Polymorphic Compounds and Uses Thereof

Abstract

The present invention relates to compounds and methods useful for selectively modulating mTORC1 activity.The present invention relates to compounds and methods useful for activating mTORC1.The present invention also provides pharmaceutically acceptable compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention and methods of using the compositions in the treatment of various disorders.The present invention also provides a method of eliciting a positive behavioral response in a subject, the method comprising administering to the subject a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable composition thereof.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to compounds and methods useful for modulating mTORC1 activity.The present invention relates to compounds and methods useful for selectively modulating mTORC1 activity.The present invention relates to compounds and methods useful for activating mTORC1.The present invention also provides pharma- ceutically acceptable compositions comprising the compounds of the present invention and methods of using said compositions in the treatment of various disorders. [Background technology]

[0002] 2. Background of the Invention The mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) protein kinase is a master growth regulator that senses diverse environmental cues, such as growth factors, cellular stress, and nutrient and energy levels. When activated, mTORC1 phosphorylates substrates that stimulate anabolic processes, such as mRNA translation and lipid synthesis, and limits catabolic processes, such as autophagy. Dysregulation of mTORC1 occurs in a wide range of diseases, including diabetes, epilepsy, neurodegeneration, immune responses, suppression of skeletal muscle growth, and cancer, among others (Howell et al., (2013) Biochemical Society transactions 41, 906-912; Kim et al., (2013) Molecules and cells 35, 463-473; Laplante and Sabatini, (2012) Cell 149, 274-293). There is an urgent and compelling unmet medical need for more effective treatments for diseases, disorders or conditions associated with mTORC1. [Prior art documents] [Non-patent literature]

[0003] [Non-Patent Document 1] Howell et al. (2013) Biochemical Society transactions 41, 906-912 [Non-Patent Document 2] Kim et al. (2013) Molecules and cells 35, 463-473 [Non-Patent Document 3] Laplante and Sabatini (2012) Cell 149, 274-293 Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] It has now been found that compounds of the present invention, and pharma- ceutically acceptable compositions thereof, are effective as mTORC1 modulators. Such compounds have the following chemical structure, designated Compound A: [ka] It is represented by:

[0005] The compounds of the present invention and its pharmaceutically acceptable compositions are useful for treating various diseases, disorders or conditions, including those described herein.The compounds of the present invention and its pharmaceutically acceptable compositions are useful for treating various diseases, disorders or conditions related to mTORC1.Such diseases, disorders or conditions include diabetes, epilepsy, neurodegeneration, immune response, suppression of skeletal muscle growth and cell proliferation disorders (e.g., cancer), such as those described herein. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0006] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is an XRPD pattern of Form A of Compound A.

[0007] [Diagram 2] FIG. 2 is a TGA trace of Compound A Form A.

[0008] [Diagram 3] FIG. 3 is a DSC trace of Form A of Compound A.

[0009] [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is an XRPD pattern of Form B of Compound A.

[0010] [Diagram 5] FIG. 5 is a TGA trace of Compound A Form B.

[0011] [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a DSC trace of Form B of Compound A.

[0012] [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is an XRPD pattern of Compound A Form C.

[0013] [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a TGA trace of Compound A Form C.

[0014] [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a DSC trace of Compound A Form C.

[0015] [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a diagram of the unit cell of Form A of Compound 1.

[0016] [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a modeled XRPD pattern of Form A of Compound 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0017] General Description of Certain Aspects of the Invention U.S. Patent Application No. 10,100,066 ("the '066 patent"), filed October 21, 2016 as U.S. Patent Application No. 15 / 331,362 and published as U.S. Patent Publication No. 2017 / 0114080 ("the '080 publication"), each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety, describes certain mTORC1 modulating compounds. Such compounds include Compound A: [ka] Includes.

[0018] Compound A, ((S)-2-amino-5,5-difluoro-4,4-dimethylpentanoic acid), is designated as compound I-90 in the '066 patent, and the synthesis of compound A is detailed in Example 90 of the '066 patent.

[0019] It would be desirable to provide solid forms of Compound A (e.g., as its free base or a hydrate thereof) that offer features such as improved aqueous solubility, stability, and ease of formulation. Accordingly, the present invention provides free base and hydrate forms of Compound A. Free base form of compound A

[0020] It is contemplated that compound A can exist in various physical forms. For example, compound A can exist in solution, suspension, or solid form. In certain embodiments, compound A is in solid form. When compound A is in solid form, said compound can be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

[0021] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a form of compound A that is substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term "substantially free of impurities" means that the compound does not contain a significant amount of extraneous material. Such extraneous material may include different forms of compound A, residual solvent, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation and / or isolation of compound A. In certain embodiments, the form of compound A is present at least about 95% by weight. In yet other embodiments of the present invention, the form of compound A is present at least about 99% by weight.

[0022] According to one embodiment, the compound A form is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 weight percent, where percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, the compound A form contains less than about 3.0 area percent HPLC total organic impurities, and in certain embodiments, less than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities, based on the total area of ​​the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, the compound A form contains less than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity, less than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and in certain embodiments, less than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, based on the total area of ​​the HPLC chromatogram.

[0023] The depicted structures of the form Compound A are also intended to include all tautomers of Compound A. Additionally, the depicted structures herein are also intended to include compounds which differ only by the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, the replacement of hydrogen with deuterium or tritium, or 13 C or 14 Compounds having this structure except for the replacement of a carbon with a C-rich carbon are within the scope of this invention.

[0024] It has been found that Compound A can exist in various solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs, such as those described herein.

[0025] As used herein, the term "polymorph" refers to the different crystal structures in which a compound, or a salt or solvate thereof, may crystallize.

[0026] In certain embodiments, compound A is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound A is a crystalline solid that is substantially free of amorphous compound A. As used herein, the term "substantially free of amorphous compound A" means that the compound does not contain a significant amount of amorphous compound A. In certain embodiments, crystalline compound A is present at least about 95% by weight. In yet other embodiments of the present invention, crystalline compound A is present at least about 99% by weight.

[0027] It has been found that Compound A can exist in at least three distinct polymorphs. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorph of Compound A, referred to herein as Form A. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorph of Compound A, referred to herein as Form B. In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorph of Compound A, referred to herein as Form C.

[0028] In some embodiments, Compound A is amorphous. In some embodiments, Compound A is amorphous and substantially free of crystalline Compound A. Form A of Compound A

[0029] In some embodiments, Form A of Compound A has at least one, two, three, four or five spectral peaks selected from the peaks listed in Table 1 below. [Table 1-1] [Table 1-2]

[0030] In some embodiments, Form A of Compound A is characterized in that its X-ray powder diffraction pattern has one or more peaks selected from peaks at about 4.4, about 16.2, and about 17.7 degrees 2θ. In some embodiments, Form A of Compound A is characterized in that its X-ray powder diffraction pattern has two or more peaks selected from peaks at about 4.4, about 16.2, and about 17.7 degrees 2θ. In some embodiments, Form A of Compound A is characterized in that its X-ray powder diffraction pattern has all three peaks selected from peaks at about 4.4, about 16.2, and about 17.7 degrees 2θ. As used herein, the term "about," when used in reference to degrees of 2θ values, refers to 2θ being the stated value ±0.2 degrees.

[0031] In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD presented in FIG.

[0032] A method for preparing Form A of Compound A is described below. Form B of Compound A

[0033] In some embodiments, Form B of Compound A has at least one, two, three, four or five spectral peaks selected from the peaks listed in Table 2 below. [Table 2-1] [Table 2-2]

[0034] In some embodiments, Form B of Compound A is characterized in that its X-ray powder diffraction pattern has one or more peaks selected from peaks at about 5.0, about 15.2, and about 17.5 degrees 2θ. In some embodiments, Form B of Compound A is characterized in that its X-ray powder diffraction pattern has two or more peaks selected from peaks at about 5.0, about 15.2, and about 17.5 degrees 2θ. In some embodiments, Form B of Compound A is characterized in that its X-ray powder diffraction pattern has all three peaks selected from peaks at about 5.0, about 15.2, and about 17.5 degrees 2θ.

[0035] In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD presented in FIG.

[0036] A method for preparing Form B of Compound A is described below. Form C of Compound A

[0037] In some embodiments, Form C of Compound A has at least one, two, three, four or five spectral peaks selected from the peaks listed in Table 3 below. [Table 3-1] [Table 3-2]

[0038] In some embodiments, Form C of Compound A is characterized in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern by having one or more peaks selected from peaks at about 7.0, about 16.1, and about 16.3 degrees 2θ. In some embodiments, Form C of Compound A is characterized in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern by having two or more peaks selected from peaks at about 7.0, about 16.1, and about 16.3 degrees 2θ. In some embodiments, Form C of Compound A is characterized in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern by having all three peaks selected from peaks at about 7.0, about 16.1, and about 16.3 degrees 2θ.

[0039] In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD presented in FIG.

[0040] A method for preparing Form C of Compound A is described below.

[0041] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for the preparation of compound A: [ka] The present invention provides a compound A, wherein the compound is crystalline.

[0042] In some embodiments, the present invention provides Compound A, wherein said compound is substantially free of amorphous Compound A.

[0043] In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, wherein the compound is substantially free of impurities.

[0044] In some embodiments, the invention provides compound A, which has in its XRPD one or more peaks selected from peaks at about 4.4, about 16.2, and about 17.7 degrees 2θ. In some such embodiments, the invention provides compound 1, which has in its XRPD at least two peaks selected from peaks at about 4.4, about 16.2, and about 17.7 degrees 2θ. In some such embodiments, the invention provides compound A, which is Form A.

[0045] In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, having an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG.

[0046] In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, which has in its XRPD one or more peaks selected from peaks at about 5.0, about 15.2, and about 17.5 degrees 2θ. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, which has in its XRPD at least two peaks selected from peaks at about 5.0, about 15.2, and about 17.5 degrees 2θ. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, which is Form B.

[0047] In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, having an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG.

[0048] In some embodiments, the present invention provides Compound A, which has in its XRPD one or more peaks selected from peaks at about 7.0, about 16.1, and about 16.3 degrees 2θ. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides Compound A, which has in its XRPD at least two peaks selected from peaks at about 7.0, about 16.1, and about 16.3 degrees 2θ. In some such embodiments, the present invention provides Compound A, which is Form C.

[0049] In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound A, having an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG.

[0050] In some embodiments, the invention provides a composition comprising Compound A and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

[0051] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a compound selected from the following: Form A of Compound A; Form B of Compound A, and Form C of Compound A.

[0052] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of modulating mTORC1 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient Compound A or a composition thereof. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of selectively modulating mTORC1 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient Compound A or a composition thereof. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of activating mTORC1 in a patient, comprising administering to the patient Compound A or a composition thereof.

[0053] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a disease, disorder or condition selected from treatment-resistant depression, lysosomal storage disorder, JNCL, cystinosis, Fabry disease, MLIV, mental retardation or a genetic form of autism, comprising administering to a patient Compound A or a composition thereof.

[0054] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing a solid form of Compound A, comprising one or more steps of removing a solvent and adding a solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent added is the same as the solvent removed. In some embodiments, the solvent added is different from the solvent removed. Means of solvent removal are known in the synthetic and chemical arts, including, but not limited to, any of the techniques described herein and in the Examples.

[0055] In some embodiments, the method of preparing a solid form of Compound A comprises one or more steps consisting of heating or cooling the preparation.

[0056] In some embodiments, the method of preparing a solid form of Compound A comprises one or more steps consisting of stirring or agitating the preparation.

[0057] In some embodiments, the method of preparing a solid form of Compound A comprises adding a suitable acid to a solution or slurry of Compound A.

[0058] In some embodiments, the method of preparing a solid form of Compound A comprises a heating step.

[0059] In certain embodiments, the solid form of Compound A precipitates from the mixture. In another embodiment, the solid form of Compound A crystallizes from the mixture. In other embodiments, the solid form of Compound A crystallizes from the solution after seeding the solution (i.e., adding crystals of Compound A to the solution).

[0060] Solid forms of Compound A can be precipitated from the reaction mixture or can be produced by removing some or all of the solvent by methods such as solvent evaporation, distillation, filtration (e.g., nanofiltration, ultrafiltration), reverse osmosis, absorption and reaction, by adding an anti-solvent such as heptane, by cooling, or by various combinations of these methods.

[0061] As generally described above, the solid form of compound A is optionally isolated.It will be understood that the solid form of compound A can be isolated by any suitable physical means known to those skilled in the art.In certain embodiments, the precipitated solid form of compound A is separated from the supernatant by filtration.In other embodiments, the precipitated solid form of compound A is separated from the supernatant by decanting the supernatant.

[0062] In certain embodiments, the solid form of Compound A is separated from the supernatant by filtration.

[0063] In certain embodiments, the isolated solid form of Compound A is dried in air. In other embodiments, the isolated solid form of Compound A is dried under reduced pressure, optionally at elevated temperature.

[0064] Examples of suitable solvents useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, protic solvents, aprotic solvents, polar aprotic solvents, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, suitable solvents include ethers, esters, alcohols, ketones, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is one or more organic alcohols. In some embodiments, the solvent is chlorinated. In some embodiments, the solvent is an aromatic solvent.

[0065] In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetone, said solvent being anhydrous or combined with water or heptane. In some embodiments, suitable solvents include tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, glyme, diglyme, methyl t-butyl ether, t-butanol, n-butanol, and acetonitrile. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is ethanol. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is anhydrous ethanol. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is MTBE.

[0066] In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is a mixture of methanol and methylene chloride. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is a mixture of acetonitrile and water. In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is methyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, acetone, or tetrahydrofuran. In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is diethyl ether. In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is water. In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is methyl ethyl ketone. In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is toluene. Hydrate form of compound A

[0067] In some embodiments, water and compound A are ionically or hydrogen bonded to form compound 1 as shown below. It is contemplated that compound 1 can exist in various physical forms. For example, compound 1 can exist in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 1 is in solid form. When compound 1 is in solid form, the compound can be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary such solid forms of compound 1 are described in more detail below. Compound 1 (hydrate of compound A)

[0068] According to one embodiment, the present invention provides a hydrate of compound A, represented by compound 1: [Chemical formula] (wherein 0 < x ≤ about 1) is provided.

[0069] It will be understood by those skilled in the art that water and compound A can ionically bond or hydrogen bond to form compound 1. It is contemplated that compound 1 can exist in various physical forms. For example, compound 1 can exist in solution, suspension, or in solid form. In certain embodiments, compound 1 is in solid form. When compound 1 is in solid form, the compound may be amorphous, crystalline, or a mixture thereof. Exemplary solid forms are described in more detail below.

[0070] In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1 substantially free of impurities. As used herein, the term "substantially free of impurities" means that the compound contains no significant amounts of foreign substances. Such foreign substances may include excess 1,2-ethanedisulfonic acid, excess compound A, residual solvents, or any other impurities that may result from the preparation and / or isolation of compound 1. In certain embodiments, compound 1 is present at at least about 95% by weight. In still other embodiments of the present invention, compound 1 is present at at least about 99% by weight.

[0071] According to one embodiment, compound 1 is present in an amount of at least about 97, 97.5, 98.0, 98.5, 99, 99.5, 99.8 percent by weight, where percentages are based on the total weight of the composition. According to another embodiment, compound 1 contains less than about 3.0 area percent HPLC total organic impurities, and in certain embodiments, less than about 1.5 area percent HPLC total organic impurities, based on the total area of ​​the HPLC chromatogram. In other embodiments, compound 1 contains less than about 1.0% area percent HPLC of any single impurity, less than about 0.6 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, and in certain embodiments, less than about 0.5 area percent HPLC of any single impurity, based on the total area of ​​the HPLC chromatogram.

[0072] The depicted structures of Compound 1 are also intended to include all tautomers of Compound 1. Additionally, the depicted structures herein are also intended to include compounds which differ only by the presence of one or more isotopically enriched atoms. For example, the replacement of hydrogen with deuterium or tritium, or 13 C or 14 Compounds having this structure except for the replacement of a carbon with a C-rich carbon are within the scope of this invention.

[0073] It has been found that Compound 1 can exist in a variety of solid forms. Exemplary such forms include polymorphs, such as those described herein. In some embodiments, Compound A and water are in a ratio of about 1:1. In some embodiments, Water and Compound A are in a ratio of about 1:2. In some embodiments, Water and Compound A are in a ratio of about 3:4. In some embodiments, Water and Compound A are in a ratio of about 1:4. In some embodiments, Water and Compound A are in a ratio of about 2:3. In some embodiments, Water and Compound A are in a ratio of about 1:3. In some embodiments, x is about 1 / 4 relative to Compound 1. In some embodiments, x is about 1 / 2 relative to Compound 1. In some embodiments, x is about 3 / 4 relative to Compound 1. In some embodiments, x is about 2 / 3 relative to Compound 1. In some embodiments, x is about 1 / 3 relative to Compound 1. In some embodiments, x is about 1 relative to Compound 1.

[0074] In certain embodiments, compound 1 is a crystalline solid. In other embodiments, compound 1 is a crystalline solid that is substantially free of amorphous compound 1. As used herein, the term "substantially free of amorphous compound 1" means that the compound does not contain a significant amount of amorphous compound 1. In certain embodiments, crystalline compound 1 is present at least about 95% by weight. In yet other embodiments of the present invention, crystalline compound 1 is present at least about 99% by weight.

[0075] It has been found that Compound 1 can exist in at least one distinct polymorph. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a polymorph of Compound 1, herein referred to as Form A. In certain embodiments, Form A of Compound 1 contains water and Compound A in a ratio of about 3:4. In certain embodiments, x is about 3 / 4 for Form A of Compound 1.

[0076] In some embodiments, Compound 1 is amorphous. In some embodiments, Compound 1 is amorphous and substantially free of crystalline Compound 1. Form A of Compound 1

[0077] In some embodiments, Form A of Compound 1 has at least 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 spectral peaks selected from the peaks listed in Table 4 below. [Table 4-1] [Table 4-2]

[0078] In some embodiments, Form A of Compound 1 is characterized by having one or more peaks selected from the peaks at about 17.1, about 17.3, and about 18.3 degrees 2θ in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern. In some embodiments, Form A of Compound 1 is characterized by having two or more peaks selected from the peaks at about 17.1, about 17.3, and about 18.3 degrees 2θ in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern. In some embodiments, Form A of Compound 1 is characterized by having all three peaks selected from the peaks at about 17.1, about 17.3, and about 18.3 degrees 2θ in its X-ray powder diffraction pattern.

[0079] In certain embodiments, the X-ray powder diffraction pattern is substantially similar to the XRPD presented in FIG. 11. In certain embodiments, Form A of Compound 1 contains water and Compound A in a ratio of about 3:4. In certain embodiments, x is about 3 / 4 with respect to Form A of Compound 1.

[0080] A method for preparing Form A of Compound 1 is described below.

[0081] In some embodiments, the present invention provides Compound 1: [Chemical formula] (wherein 0 < x ≦ about 1).

[0082] In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein compound 1 is crystalline.

[0083] In some embodiments, the present invention provides Compound 1, which is a crystalline solid that is substantially free of amorphous Compound 1.

[0084] In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, wherein compound 1 is substantially free of impurities.

[0085] In some embodiments, the invention provides compound 1, which has in its XRPD one or more peaks selected from peaks at about 17.1, about 17.3, and about 18.3 degrees 2θ. In some such embodiments, the invention provides compound 1, which has in its XRPD at least two peaks selected from peaks at about 17.1, about 17.3, and about 18.3 degrees 2θ. In some such embodiments, the invention provides compound 1, which is Form A.

[0086] In some embodiments, the present invention provides compound 1, having an XRPD substantially similar to that depicted in FIG.

[0087] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a composition comprising Compound 1 and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

[0088] In some embodiments, the invention provides a compound selected from Form A of Compound 1.

[0089] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of modulating mTORC1 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient Compound 1 or a composition thereof. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of selectively modulating mTORC1 activity in a patient, comprising administering to the patient Compound 1 or a composition thereof. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of activating mTORC1 in a patient, comprising administering to the patient Compound 1 or a composition thereof.

[0090] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating a disease, disorder or condition selected from treatment-resistant depression, lysosomal storage disorder, JNCL, cystinosis, Fabry disease, MLIV, mental retardation or a genetic form of autism, comprising administering to a patient Compound 1 or a composition thereof.

[0091] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for preparing a solid form of Compound 1, comprising one or more steps of removing a solvent and adding a solvent. In some embodiments, the solvent added is the same as the solvent removed. In some embodiments, the solvent added is different from the solvent removed. Means of solvent removal are known in the synthetic and chemical arts and include, but are not limited to, any of the techniques described herein and in the Examples.

[0092] In some embodiments, the method of preparing a solid form of Compound 1 comprises one or more steps consisting of heating or cooling the preparation.

[0093] In some embodiments, the method of preparing a solid form of Compound 1 comprises one or more steps consisting of agitating or stirring the preparation.

[0094] In some embodiments, the method of preparing a solid form of Compound 1 comprises adding a suitable acid to a solution or slurry of Compound 1.

[0095] In some embodiments, the method of preparing a solid form of Compound 1 includes a heating step.

[0096] In certain embodiments, the solid form of Compound 1 precipitates from the mixture. In another embodiment, the solid form of Compound 1 crystallizes from the mixture. In other embodiments, the solid form of Compound 1 crystallizes from the solution after seeding the solution (i.e., adding crystals of Compound 1 to the solution).

[0097] Solid forms of Compound 1 can be precipitated from the reaction mixture or can be produced by removing some or all of the solvent by methods such as solvent evaporation, distillation, filtration (e.g., nanofiltration, ultrafiltration), reverse osmosis, absorption and reaction, by adding an anti-solvent such as heptane, by cooling, or by various combinations of these methods.

[0098] As generally described above, the solid form of compound 1 is optionally isolated. It will be understood that the solid form of compound 1 can be isolated by any suitable physical means known to those skilled in the art. In certain embodiments, the precipitated solid form of compound 1 is separated from the supernatant by filtration. In other embodiments, the precipitated solid form of compound 1 is separated from the supernatant by decanting the supernatant.

[0099] In certain embodiments, the solid form of Compound 1 is separated from the supernatant by filtration.

[0100] In certain embodiments, the isolated solid form of Compound 1 is dried in air. In other embodiments, the isolated solid form of Compound 1 is dried under reduced pressure, optionally at elevated temperature.

[0101] Examples of suitable solvents useful in the present invention include, but are not limited to, protic solvents, aprotic solvents, polar aprotic solvents, or mixtures thereof. In certain embodiments, suitable solvents include ethers, esters, alcohols, ketones, or mixtures thereof. In some embodiments, the solvent is one or more organic alcohols. In some embodiments, the solvent is chlorinated. In some embodiments, the solvent is an aromatic solvent.

[0102] In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetone, said solvent being anhydrous or combined with water or heptane. In some embodiments, suitable solvents include tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, glyme, diglyme, methyl t-butyl ether, t-butanol, n-butanol, and acetonitrile. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is ethanol. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is anhydrous ethanol. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is MTBE.

[0103] In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is ethyl acetate. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is a mixture of methanol and methylene chloride. In some embodiments, the suitable solvent is a mixture of acetonitrile and water. In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is methyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, acetone, or tetrahydrofuran. In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is diethyl ether. In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is water. In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is methyl ethyl ketone. In certain embodiments, the suitable solvent is toluene. Pharmaceutically acceptable compositions

[0104] According to another embodiment, the present invention provides a composition comprising the compound of the present invention or a pharma- ceutically acceptable derivative thereof and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle. The amount of the compound in the composition of the present invention is effective to measurably modulate mTORC1 activity in a biological sample or a patient. In certain embodiments, the amount of the compound in the composition of the present invention is effective to measurably activate mTORC1 in a biological sample or a patient. In certain embodiments, the composition of the present invention is formulated for administration to a patient in need of such a composition. In some embodiments, the composition of the present invention is formulated for oral administration to a patient.

[0105] The term "patient", as used herein, means an animal, preferably a mammal, and most preferably a human.

[0106] The term "pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle" refers to a non-toxic carrier, adjuvant or vehicle that does not destroy the pharmacological activity of the compound that is formulated together.The pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant or vehicle that can be used in the composition of the present invention includes, but is not limited to, ion exchanger, alumina, aluminum stearate, lecithin, serum protein (such as human serum albumin), buffer substance (such as phosphate, glycine, sorbic acid, potassium sorbate), partial glyceride mixture of saturated vegetable fatty acid, water, salt or electrolyte (such as protamine sulfate), disodium hydrogen phosphate, potassium hydrogen phosphate, sodium chloride, zinc salt, colloidal silica, magnesium trisilicate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, cellulose-based substance, polyethylene glycol, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, polyacrylate, wax, polyethylene-polyoxypropylene-block polymer, polyethylene glycol and wool fat.

[0107] The compositions of the present invention can be administered orally, parenterally, by inhalation spray, topically, rectally, nasally, bucally, vaginally, or via an implanted reservoir. The term "parenteral" as used herein includes subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarticular, intrasynovial, intrasternal, intrathecal, intrahepatic, intralesional, and intracranial injection or infusion techniques. Preferably, the compositions are administered orally, intraperitoneally, or intravenously. The injectable sterile forms of the compositions of the present invention can be aqueous or oily suspensions. These suspensions can be formulated according to techniques known in the art using suitable dispersing or wetting agents and suspending agents. The injectable sterile preparations can also be injectable sterile solutions or suspensions in non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, for example, as solutions in 1,3-butanediol. Among the acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be used are water, Ringer's solution, and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conventionally employed as a solvent or suspending medium.

[0108] For this purpose, any bland fixed oil may be employed, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. Fatty acids, such as oleic acid and its glyceride derivatives, are useful in the preparation of injectables, as are natural pharma- ceutical acceptable oils, such as olive oil or castor oil, especially in their polyoxyethylated versions. These oil solutions or suspensions may also contain long-chain alcohol diluents or dispersants, such as carboxymethylcellulose, or similar dispersing agents commonly used in the formulation of pharma- ceutically acceptable dosage forms, including emulsions and suspensions. Other commonly used surfactants, such as Tween, Span and other emulsifiers, or bioavailability enhancers commonly used in the manufacture of pharma-ceutically acceptable solid, liquid or other dosage forms, may also be used for the formulation.

[0109] The pharmaceutically acceptable composition of the present invention may be orally administered in any orally acceptable dosage form, including but not limited to capsules, tablets, aqueous suspensions or solutions.For tablets intended for oral use, commonly used carriers include lactose and cornstarch.Lubricants such as magnesium stearate are also usually added.For oral administration in the form of capsules, useful diluents include lactose and dried cornstarch.When aqueous suspensions are required for oral use, active ingredient is combined with emulsifiers and suspending agents.If desired, certain sweeteners, flavors or colorants may also be added.

[0110] Alternatively, the pharma- ceutically acceptable composition of the present invention may be administered in the form of suppositories for rectal administration.These can be prepared by mixing the drug with a suitable non-irritating excipient that is solid at room temperature but liquid at rectal temperature, and therefore melts in the rectum to release the drug.Such materials include cocoa butter, beeswax and polyethylene glycol.

[0111] The pharma- ceutically acceptable compositions of the present invention may also be administered topically, especially when the target of treatment includes areas or organs readily accessible by topical application, including diseases of the eye, the skin, or the lower intestinal tract. Suitable topical formulations for each of these areas or organs are readily prepared.

[0112] Topical application for the lower intestinal tract can be effected in a rectal suppository formulation (see above) or in a suitable enema formulation. Topical transdermal patches may also be used.

[0113] For topical application, the provided pharma- ceutically acceptable composition may be formulated into a suitable ointment containing the active ingredient suspended or dissolved in one or more carriers.Carriers for topical administration of the compounds of the present invention include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, liquid petrolatum, white petrolatum, propylene glycol, polyoxyethylene, polyoxypropylene compounds, emulsifying wax and water.Alternatively, the provided pharma-ceutically acceptable composition may be formulated into a suitable lotion or cream containing the active ingredient suspended or dissolved in one or more pharma-ceutically acceptable carriers.Suitable carriers include, but are not limited to, mineral oil, sorbitan monostearate, polysorbate 60, cetyl ester wax, cetearyl alcohol, 2-octyldodecanol, benzyl alcohol and water.

[0114] For ophthalmic use, the pharma- ceutically acceptable compositions provided may be formulated as a micronized suspension in isotonic, pH-adjusted sterile saline or as a solution in isotonic, pH-adjusted sterile saline, preferably with or without a preservative such as benzylalkonium chloride. Alternatively, for ophthalmic use, the pharma-ceutically acceptable compositions may be formulated in an ointment such as petrolatum.

[0115] The pharma- ceutically acceptable compositions of the present invention may also be administered by nasal aerosol or inhalation.Such compositions are prepared according to techniques well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation, and may be prepared as solutions in saline using benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption enhancers which enhance bioavailability, fluorocarbons, and / or other conventional solubilizing or dispersing agents.

[0116] Most preferably, the pharma- ceutically acceptable composition of the present invention is formulated for oral administration. Such formulations may be administered with or without food. In some embodiments, the pharma- ceutically acceptable composition of the present invention is administered without food. In other embodiments, the pharma- ceutically acceptable composition of the present invention is administered with food.

[0117] The amount of the compounds of the present invention that may be combined with the carrier materials to produce a composition in a single dosage form will vary depending on the host being treated, the particular mode of administration. Preferably, the compositions provided should be formulated so that a dosage of between 0.01-100 mg / kg body weight / day of the inhibitor can be administered to a patient receiving these compositions.

[0118] It should also be understood that the specific dosage and treatment regimen for any particular patient will depend on a variety of factors, including the activity of the specific compound used, age, body weight, general health, sex, diet, time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, as well as the judgment of the treating physician and the severity of the specific disease being treated. The amount of the compound of the present invention in the composition also depends on the specific compound in the composition. Uses of the Compounds and Pharmaceutically Acceptable Compositions

[0119] The compounds and compositions described herein are generally useful for modulating mTORC1 activity. In some embodiments, provided compounds or compositions thereof are activators of mTORC1.

[0120] As used herein, the terms "treatment", "treat" and "treating" refer to reversing, alleviating, delaying the onset of, or inhibiting the progression of a disease or disorder, or one or more symptoms thereof, as described herein. In some embodiments, treatment may be administered after the onset of one or more symptoms. In other embodiments, treatment may be administered in the absence of symptoms. For example, treatment may be administered to susceptible individuals prior to the onset of symptoms (e.g., in light of a history of symptoms and / or in light of genetic or other susceptibility factors). Treatment may also be continued after symptoms have resolved, for example, to prevent or delay their recurrence.

[0121] As used herein, the term "mTORC1-mediated" disorder, disease and / or condition, as used herein, refers to any disease or other deleterious condition in which mTORC1 is known to play a role. Accordingly, another embodiment of the present invention relates to treating or reducing the severity of one or more diseases in which mTORC1 is known to play a role.

[0122] In some embodiments, the method of activating mTORC is used to treat or prevent depression. (See Ignacio et al. (2015) Br J Clin Pharmacol. November 27). Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing depression in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a provided compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. In some embodiments, the depression is treatment-resistant depression ("TRD"). In some embodiments, the treatment-resistant depression is resistant to a first-line treatment. In some embodiments, the treatment-resistant depression is resistant to a second-line treatment.

[0123] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for treating depression in a patient in need thereof, wherein the patient experiences a 50% reduction in depression scale score. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% reduction in depression scale score within less than 6 weeks of administration of the compound or pharma- ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% reduction in depression scale score within less than 4 weeks of administration of the compound or pharma-ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% reduction in depression scale score within 2 weeks of administration of the compound or pharma-ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% reduction in depression scale score within less than 2 weeks of administration of the compound or pharma-ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% reduction in depression scale score within 1 week of administration of the compound or pharma-ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% reduction in depression scale score within 7 days of administration of the compound or pharma-ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% decrease in depression scale score within 6 days of administration of the compound or pharma- ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% decrease in depression scale score within 5 days of administration of the compound or pharma- ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% decrease in depression scale score within 4 days of administration of the compound or pharma- ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% decrease in depression scale score within 3 days of administration of the compound or pharma- ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% decrease in depression scale score within 2 days of administration of the compound or pharma- ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% decrease in depression scale score within 1 day of administration of the compound or pharma- ceutically acceptable composition. In some embodiments, the patient experiences a 50% decrease in depression scale score within 24 hours of administration of the compound or pharma- ceutically acceptable composition.In some embodiments, the depression scale score is selected from the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD-6), the Inventory of Self-Rating Depressive Symptoms (IDS-SR), and the Clinical Global Impression-Severity Scale (CGI-S).

[0124] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating depression in a patient in need thereof, comprising orally administering to said patient a provided compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof, wherein the patient experiences a reduction in depression scale score equivalent to ketamine administered by intraperitoneal injection. In some embodiments, the reduction in depression scale score results from a single oral administration. In certain embodiments, the reduction in depression scale score results from multiple oral administrations.

[0125] In some embodiments, the method of activating mTORC1 is used to induce rapid onset of antidepressant activity. Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inducing rapid onset of antidepressant activity in a patient suffering from TRD in need of inducing rapid onset of antidepressant activity, comprising administering to the patient a provided compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. In some embodiments, the rapid onset of antidepressant activity occurs within 2 weeks of administering the compound or composition. In some embodiments, the rapid onset of antidepressant activity occurs within 1 week of administering the compound or composition. In some embodiments, the rapid onset of antidepressant activity occurs within 7 days of administering the compound or composition. In some embodiments, the rapid onset of antidepressant activity occurs within 6 days of administering the compound or composition. In some embodiments, the rapid onset of antidepressant activity occurs within 5 days of administering the compound or composition. In some embodiments, the rapid onset of antidepressant activity occurs within 4 days of administering the compound or composition. In some embodiments, the rapid onset of antidepressant activity occurs within 3 days of administering the compound or composition. In some embodiments, the rapid onset of antidepressant activity occurs within 2 days of administering the compound or composition. In some embodiments, the rapid onset of antidepressant activity occurs within 1 day of administering the compound or composition. In some embodiments, the rapid onset of antidepressant activity occurs within less than 24 hours of administering the compound or composition.

[0126] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inducing long-acting sustained antidepressant activity in a patient suffering from depression in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a compound provided or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. In some embodiments, the patient in need thereof is suffering from TRD. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained antidepressant activity persists for at least 24 hours after a single administration of a compound provided or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained antidepressant activity persists for more than one day. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained antidepressant activity persists for at least two days. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained antidepressant activity persists for at least three days. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained antidepressant activity persists for at least four days. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained antidepressant activity persists for at least five days. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained antidepressant activity persists for at least six days. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained antidepressant activity persists for at least seven days.

[0127] In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for eliciting antidepressant activity that is both rapid onset and long-lasting acting.

[0128] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inducing a positive behavioral response in a subject, comprising administering to said subject a compound provided or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response correlates with improved mood. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response correlates with reduced anxiety. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response corresponds to improved mood. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response correlates with improved ability to cope with stress.

[0129] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of eliciting the onset of a rapid positive behavioral response in a subject, comprising administering to said subject a compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof as provided herein. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response occurs within 24 hours of administration. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response occurs within 1 day of administration. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response occurs within 2 days of administration. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response occurs within 3 days of administration. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response occurs within 4 days of administration. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response occurs within 5 days of administration. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response occurs within 6 days of administration. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response occurs within 7 days of administration. In some embodiments, the positive behavioral response occurs within 1 week of administration.

[0130] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of inducing a long-acting sustained positive behavioral response in a subject, comprising administering to said patient a compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof provided herein. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained positive behavioral response lasts for more than one day. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained positive behavioral response lasts for at least two days. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained positive behavioral response lasts for at least three days. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained positive behavioral response lasts for at least four days. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained positive behavioral response lasts for at least five days. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained positive behavioral response lasts for at least six days. In some embodiments, the long-acting sustained positive behavioral response lasts for at least seven days.

[0131] In some embodiments, the present invention provides methods for eliciting a positive behavioral response that is both rapid onset and long lasting in action.

[0132] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method for improving and / or reversing behavioral and synaptic deficits caused by chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) in a patient in need of such improvement and / or reversal, comprising administering to said patient a compound provided or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. In some embodiments, the method improves and / or reverses behavioral deficits caused by CUS. In some embodiments, the method improves and / or reverses synaptic deficits caused by CUS. In some embodiments, the synaptic deficit caused by CUS is a decrease in post-synaptic protein expression. In some embodiments, the decrease in post-synaptic protein expression is a decrease in the expression of GLUR1 or PSD95.

[0133] In some embodiments, methods of activating mTORC1 are used to treat or prevent forms of autism (see Novarino et al. (2012) Science October 19, vol. 338:6105, pp. 394-397). Thus, in some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing a form of autism in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to said subject a provided compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. In some embodiments, the autism is a genetic form of autism.

[0134] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a genetic form of autism in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof provided. SHANK3 haploinsufficiency is responsible for the neurological features of Phelan-McDermid syndrome (PMDS), including a high risk of autism spectrum disorder (Bidinosti et al. (2016) Science Reports 351, 1199-1203). SHANK3 downregulation of mTORC1 is by enhancing phosphorylation and activation of B56b, a serine / threonine protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) regulatory subunit, by its kinase, Cdc2-like kinase 2 (Bidinostie et al. (2016) Science Reports 351, 1199-1203). SHANK3 mutant mice display autistic traits (Yang et al. (2012) The Journal of Neuroscience 32, 6525- 6541). Patients with autistic traits and motor delay have deleterious homozygous mutations in the SLC7A5 gene. Solute carrier transporter 7a5 (SLC7A5), a large natural amino acid transporter localized at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), has an essential role in maintaining normal levels of BCAAs in the brain. Intracerebroventricular administration of leucine improves abnormal behavior in adult mutant mice (Tarlungeanuet al. (2016) Cell 167, 1481-1494).

[0135] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a lysosomal storage disease or disorder ("LSD") in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient a compound provided therein or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. LSDs are a group of inherited metabolic disorders resulting from defective lysosomal function. Lysosomal storage disorders are usually caused by lysosomal dysfunction, usually as a result of a deficiency in one enzyme required for the metabolism of lipids, glycoproteins (sugar-containing proteins), or so-called mucopolysaccharides. In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a lipid storage disorder in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to said patient a compound provided therein or a pharma-ceutically acceptable composition thereof. In some embodiments, the lipid storage disorder is selected from sphingolipidoses (e.g., gangliosidosis, Gaucher disease, Niemann-Pick disease, or metachromatic leukodystrophy). In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a gangliosidosis (e.g., Tay-Sachs disease or leukodystrophy). In certain embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating a mucopolysaccharidosis in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a compound provided herein or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. In some embodiments, the mucopolysaccharidosis is Hunter syndrome or Hurler disease.

[0136] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating JNCL (Batten Disease) in a patient in need of treatment, comprising administering to said patient a compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. JNCL is caused by a deletion of exons 7 and 8 of the CLN3 gene, resulting in a non-functional protein. Battenin, the full-length protein encoded by CLN3, is a transmembrane protein localized to late endosomes and lysosomes, where it has been shown to help regulate pH, amino acid balance, and vesicular trafficking (Pearce et al. (1999) Nature Genetics 22, 1; Fossale et al. (2004) BMC Neuroscience 10, 5). mTOR activation requires intracellular nutrients provided by autophagy, which is reduced by the lack of functional Battenin in in vitro and in vivo models of JNCL (Cao et al. (2006) Journal of Biological Chemistry 281, 29).

[0137] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating cystinosis in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof provided. Cystinosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disease affecting those with two mutated alleles in the CSTN gene, in which the lysosomal cystine transporter cystinosin is defective in the efflux of cystine from lysosomes, leading to the formation of cystine crystals in renal epithelial tubules and loss of renal function. Studies have shown defective or reduced mTORC1 signaling in cells lacking CSTN and mislocated mTOR (Ivanova et al. (2016) J Inherit Metab Dis.39(3), 457-64; Andrzejewska et al. (2016) J Am Soc Nephrol. 27(6), 1678-1688e). These defects cannot be rescued by cysteamine (Ivanova et al. (2016) J Inherit Metab Dis. 39(3), 457-64; Andrzejewska et al. (2016) JAm Soc Nephrol. 27(6), 1678-1688e). Cystinosine has also been found to bind to mTORC1 pathway components v-ATPase, Rag and regulators (Andrzejewskaet al. (2016) J Am Soc Nephrol. 27(6), 1678-1688e). CTNS-deficient cells show increased autophagosome numbers and reduced chaperone-mediated autophagy (Napolitanoet al. (2015) EMBO Mol Med. 7(2), 158-74).

[0138] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating Fabry disease in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. In Fabry disease, alpha-galactosidase deficiency leads to lysosomal accumulation of globotriaosylceramide lipids. In a cell model of Fabry disease in which alpha-galactosidase is knocked down by shRNA, reduced mTOR activity and increased autophagy have been observed in vitro and in vivo (Liebau et al. (2013) PLoS 8, e63506). Hyperactive autophagy has also been observed in the brains of mice in which alpha-galactosidase has been knocked out (Nelsonet al. (2014) Acta Neuropathologica Communications 2, 20).

[0139] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof provided. In MLIV, a mutation in the TRPML1 lysosomal Ca(2+) channel causes impaired lysosomal membrane trafficking. MLIV knockout in Drosophila results in upregulation of autophagy and reduced mTOR activity, both of which can be reversed by genetically activating mTORC1 or feeding animals a high-protein diet (Wong et al. (2012) Curr Biol. 22(17), 1616-1621). Increased autophagy has also been observed in fibroblasts from MLIV patients (Vergarajauregui et al. (2008) Human Molecular Genetics 17, 2723-2737).

[0140] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of treating mental retardation in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof provided herein. In Homo sapiens, cereblon mutations are linked to a mild form of autosomal recessive non-syndromic mental retardation. In the cereblon knockout mouse model of retardation, loss of cereblon activates AMPK, inhibits mTOR, and reduces protein translation in the cerebellum (Lee et al. (2014) J Biol Chem. 289, 23343-52; Xu et al. (2013) JBiol Chem. 288, 29573-85).

[0141] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of increasing neuronal protein expression in a subject, comprising administering to said subject a compound or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof provided therein. In some embodiments, the increased neuronal protein expression occurs in a postsynaptic neuron. In some embodiments, the increased neuronal protein expression comprises increased expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). In some embodiments, the increased neuronal protein expression comprises increased expression of glutamate receptor 1 (GluR1). In some embodiments, the increased neuronal protein expression comprises increased expression of synapsin. In some embodiments, the increased neuronal protein expression comprises increased expression of PSD95.

[0142] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of increasing synaptogenesis in a subject, comprising administering to said subject a compound provided herein or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof. In some embodiments, increasing synaptogenesis comprises synaptic reorganization. In some embodiments, increasing synaptogenesis comprises induction of dendritic spines. In some embodiments, induction of dendritic spines causes an increase in density of dendritic spines. In some embodiments, the dendritic spines are thin spines. In some embodiments, the dendritic spines are mushroom-shaped spines.

[0143] In some embodiments, the present invention provides a method of enhancing synoptic function in a subject, comprising administering to the subject a compound provided herein or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof, hi some embodiments, enhancing synoptic function in a subject comprises increasing excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs).

[0144] The pharma- ceutically acceptable compositions of the present invention can be administered orally, enterally, parenterally, intravesically, intravaginally, intraperitoneally, topically (such as by powder, ointment or drop), bucally, etc., to humans and other animals depending on the severity of the infection being treated. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present invention can be administered orally or parenterally at dosage levels of about 0.01 mg / kg to about 50 mg / kg, and preferably about 1 mg / kg to about 25 mg / kg of body weight of the subject per day, once or more times per day to obtain the desired therapeutic effect.

[0145] Liquid dosage forms for oral administration include, but are not limited to, pharma- ceutically acceptable emulsions, microemulsions, solutions, suspensions, syrups, and elixirs. In addition to the active compound, the liquid dosage form can contain inert diluents commonly used in the art, such as water or other solvents, solubilizers and emulsifiers, such as ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, ethyl carbonate, ethyl acetate, benzyl alcohol, benzyl benzoate, propylene glycol, 1,3-butylene glycol, dimethylformamide, oils (especially cottonseed oil, peanut oil, corn oil, germ oil, olive oil, castor oil and sesame oil), glycerol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, and fatty acid esters of sorbitan, and mixtures thereof. In addition to the inert diluents, the oral compositions can also contain adjuvants, such as wetting agents, emulsifying and suspending agents, sweeteners, flavoring agents and aromatics.

[0146] Injectable preparations, for example, injectable aqueous or oily suspensions, can be formulated according to known techniques using suitable dispersing agents, or wetting agents and suspending agents. Injectable sterile preparations can also be injectable sterile solutions, suspensions or emulsions in non-toxic parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, for example, as a solution in 1,3-butanediol. Acceptable vehicles and solvents that can be used include water, Ringer's solution (USP) and isotonic sodium chloride solution. In addition, sterile, fixed oils are conveniently used as a solvent or suspending medium. For this purpose, any non-irritating, fixed oil can be used, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides. In addition, fatty acids such as oleic acid are used in the preparation of injectables.

[0147] The injectable preparations can be sterilized, for example, by filtration through a bacterial-retaining filter, or by incorporating sterilizing agents in the form of sterile solid compositions which can be dissolved or dispersed in sterile water or other sterile injectable medium prior to use.

[0148] In order to prolong the effect of the compounds of the present invention, it is often desirable to delay the absorption of the compounds from subcutaneous or intramuscular injection. This can be accomplished by using a liquid suspension of crystalline or amorphous material with poor water solubility. The rate of absorption of the compound then depends on the rate of dissolution, which in turn may depend on the crystal size and crystalline form. Alternatively, the delayed absorption of a parenterally administered compound form is accomplished by dissolving or suspending it in an oil vehicle. Injectable depot forms are made by forming microencapsulated matrices of the compound in biodegradable polymers such as polylactide-polyglycolide. Depending on the ratio of compound to polymer and the nature of the particular polymer used, the release rate of the compound can be controlled. Examples of other biodegradable polymers include poly(orthoesters) and poly(anhydrides). Injectable depot formulations are also prepared by entrapping the compound in liposomes or microemulsions that are compatible with body tissues.

[0149] Compositions for rectal or vaginal administration are preferably suppositories which can be prepared by mixing a compound of the invention with a suitable non-irritating excipient or carrier such as cocoa butter, polyethylene glycol or a suppository wax which is solid at ambient temperature but liquid at body temperature and therefore will melt in the rectal or vaginal cavity and release the active compound.

[0150] Solid dosage forms for oral administration include capsules, tablets, pills, powders, and granules. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound is mixed with at least one inert, pharma- ceutically acceptable excipient or carrier (such as sodium citrate or dicalcium phosphate), and / or a) fillers or extenders (such as starch, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, and silicic acid), b) binders (such as carboxymethylcellulose, alginates, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidinone, sucrose, and acacia), c) humectants (such as glycerol), d) disintegrants (such as agar, calcium carbonate, potato starch, and the like), and / or glycerol (such as glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, glycerol, d) glycerol, e) glycerol, f) glycerol, g) glycerol, h) glycerol, h) glycerol, i) glycerol, j) glycerol, j) glycerol, j) glycerol, j) glycerol, j) glycerol, j) glycerol, r) glycerol, s ... starch or tapioca starch, alginic acid, certain silicates and sodium carbonate, e) solution retarders (paraffin, etc.), f) absorption enhancers (quaternary ammonium compounds, etc.), g) wetting agents (e.g., cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate, etc.), h) absorbents (kaolin and bentonite clay, etc.), and i) lubricants (talc, calcium stearate, magnesium stearate, solid polyethylene glycols, sodium lauryl sulfate), and mixtures thereof. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, these dosage forms may also contain buffering agents.

[0151] Solid compositions of a similar type may also be used as fillers in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar, and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills, and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical compounding art. They may optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that releases the active ingredient(s) only, or preferentially, in a certain part of the gastrointestinal tract, optionally in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes. Solid compositions of a similar type may also be used as fillers in soft and hard filled gelatin capsules using such excipients as lactose or milk sugar, and high molecular weight polyethylene glycols. It may be used as a filler in the

[0152] The active compound can also be in microencapsulated form with one or more excipients as described above. The solid dosage forms of tablets, dragees, capsules, pills and granules can be prepared with coatings and shells, such as enteric coatings, controlled release coatings and other coatings well known in the pharmaceutical compounding art. In such solid dosage forms, the active compound can be mixed with at least one inert diluent, such as sucrose, lactose or starch. Such dosage forms can also contain, as in normal practice, additional substances other than the inert diluent, such as tablet lubricants and other tableting aids, such as magnesium stearate and microcrystalline cellulose. In the case of capsules, tablets and pills, the dosage forms can also contain buffering agents. They can optionally contain opacifying agents and can also be of a composition that releases the active ingredient(s) only or preferentially in a certain part of the digestive tract, optionally in a delayed manner. Examples of embedding compositions that can be used include polymeric substances and waxes.

[0153] Dosage forms for topical or transdermal administration of the compounds of the present invention include ointments, pastes, creams, lotions, gels, powders, solutions, sprays, inhalants or patches. The active ingredient is mixed with a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier under sterile conditions, and any necessary preservatives or buffers may be required. Ophthalmic formulations, ear drops and eye drops are also contemplated as being within the scope of the present invention. In addition, the present invention contemplates the use of transdermal patches, which have the added advantage of achieving controlled delivery of the compound to the body. Such dosage forms can be made by dissolving or dispensing the compound in a suitable medium. Absorption enhancers can also be used to improve the flux of the compound through the skin. This rate can be controlled either by providing a rate-controlling membrane or by dispersing the compound in a polymer matrix or gel.

[0154] According to one embodiment, the present invention relates to a method of modulating or selectively modulating mTORC1 activity in a biological sample, comprising the step of contacting said biological sample with a compound of the present invention or a composition comprising said compound.

[0155] The term "biological sample" as used herein includes, but is not limited to, cell cultures or extracts thereof; biopsy material obtained from a mammal or extracts thereof; and blood, saliva, urine, stool, semen, tears, or other bodily fluids or extracts thereof.

[0156] Another embodiment of the invention relates to a method of activating mTORC1 in a patient, comprising the step of administering to said patient a compound of the invention or a composition comprising said compound.

[0157] According to another embodiment, the present invention provides a method of treating an mTORC1 mediated disorder in a patient in need thereof, comprising administering to said patient a compound according to the present invention or a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition thereof, such disorders being as described in detail herein. Combination with other therapeutic agents

[0158] Depending on the particular condition, or disease, being treated, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat such a condition may also be present in the compositions of this invention. As used herein, additional therapeutic agents that are normally administered to treat a particular disease or condition are known as "appropriate for the disease or condition being treated."

[0159] In some embodiments, provided compounds are administered in combination with antidepressant therapeutic agents.Antidepressant therapeutic agents are well known to those skilled in the art and include selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors ("SSRIs", e.g., sertraline, escitalopram, citalopram, fluvoxamine, fluoxetine, paroxetine), antidepressants (e.g., bupropion, venlafaxine, mirtazapine, duloxetine, amitriptyline, imipramine, selegiline, nortriptyline, trazodone, desvenlafaxine and aripiprazole).

[0160] In some embodiments, provided compounds are administered in combination with one or more additional therapeutic agents or methods useful for treating LSD. In some embodiments, provided compounds are administered in combination with enzyme replacement therapy, chemical chaperone therapy, bone marrow transplantation, substrate reduction therapy, α-L-iduronidase, recombinant human N-acetylgalactosamine-4-sulfatase (arylsulfatase B), inhibitors of glycosphingolipid synthesis, N-butyldeoxynojirimycin (miglustat), hydrophobic iminosugars, or inhibitors of α-galactosidase A (e.g., 1-deoxy-galactonojirimycin).

[0161] These additional agents may be administered separately from the composition containing the compound of the present invention as part of a multiple dose regimen. Alternatively, these agents may be part of a single dosage form, mixed together with the compound of the present invention in a single composition. When administered as part of a multiple dose regimen, the two active agents may be administered simultaneously, sequentially, or within a mutual period of time, usually within 5 hours of each other.

[0162] As used herein, the term "combination," "in combination," and related terms refer to simultaneous or sequential administration of a therapeutic agent according to the present invention. For example, a compound of the present invention may be administered simultaneously with another therapeutic agent, or sequentially in separate unit dosage forms, or together in a single unit dosage form. Thus, the present invention provides a single unit dosage form that includes a compound of the present invention, an additional therapeutic agent, and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier, adjuvant, or vehicle.

[0163] The amounts of both the compounds of the present invention and the additional therapeutic agent (in those compositions containing the additional therapeutic agents described above) that can be combined with the carrier materials to produce a single dosage form will vary depending upon the host treated and the particular mode of administration. Preferably, the compositions of the present invention should be formulated so that the compound of the present invention can be administered at a dosage of between 0.01-100 mg / kg body weight / day.

[0164] In such compositions containing an additional therapeutic agent, the additional therapeutic agent and the compound of the present invention may act synergistically. Thus, the amount of the additional therapeutic agent in such compositions is less than that required for a monotherapy utilizing only that therapeutic agent. In such compositions, the additional therapeutic agent may be administered at a dosage between 0.01 and 1,000 μg / kg body weight / day.

[0165] The amount of additional therapeutic agent present in the compositions of the invention is no more than the amount that would normally be administered in a composition containing that therapeutic agent as the sole active agent. Preferably, the amount of additional therapeutic agent in the disclosed compositions is in the range of about 50% to 100% of the amount that would normally be present in a composition containing that agent as the sole therapeutic active agent.

[0166] The compound of the present invention or its pharmaceutical composition may also be incorporated into a composition for coating implantable medical devices, such as prostheses, artificial valves, vascular grafts, stents and catheters.For example, vascular stents have been used to overcome restenosis (re-narrowing of the vessel wall after injury).However, patients who use stents or other implantable devices are at risk of clot formation or platelet activation.These undesirable effects can be prevented or reduced by pre-coating the device with a pharma- ceutically acceptable composition that includes a kinase inhibitor.An implantable device coated with the compound of the present invention is another embodiment of the present invention.

[0167] All features of each of the aspects of the invention apply mutatis mutandis to all other aspects.

[0168] In order that the invention described herein may be more fully understood, the following examples are set forth. It should be understood that these examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting this invention in any way. EXAMPLES

[0169] Example As illustrated in the Examples below, in certain exemplary embodiments, compounds are prepared according to the following general procedures: While the general methods illustrate the synthesis of certain compounds of the invention, it will be recognized that the following general methods, as well as other methods known to those of skill in the art, are applicable to all compounds described herein, and each subclass and species of these compounds. General Procedure

[0170] X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) analysis was performed in transmission mode on a Panalytical X'Pert Pro or Empyrean instrument equipped with an X'Celerator detector using standard Aptuit techniques. Data was evaluated using HighScore Plus software. The instrument parameters used are listed in Table 5 below. [Table 5]

[0171] XRPD analyses under controlled environmental conditions were collected in reflectance mode on a Panalytical Empyrean instrument equipped with an Anton-Paar CHC+ chamber with a Pixel3D detector. Data were evaluated using HighScore Plus software. The instrument parameters used are listed in Table 6 below. [Table 6]

[0172] Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was performed using a TA Q5000IR instrument, the method parameters are listed in Table 7 below. [Table 7]

[0173] Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was performed using a TA Q2000 MDSC instrument, the method parameters of which are listed in Table 8 below. [Table 8]

[0174] Chiral HPLC analysis was performed using the parameters listed in Table 9 below. [Table 9]

[0175] Gravimetric Vapor Sorption (GVS) analysis was performed on an IGASorp instrument by Hiden Analytical, and the method parameters are listed in Table 10 below. [Table 10]

[0176] Compound A can be prepared according to the methods described in US Pat. No. 10,100,066, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. Example 1 Preparation of Free Base Form A of Compound A [ka] Form A of Compound A

[0177] Form A of Compound A was prepared as described below. Form A of Compound A - Preparation Method 1

[0178] A slurry was prepared by weighing out approximately 65 mg of compound A, suspending compound A in 0.8 mL of acetone, and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was stirred at 20° C. for 14 days. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 2 hours. Form A of Compound A - Preparation Method 2

[0179] A slurry was prepared by weighing out approximately 55 mg of compound A, suspending compound A in 1.0 mL of acetonitrile, and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was stirred at 20° C. for 14 days. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 2 hours. Form A of Compound A - Preparation Method 3

[0180] A slurry was prepared by weighing out approximately 60 mg of compound A, suspending compound A in 0.8 mL of 1-butanol, and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was stirred at 20° C. for 14 days. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 2 hours. Form A of Compound A - Preparation Method 4

[0181] A slurry was prepared by weighing out approximately 60 mg of compound A, suspending compound A in 0.5 mL of 2-butanone (MEK), and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was stirred at 20° C. for 14 days. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 2 hours. Form A of Compound A - Preparation Method 5

[0182] A slurry was prepared by weighing out approximately 55 mg of compound A, suspending compound A in 0.7 mL of ethyl acetate, and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was stirred at 20° C. for 14 days. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 2 hours. Form A of Compound A - Preparation Method 6

[0183] A slurry was prepared by weighing out approximately 55 mg of compound A, suspending compound A in 0.9 mL of isopropanol, and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was stirred at 20° C. for 14 days. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 2 hours.

[0184] Table 1 above is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form A of Compound A. [Table 1-3] [Table 1-4]

[0185] FIG. 1 illustrates the XRPD pattern of Form A of Compound A.

[0186] FIG. 2 illustrates the DSC trace of Compound A Form A.

[0187] FIG. 3 illustrates the TGA tray of Compound A Form A. Example 2 Preparation of Free Base Form B of Compound A [ka] Form B of Compound A

[0188] Form B of Compound A was prepared as described below. Form B of Compound A - Preparation Method 1

[0189] Approximately 4 g of compound A was suspended in 5 volumes (20 mL; total volume 24 mL, 167 mg / mL) of IPA / water 70:30 in a 50 mL EasyMax reactor equipped with an FBRM Lasentec® probe to monitor the progress of crystallization. The contents were heated to the maximum temperature allowed by the system (79° C.). Agitation using a propeller blade was applied. The compound tended to dissolve slowly. As dissolution was not achieved, 1 volume of the solvent mixture was added. A clear solution was observed with some heavy plate-like particles and deposits in the headspace of the reactor. An additional 0.5 volumes of the solvent mixture were added. The particles disappeared but some crust remained (total volume 30 mL, 133 mg / mL). The contents were cooled at 0.5 K / min to 76° C. After a few minutes, seeds (30 mg, 1% w / w calculated based on the expected production rate) were added, which was a freshly prepared suspension in IPA / water 70 / 30 (0.2 mL), but dissolved immediately. The contents were cooled to 72° C. at 0.5 K / min. After a few minutes, dry seeds (30 mg, 1% w / w calculated based on the expected production rate) were added again. The contents were kept at this temperature for 4 hours to check for seed persistence, then cooled to 20° C. at 0.2 K / min. The material first crystallized, appeared to completely dissolve within 1 hour, and self-crystallized at 50° C. during the gradient cooling. At 20° C., a large amount of deposits was observed along the walls above the solvent and at the bottom of the reactor. A spatula was used to push the crust into the slurry, which after some time became homogenous. A sample was taken for XRPD analysis, which gave Form B.

[0190] Due to the large volume involved, the experiment was continued in a 100 mL reactor. The reactor was quickly heated to 80° C. Approximately 1 mL of solvent was required to compensate for the evaporation of the solvent. The solution appeared clear, but a ring of crust remained present. The contents were cooled to 74° C. at 0.5 K / min. After a few minutes, dry seeds (A / 2919 / 27 / 3-30 mg, calculated to be 1% w / w based on the expected production rate) were added. The seeds did not dissolve within 1 hour. IPA (13 vol., 52 mL) was added at a rate of 0.3 mL / min (3 hours). The contents were held at 74° C. during this time. The addition of IPA caused a large amount of precipitation, which produced a jelly-like slurry that was impossible to stir with an impeller. The contents were cooled to 20° C. at 0.2 K / min. A static solid mass was found the next day, and agitation was limited to the center of the impeller. The slurry was made mobile and homogenous by moving the solid mass with a spatula. The solid was isolated by filtration on a filter syringe (PTFE frit, porosity 20 μm). During this operation, recycling of some of the mother liquor was necessary to completely recover the material from the reactor. After deliquification before washing, a sample was taken for XRPD analysis, which yielded Form B plus some extra reflectance. A wash (IPA / water 90 / 10, 10 mL, approximately 1 cake volume) was then applied and the solid was dried under vacuum for 1 hour. After washing, a sample was taken for XRPD analysis, which gave Form B. The solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 40° C. for 20 hours. Form B of Compound A - Preparation Method 2

[0191] Approximately 4 g of compound A was suspended in 5 volumes of IPA / water 70:30 (20 mL; total volume 24 mL, 167 mg / mL) in a 50 mL EasyMax reactor equipped with an FBRM Lasentec® probe to monitor the progress of crystallization. Agitation with a propeller blade was applied at 500 rpm. The contents were heated to the maximum temperature allowed by the system (81° C., rate 3 K / min), but complete dissolution was not achieved (Lasentec: 1800 counts), so 1 volume of the solvent mixture was added. The formation of a crust was observed on the reactor wall surface above the solvent level. The temperature was reduced to 78° C. to maintain it below the boiling point of the solvent mixture, and an additional 0.5 volume of the solvent was added. The suspended particles disappeared, but some crust remained (total volume 30 mL, 133 mg / mL). The contents were cooled to 75° C. at a rate of 0.5 K / min. After a few minutes, dry seeds (A / 2919 / 27 / 3, 30 mg, calculated to be 1% w / w based on the expected production rate) were added. The Lasentec counts rose sharply to 33000 and then began to drop rapidly. The temperature was lowered to 73° C. (rate 0.5 K / min) to prevent complete dissolution (as observed in previous experiment A / 2919 / 40) and samples were taken to confirm the crystal morphology: A / 2919 / 42 / 1 (wet) showed Form 2 present in the mixture with reflections not assigned by XRD analysis. The reactor was held at 73° C. for 4 hours and then cooled to 20° C. at 0.2 K / min. A slow drop in the Lasentec counts continued while the reactor was maintained at 73° C., after which gradient cooling was started. This may be due to a crusting phenomenon. At 20° C. the contents were visible with large deposits along the reactor walls above the solvent level. A spatula was used to press the crust into the slurry. A sample was taken for XRPD analysis, which gave Form B.

[0192] To better clarify what happened after the addition of the seeds, the material was redissolved at 79° C. (3 K / min). A few crusts were present on the reactor walls. The temperature was reduced to 70° C. at a rate of 0.2 k / min. The solution remained clear, but the presence of crusts on the wall surface increased. After 90 min, dry seeds (A / 2919 / 27 / 3, 30 mg, calculated based on the expected production rate to be 1% w / w) were added. The Lasentec count rose sharply to 35,000 and then began to fall. After 1 h, a sample was taken and submitted for XRPD analysis, which gave Form B. Two hours after the addition of the seeds, the Lasentec count had fallen to 15,000 and large crusts were present on the reactor wall surface. A spatula was used to push the crusts into the slurry, and the Lasentec count rose to 29,000. These evidences confirm that crusting on the reactor wall surface leads to a decrease in product concentration in this system, which may contribute to the difficulty in controlling the seeding procedure (and also act as autoseeding).

[0193] Due to the large volume involved, the experiment was continued in a 100 mL reactor. The reactor was heated quickly to 80° C. inside. Anchor stirring was applied at 200 rpm during this time. Approximately 1 mL of solvent was required to compensate for solvent evaporation. The solution appeared clear, but a ring of crust was present. The jacket was cooled to 75° C. at 0.5 K / min and after a few minutes the material self-crystallized. The contents were heated again at 80° C. until complete dissolution was reached. After approximately 10 min, the temperature was reduced to approximately 74° C. [T jacket = 81.5° C.] and dry seeds (A / 2919 / 27 / 3, 30 mg, calculated to be 1% w / w based on the expected production rate) were added. The seeds did not dissolve within 20 min. IPA (13 vol., 52 mL) was added at a rate of 0.3 mL / min (3 h). During this time the jacket was held at 81.5°C. IPA caused copious precipitation, producing a jelly-like slurry. The contents were cooled at 0.2 K / min to 20°C. The next day a mobile homogeneous mass was found, with a few crusts observed on the reactor wall surface. The solid was isolated by filtration on a filter funnel (DURAN®, porosity 3). To fully recover the product from the reactor, recycling of some of the mother liquor was necessary. A sample was taken for XRPD analysis after deliquation and before washing, giving Form B. A wash (IPA / water 90 / 10, 10 mL, approximately 1 cake volume) was applied. The solid was dried in a vacuum oven at 40°C for 6 hours. Form B of Compound A - Preparation Method 3

[0194] Approximately 6 g of compound A was suspended in 6.5 vols of IPA / water 70:30 (39 mL; total volume 45 mL, 133 mg / mL) in a 100 mL EasyMax reactor with anchor. The contents were heated to 78° C. A clear solution was obtained. A ring of crust was present above the liquid level. The contents were cooled to 74° C. at 0.5 K / min. After a few minutes, dry seeds (A / 2919 / 27 / 3, 30 mg, calculated to be 0.6% w / w based on the expected production rate) were added. The seeds remained. IPA (13 vols, 78 mL) was added at a rate of 0.44 mL / min (3 h). During this time the contents were held at 74° C. After the addition the contents were cooled to 20° C. at 0.2 K / min. The solid was then isolated by filtration over gooch (porosity 3), requiring recycling of some of the mother liquor to completely recover the material from the reactor. A wash (IPA / water 90 / 10, 12 mL, 2 volumes) was applied. After washing, a sample was taken for XRPD analysis, which gave Form B. The solid was dried under vacuum for 1 hour and then in a vacuum oven at 40° C. for 5 hours. Form B of Compound A - Preparation Method 4

[0195] A slurry was prepared by weighing out approximately 65 mg of compound A, suspending compound A in 0.5 mL of methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was stirred at 20° C. for 14 days. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 2 hours. Form B of Compound A - Preparation Method 5

[0196] A slurry was prepared by weighing out approximately 55 mg of compound A, suspending compound A in 0.6 mL of methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE), and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was stirred at 20° C. for 14 days. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 2 hours. Form B of Compound A - Preparation Method 6

[0197] A slurry was prepared by weighing out approximately 60 mg of compound A, suspending compound A in 0.8 mL of toluene, and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was stirred at 20° C. for 14 days. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 2 hours. Form B of Compound A - Preparation Method 7

[0198] A slurry was prepared by weighing out approximately 70 mg of compound A, suspending compound A in 0.7 mL of isopropanol / water (90:10), and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was stirred at 20° C. for 14 days. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 2 hours. Form B of Compound A - Preparation Method 8

[0199] A slurry was made by weighing out approximately 60 mg of compound A, suspending it in 0.8 mL of acetone / water (90:10), and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was temperature cycled between 20°C and 40°C in 2 hour cycles overnight for a total of 6 cycles. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 1-2 hours. Form B of Compound A - Preparation Method 9

[0200] A slurry was made by weighing out approximately 70 mg of compound A, suspending it in 0.7 mL of isopropanol / water (90:10), and visually checking that excess solids remained undissolved (magnetic stirring at approximately 500-700 rpm was applied). The slurry was temperature cycled between 20°C and 40°C in 2 hour cycles overnight for a total of 6 cycles. The solids were isolated by filtration and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 1-2 hours. Form B of Compound A - Preparation Method 10

[0201] The reaction vessel was charged sequentially with Compound A (mixture of polymorphs), water (2.0 V), and IPA (4.0 V). The resulting slurry was heated to 75° C. to form a solution. IPA (8.0 V) was then charged slowly over 90 minutes while maintaining the temperature at 70-75° C. During this time, Compound A crystallized out of solution. The slurry was cooled to ambient temperature over 3 hours and aged at ambient temperature for an additional 50 hours. The solids were collected by filtration, washed with IPA (2.0 V), and dried under vacuum at 40° C. to give Compound A Form B in 82% yield.

[0202] Table 2 above is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Form B of Compound A. [Table 2-3] [Table 2-4]

[0203] FIG. 4 illustrates the XRPD pattern of Form B of Compound A.

[0204] FIG. 5 illustrates the DSC trace of Form B of Compound A.

[0205] FIG. 6 illustrates the TGA trace of Compound A Form B. Example 3 Preparation of Free Base Form C of Compound A [ka] Form C of Compound A

[0206] Form C of Compound A was prepared as described below. Form C of Compound A - Preparation Method 1

[0207] Saturated solutions of compound A were made in three solvents (water, methanol, and acetone) and filtered through a 0.45 μm PTFE filter. A portion of the prepared solution (approximately 1.5 mL) was placed in an environment rich in methyl t-butyl ether (MTBE) with a solvent selected based on its boiling point difference. The solution was visually inspected periodically for solid formation. The solid was isolated by removing the supernatant and dried under vacuum at room temperature for approximately 1 hour. Form C of Compound A - Preparation Method 2

[0208] Extended drying of Compound A Form B, produced according to Preparation Method 1 (Compound A Form B), in an oven at 40° C. afforded Form C.

[0209] Table 3 above is reproduced below and sets forth the X-ray diffraction peaks observed for Compound A Form C. [Table 3-3] [Table 3-4]

[0210] FIG. 7 illustrates the XRPD pattern of Compound A Form C.

[0211] FIG. 8 illustrates the DSC trace of Compound A Form C.

[0212] FIG. 9 illustrates the TGA trace of Compound A Form C. Example 4 - Single Crystal Study of Compound 1 Form A [ka] (wherein x is approximately 3 / 4).

[0213] Form A of Compound 1 was prepared as follows: 40 mg (0.3 mmol) of Compound A was dissolved in 5 mL of deionized water and the solvent was evaporated on a hot plate until needle-like crystals emerged from the hot solution. The crystals were transferred to a separate vial and capped.

[0214] These crystals were suitable for X-ray diffraction. The crystals were observed to be thin, long "needle"-like crystals and X-ray diffraction analysis was performed at room temperature using Cu irradiation. Diffraction was observed, a unit cell was obtained, and the powder pattern was modeled. However, during measurements at room temperature, it was observed that there was a decay in intensity, and after about 30 minutes, this crystallinity was noticeably lost and a complete data set could not be determined.

[0215] To avoid loss of crystallinity, new crystals were prepared as described above and X-ray diffraction analysis of the new crystals was carried out at low temperature (approximately 250 K, inert gas flow). Under these conditions, a complete data set was determined and the structure was solved and refined.

[0216] Single crystal studies of Form A of Compound 1 produced a chiral monoclinic P21 unit cell with the parameters shown in Table 11 below. [Table 11]

[0217] 10 shows that it is an asymmetric unit, whereby chiral centers are found at the carbon atoms labeled as C12, C22, C32 and C42, respectively. The absolute configuration of Form A of Compound 1 was determined to be S for the molecule present in the unit cell.

[0218] The unit cell is observed to be asymmetric and contains four independent molecules of compound A and three fully occupied water molecules. The lattice volume is 1880.7(3) Å. 3 corresponds to the presence of 8 molecules of compound A and 6 water molecules in the unit cell. The molecular formula is [C 13 F2N1O2] 4. [H2O]3, in which case [C7H 13 F2N1O2] entity is a zwitterion.

[0219] The data set obtained at low temperature was used in conjunction with the unit cell data set obtained at room temperature. The unit cell found at room temperature has a = 5.90A, b = 30.34A, c = 10.51A. ; b=90.78°, which is equivalent to the unit cell found at 250K.

[0220] Crystallography software (e.g., Mercury Program 3.10.1 (build 168220)) was used to model the XRPD pattern shown in Figure 11. Table 4 above is reproduced below and describes the X-ray diffraction peaks for Form A of Compound 1. [Table 4-3] [Table 4-4]

[0221] Although the inventors have described several embodiments of the invention, it is apparent that the inventors' basic examples may be modified to realize other embodiments that utilize the compounds and methods of the invention. It will therefore be appreciated that the scope of the invention is defined by the appended claims rather than by the specific embodiments that have been represented by way of example. The present invention provides, for example, the following items. (Item 1) Compound A in Form A, B or C: [ka] 。 (Item 2) 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is crystalline. (Item 3) 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is a crystalline solid that is substantially free of amorphous Compound A. (Item 4) 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is substantially free of impurities. (Item 5) 2. The compound according to claim 1, having in its XRPD one or more peaks selected from peaks at about 4.4, about 16.2 and about 17.7 degrees 2θ. (Item 6) 6. The compound according to item 5, having in its XRPD at least two peaks selected from peaks at about 4.4, about 16.2 and about 17.7 degrees 2θ. (Item 7) 7. The compound according to item 6, wherein the compound is compound form A. (Item 8) The compound according to item 1, having an XRPD substantially similar to the XRPD depicted in FIG. (Item 9) 2. The compound according to claim 1, having in its XRPD one or more peaks selected from peaks at about 5.0, about 15.2 and about 17.5 degrees 2θ. (Item 10) 10. The compound according to item 9, having in its XRPD at least two peaks selected from peaks at about 5.0, about 15.2 and about 17.5 degrees 2θ. (Item 11) 11. The compound according to item 10, wherein the compound is compound form B. (Item 12) The compound according to item 1, having an XRPD substantially similar to the XRPD depicted in FIG. (Item 13) 2. The compound according to claim 1, having in its XRPD one or more peaks selected from peaks at about 7.0, about 16.1 and about 16.3 degrees 2θ. (Item 14) 10. The compound according to item 9, having in its XRPD at least two peaks selected from peaks at about 7.0, about 16.1 and about 16.3 degrees 2θ. (Item 15) 11. The compound according to item 10, wherein the compound is compound form C. (Item 16) The compound according to item 1, having an XRPD substantially similar to the XRPD depicted in FIG. (Item 17) A composition comprising a compound according to item 1 and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier or excipient. (Item 18) 1. A method of treating a disease, disorder or condition selected from treatment-resistant depression, lysosomal storage disorders, JNCL, cystinosis, Fabry disease, MLIV, mental retardation or a genetic form of autism, comprising: A method comprising administering to a patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound according to item 1 or a composition thereof. (Item 19) A method for activating mTORC1 in a patient, comprising administering to the patient in need thereof an effective amount of a compound of item 1 or a composition thereof. (Item 20) Form A of Compound 1:

change

Claims

1. Compound A: 【Chemistry 10】 and a crystalline form of Compound A of Form B having ten peaks in its XRPD at 5.0±0.2, 6.2±0.2, 15.2±0.2, 15.9±0.2, 16.7±0.2, 17.2±0.2, 17.5±0.2, 17.8±0.2, 18.6±0.2, and 20.5±0.2 degrees 2θ.

2. A composition comprising the crystal of claim 1 and a pharma- ceutically acceptable carrier or excipient.

3. 2. A composition comprising the crystal of claim 1 for treating a disease, disorder or condition selected from depression, treatment-resistant depression, lysosomal storage disorders, JNCL, cystinosis, Fabry disease, MLIV, mental retardation or genetic forms of autism.

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