starting amount of PPO in the second step is typically in the range of 10 g / L to 140 g / L, 20 g / L to 140 g / L, or 30 g / L to 140 g / L. When the reaction is carried out in a single-step process, the starting amount of PPO is typically less than 1 g / L and the maximum level of PPO during the reaction is typically less than 25 g / L. The amine donor is initially present in a 1-50 fold molar excess over the starting amount of racemic glufosinate.

[0045] TAs useful in the methods described herein include gabT transaminase from Escherichia coli (UniProt P22256), which has been shown to catalyze the desired reaction with PPO as a substrate (Bartsch et al. (1990) Appl Environ Microbiol. 56(1):7-12). Another enzyme has evolved to catalyze the desired reaction at a faster rate using isopropylamine as the amine donor (Bhatia et al. (2004) Peptide Revolution: Genomics, Proteomics & Therapeutics, Proceedings of the Eighteenth American Peptide Symposium, Ed. Michael Chorev and Tomi K. Sawyer, July 19-23, 2003, pp. 47-48). A transaminase having amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 also catalyzes the desired reaction with PPO and isopropylamine as substrates (Example 11). Additionally, TA enzymes from numerous other microorganisms, such as Streptomyces hygroscopicus, Streptomyces viridochromogenes, Candida albicans, and the like, can be used in the practice of the methods described herein. See, for example, European Patent No. 0249188, and U.S. Patent No. 5,162,212, which are incorporated herein by reference. If necessary, enzymes can be evolved by mutagenesis to increase their activity. Mutant TA enzymes can be selected for the desired activity by assays outlined in Schulz et al., Appl Environ Microbiol. (1990) Jan. 56(1):1-6, and / or by direct measurement of the product by HPLC, LC-MS, or similar products.

[0046] Additional TA enzymes for use in the method can be identified by screening TA species sold by Prozomix Limited (Northumberland, UK), SyncoZymes (Shanghai, China), Evocatal (Monheim am Rhein, Germany), Codexis (Redwood City, CA), or Abcam (Cambridge, UK) for the desired activity. Alternatively, sequence similarity can be used to identify novel TA enzymes. Finally, TA enzymes can also be identified from organisms capable of catalyzing the desired reaction.

[0047] Selection of an appropriate amine donor is economically important for the conversion of D-glufosinate to L-glufosinate. Various challenges may be considered, including donor cost, equilibrium thermodynamics, donor recovery potential, separation of the keto acid product from the desired L-glufosinate, etc. As a result, TA enzymes can be used that accept several different amine donors, including low-cost amine donors such as L-aspartate or racemic aspartate, L-glutamate or racemic glutamate, L-alanine or racemic alanine, L-phenylethylamine or racemic phenylalanine, L-glycine or racemic glycine, L-lysine or racemic lysine, L-valine or racemic valine, L-serine or racemic serine, L-glutamine or racemic glutamine, isopropylamine, sec-butylamine, ethanolamine, 2-aminobutyric acid, and diaminopropionic acid. In some embodiments, the amine donor is not aspartate or aspartic acid (eg, L-aspartic acid, D-aspartic acid, or racemic D,L-aspartic acid).

[0048] In the embodiment where the amino donor is glutamate, the keto acid by-product resulting from the transamination reaction is α-ketoglutarate (also referred to as α-ketoglutaric acid or α-KG).α-ketoglutarate can be isolated and / or purified using methods known to those skilled in the art, such as in EP 0073711, CN 10519873, CN 105177065, CN 104529755, and Zhan et al., Shipin Yu Shengwu Jishu Xuebao, 32(10): 1043-1048 (2013), each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.The produced and isolated α-ketoglutarate can be used in a variety of applications, including the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, food additives, and biomaterials. Optionally, α-ketoglutarate can be chemically converted to either racemic glutamate or L-glutamate, optionally for reuse in the reaction.

[0049] Chemical reductive amination typically involves the conversion of a keto group to an amine group via an imine compound by treatment of the keto compound with a suitable amine in an organic solution. Suitable amines include, for example, methylamine or ammonia. Suitable organic solvents for use in the organic solution include tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, or dichloromethane (DCM). The reductive amination can be carried out at a temperature between room temperature and the boiling point of the solution. The imine produced can then be reduced using a reducing agent in the organic solution. Suitable reducing agents include, for example, NaBH4, NaHB(OAc)3, or Na(CN)BH3. Suitable organic solvents for use in the organic solution include tetrahydrofuran, ethanol, or DCM. The reduction reaction can be carried out at a temperature between 0°C and the boiling point of the solution. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the process can be "one-pot" or in multiple vessels, i.e., converted separately. Furthermore, those skilled in the art will appreciate that the procedure described will provide racemic amino material when possible. The use of chiral reducing agents such as RuCl2[(S)-BINAP] and hydrogen gas or a potential source of hydrogen gas, or achiral hydride-based reducing agents in the presence of chiral ligands such as (S)- or (R)-VAPOL in a ratio of 1:1 to 1:0.05, can produce enantiomerically pure and / or enriched amino materials. See, e.g., Mignonac (1921) Compt. Rend. 172:223 and G. Li, Y. Liang, JC Antilla (2007) J. Am. Chem. Soc., 129:5830-5831.

[0050] A wild-type TA that accepts the desired amine donor can be identified, or a TA that does not generally accept the desired amine donor can be evolved to accept the desired substrate. Optionally, the transaminase is not an aspartate transaminase. Optionally, the transaminase is not a 4-amino-butyrate:2-ketoglutarate transaminase. In some embodiments, the transaminase is not a multienzyme system that includes a PPT-specific transaminase and a glutamate:oxaloacetate transaminase.

[0051] Other enzymes used to catalyze the conversion of PPO to L-glufosinate include LAAD enzymes or imine reductases that accept PPO as a substrate. Such LAAD enzymes use the following stoichiometry: NH3+ reduced acceptor + PPO ⇒ L-glufosinate + H2O+ acceptor.

[0052] The reaction catalyzed by the LAAD can include redox cofactor recycling, which involves reducing an oxidized acceptor so that more electrons can be donated to the PPO.

[0053] Chemical reductive amination, in which an amino group is produced from a parent keto compound, can also be used to produce glufosinate if no chiral reductant or ligand is used, or L-glufosinate if a chiral reductant or ligand is used. Chemical reductive amination can be affected as described above.

[0054] Substantially complete conversion of PPO to L-glufosinate may occur within 24 hours, 18 hours, 12 hours, 8 hours, or 4 hours. In this context, substantially complete means greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 98%, or greater than about 99% conversion of PPO to L-glufosinate.

[0055] If the reaction occurs in a single vessel or container, the TA enzyme can be added together with the DAAO enzyme, or can be added later, e.g., after the DAAO enzyme has been able to catalyze some or substantially all of the oxidative deamination.

[0056] Enzymes can be added to the reaction in a number of ways. One approach is to express the enzyme(s) in E. coli, S. cerevisiae, P. pastoris, or other microorganism(s) and add the whole cells to the reaction as a whole cell biocatalyst. Another approach is to express the enzyme(s), lyse the microorganism, and add the cell lysate. Yet another approach is to purify or partially purify the enzyme(s) from the lysate and add the pure or partially pure enzyme(s) to the reaction. If multiple enzymes are required for the reaction, the enzymes can be expressed in one or several microorganisms, including expressing all the enzymes in a single microorganism.

[0057] A further approach that can be combined with the above approaches is to immobilize the enzyme on a support (a representative strategy is outlined in Datta et al. (2013) 3 Biotech. Feb; 3(1): 1-9). As outlined in Datta et al, but not intended to be limiting, enzymes, alone or in combination, can be adsorbed to, covalently or non-covalently bound to, or entrapped within, natural or synthetic polymeric or inorganic supports, including, for example, aggregates of the enzyme(s) themselves. Once immobilized, the enzyme(s) and support can be dispersed in bulk solution or packed into a platform, column, or any number of similar means for interacting with the reaction solution with the enzyme. Because aeration is important for the DAAO reactions envisioned here, a bubble column or similar may be used for enzyme immobilization. By way of example, the reaction mixture may be flowed through a column of immobilized enzyme (flow reaction), added to a fixed bed or column of immobilized enzyme, allowed to react, and removed from either the bottom or top of the reactor (plug flow), or added to dispersed immobilized enzyme, allowed to react, and then the immobilized enzyme can be removed by filtration, centrifugation, or the like (batch).Thus, any method of enzyme immobilization may be used in the methods of the present invention.

[0058] The DAAO, TA, and / or other reactions may occur in a buffer. Exemplary buffers commonly used in biotransformation reactions include Tris, phosphate, or 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES), N-(2-acetamido)iminodiacetic acid (ADA), piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-ethanesulfonic acid) (PIPES), N-(2-acetamido)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (ACES), β-hydroxy-4-morpholinepropanesulfonic acid (MOPSO), chloramine chloride, 3-(N-morpholino)propanesulfonic acid (MOPS), N,N-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)-2-aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES), 2-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]ethanesulfonic acid (TES), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazineethanesulfonic acid (HES), and the like. The buffers may be any of the following: glycine, 3-(bis(2-hydroxyethyl)amino)-2-hydroxypropane-1-sulfonic acid (DIPSO), acetamidoglycine, 3-(N-tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamino(-2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid)) (TAPSO), piperazine-N,N'-bis(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) (POPSO), 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)piperazine-1-(2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid) (HEPPSO), 3-[4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazinyl]propanesulfonic acid (HEPPS), tricine, glycineamide, bicine, or any of the Good's buffers such as 3-[[1,3-dihydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)propan-2-yl]amino]propane-1-sulfonic acid (TAPS). Further exemplary buffer recipes can be found in Whittall, J. and Sutton, PW (eds) (2012) Front Matter, in Practical Methods for Biocatalysis and Biotransformations 2, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, Chichester, UK. In some embodiments, ammonium can act as a buffer. One or more organic solvents can also be added to the reaction.

[0059] Surprisingly, the DAAO, TA, and / or other reactions can occur without added buffer or with the addition of low levels (less than 1 mM) of buffer (other than ammonium that may optionally be present due to the addition of racemic glufosinate ammonium). In particular, the immobilized DAAO and TA can be stable and active in the presence of less than 1 mM phosphate buffer and in the absence of other buffers except for any ammonium that may be present due to the addition of racemic glufosinate ammonium.

[0060] The racemic glufosinate starting material can be provided in many forms. Various salts of racemic glufosinate can be used, such as ammonium and hydrochloride, or zwitterion. Racemic glufosinate may be present in the form of a solid powder (such as a powder with a purity of greater than 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95%) or an aqueous solution (such as an approximately 50% solution of racemic glufosinate).

[0061] In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out within a defined pH range, which can be from pH 4 to pH 10 (eg, from pH 6 to pH 9, such as from about pH 7.5 to pH 8).

[0062] In some embodiments, the reaction is carried out at a specified temperature, which can be held at any temperature between room temperature and the boiling point of the solvent, most commonly between room temperature and 50° C.

[0063] As indicated, the methods described herein provide compositions of substantially pure L-glufosinate (not racemic mixtures of L-glufosinate and D-glufosinate). Substantially pure L-glufosinate means that greater than about 70%, greater than about 75%, greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 96%, greater than about 97%, greater than about 98%, or greater than about 99% of the D-glufosinate is converted to L-glufosinate, resulting in a composition having greater than about 80%, greater than about 85%, greater than about 90%, greater than about 95%, greater than about 96%, greater than about 97%, greater than about 98%, or greater than about 99% L-glufosinate compared to the sum of D-glufosinate and L-glufosinate present in the composition.

[0064] In one embodiment, L-glufosinate is not isolated from the biotransformation mixture, and a composition containing D-glufosinate, PPO, and L-glufosinate is obtained. The composition contains at least 80% by weight of L-glufosinate of the total of L-glufosinate, D-glufosinate, and PPO, and at least 90% by weight of L-glufosinate of the total of the components. The composition may be used directly as a herbicidal composition or as an ingredient in a herbicide formulation product.

[0065] Alternatively, some or all of the components other than L-glufosinate can be removed from the biotransformation mixture, the mixture can be optionally concentrated, and the mixture can then be used directly (and / or with the addition of various adjuvants) to prevent or control weeds. In some cases, the biotransformation mixture can be used directly (and / or with the addition of various adjuvants) to prevent or control weeds.

[0066] Additional steps can be added to further purify L-glufosinate. Such additional purification and isolation methods include ion exchange, extraction, salt formation, crystallization and filtration, each of which may be used multiple times or in appropriate combination. Enzymes can be removed by simple filtration if immobilized, or by using ultrafiltration if free in solution, by using adsorbents such as celite, cellulose or carbon, or by denaturation through various techniques known to those skilled in the art.

[0067] Ion exchange processes result in separation by selective adsorption of solutes onto a resin selected for this purpose. Because products and impurities must be dissolved in a single solution prior to adsorption, concentration of the purified product stream by evaporation or distillation prior to isolation is usually required. Examples of the use of ion exchange for purification are described by Schultz et al., and in European Patent No. 0249188(A2).

[0068] Purification may be accomplished by the formation of an insoluble salt of L-glufosinate by the addition of a suitable acid, including hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, phosphoric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid, and the like. Similarly, purification may be accomplished by the addition of a suitable base to form an insoluble salt. Useful bases include hydroxides, carbonates, sulfates, and phosphates of alkali metals, or hydroxides, carbonates, sulfates, and phosphates of alkaline earth metals. Other bases containing nitrogen may be used, including ammonia, hydroxylamine, isopropylamine, triethylamine, tributylamine, pyridine, 2-picoline, 3-picoline, 4-picoline, 2,4-lutidine, 2,6-lutidine, morpholine, N-methylmorpholine, 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene, and dimethylethanolamine. It may be convenient to concentrate the mixture or add solvent (or both) to maximize the yield and optimize the purity of the desired salt. Solvents suitable for this purpose include those in which the desired salt has very low solubility (such solvents are often referred to as "non-solvents"). Salts of L-glufosinate can be transformed into glufosinate suitable for formulation by standard methods known to those skilled in the art. Alternatively, L-glufosinate can be isolated as a zwitterion.

[0069] US Patent No. 9,255,115 B2 describes how the hydrochloric acid salt of L-glufosinate can be converted to the zwitterionic form using a base such as sodium hydroxide or sodium methoxide, and then crystallized from an aqueous alcoholic solvent to produce L-glufosinate in relatively high purity. This method has the advantage of producing crystalline L-glufosinate that is not hygroscopic, and therefore maintains a higher purity compared to amorphous L-glufosinate when exposed to moisture over time.

[0070] Other salts of L-glufosinate are known in the art. U.S. Patent No. 5,767,309 and U.S. Patent No. 5,869,668 teach the use of chiral alkaloid bases to form diastereomeric salts with racemic glufosinate. Purification is achieved because salts of L-glufosinate precipitate from solution in much greater amounts than the corresponding salts of D-glufosinate. Thus, this method can be used with the present invention to obtain L-glufosinate with high enantiomeric excess, if desired.

[0071] Optionally, purification may be achieved by first crystallizing one or more impurities, removing the impurities by filtration, and then further purifying L-glufosinate from the resulting filtrate by forming a salt, as previously described. This is preferred when the unreacted amine donor can be partially or completely isolated and used in a subsequent reaction. Similarly, the unreacted PPO, which is partially or completely isolated, may be recycled for use in a subsequent reaction.

[0072] Extraction may be used to purify the product. German Patent No. 3920570 C2 describes a process in which excess glutamic acid (used as an amine donor) is precipitated by adjusting the pH of the solution to 3.7-4.2 with sulfuric acid. After filtering the glutamic acid, other impurities are extracted into the solvent as soon as the pH of the filtrate drops to 1-2. After extraction and concentration, ammonium sulfate is precipitated as soon as ammonia is added to the aqueous solution to a pH of 5-7. Ammonium sulfate is removed by filtration and the resulting filtrate is concentrated to obtain the ammonium salt of L-glufosinate.

[0073] Isolation of L-glufosinate or a salt thereof may be desirable, for example, to transport the solid to a site of formulation or use. Common industrial methods of isolation may be used, such as filtration, centrifugation, etc. The isolated product often requires removal of water, volatile impurities, and solvent (if present), and common industrial drying equipment may be used for this purpose. Examples of such equipment include ovens, rotary drum dryers, agitator dryers, etc. In some cases, it may be preferable to use a spray dryer.

[0074] It is not necessary to produce a solid product after purification. This may be preferred if the formation of L-glufosinate is to be carried out at the same site used in the production of L-glufosinate. L-glufosinate and many of its salts are readily soluble in water, which is a convenient liquid to use for formulating the product. For example, the amine donor is isolated by filtration and the resulting filtrate is concentrated by distillation. The pH of the filtrate may be adjusted to a desired value, and the resulting solution may be used as is or may be mixed with formulation ingredients. In another example, a slurry of L-glufosinate or one of its salts may be prepared as described above and isolated by filtration. To obtain a solution of L-glufosinate, the solid may be dissolved by adding water or a suitable solvent directly on the filter.

[0075] II. Composition Also described herein is a composition comprising the reaction product described above. In some embodiments, the composition substantially comprises L-glufosinate and an acceptable cationic or anionic salt form, such as hydrochloride, ammonium or isopropylammonium salt. In some embodiments, the composition comprises a mixture of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate.

[0076] Optionally, L-glufosinate is a predominant compound among L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate. For example, L-glufosinate can be present in the composition in an amount of at least 80% by weight of the sum of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate, at least 85% by weight of the sum of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate, at least 90% by weight of the sum of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate, at least 95% by weight of the sum of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate, at least 96% by weight of the sum of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate, at least 97% by weight of the sum of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate, at least 98% by weight of the sum of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate, or at least 99% by weight of the sum of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate.

[0077] The composition may contain PPO in an amount of up to 20% by weight of the sum of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate. Optionally, the composition contains 0.001% to 20% PPO (e.g., 0.05% to 15%, or more than 0.01% to less than 5% PPO). For example, the composition can contain PPO in an amount of less than 20% by weight, less than 19% by weight, less than 18% by weight, less than 17% by weight, less than 16% by weight, less than 15% by weight, less than 14% by weight, less than 13% by weight, less than 12% by weight, less than 11% by weight, less than 10% by weight, less than 9% by weight, less than 8% by weight, less than 7% by weight, less than 6% by weight, less than 5% by weight, less than 4% by weight, less than 3% by weight, less than 2% by weight, less than 1% by weight, less than 0.5% by weight, less than 0.1% by weight, or less than 0.01% by weight of the sum of the masses of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate.

[0078] D-glufosinate can be present in the composition in an amount of 15% or less by weight of the sum of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate. For example, D-glufosinate can be present in an amount of 14% or less, 13% or less, 12% or less, 11% or less, 10% or less, 9% or less, 8% or less, 7% or less, 6% or less, 5% or less, 4% or less, 3% or less, 2% or less, 1% or less, or 0.5% or less by weight of the sum of L-glufosinate, PPO, and D-glufosinate.

[0079] In some embodiments, the composition can contain a small amount of D-glufosinate (e.g., about 10% or less, about 8% or less, about 5% or less, about 2% or less, or about 1% or less by weight of the composition). In some embodiments, the composition can contain a small amount of PPO (e.g., about 15% or less, about 10% or less, about 8% or less, about 5% or less, about 2% or less, or about 1% or less by weight of the composition).

[0080] The compositions described herein are useful for application to fields of crop plants for the prevention or control of weeds. The compositions may be formulated as liquids for spraying on fields. L-glufosinate is provided in the composition in an effective amount. As used herein, an effective amount means about 10 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 1,500 grams of active ingredient per hectare, for example, about 50 grams to about 400 grams, or about 100 grams to about 350 grams. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is L-glufosinate. For example, the amount of L-glufosinate in the composition can be about 10 grams, about 50 grams, about 100 grams, about 150 grams, about 200 grams, about 250 grams, about 300 grams, about 350 grams, about 400 grams, about 500 grams, about 550 grams, about 600 grams, about 650 grams, about 700 grams, about 750 grams, about 800 grams, about 850 grams, about 900 grams, about 950 grams, about 1,000 grams, about 1,050 grams, about 1,100 grams, about 1,150 grams, about 1,200 grams, about 1,250 grams, about 1,300 grams, about 1,350 grams, about 1,400 grams, about 1,450 grams, or about 1,500 grams of L-glufosinate per hectare.

[0081] The herbicidal compositions described herein (including concentrates that require dilution prior to application to plants) contain L-glufosinate (i.e., the active ingredient), optionally any residual D-glufosinate and / or PPO, and one or more adjuvant components, in liquid or solid form.

[0082] The composition is prepared by mixing the active ingredient with one or more auxiliary agents, such as diluents, extenders, carriers, surfactants, organic solvents, humectants, or conditioners, to provide the composition in the form of a finely divided particulate solid, pellets, solution, dispersion, or emulsion. Thus, the active ingredient can be used with auxiliary agents, such as finely divided solids, liquids of organic origin, water, wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, or any suitable combination thereof. From the standpoint of economy and convenience, water is the preferred diluent. However, not all compounds are resistant to hydrolysis, and as will be understood by those skilled in the art, in some cases this may dictate the use of non-aqueous solvents.

[0083] Optionally, one or more additional components can be added to the composition to produce a formulated herbicidal composition. Such a formulated composition can include L-glufosinate, a carrier (e.g., a diluent and / or solvent), and other components. The formulated composition includes an effective amount of L-glufosinate. Optionally, L-glufosinate can be present in the form of L-glufosinate ammonium. L-glufosinate ammonium can be present in an amount ranging from 10% to 30% by weight of the formulated composition. For example, L-glufosinate ammonium can be present in an amount of 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, or 30% by weight of the formulated composition. Optionally, L-glufosinate ammonium is present in an amount of 12.25% or 24.5%.

[0084] In some examples, the formulated composition may include one or more surfactants. Surfactants suitable for use in the formulated composition include sodium alkyl ether sulfate. The surfactant may be present in an amount of 10% to 40% by weight of the formulated composition. For example, the surfactant may be present in an amount of 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, 18%, 20%, 22%, 24%, 26%, 28%, 30%, 32%, 34%, 36%, 38% or 40% by weight of the formulated composition. Optionally, the sodium alkyl ether sulfate is present in an amount of 11.05%, 15.8%, 22.1%, or 31.6%.

[0085] The formulated composition may optionally include one or more solvents (e.g., organic solvents). Optionally, the solvent may be 1-methoxy-2-propanol, dipropylene glycol, ethylene glycol, and mixtures thereof. The one or more solvents may be present in an amount ranging from 0.5% to 20% by weight of the formulated composition. For example, the total amount of solvents in the composition may be present in an amount ranging from 0.5% to 18%, 5% to 15%, or 7.5% to 10% by weight of the formulated composition.

[0086] Optionally, the solvent comprises a combination of two solvents. For example, the solvent in the formulation can comprise 1-methoxy-2-propanol and dipropylene glycol. The 1-methoxy-2-propanol can be present, for example, in an amount of 0.5% to 2% by weight of the formulated composition. For example, the 1-methoxy-2-propanol can be present in an amount of 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1.0%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, or 2.0% by weight of the formulated composition. Optionally, the 1-methoxy-2-propanol is present in an amount of 0.5% or 1.0% by weight of the formulated composition. The dipropylene glycol can be present in an amount of 4% to 18% by weight of the formulated composition. For example, dipropylene glycol can be present in an amount of 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, or 18% by weight of the formulated composition. Optionally, dipropylene glycol is present in an amount of 4.3% or 8.6% by weight of the formulated composition.

[0087] The formulated composition may also include one or more polysaccharide humectants. Examples of suitable polysaccharide humectants include, for example, alkyl polysaccharides, pentoses, isomerized sugars, sorbitol, and molasses. The polysaccharide humectants, such as alkyl polysaccharides, may be present in the formulated composition in an amount ranging from 4% to 20% by weight of the formulated composition. For example, the total amount of polysaccharide humectants in the composition may be present in an amount ranging from 4% to 18%, 4.5% to 15%, or 5% to 10% by weight of the formulated composition. In some examples, the total amount of polysaccharide humectants, such as alkyl polysaccharides, present in the formulated composition may be 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, or 18%. Optionally, the alkyl polysaccharide can be present in an amount of 3.2%, 4.9%, 6.2%, or 9.8%.

[0088] Diluents can also be included in the formulated composition. Suitable diluents include water and other aqueous components. Optionally, the diluent is present in an amount necessary to make the composition ready for packaging or use.

[0089] In one example, the formulated composition includes L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 31.6% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount of 8.6% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 9.8% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 36.75% by weight of the formulation.

[0090] In another example, the formulated composition includes L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 24.5% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 31.6% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount of 8.6% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 9.8% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 36.75% by weight of the formulation.

[0091] In another example, the formulated composition includes L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 15.8% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 0.5% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount of 4.3% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 4.9% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 62.25% by weight of the formulation.

[0092] In another example, the formulated composition includes L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 24.5% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 22.1% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 6.2% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 46.2% by weight of the formulation.

[0093] In another example, the formulated composition includes L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 22.1% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 6.2% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 58.45% by weight of the formulation.

[0094] In another example, the formulated composition includes L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 11.05% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 0.5% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 3.1% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 73.1% by weight of the formulation.

[0095] Additional components suitable for use in the blended compositions provided herein are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,692,181 and 5,258,358, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entireties.

[0096] The herbicidal compositions described herein, particularly liquids and soluble powders, can contain one or more surfactants as additional adjuvant components in sufficient amounts to make a given composition easily dispersible in water or oil.The incorporation of surfactants into compositions greatly enhances their effectiveness.Surfactants, as used herein, include wetting agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, and emulsifying agents are included therein.Anionic, cationic and nonionic agents can be used with equal facility.

[0097] Suitable wetting agents include alkylbenzene and alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, sulfated fatty alcohols, amines or acid amides, long chain acid esters of sodium isethionate, esters of sodium sulfosuccinate, sulfated or sulfonated fatty acid esters petroleum sulfonates, sulfonated vegetable oils, ditertiary acetylene glycols, polyoxyethylene derivatives of alkylphenols (especially isooctylphenol and nonylphenol), and polyoxyethylene derivatives of mono higher fatty acid esters of hexitol anhydrides (e.g., sorbitan). Exemplary dispersants include methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium lignin sulfonate, polymeric alkylnaphthalene sulfonates, sodium naphthalene sulfonate, polymethylene bisnaphthalene sulfonate, and sodium N-methyl-N-(long chain acid) laurate.

[0098] Water-dispersible powder compositions can be made containing one or more active ingredients, an inert solid bulking agent, and one or more wetting and dispersing agents. The inert solid bulking agents are usually of mineral origin, such as natural clays, diatomaceous earth, and synthetic minerals derived from silica, etc. Examples of such bulking agents include kaolinite, attapulgite clay, and synthetic magnesium silicate. The water-dispersible powders described herein can optionally contain about 5 to about 95 parts by weight of the active ingredient (e.g., about 15 to 30 parts by weight of the active ingredient), about 0.25 to 25 parts by weight of a wetting agent, about 0.25 to 25 parts by weight of a dispersing agent, and 4.5 to about 94.5 parts by weight of an inert solid bulking agent, all parts being based on the weight of the total composition. If necessary, about 0.1 to 2.0 parts by weight of the solid inert bulking agent can be replaced with a corrosion inhibitor or an antifoaming agent, or both.

[0099] Aqueous suspensions can be prepared by dissolving or by mixing and grinding together aqueous slurries of water-insoluble active ingredients in the presence of a dispersing agent to obtain a concentrated slurry of ultrafine particles. The resulting concentrated aqueous suspension is characterized by its extremely small particle size, which results in very uniform coverage when diluted and sprayed.

[0100] Emulsifiable oils are usually solutions of active ingredients in water-immiscible or partially water-immiscible solvents with surfactants. Suitable solvents for the active ingredients described herein include hydrocarbons and water-immiscible ethers, esters or ketones. The composition of emulsifiable oils generally contains about 5-95 parts by weight of active ingredient, about 1-50 parts by weight of surfactant, and about 4-94 parts by weight of solvent, all parts by weight being based on the total weight of the emulsifiable oil.

[0101] The compositions described herein can also contain other additives used as adjuvants, such as fertilizers, phytotoxic substances, and plant growth regulators, pesticides, etc., or combinations of the above adjuvants. The compositions described herein can also be mixed with other materials, such as fertilizers, other phytotoxic substances, etc., and applied in a single application.

[0102] In each of the formulation types described herein, eg, liquid and solid formulations, the concentration of active ingredient is the same.

[0103] In some embodiments, the composition can include α-ketoglutaric acid as a major component. α-ketoglutaric acid is an important dicarboxylic acid and one of the key intermediates in the tricarboxylic acid cycle and amino acid metabolism. α-ketoglutaric acid can be isolated from the reaction mixture by methods such as those described in French Patent No. 07199, which is incorporated herein by reference. The α-ketoglutaric acid composition can be formulated with pharmaceutical excipients and carriers, food additives, or components used to form biomaterials. The α-ketoglutaric acid composition can be used in a variety of applications, including synthesizing pharmaceuticals, food additives, and biomaterials, as described in Li et al., Bioprocess Biosyst Eng, 39:967-976 (2016).

[0104] It is understood that the herbicidal composition can be used in combination with other herbicides. The herbicidal composition of the present invention is often applied in combination with one or more other herbicides to control a wider variety of undesirable vegetation. When used in combination with other herbicides, the compounds claimed herein can be formulated with one or more other herbicides, tank mixed with one or more other herbicides, or applied sequentially with one or more other herbicides. Some of the herbicides that can be used in combination with the compounds of the present invention include: aridochlor, beflubutamid, benzadox, benzipram, bromobutide, cafenstrole, CDEA, chlorthiamid, cyprazole, dimethenamid, dimethenamid-P, diphenamid, epronaz, etonipromide, fentrazamide, flupoxam, fomesafen, halosafen, isocarbamide, isoxaben, napropamide, naptalam. amide herbicides such as , petoxamide, propyzamide, quinonamide and tebutam; anilide herbicides such as chloranocryl, cisanilide, clomeprop, cypromide, diflophenican, etobenzanide, fenasulam, flufenacet, flufenican, mefenacet, mefluidide, metamifop, monalide, naproanilide, pentanochlor, picolinafen and propanil; benzoylprop, framprop and Arylalanine herbicides such as Flamprop-M;Chloracetanilide herbicides such as Acetochlor, Alachlor, Butachlor, Butenachlor, Delachlor, Diethathyl, Dimethachlor, Metazachlor, Metolachlor, S-Metolachlor, Pretilachlor, Propachlor, Propisochlor, Prinachlor, Terbuchlor, Thenylchlor and Xylaclor;Sulfonanilide herbicides such as Benzofluor, Perfluidone, Pyrimisulfan and Profluazole;Sulfonamide herbicides such as Ashulam, Carbashulam, Fenashulam and Oryzalin;Antibiotic herbicides such as Villanaphos;Benzoic acid herbicides such as Chloramben, Dicamba, 2,3,6-TBA and Tricamba;Pyrimidinyloxybenzoic acid herbicides such as Bispyribac and Pyriminobac;Pyrimidinylthiobenzoic acid herbicides such as Pyrithiobac;Phthalate herbicides such as chlorthal;picolinic acid herbicides such as aminopyralid, clopyralid and picloram;quinoline carboxylic acid herbicides such as quinclorac and quinmerac;arsenical herbicides such as cacodylic acid, CMA, DSMA, hexaflurate, MAA, MAMA, MSMA, potassium meta arsenite and sodium meta arsenite;benzoylcyclohexanedione herbicides such as mesotrione, sulcotrione, tefuryltrione and tembotrione;benzofuranyl alkylsulfonate herbicides such as benfuresate and ethofumesate;ashulam, carboxazole carbamate herbicides such as chlorprocarb, dichlormate, phenashulam, carbutilate and terbucarb;carbanilate herbicides such as barban, BCPC, carbashulam, carbetamide, CEPC, chlorbufam, chlorpropham, CPPC, desmedipham, phenisofam, phenmedipham, phenmedipham-ethyl, propham and swep;cyclohexane oxime herbicides such as alloxydim, butroxydim, clethodim, cloproxydim, cycloxydim, profoxydim, sethoxydim, tepraloxydim and tralkoxydim;cyclopropylisoxazole herbicides such as isoxachlorthol and isoxaflutole;dicarboximide herbicides such as benzphendizone, cinidon-ethyl, flumezin, flumiclorac, flumioxazin and flumipropyne dinitroaniline herbicides such as benfluralin, butralin, dinitramine, ethalfluralin, fluchloralin, isoproparin, methalproparin, nitralin, oryzalin, pendimethalin, prodiamine, profluralin and trifluralin; dinitrophenol herbicides such as dinophenate, dinoprop, dinosam, dinoseb, dinoterb, DNOC, ethinofen and medinoterb; diphenyl ether herbicides such as ethoxyfen; nitrophenyl ether herbicides such as acifluorfen, aclonifen, bifenox, clomethoxyfen, clomitrofen, etonipromide, fluorodifen, fluoroglycofen, fluoronitrofen, fomesafen, furyloxyfen, halosafen, lactofen, nitrofen, nitrofluorfen and oxyfluorfen;Dithiocarbamate herbicides such as dazomet and metham; halogenated aliphatic herbicides such as arorac, chloropon, dalapon, flupropanate, hexachloroacetone, iodomethane, methyl bromide, monochloroacetic acid, SMA and TCA; imidazolinone herbicides such as imazamethabenz, imazamox, imazapic, imazapyr, imazaquin and imazethapyr; ammonium sulfamate, borax, calcium chlorate, copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, potassium azide, potassium cyanate, sodium azide, sodium chlorate and sulfuric acid. any inorganic herbicide; nitrile herbicides such as bromobornyl, bromoxynil, chloroxynil, dichlorobenyl, iodobornyl, ioxynil and pyraclonil; organophosphate herbicides such as amiprophos-methyl, anilophos, bensulide, bilanaphos, butamiphos, 2,4-DEP, DMPA, EBEP, fosamine, glyphosate and piperophos; phenoxy herbicides such as bromofenoxime, clomeprop, 2,4-DEB, 2,4-DEP, diphenopentene, disul, ervon, ethonipromide, fenteracol and trifopsim; 4- Phenoxyacetic acid herbicides such as CPA, 2,4-D, 3,4-DA, MCPA, MCPA-thioethyl and 2,4,5-T;Phenoxybutyric acid herbicides such as 4-CPB, 2,4-DB, 3,4-DB, MCPB and 2,4,5-TB;Phenoxypropionic acid herbicides such as cloprop, 4-CPP, dichlorprop, dichlorprop-P, 3,4-DP, fenoprop, mecoprop and mecoprop-P;Chloradifop, Clodinafop, Clofop, Cyhalofop, Diclofop, Fenoxaprop, Fenoxaprop-P ... Aryloxyphenoxypropionic acid herbicides such as entiaprop, fluazifop, fluazifop-P, haloxyfop, haloxyfop-P, isoxapyrifop, metamifop, propaquizafop, quizalofop, quizalofop-P and trifop; phenylenediamine herbicides such as dinitramine and prodiamine; pyrazolyl herbicides such as benzofenap, pyrazolinate, pyrasulfotole, pyrazoxyfen, pyroxasulfone and topramezone; pyrazolylphenyl herbicides such as fluazolate and pyraflufen;Pyridazine herbicides such as credazine, pyridahol and pyridate; pyridazinone herbicides such as brompyrazone, chloridazon, dimidazon, flufenpyr, methoflurazone, norflurazone, oxapyrazone and pidanone; pyridine herbicides such as aminopyralid, cliodinate, clopyralid, dithiopyr, fluroxypyr, haloxyzin, picloram, picolinafen, pyriclor, thiazopyr and triclopyr; pyrimindiamine herbicides such as ipirimidam and thioclorim; cyperquat, diethamquat quaternary ammonium herbicides such as butyrate, difenzaquat, diquat, morphamquat and paraquat; thiocarbamate herbicides such as butyrate, cycloate, diallate, EPTC, esprocarb, ethiolate, isopolynate, methiobencarb, molinate, orbencarb, pebulate, prosulfocarb, pyributicarb, sulfarate, thiobencarb, thiocarbazyl, triallate and bemorate; thiocarbonate herbicides such as dimexano, EXD and proxan; Thiourea herbicides; triazine herbicides such as dipropetryn, triaziflam and trihydroxytriazine; chlorotriazine herbicides such as atrazine, chlorazine, cyanazine, cyprazine, eglinazine, ipazine, mesoprazine, procyazine, proglinazin, propazine, sebutylazine, simazine, terbuthylazine and trietazine; methoxytriazine herbicides such as atraton, methometon, prometon, secbumeton, simeton and terbumeton; ametryn, aziprothrin, cyanatryn, desmetryn , methylthiotriazine herbicides such as dimethamethrin, metoprothrin, prometryn, simetryn and terbutryn;triazinone herbicides such as amethridione, amivudine, hexazinone, isomethiozine, metamitron and metribuzin;triazole herbicides such as amitrole, cafenstrole, epronaz and flupoxam;triazolone herbicides such as amicarbazone, bencarbazone, carfentrazone, flucarbazone, propoxycarbazone, sulfentrazone and thiencarbazone-methyl;Triazolopyrimidine herbicides such as cloransulam, diclosulam, florasulam, flumetuslam, metosulam, penoxsulam and pyroxsulam; uracil herbicides such as butafenacil, bromacil, flupropacil, isosyl, lenacil and terbacil; 3-phenyluracil; benzthiazuron, cumyluron, cicururon, dichloralurea, diflufenzopyr, isonoruron, isouron, methabenzthiazuron, monisouron and nosouron. Urea herbicides such as ruron; anisuron, buturon, chlorbromuron, chloreturon, chlorotoluron, chloroxuron, dymron, difenoxuron, dimefron, diuron, fenuron, fluometuron, fluothiuron, isoproturon, linuron, methiuron, methyldimuron, methobenzuron, metobromuron, metoxuron, monolinuron, monuron, nebulon, parafluron, fenobenzuron, siduron, tetrafluron and chidifluron; Phenylurea herbicides such as azuron; amidosulfuron, azimsulfuron, bensulfuron, chlorimuron, cyclofluphamuron, ethoxysulfuron, flazasulfuron, flucetosulfuron, flupyrsulfuron, foramsulfuron, halosulfuron, imazosulfuron, mesosulfuron, nicosulfuron, orthosulfamuron, oxasulfuron, pyrimisulfuron, pyrazosulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, sulfosulfuron and pyrimidinylsulfonylurea herbicides such as trifloxysulfuron; triazinylsulfonylurea herbicides such as chlorsulfuron, cinosulfuron, ethametsulfuron, iodosulfuron, metsulfuron, prosulfuron, tripensulfuron, triasulfuron, tribenuron, triflusulfuron and tritosulfuron; thiadiazolyl urea herbicides such as buthiuron, etidimuron, tebuthiuron, thiazafluron and thidiazuron;as well as acrolein, allyl alcohol, aminocyclopyrachlor, azafenidine, benazolin, bentazone, benzobicyclon, butidazole, calcium cyanamide, cambendichlor, chlorfenac, chlorfenprop, chlorflurazole, chlorflurenol, cinmethylin, clomazone, CPMF, cresol, ortho-dichlorobenzene, dimepiperate, endothal, fluoromidine, fluridone, flurochloridone, flurtamone, fluthiacet, indanofan, methazole, methylisothiocyanate, nipiraclofen, OCH, oxadiargyl, oxadiazone, oxaziclomefone, pentachlorophenol, pentoxazone, phenylmercuric acetate, pinoxaden, prosulfarin, pyribenzoxim, pyriftalid, quinoclamine, rhodetanil, sulglicapine, thidiadiimi; Tridiphane, Trimethuron, Triplopindan and Herbicides that can be used in combination with herbicides include amide herbicides such as Tritac. The herbicidal compositions of the present invention can also be used in combination with glyphosate or 2,4-D on glyphosate-resistant or 2,4-D-resistant crops. In general, it is preferred to use the compositions of the present invention in combination with herbicides that are selective with respect to the crops treated and that complement the range of weeds controlled by these compositions at the application rate used. More generally, it is preferred to apply the compositions of the present invention and other complementary herbicides simultaneously as a combination formulation or as a tank mix.

[0105] III. Methods of Use of L-Glufosinate Compositions The compositions described herein can be used in a method for selectively controlling weeds in fields or any other areas, including, for example, railroads, lawns, golf courses, and other locations where weed control is desired.Optionally, the fields or other areas can contain one or more crops of planted seeds that are resistant to glufosinate.The method can include applying an effective amount of a composition comprising L-glufosinate as described herein to the field.

[0106] The compositions described herein are useful for application to fields of crop plants for the prevention or control of weeds. The compositions may be formulated as liquids for spraying on fields. L-glufosinate is provided in the composition in an effective amount. As used herein, an effective amount means about 10 grams of active ingredient per hectare to about 1,500 grams of active ingredient per hectare, for example, about 50 grams to about 400 grams, or about 100 grams to about 350 grams. In some embodiments, the active ingredient is L-glufosinate. For example, the amount of L-glufosinate in the composition can be about 10 grams, about 50 grams, about 100 grams, about 150 grams, about 200 grams, about 250 grams, about 300 grams, about 350 grams, about 400 grams, about 500 grams, about 550 grams, about 600 grams, about 650 grams, about 700 grams, about 750 grams, about 800 grams, about 850 grams, about 900 grams, about 950 grams, about 1,000 grams, about 1,050 grams, about 1,100 grams, about 1,150 grams, about 1,200 grams, about 1,250 grams, about 1,300 grams, about 1,350 grams, about 1,400 grams, about 1,450 grams, or about 1,500 grams of L-glufosinate per hectare.

[0107] IV. Illustrative Embodiments Non-limiting embodiments include the following:

[0108] 1. A method for making L-glufosinate, comprising: reacting D-glufosinate with a D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) enzyme to form PPO (2-oxo-4-(hydroxy(methyl)phosphinoyl)butyric acid); amminating PPO to L-glufosinate by a transaminase (TA) enzyme using an amine group from one or more amine donors; wherein at least 70% of the D-glufosinate is converted to L-glufosinate.

[0109] 2. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the amine donor is selected from the group consisting of glutamate, L-glutamate, alanine, sec-butylamine, phenylethylamine, glycine, lysine, valine, serine, glutamine, isopropylamine, ethanolamine, 2-aminobutyric acid, diaminopropionic acid, or any secondary amine or amino acid.

[0110] 3. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the D-glufosinate is originally present in a racemic mixture of D- and L-glufosinate or salts thereof.

[0111] 4. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the DAAO enzyme is selected from an enzyme from Rhodosporidium toruloides or Trigonopsis variabilis, Neolentinus lepideus, Trichoderma reesei, or Trichosporon oleaginosus. In an embodiment, the Rhodosporidium toruloides DAAO enzyme is UniProt P80324. In an embodiment, the Trigonopsis variabilis DAAO enzyme is UniProt Q99042. In an embodiment, the Neolentinus lepideus DAAO enzyme is KZT28066.1. In an embodiment, the Trichoderma reesei DAAO enzyme is XP_006968548.1. In an embodiment, the Trichosporon oleaginosus DAAO enzyme is KLT40252.1.

[0112] 5. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the DAAO enzyme is a mutant DAAO.

[0113] 6. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the mutant DAAO is a mutant DAAO based on a sequence derived from Rhodosporidium toruloides.

[0114] 7. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises one or more mutations at positions 54, 56, 58, 213, and 238.

[0115] 8. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the mutation at position 54 is selected from the group consisting of N54C, N54L, N54T, and N54V.

[0116] 9. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the mutation at position 56 is T56M.

[0117] 10. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the mutation at position 58 is selected from the group consisting of F58A, F58G, F58H, F58K, F58N, F58Q, F58R, F58S, and F58T.

[0118] 11. The method of embodiment 7, wherein the mutation at position 213 is M213S.

[0119] 12. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutations F58K and M213S.

[0120] 13. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutations at positions 54 and 56.

[0121] 14. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutations N54T and T56M.

[0122] 15. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutation F58Q or F58H.

[0123] 16. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutations N54V and F58Q.

[0124] 17. The method of embodiment 5, wherein the mutant DAAO comprises mutations N54V, F58Q, and M213S.

[0125] 18. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the TA enzyme is gabT transaminase from Escherichia coli. In an embodiment, the Escherichia coli gabT transaminase is UniProt P22256.

[0126] 19. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the TA enzyme is encoded by SEQ ID NO:1.

[0127] 20. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the reacting and aminating steps are carried out in a single container.

[0128] 21. The method of embodiment 20, wherein all of the reagents are added substantially at the start of the reaction.

[0129] 22. The method of embodiment 20, wherein the reagents for the reacting step and the reagents for the aminating step are added to a single container at different times.

[0130] 23. The method of embodiment 1, wherein the reacting and aminating steps are carried out in separate vessels.

[0131] 24. A composition comprising D-glufosinate, PPO, and L-glufosinate.

[0132] 25. The composition of embodiment 24, wherein the amount of L-glufosinate is 90% or more, based on the total amount of D-glufosinate, PPO, and L-glufosinate.

[0133] 26. The method of embodiment 1, in which a solid having the composition of embodiment 25 is obtained.

[0134] 27. The method of embodiment 1, wherein a solution of L-glufosinate is obtained for use in a formulation having herbicidal activity.

[0135] 28. A formulation comprising one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount from 10 to 30% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount from 10 to 40% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount from 0.5 to 2% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount from 4 to 18% by weight of the formulation, and an alkyl polysaccharide in an amount from 4 to 20% by weight of the formulation, and water as the balance of the formulation.

[0136] 29. The composition of embodiment 28, comprising L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 31.6% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount of 8.6% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 9.8% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 36.75% by weight of the formulation.

[0137] 30. The composition of embodiment 28, comprising L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 24.5% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 31.6% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount of 8.6% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 9.8% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 24.5% by weight of the formulation.

[0138] 31. The composition of embodiment 28, comprising L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 15.8% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 0.5% by weight of the formulation, dipropylene glycol in an amount of 4.3% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 4.9% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 62.25% by weight of the formulation.

[0139] 32. A formulation comprising one or more additional components selected from the group consisting of L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount from 10 to 30% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount from 10 to 40% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount from 0.5 to 2% by weight of the formulation, and an alkyl polysaccharide in an amount from 3 to 10% by weight of the formulation, and water as the balance of the formulation.

[0140] 33. The composition of embodiment 32, comprising L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 22.1% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 6.2% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 58.45% by weight of the formulation.

[0141] 34. The composition of embodiment 32, comprising L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 24.5% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 22.1% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 1% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 6.2% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 46.2% by weight of the formulation.

[0142] 35. The composition of embodiment 32, comprising L-glufosinate ammonium in an amount of 12.25% by weight of the formulation, sodium alkyl ether sulfate in an amount of 11.05% by weight of the formulation, 1-methoxy-2-propanol in an amount of 0.5% by weight of the formulation, alkyl polysaccharide in an amount of 3.1% by weight of the formulation, and water in an amount of 73.1% by weight of the formulation.

[0143] 36. A method for selectively controlling weeds in an area, comprising: applying to the area an effective amount of a composition comprising L-glufosinate in an enantiomeric excess of greater than 90% over D-glufosinate. The method includes:

[0144] 37. The method of embodiment 36, wherein the composition is applied in an amount of less than 400 grams total of L-glufosinate and D-glufosinate per hectare.

[0145] 38. A method for selectively controlling weeds in an area, comprising: applying to the area an effective amount of a composition comprising L-glufosinate in an enantiomeric excess of greater than 90% over D-glufosinate and greater than 0.01% but less than 10% PPO. The method includes:

[0146] 39. The method of embodiment 38, wherein an amount of the composition applied is less than 400 grams of L-glufosinate, D-glufosinate and PPO combined per hectare.

[0147] 40. A method for selectively controlling weeds in an area containing one or more crops of planted seed that are resistant to glufosinate, comprising: applying to the field an effective amount of a composition comprising L-glufosinate at an enantiomeric excess of greater than 90% over D-glufosinate and greater than 0.01% but less than 10% PPO. The method includes:

[0148] The following examples are offered by way of illustration and not by way of limitation. EXAMPLES

[0149] Example 1: DAAO enzyme purification The mutant DAAO coding sequence from Rhodosporidium toruloides (e.g., composed of the MMARIRL leader sequence and the F58K and M213S mutations) was cloned into the pET14b vector to allow expression of an N-terminally 6xHis tagged protein. The pET14b-RgDAAO plasmid was transformed into BL21(BE3)trxB PLysS cells. The sequence of the wild type DAAO from Rhodosporidium toruloides, which corresponds to all the numbering described herein, is as follows: MHSQKRVVVLGSGVIGLSSALILARKGYSVHILARDLPEDVSSQTFASPWAGANWTPFMTLTDGPRQAKWEESTFKKWVELVPTGHAMWLKGTRRFAQNEDGLLGHWYKDITPNYRPLPSSECPPGAIGVTYDTLSVHAPKYCQYLARELQKLGATFERRTVTSLEQAFDGADLVVNATGLGAKSIAGIDDQAAEPIRGQTVLVKSPCKRCTMDSSDPASPAYIIPRPGGEVICGGTYGVGDWDLSVNPETVQRILKHCLRLDPTISSDGTIEGIEVLRHNVGLRPARRGGPRVEAERIVLPLDRTKSPLSLGRGSARAAKEKEVTLVHAYGFSSAGYQQSWGAAEDVAQLVDEAFQRYHGAARESKL (SEQ ID NO: 2)

[0150] To purify the DAAO enzyme, cells were grown in 400 mL of autoinducing medium (LB broth base with trace elements, Formedium) for 20-24 hours at 30° C. Cells were harvested in pre-chilled centrifuge buckets, washed with cold water, centrifuged again, and stored at -80° C. until purification.

[0151] The cell pellet was then thawed in lysis buffer (50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 8.0, 20 mM imidazole and 1% Sigma protease inhibitor cocktail (PIC) w / o EDTA) at a volume of 5 mL lysis buffer per gram of cell pellet. On ice, the cells were sonicated 4 times for 30 seconds at amplitude 10. The cell lysate was cleared by centrifugation and subsequently added to 4 bed volumes of cobalt resin (HisPur Cobalt, ThermoScientific). The cell lysate was incubated for 1 hour at room temperature with gentle shaking. The resin was added to the column and washed twice with 5 bed volumes of wash buffer (50 mM Kpi, pH 8.0, 20 mM imidazole). Elution was performed 4 times with 1 bed volume of elution buffer (50 mM Kpi, 200 mM imidazole).

[0152] Example 2: Colorimetric determination of DAAO activity DAAO activity was determined as in Berneman et al. Briefly, 100 μL of substrate and HRP (0.1 mg / mL HRP, Sigma P8375, in 50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 8, and the desired amount of D-glufosinate or racemic D / L-glufosinate) were added to a Brand UV microcuvette. To this, 50 μL of dye (60 μg / mL TBHBA, Sigma 439533, and 1 mg / mL 4-aminoantipyrine, Sigma A4382, in 50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 8) was added, followed by 50 μL of enzyme mix (DAAO concentration as desired in 100 mM potassium phosphate, pH 8). The reaction was monitored spectrophotometrically at 510 nm over the appropriate time to determine enzyme kinetics. Flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) was not added to the purification or reaction of the DAAO, although this reagent can optionally be included. Two exemplary mutants of the Rhodosporidium toruloides DAAO purified as in Example 1, AC201 (containing F58K and M213S) and AC263 (containing N54T, T56M, F58K, and M213S), were tested using this assay and shown to produce hydrogen peroxide, demonstrating their activity in oxidizing D-glufosinate. AC201 and AC263 have similar V max However, AC263 has a lower K M has.

[0153] Example 3: Purification of transaminases For example, to purify Escherichia coli gabT transaminase (http: / / www.uniprot.org / uniprot / P22256), the gene was amplified from E. coli K12 strain ER2925 and cloned into pET-14b to generate an N-terminally 6xHis tagged version. This plasmid was then transformed into BL21(DE3) cells for induction. After induction in autoinducing medium, cells were lysed by sonication and the 6xHis tagged enzyme was purified as described in Example 1.

[0154] Example 4: Demonstration of transaminase activity In a non-limiting example, the source of PPO for the transamination assay can be D-glufosinate or racemic D / L-glufosinate converted to PPO by DAAO. In the first step, 39 mM racemic D / L-glufosinate was incubated with 0.5 mg / ml purified Rhodosporidium toruloides DAAO, F58K, M213S, and 10 μg / mL catalase in 50 mM potassium phosphate, pH 8 buffer at 30° C. for 20 hours. This resulted in the majority of D-glufosinate being converted to PPO. Purified E. coli gabT was then added at 20 μg / mL, and L-glutamate was added at 50 mM as the amine donor. At the appropriate time points, samples were boiled for 10 minutes, followed by precipitation with an equal volume of acetonitrile to stop the reaction. Individual species were resolved by HPLC using a Chirobiotic T2 column and quantified by comparison to authentic standards.

[0155] The combination of the mutant DAAO and transaminase improved the enantiomeric enrichment for L-glufosinate relative to D-glufosinate from 0% (i.e., equal representation of D-glufosinate and L-glufosinate) to 92% enantiomeric enrichment. These results demonstrate that E. coli gabT has transaminase activity, and this assay can be used to determine the activity of any number of wild-type and / or potential mutant transaminases.

[0156] Example 5: Deracemization of Racemic D / L-Glufosinate in a Single Vessel The reaction was set up similarly to Example 4. The system (5.45 mL, 30° C.) was run in phosphate buffer at pH 7.3. It was observed that 50 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.0 was insufficient to buffer the amino acid addition, and the unadjusted pH after amino acid addition in this system was pH 6.4. The pH was adjusted using 1 M base salt K2HPO4 to a volume of 5.45 mL, meaning that the actual initial substrate concentration upon addition was 275 mM. The following reagents were added essentially simultaneously at the start of the reaction: 271 mg D,L-glufosinate, 420 mg glutamate, 15 mg AC263 DAAO, 50 μg catalase, and 1.0 mg E. coli gabT transaminase. Figure 2 shows that the amount of D-PPT (D-glufosinate) decreased with only a slight accumulation of PPO when all reagents were added. The results demonstrate the efficient deracemization of D / L-glufosinate to L-glufosinate by the RgDAAO / EcgabT enzyme pair.

[0157] Example 6: Demonstration of DAAO enzyme improvements Using the protein mutagenesis strategy outlined above, improved mutant DAAO enzymes were identified and assayed according to the procedures described below.

[0158] Stock solution: The following dye stock solutions were prepared: 2,4,6-tribromo-3-hydroxybenzoic acid (TBHBA) at 20 mg / mL in DMSO, and 4-aminoantipyrine (4-AAP) at 100 mg / mL in water. The following enzyme stock solutions were prepared: Horseradish peroxide (HRP) type 6 stock solution at 1 mg / mL in potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0. The following substrate stock solutions were prepared: D or DL ​​amino acids at various concentrations in potassium phosphate buffer, pH 8.0.

[0159] Reaction mix: The following reaction mixture was prepared: Mixture A is a combination of the substrate and HRP enzyme. Solutions were prepared for each substrate concentration to be assayed using reaction buffer. The solutions were twice the final substrate concentration, which for the HRP solution was 0.2 mg / mL. Mixture B is a dry mixture. To 5 mL of reaction buffer, 120 μL of TBHBA solution and 400 μL of 4-AAP solution were added. Mix C is the enzyme mix. Prepared as a 0.1 mg / mL solution of DAAO in reaction buffer. Final reaction concentration was 25 μg / mL.

[0160] Protocol: The spectrophotometer measured the absorbance of 4-AAP / TBHBA at a maximum absorbance of 29400M -1 cm -1 A wavelength of 510 nm was used, where 0.01 μm is the wavelength at which the assay is performed. The temperature for performing the assay was 30° C. The reaction kinetics were obtained by measuring every 15 min. Between measurements, 20 s of orbital shaking at standard intensity was performed, followed by a settling time of 10 s.

[0161] Using a 96-well plate, the following mixtures (with replicates) were added in the following order using multichannel: 100 μl of mixture A, 50 μl of mixture B, and 50 μl of mixture C. Measurements were started immediately after enzyme addition.

[0162] The enzyme kinetics was measured as above and plotted on a Michaelis-Menten graph to obtain the V max and K. M For mutant Ac302 (54V, 58Q, 213S), V max was 4.2 μmol / min*mg.

[0163] This analysis was completed for a number of mutant DAAO enzymes as described above, except that the Mixture C stock was a 0.2 mg / mL solution of DAAO and the final reaction concentration of DAAO was 50 μg / mL.

[0164] As shown below in Table 1, the mutant DAAO enzymes exhibited a wide range of activities:

[0165] [Table 1]

[0166] Example 7: Deracemization of racemic D / L-glufosinate in a 5 L reaction size Approaches known to those skilled in the art are used to increase the scale of the deracemization. The reagents and their relative ratios are substantially similar to those in Example 5, but the amounts are significantly higher. Rather than tubes on a shaker, the reactions are carried out in stirred jacketed reactors, optionally with air or oxygen sparging of the broth or headspace. These reactors vary in size from reactions of less than 10 mL to tens or hundreds of thousands of liters. The agitation speed is selected to increase reaction mixing and rate while minimizing power consumption and shear.

[0167] In one example, the reaction was carried out at a 5 L scale. The system (5 L, 30° C.) was carried out in a stirred jacketed reactor in 200 mM phosphate buffer at pH 8.0. The following reagents were added essentially simultaneously at the beginning of the reaction: 300 mM D,L-glufosinate, 900 mM glutamate, 7.5 g AC302 DAAO, 0.2 g catalase, and 1.0 g E. coli gabT transaminase. Additionally, 500 mL of isopropanol was added to control air bubbles. During the course of the reaction, air was introduced at 0.3 VVM (volume of air per volume of reaction mixture per minute).

[0168] HPLC analysis of the reaction demonstrated that equilibrium was reached within 8 h with an enantiomeric excess of L-glufosinate over D-glufosinate of >99% and a ratio of L-glufosinate to PPO of 90%:10%. This result demonstrates efficient deracemization of D / L-glufosinate to L-glufosinate by the RgDAAO / EcgabT enzyme pair on a larger scale.

[0169] Example 8: Effect of oxygen on reaction rate A stirred jacketed reactor or immobilized column usually allows some oxygen transfer, but the rate of oxygen uptake provided by passive aeration is not sufficient for an efficient process. In one example, the reaction was carried out in the same vessel as in Example 7 under substantially the same conditions, but at reduced (0.01 VVM), with twice the AC302 DAAO on a volumetric basis (3 g / L vs. 1.5 g / L), and without isopropanol. In this case, the reaction took more than 60 hours to reach equilibrium, demonstrating that aeration is crucial for an efficient reaction.

[0170] Example 9: Co-immobilization of DAAO and TA DAAO and TA enzymes were co-immobilized on EziG controlled pore glass beads (EnginZyme). 100 mg of EziG type 3 beads were shaken at room temperature with 3 ml of a solution containing 16 mg of purified AC302 DAAO and 1.6 mg of purified gabT in pH 7.5, 50 mM potassium phosphate buffer, 0.5 M NaCl, 20 mM imidazole in a 50 ml Falcon tube. After 30 min, the beads were spun down, the immobilization solution was removed, and the beads were washed three times with 10 ml of pH 7.5, 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer.

[0171] The reaction was initiated by adding all other components to the washed beads. The reaction mixture contained 300 mM D / L-glufosinate, 900 mM L-glutamic acid, 50 μg catalase, 198 mM potassium phosphate in 2.5 mL. The reaction was incubated at 30° C. with shaking (250 rpm) in a 50 mL tube covered with parafilm with holes drilled for gas exchange.

[0172] After 1 h, the depletion of D-glufosinate and the formation of L-glufosinate were determined by HPLC and their percentages were calculated. After 6 h, the beads were spun down, the reaction mixture was removed, and the beads were washed three times with 10 ml of 100 mM potassium phosphate buffer, pH 7.5. The beads were then stored at 4°C for 18-72 h, after which the reaction was repeated a total of 15 times, after which the activity retained was greater than 50% of the initial activity.

[0173] Example 10: Effect of buffer on reaction When using soluble AC302 DAAO and E. coli gabT TA enzymes, >50 mM phosphate buffer is required for full activity. 100 mL reactions were incubated in 500 mL flasks covered with parafilm with shaking (250 rpm) at 30° C. An air pump was used to bubble air through the reaction for the first 5 hours. The air pump was removed for overnight incubations so the reaction did not bubble and new parafilm with air holes was used for gas exchange. The reaction mixture contained 300 mM D / L-glufosinate, 905 mM L-glutamic acid, 80 mg AC302 DAAO (0.8 mg / mL), 14.5 mg gabT (0.145 mg / mL), 2 mg catalase, and isopropanol as an antifoaming reagent (isopropanol at an initial concentration of 10% was further added after 2 h (2 mL), 3 h (1 mL), 3.5 h (1 mL), and 4 h (2 mL)). The pH was adjusted from about 6 to about 7 using 500 μL of 1 N NaOH (added before the enzyme). The pH remained about 7 for the entire reaction without further adjustment. Due to potassium phosphate in the stock enzyme buffer, the final mixture was 45 mM phosphate buffer. Compared to a similar reaction using 200 mM phosphate buffer, the reaction rate was 50-60% of the reaction using 200 mM buffer.

[0174] When using immobilized AC302 DOOA and E. coli gabT TA enzymes, less than 1 mM phosphate buffer is sufficient for full activity. Immobilized proteins were prepared and reactions were performed as in Example 9 for the "buffered" reactions. Additionally, immobilized proteins were prepared and reactions were performed as in Example 9 for the "pH 7" reactions, except that sodium hydroxide was used to adjust the pH of the reaction to pH 7 and no phosphate buffer was added (residual phosphate buffer from the enzyme storage buffer is less than 1 mM). This study demonstrated that the initial reaction rates for both DAAO and combined DAAO reactions, as well as gabT reactions, are very similar with and without the addition of phosphate buffer when using immobilized enzymes.

[0175] Example 11: Isopropylamine as an amine donor Isopropylamine can be used as an amine donor for the conversion of PPO to L-glufosinate using an appropriate TA. PPO was converted to L-glufosinate in a reaction with the following components: 0.25 mg / mL of TA encoded by SEQ ID NO:1 25 mM PPO 0.2mM pyridoxal phosphate 250mM isopropylamine (pH adjusted to 8 with H3PO4) 100mM Kphos buffer pH 8.0

[0176] The reaction was incubated for 30 hours at 25-30° C. with gentle shaking (250 rpm). At 0 hours, the amount of L-glufosinate as measured by HPLC was 0 mM, at 20 hours it was 14 mM, and at 30 hours it was 18 mM. This demonstrates that the enzyme encoded by SEQ ID NO:1 can convert PPO to L-glufosinate.

[0177] Example 12: Lysine as an amine donor Lysine can be used as an amine donor for the conversion of PPO to L-glufosinate using an appropriate TA. PPO was converted to L-glufosinate in a reaction with the following components: 0.4 mg / mL gabT (purified as in Example 3) 25mM PPO (pH adjusted to 8 with NaOH) 0.2mM pyridoxal phosphate 75mM L-lysine dihydrochloride (pH adjusted to 8 with NaOH) 100mM Kphos buffer pH 8.0

[0178] The reaction was incubated with shaking (250 rpm) at 30° C. for 20 hours. L-glufosinate was formed at a rate of 0.4 mM / hour over 20 hours, demonstrating that L-lysine can be used to convert PPO to L-glufosinate.

[0179] Example 13: Purification and isolation of L-glufosinate Several batches were prepared according to the procedure described in Example 9, but produced on a larger scale. After removing the beads, each batch was heated to 90°C for at least 10 minutes, cooled to 20-25°C, and then filtered to remove small amounts of solids. To each batch, 37% HCl was added dropwise, resulting in precipitation of glutamic acid. The amount of 37% HCl added was approximately 10% of the batch volume. The resulting white solid was removed by filtration. The batches were combined and concentrated under vacuum to an oil, which contained approximately 153 grams of L-glufosinate. The oil was diluted with 5 volumes of water, and 37% HCl was added to adjust the solution to pH 1. The solution was run in two sequential runs, each with approximately 3.0 kg of pre-washed DOWEX 50WX8 cation exchange resin. In each run, the solution was mixed with the resin for 30 minutes, and the resin was isolated on a filter. Both resins from each portion were combined and washed first with water, then eluted with 4M NH4OH. The eluent was concentrated under vacuum to an oil, and PPO and 2-oxoglutarate were absent from the oil. Approximately 100 grams of the oil was diluted with water and aqueous ammonium hydroxide was added until the pH was approximately 9. 1.0 kg of pre-washed DOWEX Monosphere (hydroxide form) anion exchange resin was added to the batch, and the mixture was stirred for approximately 40 minutes. An equal amount of pre-washed DOWEX Monosphere resin was loaded into a glass column. A slurry of DOWEX resin in water was added to the column on top of the pre-washed resin. 800 mL of water was loaded into the column, followed by 0.1 N acetic acid, which was allowed to flow through the column until all of the glutamic acid had eluted, as determined by HPLC. 4 N acetic acid was fed to the column until all of the L-glufosinate had eluted from the column, as determined by HPLC. The solution of L-glufosinate was concentrated under vacuum. The resulting oil was diluted with water and concentrated under vacuum to a minimum of twice the volume. Methanol was added until a clear solution was obtained, followed by an equal volume of heptane. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum to a minimum volume, and the procedure was repeated.The remaining 168 grams of oily material recovered from the cation exchange process was treated in a similar manner to yield a total of 108 grams of crude L-glufosinate. The ratio of L-glufosinate to glutamic acid was greater than 99:1 as determined by NMR. The resulting solid was mixed with aqueous ammonium hydroxide and concentrated to dryness to yield 111 grams of L-glufosinate ammonium. Neither methanol nor acetic acid was detected by NMR analysis of the product.

[0180] It is understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing only certain embodiments, and that the terminology is not intended to be limiting. The scope of the present invention is limited only by the appended claims. Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by those skilled in the art to which the present invention belongs. Where a range of values ​​is provided, it is understood that each intervening value, to the tenth of the unit of the lower limit, between the upper and lower limits of the range and any other stated or intervening value in the stated range is included within the invention, unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. The upper and lower limits of these smaller ranges may be independently included in the smaller ranges, and are also included within the invention, subject to any specifically excluded limit in the stated range. Where a stated range includes one or both of the limits, ranges excluding one or both of those included limits are also included in the invention. Certain ranges are presented herein with the term "about" in conjunction with the preceding numerical values. The term "about" is used herein to provide a literal equivalent to the exact number it precedes, as well as a number that is near or approximately the number that the term precedes. In determining whether a number is near or approximately a specifically recited number, the near or approximate unrecited number may be a number that, in the context in which it is presented, provides the substantial equivalent of the specifically recited number.

[0181] All publications, patents and patent applications cited herein are incorporated by reference to the same extent as if each individual publication, patent or patent application was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference.Furthermore, each cited publication, patent or patent application is incorporated by reference herein in the manner that discloses and describes the subject matter of the publication in question.The citation of any publication is for its disclosure prior to the filing date, but should not be construed as an admission that the invention described herein is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention.Furthermore, the publication dates provided may be different from the actual publication dates, which may need to be confirmed individually.

[0182] It should be noted that the claims may be drafted to exclude any element. Thus, this statement is intended to serve as a precondition for using exclusive terms such as "solely," "only," and the like, or "negative" limitations in connection with the recitation of claim elements. As will be apparent to one of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has distinct components and features that may be readily separated or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. Any recited method may be carried out in the order of events recited or in any other order that is logically possible. Although any methods and materials similar or equivalent to those described herein may also be used in the practice or testing of the present invention, representative exemplary methods and materials are described herein.

[0183] array SEQ ID NO:1: MNIAAQSWERREATSFFHTFTDLPSLKTDGPVIIDHGEGPYIIDTVGRRYFEGNSGLWNMTLGFSERRLSDAALKQYQEFPGYHTFFGRNSKPTVELAERMLKLAPAPMSRVFF TNSGSEANESIVKLLWMMWAAEGRPERRKLLTRKNAYHGATVMASALTGKDYVKAFGLPGPEIVTLDCPHAWRFALPGEGDDEFAARLAANLETRILQEGPETIAGMFAEPVMGA GGVIVPPATYFAKIQPVLQRYGIPLIADEVICGFGRTGSLWGTLAVGQQPDIIVASKSMSAGYFPMGAVMLSADIDKRATAASEVWEEFPHGFTTGGHPVGCAISLEAIRIITE EGVFENVKSVSETFQSGLRALADHPMIGEARGMGLMGALETVADKKTKQSFSGDLRIGERISKEARDRGFIIRPLGSSVVLAPPFISTHGQIEELLAVLKEVLDVVYGTVKGEVA

[0184] SEQ ID NO:2: MHSQKRVVVLGSGVIGLSSALILARKGYSVHILARDLPEDVSSQTFASPWAGANWTPFMTLTDGPRQAKWEESTFKKWVELVPTGHAMWLKGTRRFAQNEDGLLGHWYKDITPNYRPLPSSECPPGAIGVTYDTLSVHAPKYCQYLARELQKLGATFERRTVTSLEQAFDGADLVVNATGLGAK SIAGIDDQAAEPIRGQTVLVKSPCKRCTMDSSDPASPAYIIPRPGGEVICGGTYGVGDWDLSVNPETVQRILKHCLRLDPTISSDGTIEGIEVLRHNVGLRPARRGGPRVEAERIVLPLDRTKSPLSLGRGSARAAKEKEVTLVHAYGFSSAGYQQSWGAAEDVAQLVDEAFQRYHGAARESKL SEQ ID NO:3: MNSNKELMQRRSQAIPRGVGQIHPIFADRAENCRVWDVEGREYLDFAGGIAVLNTGHLHPKVVAAVEAQLKKLSHTCFQVLAYEPYLELCEIMNQKVPGDFAKKTLLVTTGSEAVENAVKIARAATKRSGTIAFSGAYHGRTHYTLALTGKVNPYSAGMGLMPGHVYRALYPCPLHGISEDDAIASIHRIFKNDAAPEDIAAIVIEPVQGEGGFYASSPAFMQRLRALCDEHGIMLIADEVQSGAGRTGTLFAMEQMGVAPDLTTFAKSIAGGFPLAGVTGRAEVMDAVAPGGLGGTYAGNPIACVAALEVLKVFEQENLLQKANDLGQKLKDGLLAIAEKHPEIGDVRGLGAMIAIELFEDGDHNKPDAKLTAEIVARARDKGLILLSCGPYYNVLRILVPLTIEDAQIRQGLEIISQCFDEAKQ

Claims

[Claim 1] 1. A method for selectively controlling weeds in an area containing one or more crops of planted seed that are resistant to glufosinate, comprising: applying to the field an effective amount of a composition comprising L-glufosinate at an enantiomeric excess of greater than 90% over D-glufosinate and greater than 0.01% but less than 10% PPO. The method includes:

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