Synchronous signal burst, signal design, and system frame acquisition in NEW RADIO

Abstract

Synchronize signal bursts, signal design, and / or system frame acquisition. In one embodiment, a synchronization signal (SS) block or burst may be received. The SS block or burst may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and / or a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). A first cell ID may be determined, and / or multiple SSS sequences may be generated. An m0 value (e.g., a first cyclic shift) may be determined from a set of m0 values, for example, based on the generated multiple SSS sequences. An n1 value (e.g., a second cyclic shift) may be determined from a set of n1 values. A second cell ID may be determined, for example, based on the m0 value and the n1 value. A third cell ID may be determined, for example, based on the second cell ID and the first cell ID.

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present invention relates to synchronization signal bursts, signal design, and system frame acquisition in NEW RADIO. [Background technology]

[0002] cross reference This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 454,524, filed February 3, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 500,752, filed May 3, 2017, U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 519,745, filed June 14, 2017, and U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62 / 556,171, filed September 8, 2017, which are incorporated by reference herein as if fully set forth.

[0003] A broad classification of use cases for emerging 5G systems can be expressed as Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), and Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC). The broad classification of use cases can be based on requirements described by ITU-R, NGMN, and 3GPP. Use cases may focus on one or more requirements such as higher data rates, higher spectral efficiency, low power, higher energy efficiency, lower latency, and higher reliability. A wide range of spectrum bands, ranging from 700 MHz to 80 GHz, may be considered for various deployment scenarios. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] Systems, procedures, and means for synchronizing signal bursts, signal design, and / or system frame acquisition in new radio (NR) are disclosed. A synchronization signal (SS) block may be defined based on SS bursts, one or more of which may define an SS burst set. SS blocks to be activated, enabled, or transmitted may be determined. Information of the SS blocks to be activated, enabled, or transmitted may be provided to another entity. Based on the SS blocks to be activated, enabled, or transmitted, an OFDM symbol index, a slot index within a radio frame, a radio frame number, and / or a minislot index may be identified. A quasi-co-located (QCL) indication and / or a rate matching indication may be provided (e.g., may be provided for the SS block).

[0005] A synchronization signal (SS) burst may be received. The SS burst may include a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and / or a physical broadcast channel (PBCH). A first cell ID carried by (e.g., in) the PSS may be determined. A plurality of SSS sequences may be generated, for example, based on a first M-sequence and a second M-sequence. An m0 value (e.g., a first cyclic shift) may be determined, for example, from a set of m0 values ​​(e.g., a first set of cyclic shifts) based on the generated plurality of SSS sequences. An n1 value (e.g., a second cyclic shift) may be determined from a set of n1 values ​​(e.g., a second set of cyclic shifts). A second cell ID carried by (e.g., in) the SSS may be determined, for example, based on the m0 value and the n1 value. A third cell ID may be determined, for example, based on the second cell ID carried by the SSS and the first cell ID carried by the PSS.

[0006] A portion of a system frame number (SFN) may be determined based on a scrambling code. The scrambling code may be based on a third cell ID. A portion (e.g., another portion) of the SFN may be obtained within the SS burst. The SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) may be determined, for example, based on the determined portion of the SFN and the portion of the SFN obtained within the SS burst being the same. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0007] A more detailed understanding may be had from the following description, given by way of example in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:

[0008] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1 is a system diagram illustrating an example communication system in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. [Figure 1B] 1A is a system diagram illustrating an example wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) that may be used within the communication system illustrated in FIG. 1A, according to an embodiment. [Figure 1C] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example radio access network (RAN) and an example core network (CN) that may be used within the communication system illustrated in FIG. 1A, according to an embodiment. [Figure 1D] FIG. 1B is a system diagram illustrating a further exemplary RAN and a further exemplary CN that may be used within the communications system illustrated in FIG. 1A, according to an embodiment. [Diagram 2] A diagram showing an exemplary synchronization signal (SS) burst set composition and structure. [Diagram 3] A diagram showing another exemplary SS burst set configuration and structure. [Figure 4] A diagram showing another exemplary SS burst set configuration and structure. [Diagram 5] 4 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary system frame number acquisition. [Figure 6]5 is a flow chart illustrating another exemplary system frame number acquisition. [Figure 7] 1 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition (three stages). [Figure 8] 1 is a flow chart illustrating an exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition (four stages). [Figure 9] 5 is a flow chart illustrating another exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition. [Figure 10] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary system frame number (SFN) acquisition by detecting, decoding, concatenating, and combining a most significant bit (MSB) and multiple least significant bits (LSBs) of the SFN. [Figure 11] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary SFN acquisition by detecting, decoding, concatenating, and combining multiple parts of the SFN. [Figure 12] 11 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary system frame number acquisition using Check 1. [Figure 13] 11 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary system frame number acquisition using Check 2. [Figure 13A] 1 is a flowchart illustrating an example flow for system frame acquisition using periodicity adaptation. [Figure 13B] 1 is a flowchart illustrating an example flow for system frame acquisition using periodicity adaptation. [Figure 14] 1 is a graph showing an example sweeping root for a ZC255 sequence. [Figure 15] 1 is a graph showing an example sweeping route for the ZC127 series. [Figure 16] FIG. 2 illustrates an exemplary SS sequence. [Figure 17] FIG. 13 illustrates another exemplary SS sequence. [Figure 18] FIG. 13 illustrates another exemplary SS sequence. [Figure 19]FIG. 1 illustrates an exemplary new radio (NR)-Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS) sequence design. [Figure 20] FIG. 13 illustrates an exemplary quasi-co-located (QCL) indication for a synchronization signal (SS) block. [Figure 21] FIG. 13 illustrates another exemplary QCL indication for an SS block. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0009] A detailed description of exemplary embodiments will now be described with reference to various figures. Although the present specification provides detailed examples of possible implementations, it should be noted that the details are illustrative and are not intended to limit the scope of the present application in any way.

[0010] 1A is a diagram illustrating an example communication system 100 in which one or more disclosed embodiments may be implemented. The communication system 100 is a multiple access system that provides content, such as voice, data, video, messages, broadcasts, etc., to multiple wireless users. The communication system 100 may enable the multiple wireless users to access such content through sharing of system resources, including wireless bandwidth. For example, the communication system 100 may employ one or more channel access methods, such as Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), Orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA), Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), Zero-tailed Unique Word DFT Spread OFDM (ZT UW DTS-s OFDM), Unique Word OFDM (UW-OFDM), Resource Block Filtered OFDM, Filter Bank Multi-Carrier (FBMC), etc.

[0011] 1A, the communications system 100 may include wireless transmit / receive units (WTRUs) 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, a RAN 104 / 113, a CN 106 / 115, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 108, the Internet 110, and other networks 112, although it will be appreciated that the disclosed embodiments contemplate any number of WTRUs, base stations, networks, and / or network elements. Each of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may be any type of device configured to operate and / or communicate in a wireless environment. By way of example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d, any of which may be referred to as a “station” and / or “STA,” may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals and may include user equipment (UE), mobile stations, fixed or mobile subscriber units, subscription-based units, pagers, cellular phones, personal digital assistants (PDAs), smartphones, laptops, netbooks, personal computers, wireless sensors, hotspot devices or Mi-Fi devices, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, watches or other wearables, head mounted displays (HMDs), vehicles, drones, medical devices and applications (e.g., remote surgery), industrial devices and applications (e.g., robots and / or other wireless devices operating in industrial and / or automated processing chain contexts), consumer electronics devices, devices operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, etc. Any of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and 102d may be referred to interchangeably as a UE.

[0012] The communication system 100 may also include a base station 114a and / or a base station 114b. Each of the base stations 114a, 114b may be any type of device configured to wirelessly interface with at least one of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to facilitate access to one or more communication networks, such as the CN 106 / 115, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. By way of example, the base stations 114a, 114b may be a base transceiver station (BTS), a Node B, an eNode B, a home Node B, a home eNode B, a gNB, a NR Node B, a site controller, an access point (AP), a wireless router, etc. Although the base stations 114a, 114b are each depicted as a single element, it will be appreciated that the base stations 114a, 114b may include any number of interconnected base stations and / or network elements.

[0013] The base station 114a may be part of the RAN 104 / 113, which may include other base stations and / or network elements (not shown), such as a base station controller (BSC), a radio network controller (RNC), relay nodes, etc. The base station 114a and / or the base station 114b may be configured to transmit and / or receive wireless signals on one or more carrier frequencies, which may be referred to as cells (not shown). These frequencies may be in a licensed spectrum, an unlicensed spectrum, or a combination of licensed and unlicensed spectrum. A cell may provide coverage for wireless services in a particular geographic area, which may be relatively fixed or may change over time. A cell may be further divided into cell sectors. For example, the cell associated with the base station 114a may be divided into three sectors. Thus, in one embodiment, the base station 114a may include three transceivers, i.e., one transceiver for each sector of the cell. In an embodiment, the base station 114a may employ multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology and may utilize multiple transceivers for each sector of the cell. For example, beamforming may be used to transmit and / or receive signals in a desired spatial direction.

[0014] The base stations 114a, 114b may communicate with one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d over an air interface 116, which may be any suitable wireless communications link (e.g., radio frequency (RF), microwave, centimeter wave, micrometer wave, infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), visible light, etc.). The air interface 116 may be established using any suitable radio access technology (RAT).

[0015] More specifically, as mentioned above, the communication system 100 may be a multiple access system and may employ one or more channel access schemes such as CDMA, TDMA, FDMA, OFDMA, SC-FDMA, etc. For example, the base stations 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in the RAN 104 / 113 may implement a radio technology such as Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA), which may establish the air interface 115 / 116 / 117 using Wideband CDMA (WCDMA). WCDMA may include communication protocols such as High Speed ​​Packet Access (HSPA) and / or Evolved HSPA (HSPA+). HSPA may include High Speed ​​Downlink (DL) Packet Access (HSDPA) and / or High Speed ​​UL Packet Access (HSUPA).

[0016] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology such as Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA), which may establish the air interface 116 using Long Term Evolution (LTE) and / or LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and / or LTE-Advanced Pro (LTE-Pro).

[0017] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a radio technology, such as New Radio (NR) radio access, which may establish the air interface 116 using NR.

[0018] In an embodiment, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement multiple radio access technologies. For example, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement LTE and NR radio access together, e.g., using a dual connectivity (DC) principle. Thus, the air interface utilized by the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be characterized by multiple types of radio access technologies and / or transmissions sent to / from multiple types of base stations (e.g., eNBs and gNBs).

[0019] In other embodiments, the base station 114a and the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement a wireless technology such as IEEE 802.11 (i.e., Wireless Fidelity (WiFi), IEEE 802.16 (i.e., Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX)), CDMA2000, CDMA2000 1X, CDMA2000 EV-DO, Interim Standard 2000 (IS-2000), Interim Standard 95 (IS-95), Interim Standard 856 (IS-856), Global System for Mobile communications (GSM), Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE), GSM EDGE (GERAN), or the like.

[0020] The base station 114b in FIG. 1A may be, for example, a wireless router, a Home Node B, a Home eNode B, or an access point, and may utilize any suitable RAT to facilitate wireless connectivity within a localized area, such as a business office, a home, a vehicle, a campus, an industrial facility, an air corridor (e.g., for use by drones), a roadway, etc. In one embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology, such as IEEE 802.11, to establish a wireless local area network (WLAN). In an embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may implement a radio technology, such as IEEE 802.15, to establish a wireless personal area network (WPAN). In yet another embodiment, the base station 114b and the WTRUs 102c, 102d may utilize a cellular-based RAT (e.g., WCDMA, CDMA2000, GSM, LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, NR, etc.) to establish a picocell or femtocell. 1A, the base station 114b may have a direct connection to the Internet 110. Thus, the base station 114b may not be required to access the Internet 110 via the CN 106 / 115.

[0021] The RAN 104 / 113 may communicate with the CN 106 / 115, which may be any type of network configured to provide voice, data, application, and / or Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) services to one or more of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d. The data may have varying Quality of Service (QoS) requirements, such as different throughput requirements, latency requirements, error tolerance requirements, reliability requirements, data throughput requirements, mobility requirements, etc. The CN 106 / 115 may provide call control, charging services, mobile location-based services, prepaid calling, Internet connectivity, video distribution, and / or perform high-level security functions, such as user authentication. Although not shown in FIG. 1A, it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 / 113 and / or the CN 106 / 115 may communicate directly or indirectly with other RANs that use the same RAT as the RAN 104 / 113 or a different RAT. For example, in addition to being connected to the RAN 104 / 113, which may utilize NR radio technology, the CN 106 / 115 may also communicate with another RAN (not shown) that employs GSM, UMTS, CDMA2000, WiMAX, E-UTRA, or WiFi radio technology.

[0022] The CN 106 / 115 may also act as a gateway for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d to access the PSTN 108, the Internet 110, and / or other networks 112. The PSTN 108 may include a circuit-switched telephone network providing plain old telephone service (POTS). The Internet 110 may include a worldwide system of interconnected computer networks and devices that use common communication protocols such as Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), User Datagram Protocol (UDP), and / or Internet Protocol (IP) in the TCP / IP Internet protocol suite. The network 112 may include wired and / or wireless communication networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. For example, the network 112 may include another CN connected to one or more RANs, which may use the same RAT as the RANs 104 / 113 or may use a different RAT.

[0023] Some or all of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d in the communications system 100 may include multi-mode capabilities (e.g., the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, 102d may include multiple transceivers for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links). For example, the WTRU 102c shown in FIG. 1A may be configured to communicate with a base station 114a, which may use a cellular-based radio technology, and with a base station 114b, which may use an IEEE 802 radio technology.

[0024] 1B is a system diagram illustrating an example WTRU 102. As shown in FIG. 1B, the WTRU 102 may include, among other things, a processor 118, a transceiver 120, a transmit / receive element 122, a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, a display / touchpad 128, non-removable memory 130, removable memory 132, a power source 134, a Global Positioning System (GPS) chipset 136, and / or other peripherals 138. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may include any sub-combination of the foregoing elements while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0025] The processor 118 may be a general purpose processor, a special purpose processor, a conventional processor, a digital signal processor (DSP), multiple microprocessors, one or more microprocessors associated with a DSP core, a controller, a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), a field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuit, any other type of integrated circuit (IC), a state machine, etc. The processor 118 may perform signal coding, data processing, power control, input / output processing, and / or any other functionality that enables the WTRU 102 to operate in a wireless environment. The processor 118 may be coupled to the transceiver 120, which may be coupled to the transmit / receive element 122. Although FIG. 1B depicts the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 as separate components, it will be appreciated that the processor 118 and the transceiver 120 may be incorporated together in an electronic package or chip.

[0026] The transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit signals to or receive signals from a base station (e.g., base station 114a) over the air interface 116. For example, in one embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an antenna configured to transmit and / or receive RF signals. In an embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be an emitter / detector configured to transmit and / or receive IR, UV, or visible light signals, for example. In yet another embodiment, the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive both RF and light signals. It will be appreciated that the transmit / receive element 122 may be configured to transmit and / or receive any combination of wireless signals.

[0027] 1B as a single element, the WTRU 102 may include any number of transmit / receive elements 122. More specifically, the WTRU 102 may use MIMO technology. Thus, in one embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include two or more transmit / receive elements 122 (e.g., multiple antennas) for transmitting and receiving wireless signals over the air interface 116.

[0028] The transceiver 120 may be configured to modulate signals to be transmitted by the transmit / receive element 122 and demodulate signals received by the transmit / receive element 122. As mentioned above, the WTRU 102 may have multi-mode capabilities. Thus, the transceiver 120 may include multiple transceivers to enable the WTRU 102 to communicate via multiple RATs, such as NR and IEEE 802.11, for example.

[0029] The processor 118 of the WTRU 102 may be coupled to and may receive user input data from a speaker / microphone 124, a keypad 126, and / or a display / touchpad 128 (e.g., a liquid crystal display (LCD) display unit or an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display unit). The processor 118 may also output user data to the speaker / microphone 124, the keypad 126, and / or the display / touchpad 128. In addition, the processor 118 may access information from and store data in any type of suitable memory, such as a non-removable memory 130 and / or a removable memory 132. The non-removable memory 130 may include a random access memory (RAM), a read only memory (ROM), a hard disk, or any other type of memory storage device. The removable memory 132 may include a subscriber identity module (SIM) card, a memory stick, a secure digital (SD) memory card, or the like. In other embodiments, the processor 118 may access information from, and store data in, memory that is not physically located on the WTRU 102, such as on a server or home computer (not shown).

[0030] The processor 118 may receive power from the power source 134 and may be configured to distribute and / or control the power to other components within the WTRU 102. The power source 134 may be any suitable device for powering the WTRU 102. For example, the power source 134 may include one or more dry cell batteries (e.g., nickel-cadmium (NiCd), nickel-zinc (NiZn), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), lithium-ion (Li-ion), etc.), solar cells, fuel cells, etc.

[0031] The processor 118 may also be coupled to a GPS chipset 136, which may be configured to provide location information (e.g., longitude and latitude) regarding the current location of the WTRU 102. In addition to, or instead of, information from the GPS chipset 136, the WTRU 102 may receive location information over the air interface 116 from a base station (e.g., base stations 114a, 114b) and / or determine its location based on the timing of when signals are received from two or more nearby base stations. It will be appreciated that the WTRU 102 may acquire location information by way of any suitable location determination method while remaining consistent with an embodiment.

[0032] The processor 118 may be further coupled to other peripherals 138, which may include one or more software and / or hardware modules that provide additional features, functionality, and / or wired or wireless connectivity. For example, the peripherals 138 may include an accelerometer, an electronic compass, a satellite transceiver, a digital camera (for photos and / or videos), a universal serial bus (USB) port, a vibration device, a television transceiver, a hands-free headset, a Bluetooth module, a frequency modulation (FM) radio unit, a digital music player, a media player, a video game player module, an Internet browser, a virtual reality and / or augmented reality (VR / AR) device, an activity tracker, and the like. The peripheral device 138 may include one or more sensors, which may be one or more of a gyroscope, an accelerometer, a Hall effect sensor, a magnetometer, an orientation sensor, a proximity sensor, a temperature sensor, a time sensor; a geolocation sensor; an altimeter, a light sensor, a touch sensor, a magnetometer, a barometer, an attitude sensor, a biometric sensor, and / or a humidity sensor.

[0033] The WTRU 102 may include a full-duplex radio where transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with a particular subframe for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and the downlink (e.g., for reception)) may be parallel and / or simultaneous. The full-duplex radio may include an interference management unit 139 that reduces and or substantially eliminates self-interference via either hardware (e.g., a choke) or signal processing via a processor (e.g., a separate processor (not shown), or via the processor 118). In an embodiment, the WTRU 102 may include a half-duplex radio for transmission and reception of some or all of the signals (e.g., associated with a particular subframe for both the UL (e.g., for transmission) and the downlink (e.g., for reception)).

[0034] 1C is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 104 and the CN 106 according to an embodiment. As mentioned above, the RAN 104 may communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116 using E-UTRA radio technology. The RAN 104 may also communicate with the CN 106.

[0035] The RAN 104 may include eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, although it will be appreciated that the RAN 104 may include any number of eNode-Bs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In one embodiment, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may implement MIMO techniques. Thus, the eNode-B 160a, for example, may use multiple antennas to transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a.

[0036] Each of the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, etc. As shown in FIG 1C, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may communicate with one another over an X2 interface.

[0037] 1C may include a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, a Serving Gateway (SGW) 164, and a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway (or PGW) 166. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 106, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0038] The MME 162 may be connected to each of the eNode-Bs 162a, 162b, 162c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the MME 162 may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, bearer activation / deactivation, selecting a particular serving gateway during initial attach of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc. The MME 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 104 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as GSM and / or WCDMA.

[0039] The SGW 164 may be connected to each of the eNode Bs 160a, 160b, 160c in the RAN 104 via an S1 interface. The SGW 164 may generally route and forward user data packets to / from the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. The SGW 164 may perform other functions such as anchoring the user plane during inter-eNode B handovers, triggering pages when DL data is available for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, managing and storing the context of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, etc.

[0040] The SGW 164 may be connected to a PGW 166, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices.

[0041] The CN 106 may facilitate communications with other networks. For example, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to circuit-switched networks, such as the PSTN 108, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and traditional land-line communications devices. For example, the CN 106 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 106 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 106 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers.

[0042] Although the WTRU is described in FIGS. 1A-1D as a wireless terminal, in some representative embodiments it is contemplated that such a terminal may use a wired communications interface (e.g., temporarily or permanently) with the communications network.

[0043] In an exemplary embodiment, the other network 112 may be a WLAN.

[0044] A WLAN in infrastructure basic service set (BSS) mode may have an access point (AP) for the BSS and one or more stations (STAs) associated with the AP. The AP may have access or interface to a distribution system (DS) or another type of wired / wireless network that carries traffic to and / or from the BSS. Traffic to a STA originating from outside the BSS may arrive through the AP and may be delivered to the STA. Traffic originating from a STA to a destination outside the BSS may be sent to the AP for delivery to the respective destination. For example, traffic between STAs in a BSS may be sent through the AP if a source STA can send traffic to the AP and the AP can deliver the traffic to the destination STA. Traffic between STAs in a BSS may be considered and / or referred to as peer-to-peer traffic. Peer-to-peer traffic may be sent between (e.g., directly between) a source and destination STA using a direct link setup (DLS). In some representative embodiments, the DLS may use 802.11e DLS or 802.11z Tunneled DLS (TDLS). A WLAN using an Independent BSS (IBSS) mode may not have an AP, and the STAs in or using the IBSS (e.g., all of the STAs) may communicate directly with each other. The IBSS mode of communication is sometimes referred to herein as an "ad-hoc" mode of communication.

[0045] When using an 802.11ac infrastructure mode of operation or a similar mode of operation, an AP may transmit a beacon on a fixed channel, such as a primary channel. The primary channel may be a fixed width (e.g., 20 MHz wide bandwidth) or may be dynamically set via signaling. The primary channel may be an operating channel of the BSS and may be used by STAs to establish a connection with the AP. In some representative embodiments, carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA / CA) may be implemented, for example, in an 802.11 system. With CSMA / CA, STAs (e.g., every STA), including the AP, may sense the primary channel. If the primary channel is sensed / detected by a particular STA and / or determined to be busy, that particular STA may back off. One STA (e.g., the only station) may transmit at any given time in a given BSS.

[0046] High throughput (HT) STAs may use 40 MHz wide channels for communication, for example, via a combination of a primary 20 MHz channel and adjacent or non-adjacent 20 MHz channels to form a 40 MHz wide channel.

[0047] A Very High Throughput (VHT) STA may support 20 MHz, 40 MHz, 80 MHz, and / or 160 MHz wide channels. The 40 MHz and / or 80 MHz channels may be formed by combining adjacent 20 MHz channels. A 160 MHz channel may be formed by combining eight adjacent 20 MHz channels or two non-adjacent 80 MHz channels, which may be referred to as an 80+80 configuration. For the 80+80 configuration, the data may be passed through a segment parser, after channel coding, that may split the data into two streams. Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT) processing and time domain processing may be performed separately on each stream. The streams may be mapped onto two 80 MHz channels, and the data may be transmitted by the transmitting STA. At the transmitter of the receiving STA, the operations described above for the 80+80 configuration may be reversed, and the combined data may be sent to a media access control (MAC).

[0048] Sub-1 GHz modes of operation are supported by 802.11af and 802.11ah. Channel operating bandwidths and carriers are reduced in 802.11af and 802.11ah compared to those used in 802.11n and 802.11ac. 802.11af supports 5 MHz, 10 MHz, and 20 MHz bandwidths in the TV White Space (TVWS) spectrum, and 802.11ah supports 1 MHz, 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, and 16 MHz bandwidths using non-TVWS spectrum. According to a representative embodiment, 802.11ah can support meter-type control / machine-type communication, such as MTC devices in macro coverage areas. MTC devices may have limited capabilities, including some capabilities, such as support for some and / or limited bandwidths (e.g., only support for this). MTC devices may include a battery with a battery life above a threshold (e.g., to maintain a very long battery life).

[0049] WLAN systems that can support multiple channels and channel bandwidths, such as 802.11n, 802.11ac, 802.11af, and 802.11ah, include a channel that can be designated as a primary channel. The primary channel can have a bandwidth equal to the largest common operating bandwidth supported by all STAs in the BSS. The bandwidth of the primary channel may be set and / or limited by the STA among all STAs operating in the BSS, the BSS supporting the smallest bandwidth operating mode. In an 802.11ah example, the primary channel may be 1 MHz wide for STAs (e.g., MTC type devices) that support (e.g., only support) the 1 MHz mode, even if the AP and other STAs in the BSS support 2 MHz, 4 MHz, 8 MHz, 16 MHz, and / or other channel bandwidth operating modes. Carrier sense settings and / or network allocation vector (NAV) settings may depend on the status of the primary channel. If the primary channel is busy, for example by a STA (that only supports 1 MHz mode of operation) transmitting to the AP, the entire available frequency band may be considered busy even though most of this frequency band may remain idle and available.

[0050] In the United States, the available frequency bands that can be used by 802.11ah are 902MHz to 928MHz. In South Korea, the available frequency bands are 917.5MHz to 923.5MHz. In Japan, the available frequency bands are 916.5MHz to 927.5MHz. The total bandwidth available for 802.11ah is 6MHz to 26MHz depending on the country code.

[0051] 1D is a system diagram illustrating the RAN 113 and the CN 115 according to an embodiment. As discussed above, the RAN 113 may communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116 using NR radio technology. The RAN 113 may also communicate with the CN 115.

[0052] The RAN 113 may include gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c, although it will be appreciated that the RAN 113 may include any number of gNBs while remaining consistent with an embodiment. The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may each include one or more transceivers for communicating with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c over the air interface 116. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement MIMO techniques. For example, the gNBs 180a, 108b may utilize beamforming to transmit signals to and / or receive signals from the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c. Thus, the gNB 180a may transmit wireless signals to and / or receive wireless signals from the WTRU 102a, for example, using multiple antennas. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement carrier aggregation techniques. For example, the gNB 180a may transmit multiple component carriers to the WTRU 102a (not shown). A subset of these component carriers may be on an unlicensed spectrum, while the remaining component carriers may be on a licensed spectrum. In an embodiment, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may implement coordinated multipoint (CoMP) techniques. For example, the WTRU 102a may receive coordinated transmissions from the gNBs 180a and 180b (and / or gNB 180c).

[0053] The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using transmissions associated with scalable numerology. For example, the OFDM symbol spacing and / or OFDM subcarrier spacing may vary for different transmissions, different cells, and / or different portions of the wireless transmission spectrum. The WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using subframes or transmission time intervals (TTIs) of varying or scalable length (e.g., including varying numbers of OFDM symbols and / or lasting for varying lengths of absolute time).

[0054] The gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be configured to communicate with the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c in a standalone configuration and / or a non-standalone configuration. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c without accessing any other RAN (e.g., eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c, etc.). In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may utilize one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c as mobility anchor points. In a standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c using signals in unlicensed bands. In a non-standalone configuration, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may communicate / connect with the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c while also communicating / connecting with another RAN, such as the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c. For example, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may implement DC principles to communicate with one or more gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c and one or more eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c substantially simultaneously. In a non-standalone configuration, the eNode-Bs 160a, 160b, 160c may act as a mobility anchor for the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, and the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may provide additional coverage area and / or throughput to serve the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c.

[0055] Each of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may be associated with a particular cell (not shown) and may be configured to handle radio resource management decisions, handover decisions, scheduling of users in the UL and / or DL, support for network slicing, dual connectivity, interworking between NR and E-UTRA, routing of user plane data towards user plane functions (UPFs) 184a, 184b, routing of control plane information towards access and mobility management functions (AMFs) 182a, 182b, etc. As shown in FIG. 1D, the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c may communicate with each other over an Xn interface.

[0056] 1D may include at least one AMF 182a, 182b, at least one UPF 184a, 184b, at least one Session Management Function (SMF) 183a, 183b, and possibly a Data Network (DN) 185a, 185b. Although each of the foregoing elements is depicted as part of the CN 115, it will be appreciated that any of these elements may be owned and / or operated by an entity other than the CN operator.

[0057] The AMF 182a, 182b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N2 interface and may act as a control node. For example, the AMF 182a, 182b may be responsible for authenticating users of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c, supporting network slicing (e.g., handling different PDU sessions with different requirements), selecting a particular SMF 183a, 183b, managing registration areas, terminating NAS signals, mobility management, etc. Network slicing may be used by the AMF 182a, 182b to customize the CN support of the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c based on the type of service that is utilizing the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c. For example, different network slices may be established for different use cases, such as services relying on ultra-reliable low latency (URLLC) access, services relying on enhanced massive mobile broadband (eMBB) access, services for machine type communications (MTC) access, etc. The AMF 162 may provide a control plane function for switching between the RAN 113 and other RANs (not shown) that employ other radio technologies, such as LTE, LTE-A, LTE-A Pro, and / or non-3GPP access technologies, such as WiFi.

[0058] The SMFs 183a, 183b may be connected to the AMFs 182a, 182b in the CN 115 via an N11 interface. The SMFs 183a, 183b may be connected to the UPFs 184a, 184b in the CN 115 via an N4 interface. The SMFs 183a, 183b may select and control the UPFs 184a, 184b and configure the routing of traffic through the UPFs 184a, 184b. The SMFs 183a, 183b may perform other functions such as managing and assigning UE IP addresses, managing PDU sessions, controlling policy enforcement and QoS, providing downlink data notification, etc. The PDU session type may be IP-based, non-IP-based, Ethernet-based, etc.

[0059] The UPFs 184a, 184b may be connected to one or more of the gNBs 180a, 180b, 180c in the RAN 113 via an N3 interface, which may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to packet-switched networks, such as the Internet 110, to facilitate communications between the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c and IP-enabled devices. The UPFs 184, 184b may perform other functions, such as routing and forwarding packets, enforcing user plane policies, supporting multi-homed PDU sessions, handling user plane QoS, buffering downlink packets, providing mobility anchoring, etc.

[0060] The CN 115 may facilitate communication with other networks. For example, the CN 115 may include or communicate with an IP gateway (e.g., an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) server) that acts as an interface between the CN 115 and the PSTN 108. In addition, the CN 115 may provide the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c with access to other networks 112, which may include other wired and / or wireless networks owned and / or operated by other service providers. In an embodiment, the WTRUs 102a, 102b, 102c may be connected to local data networks (DNs) 185a, 185b through the UPFs 184a, 184b via an N3 interface to the UPFs 184a, 184b and an N6 interface between the UPFs 184a, 184b and the DNs 185a, 185b.

[0061] In view of Figures 1A-D and the corresponding description of Figures 1A-1D, one or more, or all of the functions described herein with respect to one or more of the WTRUs 102a-d, base stations 114a-b, eNode-Bs 160a-c, MME 162, SGW 164, PGW 166, gNBs 180a-c, AMFs 182a-ab, UPFs 184a-b, SMFs 183a-b, DNs 185a-b, and / or any other devices described herein may be performed by one or more emulation devices (not shown). The emulation devices may be one or more devices configured to emulate one or more, or all of the functions described herein. For example, the emulation devices may be used to test other devices and / or to simulate network and / or WTRU functions.

[0062] The emulation device may be designed to perform one or more tests of other devices in a lab environment and / or an operator network environment. For example, the emulation device or devices may perform one or more, or all functions while fully or partially implemented and / or deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network to test other devices in the communication network. The emulation device or devices may perform one or more, or all functions while temporarily implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. The emulation device may be directly coupled to another device for testing purposes and / or may perform testing using over-the-air wireless communications.

[0063] The emulation device or devices may perform one or more functions, including but not limited to, not implemented / deployed as part of a wired and / or wireless communication network. For example, the emulation device may be utilized in a testing laboratory and / or testing scenario within a non-deployed (e.g., testing) wired and / or wireless communication network to perform testing of one or more components. The emulation device or devices may be test equipment. Direct RF coupling and / or wireless communication via RF circuitry (which may include, e.g., one or more antennas) may be used by the emulation device to transmit and / or receive data.

[0064] A broad classification of use cases for emerging 5G systems may be expressed as Enhanced Mobile Broadband (eMBB), Massive Machine Type Communications (mMTC), and Ultra Reliable and Low Latency Communications (URLLC). The broad classification of use cases may be based on requirements described by ITU-R, NGMN, and 3GPP. Use cases may focus on one or more requirements such as higher data rates, higher spectral efficiency, low power, higher energy efficiency, lower latency, and higher reliability. A wide range of spectrum bands, ranging from 700 MHz to 80 GHz, may be considered for various deployment scenarios.

[0065] As carrier frequency increases, path loss may become a limitation to ensure sufficient coverage. Transmissions in millimeter wave systems may suffer from non-line-of-sight losses (e.g., diffraction loss, penetration loss, oxygen absorption loss, foliage loss, etc.). During initial access, the base station and / or WTRU may overcome high path loss and / or discover each other. For example, utilizing antenna elements to generate beamformed signals may be used to compensate for path loss by providing beamforming gain. Beamforming techniques may include digital beamforming, analog beamforming, and hybrid beamforming.

[0066] LTE initial synchronization and / or broadcast channels may be provided.

[0067] In cell search, the WTRU may acquire time and / or frequency synchronization with a cell and / or detect a cell ID of a cell. An LTE synchronization signal may be transmitted in the zeroth and / or fifth subframe of one or more (e.g., every) radio frames and / or may be used for time and / or frequency synchronization during initialization. As part of system acquisition, the WTRU may synchronize (e.g., sequentially synchronize) to an OFDM symbol, a slot, a subframe, a half-frame, and / or a radio frame, for example, based on the synchronization signal. The synchronization signal may be a primary synchronization signal (PSS) and / or a secondary synchronization signal (SSS). The primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be used to obtain slot, subframe, and / or half-frame boundaries. The PSS may provide a physical layer cell identity (PCI) within a cell identity group. The secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be used to obtain radio frame boundaries. The SSS may enable the WTRU to determine a cell identity group, which may range from 0 to 167.

[0068] Following synchronization (e.g., successful synchronization) and / or PCI acquisition, the WTRU may decode a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) and / or acquire master information block (MIB) information regarding system bandwidth, system frame number (SFN), and / or PHICH configuration, e.g., with the aid of a cell-specific reference signal (CRS).

[0069] The LTE synchronization signal and / or the PBCH may be transmitted (eg, transmitted continuously), for example, according to a standardized periodicity.

[0070] A high-level unified synchronization signal (SS) burst structure may be as follows, for example, in new radio (NR): The PSS, SSS, and / or PBCH may be transmitted within an SS block, one or more SS blocks may constitute an SS burst, and / or one or more SS bursts may constitute an SS burst set. Since one or more SS blocks may constitute an SS burst, and / or one or more SS bursts may constitute an SS burst set, the PSS, SSS, and / or PBCH may be transmitted within an SS burst and / or an SS burst set. One or more of the following may be addressed and provided herein: A detailed design for the SS burst configuration and / or structure may be provided. Information indicated within the SS burst may be provided. A unified SS burst structure (e.g., to support single-beam and / or multi-beam deployment) may be provided. A design for time indication (e.g., for an SS burst that may encompass single-beam and / or multi-beam operation) may be provided. Detailed SS burst configuration and / or structure may be provided.

[0071] The SS burst structure in NR (e.g., a new SS burst structure) may affect system frame acquisition. LTE system frame acquisition may be done, for example, by scrambling and / or one or more system frame numbers (SFNs) carried in the PBCH payload to convey the SFN. A design to acquire the system frame number and / or an extended SFN (e.g., based on the SS burst set structure) may be provided (e.g., in NR) to address, for example, the introduction of the SS block and / or burst structure.

[0072] The SS burst set structure in NR may redesign SS sequences for system performance and / or synchronization latency (e.g., optimal system performance and synchronization latency). A sequence design that is compatible with the SS burst structure in NR may be provided.

[0073] A set of SS bursts may be designed and / or constructed.

[0074] The SS burst set design and / or structure may take into account one or more of the radio frame number, slot number, subframe number, minislot number, system frame number, periodicity, and / or coherent combining of the signal.

[0075] The SS block may be defined with reference to a radio frame. The SS block index may be indicated within the radio frame. The SS block index may be a time index for the SS block. The time index for the SS block within the radio frame may be used, for example, to identify one or more SS blocks within the radio frame.

[0076] An SS block may be defined with reference to an SS burst. An SS burst may be defined with reference to an SS burst set. A time index may be used that may be specific to an SS block within an SS burst, for example. Another time index may be used for an SS burst, which may be specific to one or more SS bursts in the SS burst set. An SS burst index may be common across SS blocks in one or more SS bursts. An SS block index may be indicated within an SS burst and / or an SS burst index may be indicated within an SS burst set. An SS block may be defined with reference to an SS burst set. An SS block index may be indicated within the SS burst set. A time index for an SS block within an SS burst set may be used, for example, to identify one or more SS blocks within the SS burst set. An SS block may be located within a predefined window. An SS block may be distributed across a periodicity (e.g., the entire periodicity) of an SS burst set. An SS block may be located. The SS blocks (e.g., all SS blocks) may be confined within a half radio frame or may be confined within a 5 ms window. For example, the SS blocks may be confined within a first or second half radio frame or within a first or second 5 ms window of a 10 ms radio frame. Whether the SS blocks are confined within the first or second half radio frame or within the first or second 5 ms window of a 10 ms radio frame may be predetermined, for example, by default or indicated by an indicator. For example, the WTRU may be indicated where to receive the SS blocks (e.g., the first or second radio frame) based on the half radio frame indication.

[0077] For a frequency band, an SS block may correspond to K OFDM symbols (e.g., based on default subcarrier spacing). K may be a constant. The multiplexing structure of signals within an SS block may be fixed. An SS burst set may correspond to M SS bursts. An SS burst may correspond to N SS blocks. An SS burst set may correspond to L SS blocks. L may be L=MN. An exemplary SS burst set design and / or structure may be represented in FIG. 2.

[0078] 2 shows an example for constructing and / or designing SS blocks, SS bursts, and / or SS burst sets. An SS burst may correspond to N SS blocks and / or an SS burst set may correspond to M SS bursts. An SS block may be defined with reference to an SS burst and / or an SS burst may be defined with reference to an SS burst set. An SS block index may be indicated within an SS burst and / or an SS burst index may be indicated within an SS burst set.

[0079] 3 shows an example for constructing and / or designing SS blocks, SS bursts, and / or SS burst sets. An SS burst set may correspond to L SS blocks. An SS block may be defined with reference to the SS burst set. An SS block index may be indicated within the SS burst set.

[0080] FIG. 4 shows an example for constructing and / or designing SS blocks, SS bursts, and / or SS burst sets. A radio frame may correspond to N SS blocks and / or an SS burst set may correspond to M radio frames. The SS blocks may be defined with reference to the radio frames. The radio frames may be defined with reference to the SS burst sets. An SS block index may be indicated within the radio frame and / or a radio frame index may be indicated within the SS burst set.

[0081] As described herein, an SS burst may correspond to N SS blocks and / or an SS burst set may correspond to M SS bursts. An SS burst set may correspond to L SS blocks. Fixed values ​​of one or more of M, N, or L (e.g., M and N, or L) may be used. The values ​​of M, N, and / or L may be designed such that the values ​​of M, N, and / or L are cell-specific, gNB-specific, and / or transmit and receive point (TRP) specific. In examples (e.g., alternatives), the values ​​of M, N, and / or L may not be fixed and / or may be changed. M and / or N may be updated and / or provided. The parameters M, N, and / or L may be configurable.

[0082] The WTRU may be configured with information about which SS blocks (e.g., in an SS burst set) can be transmitted. The WTRU may provide information to the gNB and / or TRP about which SS blocks (e.g., in an SS burst set) can be activated, enabled, and / or transmitted. The WTRU may be in an idle mode. When the WTRU is in an idle mode, the WTRU may provide information to the gNB and / or TRP about which SS blocks (e.g., which) in the SS burst set can be activated, enabled, and / or transmitted via an initial UL transmission, NR-PRACH message 1, and / or message 3, etc. When in a connected mode, the WTRU may provide information to the gNB and / or TRP about which SS blocks (e.g., which) in the SS burst set can be activated, enabled, deactivated, and / or disabled for transmission, such as via WTRU feedback (e.g., UCI, such as NR-PUCCH) and / or via MAC CE and / or radio resource control (RRC) signaling.

[0083] Based on the received SS block, the WTRU may identify one or more (e.g., all) of the following: The WTRU may identify an OFDM symbol index, a slot index within a radio frame, a radio frame number, and / or a minislot index. For initial cell selection, a default SS burst set periodicity may be based on (e.g., a function of) a frequency band and / or a frequency range. The WTRU may assume a default SS burst set periodicity, which may be determined, for example, based on a frequency band and / or a frequency range in which the WTRU may operate. The SS block may be repeated with the SS burst set periodicity. The NR-PBCH content in the repeated SS block may not be the same and / or may change. A set (e.g., a single set) of SS block time locations may be specified for each frequency range, frequency band, and / or subband.

[0084] An SS block may include one or more signals. For example, an SS block may include one or more of NR-PSS, NR-SSS, and / or NR-PBCH. Signal types may be included within an SS block. For example, a PBCH signal of another type (e.g., a second type) may be included within the SS block (e.g., a secondary NR-PBCH signal may be included). An SS signal of another type (e.g., a third type) (e.g., a third SS signal and / or an NR-SS signal), and / or an NR-PSS and / or an NR-SSS may be included within the SS block. Other signal types (e.g., a mobility reference signal (MRS) and / or a measurement reference signal) may be included. One or more other channels (e.g., data transmission and / or control information) may be multiplexed within the SS block. One or more signals (e.g., an NR-PBCH signal, a second NR-PBCH signal, a second type NR-PBCH signal, a third NR-PBCH signal, and / or a third type SS signal) may be deactivated within one or more SS blocks.

[0085] The SS block index may be indicated using one or more of the following signals. The signals may include NR-SS, NR-PBCH, another NR-SS, another type NR-SS (e.g., a third NR-SS), another NR-PBCH, another type NR-PBCH (e.g., a secondary NR-PBCH), etc. The SS block index may be carried within the payload of the PBCH signal and / or channel. For example, when the SS block index is indicated (e.g., indicated using the NR-PBCH, another NR-PBCH, and / or another type of NR-PBCH), the SS block index may be carried within the payload of the PBCH signal and / or channel. The SS block index may be embedded in one or more of the NR-PBCH, another NR-PBCH, and / or another type of NR-PBCH using some implicit features (e.g., CRC masking and / or sequence scrambling). The WTRU may not assume that the gNB and / or TRP may transmit the same number of physical beams. The WTRU may not assume that the gNB and / or TRP may transmit the same physical beam across one or more (e.g., different) SS blocks within an SS burst and / or within an SS burst set.

[0086] You can get a system frame.

[0087] A system frame may be obtained, for example, using SS blocks and / or bursts.

[0088] The SS block index may be used to indicate the radio frame number. block When referring to a radio frame, N sf The system frame can be denoted as SFN=f(SFN in PBCH, SS block index). The SS block index is log2(N block) bits. The SFN in the PBCH can be represented by log2(N sf )-log2(N block ) bits.

[0089] FIG. 5 shows an example system frame number acquisition using an SS block index. At 502, the WTRU may detect an SS block and / or an associated SS block index. The WTRU may derive an LSB of the SFN from the received SS block and / or associated SS block index at 504. The WTRU may receive an NR-PBCH at 506. The WTRU may derive an MSB of the SFN from the received NR-PBCH signal and / or channel at 508. The WTRU may acquire an SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) at 510. For example, the WTRU may acquire an SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) by combining an LSB that may be indicated and / or carried in the SS block and / or an MSB that may be indicated and / or carried in the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel.

[0090] The SS burst index may be used to indicate the radio frame number. The SS burst index may be one or more of N burst When referring to a radio frame, N sf The system frame can be denoted as SFN=f(SFN in PBCH, SS burst index). The SS burst index can be denoted, for example, using the SS burst as log2(N burst ) bits. The SFN in the PBCH can be represented, for example, by log2(N sf )-log2(N burst) bits.

[0091] FIG. 6 shows an example system frame number acquisition using SS blocks and / or bursts. At 602, the WTRU may detect an SS burst and / or an associated SS burst index. The WTRU may derive an LSB of the SFN from the received SS burst and / or associated SS burst index at 604. The WTRU may receive an NR-PBCH at 606. The WTRU may derive an MSB of the SFN at 608. For example, the WTRU may derive the MSB of the SFN from a received NR-PBCH payload. The WTRU may acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) at 610. For example, the WTRU may acquire the SFN by combining an LSB that may be indicated and / or carried in the SS burst and an MSB that may be indicated and / or carried in the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel.

[0092] A multi-stage system frame acquisition may be provided.

[0093] 7 illustrates an exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition (e.g., using a three-stage approach). The SFN may be a function of one or more of the following parameters: SS block / burst index, scrambling code, and / or SFN in NR-PBCH. The SFN may be f(SS block / burst index, scrambling code, SFN in NR-PBCH).

[0094] An exemplary multi-stage system frame number acquisition may be performed as follows: At 702, the WTRU may detect an SS block and / or burst. The WTRU may derive a first part of the SFN from the received SS block / burst at 704. The WTRU may receive the NR-PBCH at 706. The WTRU may derive a second part of the SFN from the scrambling code at 708. The WTRU may derive a third part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel (e.g., payload) at 710. The WTRU may acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) at 712. For example, the WTRU may acquire the SFN by combining the first part of the SFN indicated in the SS block, the second part of the SFN indicated in the scrambling code, and / or the third part of the SFN indicated in the payload NR-PBCH (e.g., across stages).

[0095] FIG. 8 illustrates an example system frame number acquisition (e.g., multi-stage system frame number acquisition, e.g., with four-stage acquisition). The SFN may be based on one or more of (e.g., a function of) the following parameters: SS block index, SS burst index, scrambling code, and / or SFN in NR-PBCH. The SFN may be f(SS block index, SS burst index, scrambling code, SFN in NR-PBCH). An example multi-stage system frame number acquisition may be performed as follows: At 802, the WTRU may detect an SS block. The WTRU may derive a first part of the SFN from the received SS block at 804. At 806, the WTRU may detect an SS burst. The WTRU may derive a second part of the SFN from the received SS burst at 808. The WTRU may receive the NR-PBCH at 810. The WTRU may derive a third part of the SFN from the scrambling code, at 812. The WTRU may derive a fourth part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH payload, at 814.

[0096] At 816, the WTRU may acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN). For example, the WTRU may acquire the SFN by combining (e.g., across phases) a first part of the SFN (e.g., indicated in an SS block), a second part of the SFN (e.g., indicated in an SS burst), a third part of the SFN (e.g., indicated in a scrambling code), and / or a fourth part of the SFN (e.g., indicated in an NR-PBCH payload).

[0097] 9 shows an example multi-stage system frame number acquisition. The example multi-stage system frame number acquisition may be performed as follows: At 902, the WTRU may detect an SS block. The WTRU may derive a first part of the LSBs of the SFN from the received SS block at 904. The WTRU may receive the NR-PBCH at 906. The WTRU may derive a second part of the LSBs of the SFN from the scrambling code at 908. The WTRU may derive the MSBs of the SFN from the NR-PBCH payload at 910.

[0098] The WTRU may acquire the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) at 912. For example, the WTRU may acquire the SFN by combining in stages a first part of the LSBs of the SFN (e.g., indicated in the SS block), a second part of the LSBs of the SFN (e.g., indicated in the scrambling code), and / or an MSB of the SFN (e.g., indicated in the NR-PBCH payload).

[0099] System frame acquisition may be provided. One or more of the following may apply:

[0100] The WTRU may receive the SS block signal.

[0101] The WTRU can detect the SS block time indication in the SS burst set. The SS block time indication can range from 0 to L-1. block_index For example, SS block_index =0,1,2,…,L-1.

[0102] The WTRU shall notify the detected SS block time indication SS block_indexFor example, the WTRU may derive the first part of the SFN from the detected SS block time indication via the following equation:

[0103]

number

[0104] The first part of the SFN can be either 0 or 1.

[0105] The WTRU may descramble the NR-PBCH signal and / or decode the NR-PBCH channel. The WTRU may descramble the NR-PBCH signal using the scrambling code and / or a shifted version of the scrambling code.

[0106] The scrambling codes may be scrambling codes 0, 1, 2, ..., Z-1. The scrambling codes 0, 1, 2, ..., Z-1 are sometimes referred to as original scrambling codes.

[0107] The scrambling code shift (eg, with a J code shift) may be scrambling code J, J+1, ..., Z-1, 0, 1, ..., J-1. The scrambling code shift may be a J code cyclic shift of the original scrambling code.

[0108] The WTRU may determine (eg, derive) the number of bits for the second part of the SFN based on the following equation:

[0109]

number

[0110] The WTRU may determine (e.g., derive) the bit content (e.g., exact bit content) for the second part of the SFN from the detected scrambling code shift, for example, according to the following table (assuming J=4 shifts):

[0111] [Table 1]

[0112] For J=8, the second part of the SFN may be 000, 001, 010, 011, 100, 101, 110, and / or 111.

[0113] The WTRU may obtain the third part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH payload. The third part of the SFN may be equal to the SFN bits carried (e.g., explicitly carried) by the PBCH.

[0114] The WTRU may obtain an SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) by concatenating and / or combining a first part of the SFN derived from the SS block, a second part of the SFN derived from the scrambling code, and / or a third part of the SFN carried in the NR-PBCH payload. An example of concatenating and / or combining is depicted in FIG.

[0115] For example, b x-1 ,…,b1,b0 are obtained via SS block index, then b y-1 , …, b1, b0 are obtained via the detected scrambling code and shifting, and / or b z-1 , …, b1, b0 are obtained via the decoded PBCH payload, the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) is SFN= b z-1 ,…,b1,b0,b y-1 ,…,b1,b0,b x-1 ,…,b1,b0 It may be.

[0116] One or more (e.g., different) parts of the SFN bits may be obtained via one or more (e.g., different) combinations of the PBCH payload, the SS block index, and / or the scrambling code and shift. A first part of the SFN bits may be obtained via a detected scrambling code and shift, a second part of the SFN bits may be obtained via the SS block index or time index, and / or a third part of the SFN bits may be obtained via the PBCH payload, for example, based on design and system parameters. An example of the obtaining is depicted in FIG. 11. One or more (e.g., different) parts of the SFN bits may be obtained and / or acquired, for example, by detecting and / or decoding the SS block and the PBCH signals and channels. One or more (e.g., different) parts of the SFN bits may be concatenated and / or combined to form a set (e.g., a final set) of SFN bits.

[0117] The SS block index can be carried in the PBCH. For example, the SS block index can be carried in the PBCH explicitly in the payload and / or implicitly in the signal. For example, as provided herein, explicit can refer to an indication in the form of a bit that can be carried as payload in the PBCH. Implicit can refer to an indication that is part of the signal, such as an initialization of the signal and / or a shift in the signal, and is not included (e.g., explicitly included) as part of the payload.

[0118] An operating mode-based system frame can be obtained.

[0119] A periodicity (e.g., a set of periodicities for the SS burst set) may be used. The periodicity may be implemented as a default periodicity for the SS burst set transmission. The default periodicity may be N default The set of periodicities may be represented by N adapt,1 ,N adapt,2 ,…,N adapt,Q It may be represented by a radio frame.

[0120] The WTRU may detect SS blocks, for example, based on a default periodicity. For example, in initial access, the WTRU may detect SS blocks based on a default periodicity. The WTRU may derive a detected SS block time indication SS using the following formula: block_index The first part of the SFN can be derived from

[0121]

number

[0122] The WTRU may use a default periodicity and / or one or more of the periodicities in a set of periodicities. For example, during idle mode, the WTRU may use a default periodicity and / or one or more of the periodicities in a set of periodicities. The network may indicate the periodicity to the WTRU. After the WTRU receives the indicated periodicity, the WTRU may overwrite the default periodicity. Such periodicity for adaptation may be indicated using the NR-PBCH. The NR-PBCH may carry one or more (e.g., a small number of) bits to indicate the periodicity. The WTRU may obtain an updated periodicity. For example, after the WTRU decodes the NR-PBCH, the WTRU may obtain an updated periodicity. Such periodicity for adaptation may be indicated using minimum system information.

[0123] The WTRU calculates the detected SS block time indication SS using the following formula: block_index The first part of the SFN can be derived from

[0124]

number

[0125] During the RRC connected mode, the WTRU may use one or more of the periodicities in the set of periodicities. The network may indicate the periodicity to the WTRU. After the WTRU receives the indicated periodicity, the WTRU may overwrite the previously used periodicity. Such periodicity for adaptation may be indicated using dedicated signaling (e.g., RRC signaling). The RRC signaling may carry one or more (e.g., a small number of) bits to indicate the dedicated periodicity to the WTRU.

[0126] The WTRU calculates the detected SS block time indication SS using the following formula: block_index The first part of the SFN can be derived from

[0127]

number

[0128] System frame acquisition with validation may be performed.

[0129] The system frame number may be acquired, for example, using a confirmation. FIG. 12 shows an example system frame number acquisition using a confirmation. One or more of the following may be performed: At 1202, the WTRU may receive and / or detect an SS signal. At 1204, the WTRU may receive and / or detect an SS burst. At 1206, the WTRU may derive a first part of the SFN from the received SS burst. At 1208, the WTRU may receive an NR-PBCH signal and / or channel. At 1210, the WTRU may detect a scrambling code. At 1212, the WTRU may derive a first part of the SFN from the detected scrambling code.

[0130] The WTRU may compare the first part of the SFN (e.g., the first part of the SFN derived from the received SS burst) at 1214. If the first part of the SFN derived from the received SS burst is not the same as the first part of the SFN derived from the detected scrambling code, the WTRU may detect the SS signal at 1202. If the first part of the SFN derived from the received SS burst is the same as the first part of the SFN derived from the detected scrambling code, the WTRU may confirm at 1216 that the first part of the SFN has been successfully acquired.

[0131] The WTRU may derive a second part of the SFN from the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel (e.g., payload) at 1218. The WTRU may determine (e.g., obtain) the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) at 1220. For example, the WTRU may obtain the SFN by combining a first part of the SFN (e.g., indicated in an SS block) and a second part of the SFN (e.g., may be indicated in the NR-PBCH, such as a signal and / or payload in the NR-PBCH).

[0132] An example of system frame number acquisition using confirmation may be performed as follows: For example, the system frame number or a portion of the system frame number may be conveyed to the WTRU. The system frame number may be conveyed to the WTRU in one or more manners (e.g., multiple manners simultaneously). The system frame number may be conveyed to the WTRU, for example, by a scrambling sequence or scrambling code used for the PBCH. The system frame number may be conveyed to the WTRU simultaneously by the PBCH payload. Bits may be conveyed to the WTRU. For example, even or odd bits may be conveyed to the WTRU. The same or different bits for the system frame number may be conveyed (e.g., using one or more manners) to the WTRU. For example, an X-bit system frame number may be conveyed to the WTRU (e.g., via the PBCH payload) and a Y-bit system frame number may be conveyed to the WTRU (e.g., via PBCH scrambling). X may be 10 bits and Y may be 2 bits, 3 bits, or 4 bits. Y may be a subset of X. For example, a portion (e.g., a first portion) of the bits for the system frame number may be conveyed to the WTRU (e.g., via a scrambling sequence or code) and another portion (e.g., a second portion) of the bits for the system frame number can be conveyed to the WTRU (e.g., via the PBCH payload). The first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number may overlap (e.g., fully overlap or partially overlap). The first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number may not overlap. When the first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number fully overlap, the first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number may be the same. When the first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number partially overlap, some of the first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number may be the same.When the first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number do not overlap, the first and second portions of the bits for the system frame number do not have to be the same. The fact that the portions of the bits for the system frame number are the same may be used for validation purposes.

[0133] FIG. 13 shows an example of system frame number acquisition using confirmation. At 1302, the WTRU may detect an SS signal. At 1304, the WTRU may detect an SS burst and / or an SS block. The WTRU may derive the LSBs of the SFN at 1306. For example, the WTRU may derive the LSBs of the SFN from a received SS burst and / or SS block. At 1308, the WTRU may detect (e.g., simultaneously detect) a scrambling code. The WTRU may derive the LSBs of the SFN from the detected scrambling code at 1310.

[0134] At 1312, the WTRU may compare the LSB of the SFN derived from the received SS burst and / or the LSB of the SFN derived from the detected scrambling code. At 1314, if the LSB of the SFN (e.g., derived from the received SS block or SS burst, such as from the PBCH payload within the SS block or burst) is not the same as the LSB of the SFN derived from the detected scrambling code, the WTRU may detect the SS signal at 1302. At 1314, if the LSB of the SFN (e.g., derived from the received SS block or SS burst, such as from the PBCH payload within the SS block or SS burst) is not the same as the LSB of the SFN derived from the detected scrambling code, the WTRU confirms that the LSB of the SFN was successfully acquired. The WTRU may receive the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel at 1316. The WTRU may derive the MSB of the SFN from the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel (e.g., from the PBCH payload in the SS block or SS burst) at 1318. The WTRU may obtain the SFN (e.g., the entire SFN) at 1320. For example, the WTRU may obtain the SFN by combining the LSB indicated in the SS block or SS burst with the MSB indicated in the NR-PBCH signal and / or channel.

[0135] An SS block or SS burst may include one or more of a PSS, an SSS, and / or a PBCH. The PBCH may include a PBCH payload and / or a PBCH data demodulation reference signal (DMRS). The PBCH payload or bits may be scrambled, for example, with a scrambling sequence or code. The scrambling sequence may be based (e.g., based in whole or in part) on a cell ID. The scrambling sequence or code may be a function of the cell ID or may be a function of the cell ID and other IDs and / or indices. For example, the scrambling sequence or code may be a function of the cell ID and / or timing information. The scrambling sequence or code may be determined by the cell ID and / or timing information index (e.g., SS block index, SFN, etc.).

[0136] One or more SFN acquisitions may be used for one or more SS burst set periodicities, e.g., to optimize system performance (e.g., SFN acquisition may be used with and / or associated with a periodicity and / or another SFN acquisition may be used with and / or associated with a different periodicity).

[0137] SS periodicity based system frame acquisition using periodicity adaptation may be performed.

[0138] 13A-13B show an example flow for system frame acquisition using periodicity adaptation. FIG. 13A-13B describes features that can be associated with system frame acquisition using periodicity adaptation. For example, the features may include one or more of the following:

[0139] At 1350, the WTRU may detect and / or receive a signal as an SS block burst. At 1352, the WTRU may determine whether an SS burst set periodicity adaptation (e.g., adaptation information) is received. The WTRU may receive the SS burst set periodicity adaptation information and / or transmit SS blocks from the NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling at 1354. For example, the WTRU may receive the NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling to obtain and / or determine the adaptation information. The WTRU may receive the adaptation information from the NR-PBCH, minimum system information, and / or RRC signaling to adapt and / or update the SS burst set periodicity.

[0140] If no adaptation is received, the WTRU may use a default periodicity (e.g., default SS burst set periodicity) for detection. For example, the default SS burst set periodicity may be 20 ms and / or N default may be equal to two radio frames. A radio frame may be 10 ms.

[0141] If an adaptation is received, a predefined set of periodicities can be used at 1368. The predefined set of periodicities can be {5ms, 10ms, 20ms, 40ms, 80ms, 160ms} and / or N adapt may be equal to {0.5,1,2,4,8,16}.

[0142] The periodicity may be short or long. The periodicity may be the default.

[0143] If no periodicity adaptation is received, at 1356, the WTRU may use a default SS burst set periodicity. At 1358, a portion (e.g., a first part) of the SFN may be derived during the default SS burst set periodicity. For example, the portion (e.g., the first part) of the SFN may be derived from the received SS blocks and / or SS bursts. The WTRU may derive the first part of the SFN from an SS block index or a time index. The SS block index or time index may be indicated (e.g., implicitly indicated) by the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU may derive the first part of the SFN from (e.g., directly from) the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU may derive the first part of the SFN from an SS block index or a time index indicated (e.g., explicitly indicated) by the NR-PBCH. The WTRU may, for example, decode the NR-PBCH to obtain the SS block index or time index (e.g., if needed). SFN_1 may be equal to floor(Ndefault×SSBlockID / L). At 1360, the WTRU may detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH. At 1362, the WTRU may derive a second part of the SFN. For example, the WTRU may derive the second part of the SFN from the scrambling code and / or shift (SFN_2). The WTRU may follow Table 2.

[0144] [Table 2]

[0145] At 1364, the WTRU may derive a third part of the SFN. For example, the WTRU may derive the third part of the SFN from the PBCH payload (SFN_3). At 1366, the parts of the SFN (e.g., three parts) may be combined. For example, the parts of the SFN (e.g., three parts) may be combined to generate an overall SFN [SFN_3, SFN_2, SFN_1].

[0146] An adaptation of the periodicity may be received. If an adaptation of the periodicity is received, the WTRU may determine whether the periodicity is long or short, at 1370. The WTRU may determine whether the periodicity is default.

[0147] For short periodicity adaptation, one or more of the following may be applied: For short periodicity adaptation, the WTRU may detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH, at 1372. For short periodicity adaptation, the WTRU may derive a first part of the SFN from a scrambling code and / or shift as described herein, at 1374 (SFN_1). For short periodicity adaptation, the WTRU may derive a second part of the SFN from the payload PBCH, at 1376 (SFN_2). At 1378, the two parts may be combined. For example, the two parts may be combined to generate SFN[SFN_2, SFN_1] (e.g., the entire SFN[SFN_2, SFN_1]).

[0148] For long periodicity adaptation, one or more of the following may apply: For long periodicity adaptation, the WTRU may derive 1380 a first part of the SFN from the received SS block or SS burst. For example, the WTRU may derive 1380 a first part of the SFN from an SS block index or time index indicated (e.g., implicitly indicated) by the NR-PBCH DMRS. The WTRU may derive 1380 a first part of the SFN from an SS block index or time index indicated (e.g., explicitly indicated) by the NR-PBCH. The WTRU may decode 1382 the NR-PBCH. The WTRU may decode 1382 the NR-PBCH to obtain (e.g., if needed) an SS block index or time index. For long periodicity adaptation, SFN_1 may be equal to floor(Nadapt,i×SSBlockID / L). For long periodicity adaptation, the WTRU may detect, descramble, and / or decode the NR-PBCH. For long periodicity adaptation, the WTRU may derive a second part of the SFN from the PBCH payload (SFN_2) at 1384. At 1386, the parts (e.g., two parts) may be combined to generate the overall SFN [SFN_2, SFN_1].

[0149] In the case of default periodicity adaptation, the WTRU may perform as described herein. For example, in the case of default periodicity adaptation, the WTRU may perform as described if no periodicity adaptation was received. One or more of the following may apply:

[0150] The indicator may be used to identify and / or obtain 5 ms timing indications and may include boundaries and / or N adaptmay be equal to 0.5 radio frame timing indication. The indicator may be a 1-bit indicator. The indicator may be carried by the NR-PBCH, remaining minimum system information (RMSI), and / or RRC signaling. The indicator (e.g., a 1-bit indicator) may be indicated (e.g., implicitly indicated) via a DMRS, such as the NR-PBCH DMRS.

[0151] The SFN may be derived from one or more of the following: The SFN may be derived from the PBCH-DMRS. The SFN may be derived from the SS block index and / or the SS block timing index. The SFN may be derived from the scrambling code. The SFN may be derived from the PBCH payload. The SFN may be derived from CRC masking.

[0152] The features (eg, solutions) described herein may be applied to Hyper SFN (H-SFN).

[0153] One or more SS signal and / or sequence features may be implemented.

[0154] One or more SS sequences (e.g., with SS bursts) may be implemented using Zadoff-Chu sequences, etc. The sequence length may be selected to accommodate and / or validate one or more (e.g., different) SS bandwidths and / or one or more (e.g., different) sizes of the FFT, e.g., Zadoff Chu of length 63 (ZC63), Zadoff Chu of length 127 (ZC127), and / or Zadoff Chu of length 277 (ZC255).

[0155] For a sequence length (e.g., each sequence length), a root can be selected. For example, the root can be selected such that the best performance of SS signal and / or burst detection is achieved. One or more of the following may be performed, for example, for the root. The value of root can vary from 1 to N-1. N may be the length of the Zadoff-Chu sequence. The ZC sequence can be generated using the formula zcSeq(n+1)=exp(-j×(pi×root×n×(n+1)) / N). "n" may be the sample point at which the value is calculated and / or "N" may be the length of the sequence. "Root" may be the root used to generate the sequence. A detection threshold may be calculated with respect to the root. The calculation of the root may be performed using a simulation in an additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel at an SNR of 0 dB. The sequence may not be transmitted from the transmitter and / or the receiver may determine (e.g., calculate) the correlation of the data received from the channel. A detection threshold may be selected and / or may provide a probability of false alarm equal to 0.1. The PSS transmission may be performed within a CDL channel model. A carrier frequency offset (CFO) of 1 part per million (PPM) may be added to the data after passing through the channel model. AWGN at one or more (e.g., different) values ​​of SNR may be used. The received data may be correlated with the PSS sequence replica. The highest peak may be compared to a selected threshold. Comparing the highest peak to a selected threshold may determine the probability of detection at an SNR (e.g., a selected SNR). The probability of detection versus the selected route for the Zadoff Chu sequence may be plotted. A route may be selected. For example, the route with the best detection performance may be selected. Selecting the route with the best detection performance may indicate that there was no-flooring of the probability of detection with increased SNR, for example, in the 1 PPM CFO case.

[0156] FIG. 14 illustrates performance for ZC255 sequences. Performance at low SNR may be consistent for one or more (e.g., all) of the routes. At higher SNR (e.g., with added CFO), some of the routes may exhibit flooring performance and / or perform poorly. For example, in the example shown in FIG. 14, the selected route 1 performed best. As shown in FIG. 15, a route value of 62 may be selected for ZC127. As shown in FIG. 14, a route value of 1 may be selected for ZC255. For ZC63 sequences, one of the routes selected in LTE (e.g., route index number or route index 29) may be used.

[0157] 14 and 15 illustrate example performance for ZC255 and / or ZC127 sequences, respectively. Performance at low SNR may be consistent for one or more (e.g., all) of the routes. At higher SNR (e.g., with added CFO), one or more of the routes may exhibit flooring performance and / or perform poorly. As shown in FIG. 14, route 1 performed best for ZC255. Other routes may include 123 and / or 165. As shown in FIG. 15, the routes that gave the best performance are 62, 65, and / or 75 for ZC127.

[0158] As shown in Figure 15, a root value of 62 may be selected for ZC127. As shown in Figure 14, a root value of 1 may be selected for ZC255. For a ZC63 sequence, one of the roots selected (e.g., in LTE), e.g., the root index number or root index 29, may be used.

[0159] The sequence (e.g., base sequence) may include one or more of the following: Root index 62 may be used for ZC127 and / or root index 1 may be used for ZC255. Root index 65 and / or 75 may be used for ZC127. Root index 123 and 165 may be used for ZC255.

[0160] A sequence (eg, a base sequence) may be used as a building block to construct longer sequences using frequency repetition, time repetition, and / or frequency and time repetition.

[0161] One or more (e.g., different) PSS sequences may be constructed using one or more (e.g., three) base sequences (e.g., using a selected root) and / or one or more (e.g., different) repetition patterns. Constructing one or more PSS sequences using one or more base sequences (e.g., using a selected root) and / or one or more repetition patterns may include one or more of the following: One or more zeros for the FFT size, sequence length, and / or number of repetitions may be calculated. zpLen=floor((nFFT-zcSeqLen×zcRep-1) / 2), where zpLen may be the length of zero padding for one or more (e.g., either) sides of the sequence. nFFT may be the FFT size. zcSeqLEn may be the length of the ZC sequence. zcRep may be the number of repetitions of the ZC sequence. 1 may correspond to DC.

[0162] Repetitive structures may be implemented.

[0163] If no repetition is performed, length L=(zcSeqLen-1) / 2 may be calculated. The first length L(1:L) symbol may be a symbol of the selected sequence and / or may be mapped to L subcarriers (e.g., on the side of the DC subcarrier). The last length L symbol (L+2:zcSeqLen) may be a symbol of the selected sequence and / or may be mapped to L subcarriers (e.g., on the side (e.g., another side) of the DC subcarrier). Zeros and / or zero padding for DC on one or more (e.g., two) sides may be inserted, for example, to construct a sequence (e.g., a final sequence). An example of inserting zeros for DC and / or zero padding for one or more (e.g., two) sides to construct a final sequence may be shown in FIG. 16.

[0164] A sequence (e.g., the same sequence) may be used for one or more (e.g., either) sides of the DC subcarrier. For example, if repetition of one or more sequences (e.g., two sequences) is performed, a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) may be used for one or more (e.g., either) sides of the DC subcarrier. An example of using a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) for one or more (e.g., either) sides of the DC subcarrier may be shown in FIG. 17.

[0165] If four repetitions are performed, a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) may be used twice for each side of the DC subcarrier. An example of using a sequence (e.g., the same sequence) for each side of the DC subcarrier is shown in FIG.

[0166] An exemplary new radio (NR)-secondary synchronization signal (SSS) design is shown in FIG. 19.

[0167] At 1902, an SSS sequence may be generated. The SSS sequence may be NR-SSS 1904. The SSS sequence may be generated using one or more M-sequences. For example, the SSS may be generated using an XOR of two M-sequences. One or more of the following may be applied: A polynomial may be defined for the m-sequence. For example, two generator polynomials may be defined for the m-sequence. A cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift) may be applied to the m-sequence. For example, a cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift) may be applied to the m-sequence according to a cell ID (e.g., NR-cell ID). The SSS (e.g., NR-SSS) sequence may be generated using a polynomial with an N1 cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift) and / or a polynomial with an N2 cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift). For example, N1 may be equal to 127 and / or N2 may be equal to 9. An exemplary polynomial for the two polynomials is f0(x)=x 7 +x 4 +1 and / or f1(x)=x 7 +x+1. The polynomials for the two polynomials may be used for alternatives and / or optimizations. The initial state (e.g., initial state of an SSS such as NR-SSS) may be 0000001. Two (e.g., two different) M-sequences (e.g., M-sequences of the same length) may be generated with two (e.g., two different) polynomials (e.g., polynomials of the same degree). 1000 (e.g., about 1000) cell IDs may be indicated and / or used. The cell ID (e.g., the indicated and / or used cell ID) may be referred to as nCellMax. The cell ID may be indicated and / or used in one or more (e.g., different) manners.

[0168] In the case of two (e.g., two different) M-sequences (e.g., M-sequences of the same length) generated using two (e.g., two different) polynomials (e.g., polynomials of the same degree), one or more of the following may apply:

[0169] M-sequences (e.g., different M-sequences) can be constructed from polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials). For example, M-sequences (e.g., different M-sequences) can be constructed from polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) for a predefined degree (e.g., degree). For example, for degree 7, there may be 18 (e.g., 18 different) polynomials available. The polynomials may be represented by octal values. For example, the polynomials may be represented by the following octal values: 203, 211, 217, 221, 235, 247, 253, 271, 277, 301, 313, 323, 325, 345, 357, 361, 367, 375.

[0170] One or more combinations of polynomials (e.g., two polynomials) from a set (e.g., a set of polynomials) may be used. One or more polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) may be used. For example, a combination of a pair (e.g., a preferred pair) of polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) may be used. For example, a combination of a pair (e.g., a preferred pair) of polynomials (e.g., irreducible primitive polynomials) may be a Gold code.

[0171] The M-sequence may be of length 127 and / or the polynomial may be of degree 7 (eg, 217 and 211, which may be pairs, such as preferred pairs, for generating Gold codes). Octal 217 can be binary 10001111, which means

[0172]

number

[0173] Octal 211 can be converted to binary 10001001, which means

[0174]

number

[0175] The initialization for both x(0)=0, x(1)=0, x(2)=0, x(3)=0, x(4)=0, x(5)=0, x(6)=1. The possible combinations can be [221,203]. Each combination is a polynomial f0(x)=x 7 +x 4 +1 and f1(x)=x 7 It can correspond to +x+1.

[0176] 1000 (e.g., about 1000) cell IDs may be indicated (e.g., determined). The indicated cell IDs may be referred to as nCellMax. The cell IDs may be indicated in one or more (e.g., one or more different) manners. One or more of the following may apply:

[0177] The cell ID may be indicated (e.g., determined) by the SSS (e.g., only the SSS). One or more cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift) parameters may be equal to the function (cell ID). For example, [m0, n1] may be equal to the function (cell ID). The cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift) parameter (e.g., m0) may be set to one or more (e.g., different) values. As shown in FIG. 19, one or more cyclic shift parameters (e.g., values ​​of cyclic shift parameters) can be determined from one or more sets of cyclic shifts (e.g., sets of cyclic shifts). For example, the cyclic shift parameter (e.g., m0) may be determined (e.g., set) from a set of cyclic shifts (e.g., 0 to p-1). As shown in FIG. 19, the set of cyclic shifts for m0 may include 112 values. s1 may be cyclically shifted (e.g., cyclically shifted) by m0. For example,

[0178]

number

[0179] As shown in FIG. 19, another cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift) parameter (e.g., n1) may be set to one or more (e.g., different) values. The one or more values ​​may be a set of cyclic shifts. As shown in FIG. 19, the set of cyclic shifts for n1 may include three values. The cyclic shift (e.g., n1) may be determined from a set of cyclic shifts that may be different from the set of cyclic shifts to which the cyclic shift (e.g., m0) is set. For example, n1 may be set to a value from 0 to ceil(nCellMax / p) (e.g., some or all values), or may be set to a value from 0 to floor(nCellMax / p) (e.g., some or all values), or may be set to other values. s2 may be cyclically shifted by n1. For example,

[0180]

number

[0181] It is.

[0182] m0 may be set to some or all values ​​from 0 to 126 (e.g., a cyclic shift of 127) and / or n1 may be set to some or all values ​​from 0:8 (e.g., a cyclic shift of 9). For example, an SSS (e.g., NR-SSS) sequence may be generated using a polynomial with a cyclic shift of 127 and / or a polynomial with a cyclic shift of 9. m0 may be set to 0 to 32 and / or n1 may be set to 0:32. m0 and / or n1 may be set to one or more combinations, for example, which may be predefined and / or known to the receiver.

[0183] The cell ID may be determined (e.g., indicated) based on one or more combinations of the PSS and / or SSS. For example, the cell ID may be determined (e.g., indicated) based on one or more cell IDs carried by one or more combinations of the PSS and / or SSS. [m0, m1, NID2] may be equal to a function (cell ID). One or more (e.g., three) NID2 may be indicated by the PSS. NID2 may be a cell ID carried by the PSS (e.g., NR-PSS). For example, one or more (e.g., three) cell IDs may be carried by the PSS. ceil(nCellMax. / 3) may be set using m0 and m1 shifts of s1 and s2. If nCellMax=1008, ceil(nCellMax. / 3) may be equal to 336. As shown in 1906, the range for NID1 may be [0, 335]. NID1 may be a cell ID carried by the SSS (e.g., NR-SSS).

[0184] A circular shift parameter (e.g., m0) may be set to one or more values. For example, m0 may be set from 0 to p-1 with or without an offset. The offset may be fixed, or the offset may be a function of m1 and NID2, as described herein. s1 may be circularly shifted by m0. For example,

[0185]

number

[0186] m1 may be set to one or more values. For example, m1 may be set to values ​​from 0 to ceil(nCellMax / (3×p))−1, or from 0 to floor(nCellMax / (3×p)), or other values. s2 may be cyclically shifted by n1. n1 may be equal to m1, or may be a function of m1, or may be a function of m1 and one or more other parameters. For example, n1=function(m1,NID2). For example,

[0187]

number

[0188] It is.

[0189] m0=0 to 111 may be used. p may be equal to 112. For example, p may be equal to 112 for an even distribution from 0 to 335. m1 may be equal to 0, 1, 2. NID2 may be equal to 0, 1, 2 as shown in 1908. For offset, m0=m0+offset, where the offset may be n1+1. (E.g., assuming a cell ID of 1008) 112 shifts (e.g., different shifts) may be used for the first sequence and / or 9 shifts (e.g., different shifts) may be used for the second sequence.

[0190] m0 may be set from 0 to 126 (e.g., p=127), m1 may be set to 0, 1, 2, and / or NID2 may be set to 0, 1, 2. In the case of an offset, m0 may be equal to m0+offset. The offset may be n1+1. A [127,127,82] shift may be used, for example, for the first sequence, corresponding to a different shift (e.g., three different shifts) for the second sequence.

[0191] NID2 may be set to 0, 1, 2 as shown in 1912. m0 may be set from 0 to 32 and / or m1 may be set from 0 to 11. For offset, m0=m0+offset, where the offset may be n1+1. (Given 1056 cell IDs) 32 shifts may be used for the first sequence and 12 shifts (e.g., different shifts) may be used for the second sequence. For example, 1056 cell IDs may be indicated using SSS (e.g., only SSS). 12 shifts in the sequence and 36 shifts in the sequence may indicate 1056 cell IDs (e.g., 1056 unique cell IDs in total).

[0192] As provided herein, n1 may be equal to m1, may be a function of m1, or may be a function of m1 and one or more other parameters. The cyclic shift (e.g., cyclic shift) values ​​n1 and m0 may be determined (e.g., jointly determined) by a cell ID (e.g., NID2=0,1,2) carried by the NR-PSS and / or a cell ID (e.g., NID1=0,1,...,335) carried by the NR-SSS. For example, as shown in FIG. 19, one or more of the cyclic shift values ​​may be determined by decorrelation of SSS sequences. The cell ID may be determined by:

[0193]

number

[0194] m0=(NID1 mod 112)+offset. The offset may be zero. For example, the value of the offset may not be used. The offset may be a non-zero value. For example, the offset may be a fixed value or may depend on one or more parameters (e.g., the offset may be n1+1).

[0195] NID2, m0, and / or m1 may be set to one or more combinations, which may be predefined and / or known to the receiver, for example.

[0196] One or more features (eg, functions) for n1 and / or m0 may be used.

[0197] A quasi-co-located (QCL, or QCLed) indication for a synchronization signal (SS) block may be used. An exemplary quasi-co-located (QCL) indication for a SS block is shown in FIG.

[0198] The WTRU may determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with an SS block index or time index (e.g., the same SS block index or time index) may be QCLed. For example, the WTRU may determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks of the same SS block index or time index across the SS burst set may be QCLed. The gNB may indicate (e.g., indicate to the WTRU) when the decision (e.g., assumption) may not hold. For example, the gNB may include a flag indicating (e.g., indicate to the WTRU) that SS blocks having the same SS block index or time index may not be QCLed. The flag may be included in the PBCH payload, remaining minimum system information (RMSI), and / or other system information (OSI). The flag may indicate that SS blocks of the same SS block index or time index (e.g., all SS blocks) may not be QCLed. One or more flags may be used. For example, one or more flags may be used where a (e.g., each) flag for the (e.g., each) SS block and / or SS block group can be used to indicate individual SS blocks of SS block (e.g., same SS block) indexes or time indexes that can be QCLed. One or more flags may be used for SS block groups, for example, to indicate that individual SS block groups can be QCLed.

[0199] The WTRU may not determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with different SS block indices or time indexes are QCLed. The gNB may, for example, indicate to the WTRU whether SS blocks with different SS block indices can be QCLed. The gNB may indicate QCL for SS blocks with different SS block indices or time indexes using one or more of the following manners: For example, the gNB may use a repetition factor (e.g., a single repetition factor), multiple repetition factors, and / or a toggle bitmap.

[0200] The gNB may indicate a QCL for the SS block, e.g., using a repetition factor Q. The WTRU may determine (e.g., assume) that the Q SS block is QCLed, e.g., when the WTRU receives the indication. The Q SS block may be contiguous and / or based on one or more predefined patterns. The Q SS block may be configurable.

[0201] The gNB may use one or more repetition factors. For example, the gNB may use repetition factors Q1, Q2, etc. The gNB may use the repetition factors to indicate QCL for the SS blocks. The WTRU may assume that it can QCL the Q1 SS block, the Q2 SS block, etc. when the WTRU receives the indication. The Q1, Q2, ... SS blocks may be consecutive and / or based on one or more predefined patterns. The Q1, Q2, ... SS blocks may be configured. For example, the WTRU may assume that it can QCL the SS blocks with indexes #0 through Q1-1. The WTRU may assume that it can QCL the SS blocks with indexes #Q1 through Q1+Q2-1.

[0202] The gNB may indicate a QCL for an SS block, for example, using a toggle bitmap. The WTRU may determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with bit values ​​(e.g., the same bit value) can be QCLed. For example, the WTRU may determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with the same bit value can be QCLed when the WTRU receives a QCL indication. The WTRU may determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indexes #0 and 1 can be QCLed. The WTRU may determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indexes #2, 3, and 4 can be QCLed. The WTRU may determine (e.g., assume) that SS blocks with indexes #5 and 6 can be QCLed. An exemplary QCL indication for an SS block is shown in FIG. 21.

[0203] The QCL may be associated with spatial parameters, average gain parameters, delay parameters, and / or Doppler parameters.

[0204] The QCL indication may be used for the largest SS block, the SS block candidate, the SS block nominal position, and / or the SS block to be transmitted (eg, actually transmitted).

[0205] A rate matching indication may be used.

[0206] A rate matching indication using a bitmap may be utilized for the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. For example, a rate matching indication using a bitmap may be utilized to enable a WTRU to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception and / or detection. The rate matching indication may be WTRU specific. The indicated transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks may be WTRU specific. For example, a rate matching indication conveying a full set or a subset of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks may be indicated to a WTRU to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. A rate matching indication conveying a full set or a subset of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks may be indicated to a WTRU to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. Another rate matching indication conveying another full set or subset of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks may be indicated to another WTRU to perform rate matching for PDSCH and / or PDCCH reception. The rate matching indication may be carried in a WTRU-specific signal. For example, the rate matching indication may be carried in RRC signaling. The rate matching indication may be carried in a WTRU-specific L1 / 2 control channel, such as down control information (DCI), NR-PDCCH, MAC, and / or MAC control element (CE) signaling. For example, to handle the dynamic nature of rate matching (e.g., by SS block, beam, and PDSCH or PDCCH), the rate matching indication may be carried in a WTRU-specific L1 / 2 control channel, such as down control information (DCI), NR-PDCCH, MAC, and / or MAC control element (CE) signaling.

[0207] A rate matching indication (e.g., a two-stage rate matching indication) may be used. For example, the rate matching may use a first stage and / or a second stage. The first stage may indicate the SS block to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). The second stage may indicate the SS block for rate matching.

[0208] Rate matching may be performed using the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. For example, rate matching may be performed using one or more (e.g., all) actually transmitted SS blocks. Coarse rate matching may be performed for one or more (e.g., all) WTRUs. For example, a first stage may be coarse rate matching for one or more (e.g., all) WTRUs. Rate matching may be extended using WTRU-specific SS blocks, which may affect rate matching for the WTRU. If a subset (e.g., only a subset) of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks is required for rate matching for the WTRU, the indication may include (e.g., may include only) the subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. The indication may include (e.g., include only) the subset of the transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks and may not include the set (e.g., full set) of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. For example, the indication may include (e.g., include only) a subset of SS blocks that were actually transmitted and may not include the set (e.g., the full set) of SS blocks that were actually transmitted in the second stage. The second stage may be fine rate matching for the WTRU. The rate matching may be performed using one stage. For example, the rate matching may be performed using only stage 1 or only stage 2. The rate matching may be performed using two stages. For example, the rate matching may be performed using a combination of stage 1 and stage 2.

[0209] The resources (e.g., the indicated resources) may be reserved for the full set or a subset of the SS blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, the indicated resources (e.g., time resources and / or frequency resources) may be reserved for the full set or a subset of the SS blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). The data channel (e.g., PDSCH) and / or the control channel (e.g., PDCCH) may be rate matched. For example, the data channel (e.g., PDSCH) and / or the control channel (e.g., PDCCH) may be rate matched with respect to the indicated transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS blocks. The data channel (e.g., PDSCH) and / or the control channel (e.g., PDCCH) may be rate matched for the full set or a subset of the SS blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).

[0210] The SS blocks actually transmitted (e.g., full set or subset) may be indicated using one or more of the following: For example, the SS blocks (e.g., full set or subset) transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may be indicated using a group-bitmap. A group or SS / PBCH group may be contiguous SS / PBCH blocks. The group-bitmap may indicate which groups or SS / PBCH groups may be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, one or more (e.g., all) SS / PBCH blocks in an indicated transmitted group or SS / PBCH group may be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).

[0211] The SS blocks (e.g., full set or subset) to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may be indicated using a group-bitmap, e.g., along with an in-group bitmap. A group or SS / PBCH group may be defined as consecutive SS blocks or SS / PBCH blocks. The in-group or SS / PBCH group bitmap may indicate which SS / PBCH blocks are to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, the in-group or SS / PBCH group bitmap may indicate which SS / PBCH blocks in the group or SS / PBCH group are to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). The (e.g., each) group or SS / PBCH group may have a pattern of SS / PBCH block transmission (e.g., the same pattern or different patterns). The group-bitmap may indicate which group or SS / PBCH group is to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).

[0212] The SS blocks (e.g., full set or subset) to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may be indicated using a group-bitmap along with the number of SS / PBCH blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) within the group. The SS / PBCH blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may have a starting index (e.g., a fixed starting index or a non-fixed starting index) of SS / PBCH blocks within a group or SS / PBCH group. A group or SS / PBCH group may be defined as consecutive SS / PBCH blocks. The group-bitmap may be used to indicate which groups or SS / PBCH groups are to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). The SS / PBCH blocks within a group may be consecutive (e.g., logically consecutive). The SS / PBCH blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may indicate the number of consecutive (e.g., logically consecutive) SS / PBCH blocks to be actually transmitted. For example, the number of SS / PBCH blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may indicate the number of consecutive (e.g., logically consecutive) SS / PBCH blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) starting from a first index. The first index may be a fixed starting index. The first index may not be a fixed starting index. If the first index is a fixed starting index, then an indication (e.g., an additional indication) may not be required. If the first index is not a fixed starting index, then an indication (e.g., an additional indication) may be required. For example, an additional indication may be required to indicate an index (e.g., the first index or the starting index) of the SS / PBCH blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted).The number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks in a group may apply equally (e.g., generally) to one or more (e.g., all) transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups. The number of transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) SS / PBCH blocks in a group may not apply equally (e.g., generally) to one or more (e.g., all) transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups.

[0213] The SS blocks (e.g., full set or subset) to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may be indicated using an intra-group bitmap along with the number of groups or SS / PBCH groups actually transmitted. The groups or SS / PBCH groups to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may have a fixed starting index of the group or a non-fixed starting index of the group. The groups or SS / PBCH groups may be defined as consecutive SS / PBCH blocks. The intra-group or SS / PBCH group bitmap may indicate which SS / PBCH blocks in the group or SS / PBCH group are transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). The (e.g., each) group or SS / PBCH group may have the same pattern of SS / PBCH block transmission. The (e.g., each) group or SS / PBCH group may also have a different pattern of SS / PBCH block transmission. The intra-group bitmap may or may not be applied equally (e.g., generally) to one or more (e.g., all) transmitted groups or SS / PBCH groups. The number of groups or SS / PBCH groups to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may indicate the number of consecutive groups or SS / PBCH groups that can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted). For example, the groups or SS / PBCH groups to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may indicate the number of consecutive groups or SS / PBCH groups that can be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) starting from a first group or a fixed starting index of groups. If the group starting index or first group is not fixed, the indication may be used to indicate the group starting index or first group for the SS / PBCH group.

[0214] The SS blocks (e.g., full set or subset) to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may be indicated using the number of SS / PBCH blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) along with a starting index of the SS / PBCH blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) and / or a space (e.g., gap) between one or more (e.g., two) consecutive SS / PBCH blocks. The space (e.g., gap) may be fixed. The number of SS / PBCH blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) and / or a starting index of the SS / PBCH blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may be indicated. The space (e.g., gap) may be indicated.

[0215] The SS blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may be indicated in the remaining minimum system information (RMSI) for higher and / or lower frequencies. The SS blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may also be indicated in the RRC signaling and / or L1 / 2 control signaling. The SS blocks to be transmitted (e.g., actually transmitted) may also be indicated in the RRC signaling and / or L1 / 2 control signaling for higher and / or lower frequencies.

[0216] Although the features and elements described herein contemplate LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), and / or 5G-specific protocols, it should be understood that the features and elements described herein are not limited to LTE, LTE-A, New Radio (NR), and / or 5G-specific protocols and may be applicable to other wireless systems.

[0217] Although the features and elements are described above in specific combinations, one skilled in the art will appreciate that each feature or element can be used alone or in any combination with the other features and elements. In addition, the methods described herein may be implemented in a computer program, software, or firmware embodied in a computer-readable medium for execution by a computer or processor. Examples of computer-readable media include electronic signals (transmitted over wired or wireless connections) and computer-readable storage media. Examples of computer-readable storage media include, but are not limited to, read-only memory (ROM), random access memory (RAM), registers, cache memory, semiconductor memory devices, magnetic media such as internal hard disks and removable disks, magneto-optical media, and optical media such as CD-ROM disks and digital versatile disks (DVDs). Software and associated processors can be used to implement a radio frequency transceiver for use in a WTRU, UE, terminal, base station, RNC, or any host computer. [Explanation of symbols]

[0218] 100 Communication Systems 102a Receiver Unit (WTRU) 102b base station 102c base station 102d base station 108 Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) 110 Internet 112 Network 114a base station 114b base station 116 Air Interface 118 processors 120 Transceiver 122 Receiving elements 123 Route Index 124 Microphone 126 Keypad 128 Touchpad 130 Non-removable memory 132 Removable Memory 134 Power supply 136 GPS chipset 136 Chipset 138 Peripheral Devices 139 Interference Management Unit 162 Mobility Management Entity (MME) 164 Serving Gateway (SGW) 165 Route Index 166 Gateway (or PGW) 182a Mobility Management Function (AMF) 182b Mobility Management Function (AMF) 183a Session Management Facility (SMF) 183b Session Management Facility (SMF) 184a User Plane Function (UPF) 184b User Plane Function (UPF) 185a Data Network (DN) 185b Data Network (DN)

Claims

1. 1. A method implemented by a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: receiving a synchronization signal (SS) burst set of SS blocks, each of the SS blocks of the SS burst set including a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) transmission, each respective SS block of the SS burst set being associated with a respective SS block index that identifies a respective SS block in the SS burst set; determining the respective SS block index for the received SS block based on the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block; determining a system frame number (SFN) based on the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block, wherein determining the SFN based on the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block includes: deriving one or more most significant bits (MSBs) of the SFN based on a PBCH payload of the PBCH transmission; and deriving one or more least significant bits (LSBs) of the SFN, the one or more LSBs being associated with a scrambling code for the PBCH transmission; Including, 23. A method comprising:

2. 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the respective SS block indexes associated with the respective SS blocks included in the SS burst set increase in order of the transmission times of the respective SS blocks included in the SS burst set.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the respective SS block index for the received SS block is determined based on a payload portion of the PBCH transmission that is included in the received SS block.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the respective SS block index for the received SS block is determined based on an implicit feature of the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block.

5. 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the implicit characteristics of the PBCH transmission include scrambling characteristics.

6. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is associated with a respective transmission beam.

7. 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising sending a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission, the PRACH transmission indicating which SS blocks of the plurality of SS blocks included in an SS burst set have been received by the WTRU.

8. 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the PRACH transmission corresponds to PRACH message 1.

9. 1. A wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU), comprising: receiving a synchronization signal (SS) burst set of SS blocks, each of the SS blocks of the SS burst set including a primary synchronization signal (PSS), a secondary synchronization signal (SSS), and a physical broadcast channel (PBCH) transmission, each respective SS block of the SS burst set being associated with a respective SS block index that identifies a respective one of the SS blocks in the SS burst set; determining the respective SS block index for the received SS block based on the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block; determining a system frame number (SFN) based on the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block; and determining the SFN based on the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block, the processor being configured to: Derive one or more most significant bits (MSBs) of the SFN based on a PBCH payload of the PBCH transmission; Derive one or more least significant bits (LSBs) of the SFN, the one or more LSBs being associated with a scrambling code for the PBCH transmission. WTRU, comprising the processor configured to:

10. 10. The WTRU of claim 9, wherein the respective SS block indexes associated with the respective SS blocks included in the SS burst set increase in order of transmission time of the respective SS blocks included in the SS burst set.

11. 10. The WTRU of claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to determine the respective SS block index for the received SS block based on a payload portion of the PBCH transmission that is included in the received SS block.

12. 10. The WTRU of claim 9, wherein the processor is configured to determine the respective SS block index for the received SS block based on an implicit feature of the PBCH transmission included in the received SS block.

13. 13. The WTRU of claim 12, wherein the implicit features of the PBCH transmission include scrambling features.

14. 10. The WTRU of claim 9, wherein each of the plurality of SS blocks included in the SS burst set is associated with a respective transmission beam.

15. 10. The WTRU of claim 9, wherein the processor and memory are further configured to send a Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH) transmission, the PRACH transmission indicating which SS blocks of the plurality of SS blocks included in an SS burst set have been received by the WTRU.

16. 20. The WTRU of claim 15, wherein the PRACH transmission corresponds to PRACH message 1.

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