Cabinet and energy storage device

Abstract

To provide a cabinet and an energy storage device that have excellent characteristics such as fire prevention, flame resistance, and heat insulation with the high-temperature flame and high heat generated by thermal runaway of a lithium battery containable inside a cabinet.SOLUTION: A cabinet 10 includes a fire door, a concrete body 110, a heat resistant layer 170, and a flame retardant layer 120. The concrete body includes a plurality of walls 111 to 115 to form an accommodating space. The heat resistant layer is provided on one or more inner surfaces 111a to 115a of the plurality of walls in the accommodating space. The flame retardant layer is provided on the heat resistant layer and is exposed to the accommodating space S1. The volumetric density of the heat resistant layer is lower than the volumetric density of the flame retardant layer.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1B

Description

[Technical field]

[0001] The present disclosure relates substantially to a cabinet and an energy storage device, and more particularly to a cabinet and an energy storage device including a concrete body. [Background technology]

[0002] In order to improve the efficiency and flexibility of energy utilization, the development of energy storage devices has become a trend in recent years. As the development of battery technology (e.g., lithium batteries) has matured, battery energy storage devices have become one of the mainstream energy storage devices. In addition, metal containers that are commonly used in international shipping are currently used as energy storage cabinets for energy storage devices, taking into consideration ease of installation and transportation, weather resistance, etc.

[0003] However, during storage or transportation, the separator inside the battery may be damaged due to various factors (e.g., overcharging, impact, errors in the electronic control system, defects in the operating environment or manufacturing process). In this case, the positive and negative electrodes come into contact with each other, forming a short circuit, which causes a high-temperature chemical reaction and ignites the flammable organic components in the battery. In addition, high temperatures caused by thermal runaway of the battery may further damage equipment near the battery energy storage device or cause a fire. Summary of the Invention [Means for solving the problem]

[0004] In one or more embodiments, a cabinet for use in an energy storage device includes a concrete body, a heat insulating layer, and a flame-resistant layer. The concrete body includes a plurality of walls to form a storage space. The heat insulating layer is provided on one or more inner surfaces of the plurality of walls in the storage space. The flame-resistant layer is provided on the heat insulating layer and exposed to the storage space. The volume density of the heat insulating layer is lower than the volume density of the flame-resistant layer.

[0005] In one or more embodiments, a cabinet for use in an energy storage device includes a concrete body, a heat insulating layer, and a fire-resistant layer. The concrete body includes a plurality of walls to form a storage space. The heat insulating layer is provided on one or more inner surfaces of the plurality of walls in the storage space. The fire-resistant layer is provided on the heat insulating layer and exposed to the storage space. The fire-resistant layer includes a plurality of fire-resistant boards that are continuously engaged with each other. And at least one connection interface between the fire-resistant boards is a non-planar surface.

[0006] In one or more embodiments, the energy storage device includes a cabinet and at least one battery system. The cabinet includes a concrete body, a heat insulating layer, and a flame-resistant layer. The concrete body includes a plurality of walls to form a storage space. The heat insulating layer is provided on one or more inner surfaces of the plurality of walls in the storage space. The flame-resistant layer is provided on the heat insulating layer and exposed to the storage space. The volume density of the heat insulating layer is lower than the volume density of the flame-resistant layer. The battery system is fixedly connected to the cabinet.

[0007] When the present disclosure is viewed in combination with the drawings, the following embodiments can provide a better understanding of the aspects of the present disclosure. It should be noted that, in order to clearly describe the contents of the present disclosure, various features may not be drawn to scale, and the size of each feature may be arbitrarily enlarged or reduced. [Brief description of the drawings]

[0008] [Figure 1A] FIG. 1A illustrates a schematic diagram of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 1B] FIG. 1B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 2A] FIG. 2A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 2B] FIG. 2B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 3A]FIG. 3A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 3B] FIG. 3B illustrates a schematic diagram of a portion of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 3C] FIG. 3C illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 4A] FIG. 4A illustrates a schematic diagram of a portion of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 4B] FIG. 4B illustrates an exploded view of a portion of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 4C] FIG. 4C illustrates an exploded view of a portion of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 4D] FIG. 4D illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 5A] FIG. 5A shows a schematic diagram of a battery system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 5B] FIG. 5B shows a schematic diagram of a battery pack according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 6A] FIG. 6A illustrates a perspective view of an energy storage device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 6B] FIG. 6B illustrates a perspective view of an energy storage device according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 7A] FIG. 7A illustrates an exploded view of a cabinet door according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 7B] FIG. 7B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a cabinet door according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of backside temperature measurement locations according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0009] In the drawings and embodiments of the present disclosure, the same or similar elements are designated with the same reference numerals.

[0010] FIG 1A shows a schematic diagram of a cabinet 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, and FIG 1B shows a cross-sectional view of the cabinet 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, FIG 1B shows a cross-sectional view of the structure of FIG 1A in the x-direction. The cabinet 10 includes a concrete body 110, a fire-resistant layer 120, a thermal barrier layer 170, and a door 130. Also, for clarity of presentation and description, some components (e.g., the door 130) are omitted and not shown in FIG 1B.

[0011] The concrete body 110 may include a number of walls (e.g., walls 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115) to form the storage space S1. In some embodiments, the storage space S1 is sized to allow an operator to enter the storage space S1 to repair and / or operate the functional units or equipment disposed within the storage space S1. In some embodiments, the walls 111, 112, and 113 of the concrete body 110 may be side walls. The wall 114 may be a top plate, and the wall 115 may be a bottom plate. In some embodiments, the walls 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115 each have a thickness T1 of about 5 cm or less. In some embodiments, the walls 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115 each have a thickness T1 of about 4 cm, 3.5 cm, 3 cm, or 2.5 cm or less. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B, the walls 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115 may have a non-plate-like structure. In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 includes a protruding structure 110P protruding outward from an outer surface of at least one of the walls (e.g., the walls 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115). For example, the outer surfaces of the walls 111, 112, and 113 may have a protruding rib structure. In some embodiments, the outer surfaces of one or more of the walls 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115 may have the same or different special three-dimensional forms (e.g., a corrugated structure, a hole structure, a groove structure, a protruding rib structure, or any other shape of three-dimensional form). In some embodiments, one or more of the walls 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115 may have a plate-like structure. For example, the outer surfaces of walls 111, 112, 113, 114 and 115 may be substantially flat surfaces.

[0012] In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 may include synthetic fibers. In some embodiments, the length of the synthetic fibers is about 4 mm to about 20 mm, and the diameter of the synthetic fibers is about 0.2 mm. In some embodiments, the synthetic fiber content in the concrete body 110 is about 30 kg / m 3 ~about 60kg / m 3The synthetic fibers can enhance the flexural strength of the concrete body 110. In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 is formed from ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC).

[0013] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the concrete body 110 includes the above synthetic fibers and / or is made of ultra-high performance concrete. Therefore, even if a rebar structure (e.g., a rebar unit composed of a rebar cage and / or a plurality of stirrups) is not installed on the wall of the concrete body 110, the concrete body 110 can have good bending resistance by itself. In addition, since the concrete body 110 has high compressive strength, the concrete body 110 can have a small wall thickness. In some embodiments, the cabinet 10 can be a movable cabinet. Since the concrete body 110 has a small wall thickness, the overall weight of the cabinet 10 can be reduced, which is convenient for transporting and moving the cabinet 10. In some embodiments, the cabinet 10 can be a fixed cabinet, and the cabinet 10 can be fixed to the floor in a building or the ground in an outdoor environment by a fixing unit (e.g., a fastening mechanism).

[0014] In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 may further include one or more cements having different compositions, different powders, oxides, and different additives. In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 may include Portland cement, microsilica (powder-like size characteristics), silica sand (size or particle size less than about 2 millimeters (mm)), quartz powder (size or particle size less than about 20 micrometers (μm)), water reducers, antifoaming agents, expansive agents, or any combination thereof.

[0015] In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 has a concrete content of about 800 kg / m 3 ~about 900kg / m 3In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 may include one or more of ordinary Portland cement, modified Portland cement, high early strength Portland cement, low heat Portland cement, and sulfate resistant Portland cement. 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 Ordinary Portland cement, modified Portland cement, high-early-strength Portland cement, low-heat Portland cement and sulfate-resistant Portland cement, and one of the following with a content of about 400 kg / m 3 ~about 500kg / m 3 Ordinary Portland cement, modified Portland cement, high early strength Portland cement, low heat Portland cement, and sulfate resistant Portland cement. In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 has a content of about 120 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 180kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 may include a microsilica content of about 900 kg / m 3 ~About 1000kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 may include silica sand having a content of about 30 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 150kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the combination of microsilica and quartz powder provides the concrete body 110 with a higher compressive strength than typical concrete. In some embodiments, the appearance color of the concrete body 110 can be adjusted by adding oxides.

[0016] In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 has a concrete content of about 10 kg / m 3 ~about 20kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 may include a water reducing agent having a water reducing agent content of about 10 kg / m 3 The following defoamers and their content is approximately 25 kg / m 3 The following leavening agents may be included:

[0017] In some embodiments, the structural unit weight of the concrete body 110 is about 2300 kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 has a structural unit weight of about 2300 kg / m 3 ~About 2700kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 has a compressive strength of about 120 MPa or more. In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 has a compressive strength of about 120 MPa to about 180 MPa. In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 has an ultimate flexural strength of greater than about 15 MPa. This allows the concrete body 110 to have a small wall thickness without the need for rebar units, consisting of rebar cages and / or stirrups, to be installed in the concrete body 110 to improve flexural strength, thereby reducing the overall weight of the cabinet 10. Additionally, the concrete body 110 can provide the cabinet 10 with high compressive and flexural strength, thereby maintaining the overall structural integrity even in relatively harsh environments (e.g., environments exposed to high temperature flames).

[0018] In some embodiments, the thermal conductivity (or thermal conduction coefficient) of the concrete body 110 is about 1.8 W / m·K or less. In some embodiments, the thermal conductivity of the concrete body 110 is about 1.6 W / m·K to about 1.8 W / m·K. Compared with metal materials or general concrete (thermal conductivity is about 1.9 W / m·K to about 2.1 W / m·K), the concrete body 110 of the present disclosure has an excellent heat insulating effect, which is advantageous in reducing heat conduction between the inside of the storage space S1 and the outside of the concrete body 110. When a device or member in the storage space S1 needs to be maintained at a specific high or low temperature, the good heat insulating effect of the concrete body 110 contributes to reducing the energy required for air conditioning equipment, enabling cost reduction and additional effects such as environmental protection, energy saving, and CO2 reduction.

[0019] In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 is integrally molded. In some embodiments, the concrete slurry that has been mixed is poured into a mold having a predetermined shape, and then cured and demolded to produce the concrete body 110 that is integrally molded (e.g., the walls 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115 are integrally molded).

[0020] In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 may include a plurality of assembled partial structural members or walls (e.g., walls 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115). In some embodiments, the plurality of partial structural members or walls can be manufactured by pouring the concrete slurry that has been mixed and mixed into a mold having a predetermined shape, followed by curing and demolding. The plurality of partial structural members or walls are then joined by connecting members (e.g., bolts) or by filling joints between the structural members or walls with grout to form the concrete body 110 that is made up of the assembled plurality of partial structural members or walls.

[0021] The thermal barrier layer 170 can be installed on one or more inner surfaces of the walls of the storage space S1. For example, the thermal barrier layer 170 can be installed on the inner surface 111a of the wall 111, the inner surface 112 (not shown), the inner surface 113a of the wall 113, the inner surface 114a of the wall 114, and the inner surface 115a of the wall 115. In some embodiments, the thermal barrier layer 170 is in direct contact with the walls of the concrete body 110 (e.g., the walls 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115). In some embodiments, the thermal barrier layer 170 is in direct contact with the inner surface of one or more of the walls of the concrete body 110 (e.g., the walls 111, 112, 113, 114, and 115). The thermal barrier layer 170 may be referred to as a "thermal insulation layer." In some embodiments, the thermal barrier layer 170 is configured to reduce, inhibit, or block heat transfer between the storage space S1 of the cabinet 10 and the external environment.

[0022] In some embodiments, thermal barrier layer 170 includes or is made of a material that can withstand a heat temperature of about 1200° C. to about 1400° C. (e.g., a material that can withstand a heat temperature of about 1300° C.). In some embodiments, thermal barrier layer 170 includes or is made of a material that can withstand a heat temperature of about 600° C., 700° C., or 800° C. or higher. In some embodiments, thermal barrier layer 170 has a volume density of about 200 kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the bulk density of the thermal barrier layer 170 is about 160 kg / m 3 , 140kg / m 3 , or 130 kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the bulk density of the thermal barrier layer 170 is about 120 kg / m 3 ~Approx. 160kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the thermal conductivity of the thermal barrier layer 170 is about 0.28 W / m·K or less. In some embodiments, the thermal conductivity of the thermal barrier layer 170 is about 0.24 W / m·K, 0.14 W / m·K, or 0.06 W / m·K or less. In some embodiments, the linear heat shrinkage of the thermal barrier layer 170 is about 2.4% to about 3.0%, about 2.6% to about 2.8%, or about 2.7%. In some embodiments, the linear heat shrinkage is measured after heating the sample at a temperature of 1200° C. for 24 hours.

[0023] In some embodiments, the thermal barrier layer 170 comprises rock wool, expanded polyethylene, a ceramic fiber blanket, a soluble fiber blanket, or any combination thereof. In some embodiments, the thermal barrier layer 170 has a thickness T2 of about 3 cm or less. In some embodiments, the thermal barrier layer 170 has a thickness T2 of about 2.5 cm, 2 cm, 1.5 cm, 1 cm, 0.5 cm, or 0.2 cm or less.

[0024] The flame-resistant layer 120 can be disposed on the thermal barrier layer 170 and is exposed to the containment space S1. In some embodiments, the flame-resistant layer 120 is in direct contact with the thermal barrier layer 170. In some embodiments, the flame-resistant layer 120 is configured to withstand a flame at a temperature of about 600°C, 700°C, 800°C or more, or between about 900°C and about 1300°C.

[0025] In some embodiments, the flame-resistant layer 120 includes or is made of a material that can withstand a heat temperature of about 1200° C. to about 1400° C. (e.g., a material that can withstand a heat temperature of about 1300° C.). In some embodiments, the volume density of the flame-resistant layer 120 is about 200 kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the volume density of the flame resistant layer 120 is about 250 kg / m 3 , 260kg / m 3 , or 280 kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the volume density of the flame resistant layer 120 is about 250 kg / m 3 ~about 300kg / m 3 In some embodiments, the volume density of the thermal barrier layer 170 is lower than the volume density of the flame-resistant layer 120. In some embodiments, the thermal conductivity of the flame-resistant layer 120 is about 0.20 W / m·K or less. In some embodiments, the thermal conductivity of the flame-resistant layer 120 is about 0.17 W / m·K, 0.12 W / m·K, or 0.07 W / m·K or less. In some embodiments, the linear heat shrinkage rate (1200° C. / 24 hr) of the flame-resistant layer 120 is about 3.2% to about 4.0%, about 3.4% to about 3.8%, or about 3.6%. In some embodiments, the linear heat shrinkage rate of the thermal barrier layer 170 is lower than the linear heat shrinkage rate of the flame-resistant layer 120.

[0026] In some embodiments, the flame-resistant layer 120 comprises a ceramic fiber board, a soluble fiber blanket, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the flame-resistant layer 120 and the thermal barrier layer 170 may comprise the same or similar chemical composition. In some embodiments, the flame-resistant layer 120 and the thermal barrier layer 170 both comprise silicon oxide, calcium oxide, and magnesium oxide. In some embodiments, the flame-resistant layer 120 has a thickness T3 of about 5 cm or less. In some embodiments, the flame-resistant layer 120 has a thickness T3 of about 4.5 cm, 4 cm, 3 cm, 2.5 cm, or 2 cm or less.

[0027] In some embodiments, the cabinet 10 is configured to withstand a flame at a temperature of about 600° C. or higher for at least two consecutive hours. In some embodiments, the cabinet 10 is configured to withstand a flame at a temperature of about 900° C. or higher for at least two consecutive hours. In some embodiments, the cabinet 10 is configured to withstand a flame at a temperature of about 900° C. or higher to about 1300° C. for at least two consecutive hours. In some embodiments, the cabinet 10 satisfies the requirement of flame resistance of at least two hours in CNS 12514-1 (or ISO 834-1). In some embodiments, the concrete body 110, the flame-resistant layer 120, and the heat-shielding layer 170 are configured as a whole to withstand a flame at a temperature of about 600° C. or higher for at least two consecutive hours. In some embodiments, the concrete body 110, the flame-resistant layer 120, and the heat-shielding layer 170 are configured as a whole to withstand a flame at a temperature of about 900° C. or higher for at least two consecutive hours. In some embodiments, the concrete body 110, the flame-resistant layer 120, and the thermal barrier layer 170 are configured as a whole to withstand a continuous flame for at least 2 hours at a temperature of at least about 900° C. to at least about 1300° C. In some embodiments, the concrete body 110, the flame-resistant layer 120, and the thermal barrier layer 170 as a whole meet the requirement of flame resistance for at least 2 hours in CNS 12514-1 (or ISO 834-1).

[0028] The door 130 can be pivotally connected to a side edge (e.g., at least one of side edges 1171 and 1172) of the opening 117 of the concrete body 110. In some embodiments, the door frame 130A is provided on the side edge of the opening 117. In some embodiments, the door 130 can be pivotally connected to the opening 117 of the concrete body 110 via the door frame 130A. In some embodiments, the door 130 can be pivotally connected to at least one of side edges 1171 and 1172 of the opening 117 of the concrete body 110 via the door frame 130A. In some embodiments, the door 130 may include two doors. The two doors open to the left and right, and are pivotally connected to the side edges 1171 and 1172 of the opening 117 of the concrete body 110, respectively. In some embodiments, the door 130 is pivotally connected to the door frame 130A on the side edges 1171 and 1172 of the opening 117 of the concrete body 110. In some embodiments, the door 130 may include a single leaf, one side of which is pivotally connected to the side edge 1171 or the side edge 1172 of the opening 117 of the concrete body 110. In some embodiments, the door 130 may be pivotally connected to the side edge 1171 or the side edge 1172 of the opening 117 of the concrete body 110 via a door frame 130A. In some embodiments, the door 130 may be a fire door, and the door frame 130A may include a fire-resistant material.

[0029] In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 1A, the cabinet 10 includes one door 130. The door 130 covers the entire area of ​​one side of the cabinet 10 (the side facing the wall 112, i.e., the side where the opening 117 is present). In some other embodiments, the cabinet 10 may further include another wall other than the walls 111-115. The wall is located on the side facing the wall 112. The opening 117 exposes only a part of the wall, and the door 130 can be pivoted to the side edge of the wall at the opening 117. In some other embodiments, the cabinet 10 may include two or more doors. In some embodiments, the doors may be installed on the same or different walls (the same or different sides). The doors may have different designs (for example, one with two doors that open in both directions and one with one door).

[0030] Figure 2A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of cabinet 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, and Figure 2B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of cabinet 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, Figure 2A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of cabinet 10 along section line 2A-2A' in Figure 1A, and Figure 2B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of cabinet 10 along section line 2B-2B' in Figure 1A.

[0031] In some embodiments, the cabinet 10 may include a fastening mechanism 30. The fire-resistant layer 120 and the thermal barrier layer 170 are fastened to the concrete body 110 by the fastening mechanism 30. In some embodiments, the fastening mechanism 30 may include a plurality of fastening members, for example, a nut and a stud (or a screw). In some embodiments, the fastening mechanism 30 includes a stud 310 and a nut 320. The stud 310 (also referred to as a fastening member) is threadedly engaged with the fire-resistant layer 120, the thermal barrier layer 170, and the concrete body 110 for fastening. In some embodiments, the nut 320 is threadably engaged with the stud 310 and abuts against the fire-resistant layer 120. In some embodiments, the fastening mechanism 30 may include a nut 330 (also referred to as a fastening member). The stud 310 is fastened into the concrete body 110 by the nut 330.

[0032] In some embodiments, the fastening mechanism 30 includes at least one heat insulating material. In some embodiments, the stud 310 and the nut 330 may include materials suitable for manufacturing fastening members, such as, for example, metallic materials or ceramic materials. In some embodiments, the stud 310 and the nut 330 may include or be made of stainless steel (e.g., SUS304). In some embodiments, the nut 320 includes at least one heat insulating material as described above. The nut 320 may be referred to as a heat insulating fastening member. In some embodiments, the nut 320 includes or is made of a material that can withstand a heat temperature of about 1200° C. to about 1400° C. (e.g., a material that can withstand a heat temperature of about 1300° C.). In some embodiments, the nut 320 includes or is made of a material that can withstand a heat temperature of about 600° C., 700° C., or 800° C. or higher. In some embodiments, the nut 320 may include or be made of a ceramic material.

[0033] In some embodiments, cabinet 10 may further include a heat-insulating seal structure that covers studs 310 and fills the gap between flame-resistant layer 120 and fastening mechanism 30. In some embodiments, the heat-insulating seal structure may include a heat-insulating filler 180 and a heat-insulating protective layer 182.

[0034] In some embodiments, referring also to FIG. 1A, the concrete body 110 includes a plurality of protruding structures 110P (or protruding rib structures) protruding outward from the outer surface of the wall of the concrete body 110. The fastening members (or studs 310) of the fastening mechanism 30 extend into the protruding structures 110P. In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2A, a plurality of studs 310 extend into one protruding structure 110P in the extension direction of the protruding structures 110P (i.e., z-axis direction). In some embodiments, as shown in FIG. 2B, each stud 310 extends into a corresponding protruding structure 110P in a direction perpendicular to the extension direction of the protruding structures 110P (i.e., y-axis direction). In some embodiments, the height H1 of the protruding structures 110P is greater than the thickness T1 of the wall of the concrete body 110. In some embodiments, the height H1 of the protruding structures 110P is greater than the thickness T2 of the thermal barrier layer 170. In some embodiments, the height H1 of the protruding structure 110P is greater than the thickness T3 of the flame-resistant layer 120.

[0035] 3A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of cabinet 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, FIG. 3A illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of region 3A of FIG. 2A.

[0036] In some embodiments, the stud 310 may be an example of a fastening member, and the nut 320 may be an example of a thermal barrier fastening member. In some embodiments, the stud 310 (or fastening member) is inserted into the opening 120H of the thermal barrier layer 170 and the flame-resistant layer 120 and fastened to the concrete body 110. In some embodiments, the nut 320 (or thermal barrier fastening member) is fastened to the stud 310. In some embodiments, the thermal barrier seal structure covers the stud 310 and fills at least one gap between the opening 120H and the stud 310. In some embodiments, the nut 320 (or thermal barrier fastening member) has an extension 320E. The extension 320E covers a surface of a portion of the flame-resistant layer 120. In some embodiments, the extension 320E covers the gap between the opening 120H and the stud 310.

[0037] In some embodiments, the end 310a of the stud 310 (or fastener) is inserted into the screw hole 320H of the nut 320 (or thermal fastener). The thermal filler 180 covers the end 310a. In some embodiments, the thermal protection layer 182 covers and contacts the thermal filler 180. In some embodiments, the thermal protection layer 182 covers a part of the surface of the extension 320E. In some embodiments, the thermal protection layer 182 covers and fills the gap between the thermal filler 180 and the nut 320 (or thermal fastener). In some embodiments, the thermal seal structure composed of the thermal filler 180 and the thermal protection layer 182 covers and contacts the stud 310. In some embodiments, the thermal filler 180 and the thermal protection layer 182 completely cover the stud 310 to isolate the stud 310 from the outside. In some embodiments, the nut 320, the thermal insulating filler 180, and the thermal insulating protective layer 182 form a thermal insulating structure. The thermal insulating structure covers the opening 120H of the flame-resistant layer 120 and is exposed to the receiving space S1. In some embodiments, the thermal insulating protective layer 182 covers the thermal insulating filler 180 and is exposed to the receiving space S1.

[0038] In some embodiments, the nut 320 (or the thermal fastener) includes or is made of a material that can withstand a heat temperature of about 1300° C. to about 1400° C. In some embodiments, the nut 320 (or the thermal fastener) includes or is made of a material that can withstand a heat temperature of about 600° C., 700° C., or 800° C. or higher. In some embodiments, the nut 320 (or the thermal fastener) may include or be made of a ceramic material. In some embodiments, the thermal insulating filler 180 includes ceramic wool. In some embodiments, the thermal insulating filler 180 includes ceramic fiber, soluble fiber, or a combination thereof. In some embodiments, the thermal insulating protective layer 182 includes a thermal insulating paste (e.g., a ceramic paste). In some embodiments, the thermal insulating protective layer 182 includes ceramic fiber and an inorganic adhesive.

[0039] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the stud 310 made of a metal material is protected by the nut 320 made of a ceramic material, the thermal insulation filler 180 (e.g., ceramic wool) and the thermal insulation protective layer 182 (e.g., ceramic paste). The thermal conductivity of the ceramic material is much lower than that of metal, so that the thermal energy is less likely to be transmitted to the stud 310. This makes it less likely that the thermal energy will be further transmitted to the concrete body 110 through the stud 310, so that the structure of the concrete body 110 will not be destroyed. Therefore, the above design has the effect of improving the fire resistance and protection of the cabinet 10.

[0040] Furthermore, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the nut 320 (or the heat-shielding fastening member) includes or is made of a material such as a ceramic material having a heat-resistant temperature of about 1200°C to about 1400°C (e.g., a material having a heat-resistant temperature of about 1300°C). This can be effective in preventing a metal nut from softening due to high heat. For example, the maximum heat-resistant temperature of a nut made of SUS304 is about 800°C, and softening due to high temperature can cause the flame-resistant layer 120 and the heat-shielding layer 170 to peel off and break.

[0041] 3B illustrates a schematic diagram of a portion of cabinet 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, FIG. 3B illustrates a schematic diagram of a portion of flame-resistant layer 120, thermally insulating protective layer 182, and nut 320 (or thermally insulating fastener) of FIG. 3A.

[0042] In some embodiments, the surface roughness of the thermally insulating protective layer 182 is greater than the surface roughness of the flame-resistant layer 120. In some embodiments, the surface roughness of the thermally insulating protective layer 182 is greater than the surface roughness of the nut 320 (or thermally insulating fastener). In some embodiments, the surface roughness of the thermally insulating protective layer 182 is greater than the surface roughness of the extension 320E. In some embodiments, the surface of the thermally insulating protective layer 182 has a microstructure. In some embodiments, the surface of the thermally insulating protective layer 182 has an irregular contour. In some embodiments, the thermally insulating protective layer 182 has a non-uniform height or thickness. In some embodiments, the thermally insulating protective layer 182 has an asymmetric shape or pattern. In some embodiments, the thermally insulating protective layer 182 has an irregular peripheral contour.

[0043] 3C illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of cabinet 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, in some embodiments, FIG. 3C illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of region 3A of FIG. 2A.

[0044] In some embodiments, the nut 320 is located within the opening 120H of the flame-resistant layer 120. In some embodiments, the thermal insulating filler 180 covers the end 310a of the stud 310 and the nut 320. In some embodiments, the thermal insulating filler 180 is filled within the opening 120H of the flame-resistant layer 120. In some embodiments, the thermal insulating protective layer 182 covers the surface of the thermal insulating filler 180 and a portion of the flame-resistant layer 120. In some embodiments, the thermal insulating protective layer 182 covers and fills the gap between the thermal insulating filler 180 and the opening 120H.

[0045] In some embodiments, the thermal insulating filler 180 and the thermally insulating protective layer 182 completely cover the stud 310 and insulate the stud 310 from the environment. In some embodiments, the thermal insulating filler 180 and the thermally insulating protective layer 182 completely cover the nut 320 and insulate the nut 320 from the environment. In some embodiments, the nut 320 shown in FIG. 3C may comprise a material suitable for manufacturing a fastening member, such as, for example, a metallic material or a ceramic material.

[0046] 4A illustrates a schematic diagram of a portion of cabinet 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, FIG. 4A illustrates a schematic diagram of a portion of concrete body 110, thermal barrier layer 170, and flame retardant layer 120.

[0047] In some embodiments, the fire-resistant layer 120 includes a plurality of fire-resistant boards that are continuously engaged with each other. At least one connection interface (e.g., connection interfaces 120S and 120S') between the plurality of fire-resistant boards is a non-planar surface. In some embodiments, at least one connection interface (e.g., connection interfaces 120S and 120S') between the plurality of fire-resistant boards has a stepped cross-sectional profile. In some embodiments, one or more fastening mechanisms 30 are inserted between the two fire-resistant boards that are engaged with each other to fasten the fire-resistant board and the heat-shielding layer 170 to the concrete body 110 (e.g., wall 112). In some embodiments, the connection interfaces (e.g., connection interfaces 120S and 120S') between the fire-resistant boards are contact surfaces between the fire-resistant boards. In some embodiments, the heat-shielding protective layer 182 can further cover and fill the gap between the fire-resistant boards that are engaged with each other. In some embodiments, the heat-shielding protective layer 182 can cover a portion of the surface of the fire-resistant board.

[0048] In some embodiments, connection interfaces 120S and 120S' have different stepped cross-sectional profiles. In some embodiments, the length of connection interface 120S' is greater than the length of connection interface 120S. In some embodiments, the extension length of connection interface 120S' in the x-axis direction is greater than the extension length of connection interface 120S in the z-axis direction. In some embodiments, the area of ​​connection interface 120S' is greater than the area of ​​connection interface 120S. In some embodiments, the contact area of ​​connection interface 120S' is greater than the contact area of ​​connection interface 120S. In some embodiments, the stepped surface of connection interface 120S' is greater than the stepped surface of connection interface 120S.

[0049] When flame-resistant boards are attached in parallel to a cabinet, the flame-resistant boards shrink when exposed to heat, and the gaps between the flame-resistant boards become larger, which may cause a flame to easily pass through the gaps and increase the back surface temperature of the cabinet (i.e., the temperature of the external wall surface of the cabinet). In contrast, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, by attaching or installing the flame-resistant boards alternately, a connection interface having a non-flat surface is formed between the abutting flame-resistant boards. Therefore, even if the flame-resistant boards shrink when exposed to heat and the gaps between the flame-resistant boards become larger, the gaps formed at the connection interfaces having non-flat surfaces are not a direct passage but a curved passage, so that it is possible to effectively prevent a situation in which a flame easily passes through. For example, since the connection interface 120S' shown in FIG. 4A has a stepped cross-sectional contour, even if the flame-resistant boards shrink when exposed to heat and a gap is formed along the connection interface 120S', the gap does not directly penetrate from the flame-resistant board to the heat shield layer 170. Therefore, the flame first enters the gap from position P1, is then blocked by the step surface of the connection interface 120S', and is forced to change direction, and then tries to escape from the flame-retardant board toward position P2. This effectively prevents the flame from passing through the flame-retardant layer 120, effectively reducing the rise in the back surface temperature of the cabinet (i.e., the temperature of the outer wall surface of the cabinet wall).

[0050] In addition, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the heat shielding protective layer 182 also covers and fills the gaps (or gaps) between the flame-retardant boards that are engaged with each other, which can more effectively prevent the flame from passing through the flame-retardant layer 120, and therefore more effectively reduce the rise in the back surface temperature of the cabinet (i.e., the temperature of the outer wall surface of the cabinet wall).

[0051] FIG. 4B illustrates an exploded view of a portion of the cabinet 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, FIG. 4B illustrates a schematic view of the concrete body 110, the thermal barrier layer 170, and a portion of the flame-retardant layer 120. In order to clearly present and describe the structure of a portion of the cabinet 10, some members are omitted and not shown in FIG. 4B. For example, only some flame-retardant boards (e.g., flame-retardant boards 121 and 122) of the flame-retardant layer 120 are illustrated.

[0052] In some embodiments, the side 1211 of the flame-retardant board 121 has a step structure (or referred to as a first step structure), and the side 1221 of the flame-retardant board 122 has a step structure (or referred to as a second step structure). The two step structures engage with each other to connect the flame-retardant board 121 and the flame-retardant board 122. In some embodiments, the fastening mechanism 30 is inserted into the step structure of the flame-retardant board 121, the step structure of the flame-retardant board 122, and the heat-shielding layer 170 to fasten the heat-shielding layer 170 and the flame-retardant layer 120 to the concrete body 110.

[0053] In some embodiments, the side 1211 of the flame-retardant board 121 has a flange 1211P, and the side 1221 of the flame-retardant board 122 has a groove 1221R. The flange 1211P is provided in the groove 1221R, so that the flame-retardant board 121 and the flame-retardant board 122 are connected to each other. In some embodiments, the side 1211 of the flame-retardant board 121 has a groove 1211R, and the side 1221 of the flame-retardant board 122 has a flange 1221P. The flange 1221P is provided in the groove 1211R, so that the flame-retardant board 121 and the flame-retardant board 122 are connected to each other. In some embodiments, the flange 1211P and the groove 1211R define a step structure of the flame-retardant board 121, and the flange 1221P and the groove 1221R define a step structure of the flame-retardant board 122.

[0054] In some embodiments, the side 1212 of the flame-resistant board 121 has a flange 1212P and a groove 1212R. In some embodiments, the groove 1211R and the groove 1212R are in communication with each other. In some embodiments, the flange 1211P and the flange 1212P have substantially the same thickness. In some embodiments, the thickness of the flange 1211P and the flange 1212P is approximately half the maximum thickness of the flame-resistant board 121. In some embodiments, the flange 1211P of the flame-resistant board 121 defines a stepped cross-sectional profile (or a first stepped cross-sectional profile) of the side 1211 (or a connection interface), and the flange 1212P of the flame-resistant board 121 defines a stepped cross-sectional profile (or a second stepped cross-sectional profile) of the side 1212 (or a connection interface). In some embodiments, the extension length L1 of the flange 1211P is greater than the extension length L2 of the flange 1212P. In some embodiments, the flange 1212P and the groove 1212R on the side 1212 of the flame-resistant board 121 can define a step structure for engaging with a step structure of another flame-resistant board (e.g., the flame-resistant board 123 in FIG. 4C) to connect the flame-resistant board 121 and the other flame-resistant board.

[0055] In some embodiments, the side 1222 of the flame-resistant board 122 has a flange 1222P and a groove 1222R. In some embodiments, the flange 1221P and the flange 1222P have substantially the same thickness. In some embodiments, the thickness of the flange 1221P and the flange 1222P is approximately half the maximum thickness of the flame-resistant board 122. In some embodiments, the flange 1221P of the flame-resistant board 122 defines a stepped cross-sectional profile (or a third stepped cross-sectional profile) of the side 1221 (or a connection interface), and the flange 1222P of the flame-resistant board 122 defines a stepped cross-sectional profile (or a fourth stepped cross-sectional profile) of the side 1222 (or a connection interface). In some embodiments, the extension length L1a of the flange 1221P is greater than the extension length L2a of the flange 1222P. In some embodiments, the flange 1222P and the groove 1222R on the side 1222 of the flame-resistant board 122 can define a step structure for engaging with a step structure of another flame-resistant board (e.g., the flame-resistant board 124 of FIG. 4C) to connect the flame-resistant board 122 to the other flame-resistant board.

[0056] In some embodiments, the side 1223 of the flame-resistant board 122 has a flange 1223P and a groove 1223R. In some embodiments, the flange 1223P and the flange 1222P have substantially the same thickness. In some embodiments, the thickness of the flange 1223P and the flange 1222P is approximately half the maximum thickness of the flame-resistant board 122. In some embodiments, the flange 1223P of the flame-resistant board 122 defines a stepped cross-sectional profile (also referred to as a fifth stepped cross-sectional profile) of the side 1223 (also referred to as a connection interface). In some embodiments, the extension length L1a' of the flange 1223P is greater than the extension length L2a of the flange 1222P. In some embodiments, the flange 1223P and the groove 1223R on the side 1223 of the flame-resistant board 122 can define a step structure for engaging with a step structure of another flame-resistant board (e.g., the flame-resistant board 125 of FIG. 4C) to connect the flame-resistant board 122 to the other flame-resistant board.

[0057] 4C illustrates an exploded view of a portion of cabinet 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In some embodiments, FIG. 4C illustrates a schematic diagram of a portion of a plurality of flame-resistant boards in flame-resistant layer 120. In order to clearly present and describe the structure of a portion of cabinet 10, some components have been omitted and are not shown in FIG. 4C.

[0058] In some embodiments, the flame-resistant layer 120 may include a plurality of flame-resistant boards (eg, flame-resistant boards 121, 122, 123, 124, 125, 126, 127, 128, 129, 129A, 129B, and 129C) that are contiguously joined to one another.

[0059] In some embodiments, the side 1231 of the flame-resistant board 123 has a flange 1231P and a groove 1231R, and the side 1232 of the flame-resistant board 123 has a flange 1232P and a groove 1232R. In some embodiments, the groove 1231R and the groove 1232R are in communication with each other. In some embodiments, the flange 1231P and the flange 1232P have substantially the same thickness. In some embodiments, the thickness of the flange 1231P and the flange 1232P is approximately half the maximum thickness of the flame-resistant board 123. In some embodiments, the flange 1231P of the flame-resistant board 123 defines a stepped cross-sectional profile of the side 1231 (or referred to as a connection interface), and the flange 1232P of the flame-resistant board 123 defines a stepped cross-sectional profile of the side 1232 (or referred to as a connection interface). In some embodiments, the extension length L1b of the flange 1231P is greater than the extension length L2b of the flange 1232P. In some embodiments, the flange 1232P and the groove 1232R on the side 1232 of the flame-resistant board 123 can define a step structure for engaging with the step structure of the flame-resistant board 121 to connect the flame-resistant board 123 and the flame-resistant board 121.

[0060] In some embodiments, side 1241 of flame-resistant board 124 has flange 1241P and groove 1241R, side 1242 of flame-resistant board 124 has flange 1242P and groove 1242R, side 1243 of flame-resistant board 124 has flange 1243P and groove 1243R, and side 1244 of flame-resistant board 124 has flange 1244P and groove 1244R. In some embodiments, flange 1241P, flange 1242P, flange 1243P, and flange 1244P have substantially the same thickness. In some embodiments, the thickness of flange 1241P, flange 1242P, flange 1243P, and flange 1244P is approximately half the maximum thickness of flame-resistant board 124. In some embodiments, the flange 1241P of the flame-resistant board 124 defines a stepped cross-sectional profile of the side 1241 (or referred to as a connection interface), the flange 1242P of the flame-resistant board 124 defines a stepped cross-sectional profile of the side 1242 (or referred to as a connection interface), and the flange 1243P of the flame-resistant board 124 defines a stepped cross-sectional profile of the side 1243 (or referred to as a connection interface). In some embodiments, the extension length L1c of the flange 1241P is approximately equal to the extension length L1b of the flange 1231P. In some embodiments, the extension length L1c of the flange 1241P and the extension length L1c' of the flange 1243P may be the same or different. In some embodiments, the flange 1241P and the groove 1241R on the side 1241 of the flame-resistant board 124 can be engaged with the step structure of the flame-resistant board 123 to define a step structure for connecting the flame-resistant board 123 and the flame-resistant board 124. In some embodiments, the flange 1242P and the groove 1242R on the side 1242 of the flame-resistant board 124 can be engaged with the step structure of the flame-resistant board 122 to define a step structure for connecting the flame-resistant board 122 and the flame-resistant board 124. In some embodiments, the flange 1243P and the groove 1243R on the side 1243 of the flame-resistant board 124 can be engaged with the step structure of the flame-resistant board 126 to define a step structure for connecting the flame-resistant board 124 and the flame-resistant board 126.

[0061] In some embodiments, each of the flame-resistant boards of the flame-resistant layer 120 has at least one step structure for connecting the two flame-resistant boards by engaging with the step structure of another adjacent flame-resistant board. In some embodiments, each of the flame-resistant boards of the flame-resistant layer 120 has a step structure on at least two adjacent sides for connecting the three flame-resistant boards by engaging with the step structures of the two adjacent flame-resistant boards, respectively. In some embodiments, at least two connection interfaces (or contact surfaces) of each of the flame-resistant boards of the flame-resistant layer 120 are non-planar surfaces, for example, have a step structure. For example, in some embodiments, the connection interface 120S' between the flame-resistant board 121 and the flame-resistant board 122 (i.e., the contact surface between the side 1211 and the side 1221) and the connection interface 120S between the flame-resistant board 121 and the flame-resistant board 123 (i.e., the contact surface between the side 1212 and the side 1232) are adjacent to each other and are both non-planar surfaces.

[0062] 4D illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, in some embodiments, FIG. 4D illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of the area of ​​FIGS. 4A-4C.

[0063] In some embodiments, the stud 310 may be an example of a fastening member, and the nut 320 may be an example of a thermal barrier fastening member. In some embodiments, the stud 310 (or the fastening member) is inserted into the opening 170H of the thermal barrier layer 170, the opening 121H of the fire-resistant board 121, and the opening 122H of the fire-resistant board 122, and fastened to the concrete body 110. In some embodiments, the nut 320 (or the thermal barrier fastening member) is fastened to the stud 310. In some embodiments, the thermal barrier seal structure covers the stud 310 and fills at least one gap between the opening 122H and the stud 310. In some embodiments, the nut 320 (or the thermal barrier fastening member) has an extension 320E. The extension 320E covers a surface of a portion of the fire-resistant board 122. In some embodiments, the extension 320E covers a gap between the opening 122H and the stud 310.

[0064] In some embodiments, the opening 122H has a stepped width. In some embodiments, a portion of the opening 122H adjacent to the end 310a of the stud 310 (also referred to as a first portion) has a larger width, and a portion of the opening 122H adjacent to the opening 121H (also referred to as a second portion) has a smaller width. In some embodiments, the width of the second portion of the opening 122H is about the same as or different from the width of the opening 121H. In some embodiments, the second portion of the opening 122H and the opening 121H are offset or misaligned with respect to one another. In some embodiments, the width of the opening 170H is equal to or greater than the width of the opening 121H. In some embodiments, the opening 170H and the opening 121H are offset or misaligned with respect to one another.

[0065] In some embodiments, the end 310a of the stud 310 (or fastener) is inserted into the screw hole 320H of the nut 320 (or thermal fastener). The thermal filler 180 covers the end 310a. In some embodiments, the thermal protection layer 182 covers and contacts the thermal filler 180. In some embodiments, the thermal protection layer 182 covers a part of the surface of the extension 320E. In some embodiments, the thermal protection layer 182 covers and fills the gap between the thermal filler 180 and the nut 320 (or thermal fastener). In some embodiments, the thermal seal structure composed of the thermal filler 180 and the thermal protection layer 182 covers and contacts the stud 310. In some embodiments, the thermal filler 180 and the thermal protection layer 182 completely cover the stud 310 to isolate the stud 310 from the outside. In some embodiments, the nut 320, the thermal barrier filler 180, and the thermal barrier protective layer 182 constitute a thermal barrier structure. The thermal barrier structure covers the opening 122H of the flame-resistant board 122 and is exposed to the storage space S1. In some embodiments, the thermal barrier protective layer 182 covers the thermal barrier filler 180 and is exposed to the storage space S1.

[0066] 5A shows a schematic diagram of a battery system 20 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, and FIG 5B shows a schematic diagram of a battery pack 210 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. In order to clearly present and describe the main structure of the battery pack 210, some components are omitted and not shown in FIG 5B.

[0067] In some embodiments, the cabinet 10 is configured to house at least one battery system 20. In some embodiments, the battery system 20 may include a plurality of battery packs 210. Each battery pack 210 may include a plurality of batteries. In some embodiments, the battery system 20 may include a housing box 220, and the battery packs 210 are disposed within the housing box 220.

[0068] In some embodiments, the battery pack 210 may include a plurality of batteries 211 and a housing 215, and the batteries 211 are disposed in the housing 215. In some embodiments, each battery 211 may include a plurality of cells 213. In some embodiments, the cells 213 may be cylindrical lithium ion batteries or other types of batteries. For example, the cylindrical lithium ion batteries may be 18650 batteries, 21700 batteries, or other types of lithium ion batteries. In some embodiments, the batteries 211 in the battery pack 210 are connected in series with each other, and the cells 213 in the battery 211 are connected in parallel with each other. In some embodiments, the extension direction of the positive and negative electrodes of the cells 213 is perpendicular to the extension direction of the bottom plate of the housing 215.

[0069] In the process of charging and discharging, the cells 213 (e.g., lithium batteries) in the battery 211 may have lithium ions penetrate the separator of the battery due to various factors (e.g., overcharging, impact, an error in the electronic control system, defects in the operating environment or manufacturing process). In this case, the positive and negative electrodes come into contact with each other to form a short circuit, which results in a high-temperature chemical reaction and ignition of flammable organic components in the battery. The high temperature caused by thermal runaway of the lithium battery may reach 600 to 1000°C or more. When this thermal energy is diffused from the ignited battery 213 to the surroundings, the cells of the other adjacent batteries 213 also rise in temperature accordingly. Then, when the allowable temperature of the cell is exceeded (e.g., the allowable temperature of a lithium battery is about 150°C), the adjacent cells with the increased temperature self-heat, causing the fire to spread to the battery 211 or the entire battery system 20. In addition, the combustion of the positive electrode material inside the battery occurs due to a chemical reaction of the internal materials, which may result in the continuous generation of flames and the flame temperature may reach 600 to 1000 degrees Celsius.

[0070] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the cabinet 10 has a composite structure including the concrete body 110, the heat shielding layer 170, and the flame-resistant layer 120, so that it is possible to effectively restrict high-temperature flames caused by thermal runaway of the lithium battery to the inside of the cabinet 10 and effectively inhibit heat conduction. This prevents high heat from being transferred from the inside of the cabinet 10 to the outside of the cabinet 10, so that the high-temperature flames and high heat caused by thermal runaway of the lithium battery can be restricted to the inside of the cabinet 10. In addition, since the high-temperature flames and high heat caused by thermal runaway of the lithium battery can be restricted to the inside of the cabinet 10, the occurrence of a fire accident caused by the spread of flames can be prevented by simply spraying water into the inside of the cabinet 10 in cooperation with this. This also makes it possible to make the process of responding to an accident more convenient and safe.

[0071] In addition, when a conventional metal container is used as an energy storage cabinet, the metal is easily deformed, twisted, bent, etc. when it becomes hot, and the metal container collapses, causing the fire to spread to the outside, and the fire spreads easily and becomes difficult to control. In contrast, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the concrete body 110 of the cabinet 10 has high compressive strength and high bending strength. Therefore, even if the composite structure of the concrete body 110, the heat shield layer 170, and the fire-resistant layer 120 encounters a high-temperature environment, it will not soften, deform, and collapse, making the process of responding to an accident more convenient and safe. In addition, the concrete body 110 of the present disclosure does not require the embedding of rebar, or only a small amount of rebar can be embedded to provide sufficient structural strength to the cabinet 10. Therefore, compared with conventional reinforced concrete, the cabinet 10 of the present disclosure can have a thinner thickness and a lighter weight, which is more convenient for transportation.

[0072] 6A illustrates a perspective view of an energy storage device 1A according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The energy storage device 1A includes a cabinet 10 and one or more battery systems 20.

[0073] In some embodiments, the battery system 20 is fixedly connected to the cabinet 10. In some embodiments, the battery system 20 can be fastened to one or more walls of the concrete body 110 of the cabinet 10 by a fastening structure (not shown). For example, as shown in FIG 6A, the battery system 20 can be fastened to walls 114 and 115 of the concrete body 110 of the cabinet 10.

[0074] 6B illustrates a perspective view of an energy storage device 1B according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The energy storage device 1B includes a cabinet 10 and one or more battery systems 20.

[0075] In some embodiments, the concrete body 110 may further include a partition wall 116 for dividing the storage space S1 into a plurality of subspaces (e.g., subspaces S11 and S12). In some embodiments, the flame-resistant layer 120 and the thermal barrier layer 170 are provided on two opposing surfaces 116a and 116b of the partition wall 116.

[0076] In some embodiments, one or more battery systems 20 may be provided in each of the subspaces S11 and S12 of the concrete body 110. In some embodiments, the multiple battery systems 20 may be fastened to one or more walls (e.g., walls 112, 113, 114, and 115) in the subspace S11 and one or more walls (e.g., walls 111, 112, 114, and 115) in the subspace S12, respectively. Also, in some embodiments, the battery system 20 in the subspace S11 may be fastened to the bulkhead 116. Also, in some embodiments, the battery system 20 in the subspace S12 may be fastened to the bulkhead 116.

[0077] According to some embodiments of the present disclosure, the design of the partitions 116 can confine thermal runaway of the battery system in each sub-space to that sub-space, thereby reducing the possibility of the flame spreading to other sub-spaces or to the entire interior of the cabinet 10. This can more effectively prevent the occurrence of a fire accident due to the spread of the flame.

[0078] FIG. 7A illustrates an exploded view of a door 130' of a cabinet 10 according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0079] In some embodiments, one leaf of door 130′ includes a concrete layer 131, a thermal barrier layer 170, and a fire-resistant layer 120. Concrete layer 131 can be in direct contact with thermal barrier layer 170, and thermal barrier layer 170 can be in direct contact with fire-resistant layer 120. In some embodiments, thermal barrier layer 170 can be placed between concrete layer 131 and fire-resistant layer 120.

[0080] FIG. 7B illustrates a cross-sectional view of a portion of a cabinet door 130' according to some embodiments of the present disclosure.

[0081] In some embodiments, the concrete layer 131, the thermal barrier layer 170, and the flame-resistant layer 120 are all mounted within the door frame 133. The concrete layer 131, the thermal barrier layer 170, and the flame-resistant layer 120 are assembled within the door frame 133 in an interlocking manner, joined with connecting members (e.g., bolts), or in any other suitable manner. In some embodiments, the combined thickness of the concrete layer 131, the thermal barrier layer 170, and the flame-resistant layer 120 is equal to or less than the thickness of the door frame 133.

[0082] Below, experimental results of exemplary embodiments are presented to show the characteristics and advantages of the flame-resistant layer 120 and the heat-shielding layer 170 used in the cabinet according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The structure of the cabinet in the embodiment is as shown in FIG. 4A. A flame of 1050° C. was continuously sprayed on the inner wall surface (i.e., the surface of the flame-resistant board 120) exposed to the storage space S1 for 30 minutes, 60 minutes, 90 minutes, and 120 minutes, and then the temperature (also called the backside temperature) of the outer wall surface (i.e., the outer surface of the wall of the concrete body) of the cabinet at that time was measured. Table 1 shows the backside temperatures (units: ° C.) at multiple measurement positions in Examples 1 and 2. In Example E1, a 2.5 cm thick heat-shielding layer 170 was combined with a 5 cm thick flame-resistant layer 120, and in Example E2, a 1 cm thick heat-shielding layer 170 was combined with a 4 cm thick flame-resistant layer 120. In addition, the wall thickness of the concrete body 110 was 2.5 cm in each case. The material of the heat-shielding layer 170 was biosoluble fiber (AES) wool, and the material of the flame-resistant layer 120 was AES board. In both Examples E1 and E2, the flame-resistant layer 120 and the heat-shielding layer 170 were fastened to the wall of the concrete body by the fastening mechanism 30, and a heat-shielding seal structure was provided. FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of the backside temperature measurement positions according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The measurement position T01 is a position close to the center of the wall surface. The measurement positions T02, T04, T28, and T30 are positions of approximately the center points on the connection lines between the position T01 and the four corners of the wall surface, respectively. "AVG" represents the average temperature of the above five points, and "MAX" represents the maximum measured backside temperature and its corresponding position.

[0083] [Table 1]

[0084] Table 2 further shows the experimental results for Examples E1 to E5. Examples E1 to E5 differ only in that they combine flame-resistant layers 120 and thermal barrier layers 170 of different thicknesses. Table 2 shows the average backside temperatures (after 120 minutes of continuous flame spraying) measured at multiple measurement positions for Examples E1 to E5. The length of the tightening mechanism 30 was 8 cm, and the average start temperature at each measurement position was 35°C.

[0085] [Table 2]

[0086] According to the provisions of CNS 12514, the average temperature of the temperature measurement surface had to be less than "room temperature + 140°C", and the maximum temperature at one point on the temperature measurement surface had to be less than "room temperature + 180°C". As is clear from Tables 1 and 2, when the average start temperature at the measurement position of 35°C is defined as room temperature, the above provisions are met if the average temperature of the temperature measurement surface is less than 175°C, and the above provisions are met if the maximum temperature at one point on the temperature measurement surface is less than 215°C. As is clear from the results of Tables 1 to 2, when the thickness of the heat shield layer 170 is greater than 0.5 cm, the provisions of CNS 12514 can be met regardless of the thickness of the flame-resistant layer 120 combined.

[0087] In addition, when the place of use is an outdoor space, the room temperature may be less than 35°C. However, even if the room temperature is set to a relatively low 14.5°C, the above regulation is satisfied if the average temperature of the temperature measurement surface is less than 154.5°C, and the above regulation is satisfied if the maximum temperature at one point of the temperature measurement surface is less than 194.5°C. As is clear from the results of Tables 1 and 2, when the heat shielding layer 170 having a thickness of 1 cm or more is combined with the flame-resistant layer 120 having a thickness of 4 cm or more, the regulation of CNS 12514 is satisfied in both cases. As is clear from the above results, the cabinets based on some embodiments of the present disclosure have good characteristics such as fire resistance, flame resistance, and heat shielding because they can restrict high-temperature flames and high heat generated by thermal runaway of lithium batteries to the inside of the cabinet.

[0088] The terms "approximately," "substantially," "essentially," and "about" are used herein to describe and account for small variations. When used in conjunction with an event or circumstance, the terms may refer to a situation in which the event or circumstance clearly occurs, as well as a situation very close to the occurrence of the event or circumstance. For example, when used in conjunction with a numerical value, these terms may refer to a variation range of ±10% or less of the numerical value, such as ±5% or less, ±4% or less, ±3% or less, ±2% or less, ±1% or less, ±0.5% or less, ±0.1% or less, or ±0.05% or less. Also, for example, two numerical values ​​may be considered to be "substantially" or "about" the same when the difference between the two values ​​is ±10% or less of the average of the values, such as ±5% or less, ±4% or less, ±3% or less, ±2% or less, ±1% or less, ±0.5% or less, ±0.1% or less, or ±0.05% or less. As another example, "substantially" parallel may refer to an angle variation range of ±10° or less from 0°, for example, ±5° or less, ±4° or less, ±3° or less, ±2° or less, ±1° or less, ±0.5° or less, ±0.1° or less, or ±0.05° or less. As another example, "substantially" perpendicular may refer to an angle variation range of ±10° or less from 90°, for example, ±5° or less, ±4° or less, ±3° or less, ±2° or less, ±1° or less, ±0.5° or less, ±0.1° or less, or ±0.05° or less.

[0089] Two surfaces may be considered to be coplanar or substantially coplanar if the displacement between them is 5 μm or less, 2 μm or less, 1 μm or less, or 0.5 μm or less.

[0090] As used herein, the terms "conductive," "electrically conductive," and "conductivity" refer to the ability to carry electric current. A conductive material is one that typically exhibits very little or zero resistance to the flow of electric current. One unit of conductivity is the siemens per meter (S / m). Typically, a conductive material has a conductivity of about 10 4 S / m (e.g., at least 10 5S / m or at least 10 6 A material has a conductivity of 100 S / m. The conductivity of a material may vary with temperature. Therefore, unless otherwise specified, the conductivity of a material is measured at room temperature.

[0091] Unless the context clearly dictates otherwise, the singular terms "a / an" and "the" as used herein may include plural referents. Also, in the description of some embodiments, when a unit is provided "on" or "above" another unit, this may include the case where the former unit is directly located on the latter unit (e.g., in contact with an entity) or where one or more intervening units are located between the former and latter units.

[0092] Although the disclosure has been described and illustrated with reference to specific embodiments in the disclosure, these descriptions and illustrations are not intended to limit the disclosure. Those skilled in the art will clearly understand that various modifications can be made and equivalent units can be substituted in the embodiments without departing from the true spirit and scope of the disclosure as defined in the appended claims. Also, the drawings are not necessarily drawn to scale. Due to manufacturing variables and the like, there may be differences between the reproduction of the process in the disclosure and the actual equipment. Also, there may be other embodiments of the disclosure that are not specifically shown. The specification and drawings are to be regarded as illustrative and not limiting. Furthermore, modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation, material, composition of matter, method or procedure to the objective, spirit and scope of the disclosure. All such modifications are intended to be within the scope of the appended claims. It is to be understood that although the methods disclosed herein have been described with reference to certain operations performed in a particular order, it is understood that equivalent methods may be formed by combining, further subdividing, or reordering these operations without departing from the teachings of the disclosure. Thus, unless specifically indicated herein, the order and division of operations is not intended to be limiting of the present disclosure. [Explanation of symbols]

[0093] 1A Energy Storage Device 1B Energy storage device 2A-2A' Section line 2B-2B' Section line 3A area 10 Cabinet 20 Battery System 30 Tightening mechanism 110 Concrete Body 110P protruding structure 111 Wall 111a Inner surface 112 Wall 113 Wall 113a Inner surface 114 Wall 114a Inner surface 115 Wall 115a Inner surface 116 Bulkhead 117 Aperture 120 Flame-resistant layer 120H opening 120S Connection Interface 120S' Connection Interface 121 Flame-retardant board 121H opening 122 Flame-retardant board 122H opening 123 Flame-retardant board 124 Flame retardant board 125 Flame-retardant board 126 Flame-retardant board 127 Flame-retardant board 128 Flame-retardant board 129 Flame-retardant board 129A Flame-retardant board 129B Flame-retardant board 129C Flame-retardant board 130 units 130' Doors 130A door frame 131 Concrete Layer 133 Door Frame 170 Heat shield layer 180 Heat insulating filler 182 Heat shielding protective layer 210 Battery Pack 211 Battery 213 Batteries 215 Housing 220 Storage Box 310 Stud 310a end 320 Nut 320E extension section 320H screw hole 330 Nut 1171 Side edge 1172 Side edge 1211 Side 1211P Edge 1211R groove 1212 Side 1212P ridge 1212R groove 1221 Side 1221P ridge 1221R groove 1222 Side 1222P ridge 1222R groove 1223 Side 1223P Edge 1223R groove 1231 Side 1231P ridge 1231R groove 1232 Side 1232P ridge 1232R groove 1241 Side 1241P ridge 1241R groove 1242 Side 1242P ridge 1242R groove 1243 Side 1243P ridge 1243R groove 1244 Side 1244P ridge 1244R groove H1 Height L1 Length L1a Length L1a' length L1b Length L1c Length L1c' length L2 Length L2a Length L2b Length P1 position P2 position S1 Containment Space S11 Subspace S12 Subspace T1 Thickness T2 Thickness T3 Thickness T01 position T02 position T04 position T26 position T27 position T28 position T30 position

Claims

1. A cabinet for use in an energy storage device, comprising: a concrete body including a plurality of walls to form a storage space; A thermal barrier layer provided on one or more inner surfaces of the walls of the storage space; and a flame-resistant layer provided on the thermal barrier layer and exposed to the storage space, A cabinet in which the volume density of the thermal barrier layer is lower than the volume density of the flame-resistant layer.

2. Furthermore, a fastening member that is inserted into an opening of the heat shield layer and the flame resistant layer and fastened to the concrete body; The cabinet according to claim 1 , further comprising a heat insulating structure covering the opening of the flame-resistant layer and exposed to the storage space.

3. The heat insulating structure includes: a heat insulating fastening member fastened to the fastening member; 3. The cabinet of claim 2, further comprising a heat insulating seal structure covering said fastener member and filling at least one gap between said opening and said fastener member.

4. The heat-shielding seal structure is a thermal barrier filler covering and in contact with the fastening member; 4. The cabinet of claim 3, further comprising a thermal insulating paste covering and contacting said thermal insulating filler.

5. 3. The cabinet of claim 2, wherein the concrete body includes a protruding structure protruding outwardly from an exterior surface of at least one of the walls, and the fastening members extend into the protruding structure.

6. 10. The cabinet of claim 1, further comprising a fastening mechanism for fastening said thermal barrier layer and said flame resistant layer to said concrete body, said fastening mechanism including at least one thermal barrier material.

7. 7. The cabinet of claim 6, wherein the fastening mechanism includes a stud and a nut, the stud is threadedly engaged with the fire-resistant layer, the heat-shielding layer and the concrete body to fasten the stud, the nut is threadedly engaged with the stud and abuts the fire-resistant layer, and the nut includes the heat-shielding material.

8. The cabinet of claim 7 , wherein an end of the stud is inserted through a threaded hole of the nut, and the cabinet further includes a thermal insulating filler covering the end.

9. The cabinet according to claim 8 , further comprising a heat insulating protective layer covering the heat insulating filler and exposed to the storage space.

10. The cabinet according to claim 1 , wherein the thermal barrier layer has a lower linear heat shrinkage rate than the flame-resistant layer.

11. 2. The cabinet of claim 1, further comprising a door pivotally connected to a side edge of the opening in the concrete body, the door including a concrete layer, the fire-resistant layer being further provided on the concrete layer of the door, and the heat-shielding layer being further provided between the fire-resistant layer and the concrete layer.

12. A cabinet for use in an energy storage device, comprising: a concrete body including a plurality of walls to form a storage space; A thermal barrier layer provided on one or more inner surfaces of the walls of the storage space; and a flame-resistant layer provided on the thermal barrier layer and exposed to the storage space, The cabinet, wherein the flame-resistant layer includes a plurality of flame-resistant boards continuously joined to one another, and at least one connection interface between the flame-resistant boards is a non-planar surface.

13. The cabinet of claim 12, wherein the at least one connection interface between the flame-resistant boards has a stepped cross-sectional profile.

14. The cabinet of claim 12, wherein the flame-resistant boards include a first flame-resistant board and a second flame-resistant board, a first side of the first flame-resistant board having a first flange and a first side of the second flame-resistant board having a first groove, and the first flange is disposed within the first groove, thereby connecting the first flame-resistant board and the second flame-resistant board.

15. The cabinet of claim 12, wherein these flame-resistant boards include a first flame-resistant board and a second flame-resistant board, a first side of the first flame-resistant board having a first step structure and a first side of the second flame-resistant board having a second step structure, and the first step structure and the second step structure engage with each other to connect the first flame-resistant board and the second flame-resistant board.

16. The cabinet of claim 15 further comprising a fastening mechanism inserted into the first step structure, the second step structure and the heat insulating layer to fasten the heat insulating layer and the flame-resistant layer to the concrete body, the fastening mechanism including at least one heat insulating material.

17. The cabinet of claim 12, wherein the flame-resistant boards include a first flame-resistant board, a second flame-resistant board, and a third flame-resistant board, and a first connection interface between the first flame-resistant board and the second flame-resistant board and a second connection interface between the first flame-resistant board and the third flame-resistant board are adjacent to each other and each have a non-planar surface.

18. 18. The cabinet of claim 17, wherein a first flange of the first flame-retardant board defines a first stepped cross-sectional profile at the first connection interface, a second flange of the first flame-retardant board defines a second stepped cross-sectional profile at the second connection interface, and an extension length of the first flange is greater than an extension length of the second flange.

19. 1. An energy storage device, comprising: a cabinet including a concrete body including a plurality of walls to form a storage space, a heat insulating layer provided on one or a plurality of inner surfaces of the plurality of walls in the storage space, and a flame-resistant layer provided on the heat insulating layer and exposed to the storage space, the volume density of the heat insulating layer being lower than the volume density of the flame-resistant layer; at least one battery system fixedly connected to said cabinet.

20. 20. The energy storage device of claim 19, wherein the flame-resistant layer comprises a plurality of flame-resistant boards continuously engaged with one another, and at least one connection interface between the flame-resistant boards is a non-planar surface.

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