Prediction of postoperative peripheral glare in pseudophakic eyes

Abstract

A system for predicting postoperative vignetting in a subject's eye includes a controller having a processor and a tangible, non-transitory memory having instructions recorded thereon. The controller is in communication with a diagnostic module adapted to store preoperative anatomical data of the eye as an eye model. The system includes a prediction module and a ray tracing module selectively executable by the controller. The prediction module is adapted to determine complementary postoperative variables of the eye based at least in part on the preoperative anatomical data and the intraocular lens. The ray tracing module is adapted to calculate the propagation of light through the eye. The ray tracing module is executed to determine a light distribution for each field angle across a predefined field of view. The controller is configured to determine one or more postoperative vignetting parameters based at least in part on the light distribution.

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to predicting postoperative peripheral glare in a subject's eye before an intraocular lens is implanted in the eye. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to systems and methods for obtaining one or more postoperative peripheral glare parameters of a pseudophakic eye (an eye having an implanted lens). Generally, the human lens is transparent so that light can easily pass through. However, due to various factors, regions within the lens may become cloudy and opaque, which can have an adverse effect on the quality of vision. Such a condition can be treated by cataract surgery. In cataract surgery, an intraocular lens to be implanted into the patient's eye is selected. In fact, cataract surgery is commonly performed worldwide. After cataract surgery, many patients experience negative dysphotopsia (a condition characterized by dark shadows in the patient's peripheral visual field). This shadow is thought to be due to peripheral glare of light in the pseudophakic eye. In some cases, this phenomenon persists for a long time after surgery. In some cases, secondary surgical intervention may be required. At present, there is no objective means to determine the individual risk and its potential severity of developing a certain type of negative dysphotopsia before cataract surgery.

Summary of the Invention

Means for Solving the Problems

[0002] Disclosed herein is a system for predicting postoperative peripheral light reduction in a subject's eye prior to implantation of an intraocular lens. The system includes a controller having a processor and a tangible non-transitory memory storing instructions. The controller communicates with a diagnostic module adapted to store preoperative anatomical data of the eye as an eye model. The system includes a prediction module and a ray tracing module selectively executable by the controller. The prediction module is adapted to determine complementary postoperative variables of the eye based at least in part on the preoperative anatomical data and the intraocular lens. The ray tracing module is adapted to calculate the propagation of light through the eye. The controller is configured to obtain the preoperative anatomical data of the eye via the diagnostic module. The controller is configured to determine complementary postoperative variables of the eye via the prediction module and incorporate the complementary postoperative variables into the eye model. The ray tracing module is executed to determine the light distribution for each field angle across a predefined field of view in the eye model. The controller is configured to determine one or more postoperative peripheral light reduction parameters based at least in part on the light distribution for each field angle.

[0003] The ray tracing module tracks a light beam propagating through the eye. The postoperative peripheral light reduction parameter may include a first viewing angle defined as the smallest of each field angle at which at least a portion of the light beam passing through the pupil of the eye does not pass through the optical zone of the intraocular lens. The postoperative peripheral light reduction parameter may include a second viewing angle defined as the smallest of each field angle at which the light beam passing through the pupil does not pass through the optical zone of the intraocular lens. The postoperative peripheral light reduction parameter may include a third viewing angle defined as the smallest of each field angle at which the light beam passing through the pupil completely misses the intraocular lens.

[0004] In some embodiments, the preoperative anatomical data includes the axial length of the eye. The preoperative anatomical data may include the positions and contours of the anterior and posterior corneal surfaces of the eye. The preoperative anatomical data may include the position, orientation, and size of the pupil of the eye in a three-dimensional coordinate system, where the pupil is under photopic conditions. The complementary postoperative variables of the eye may include the positions and orientations of the intraocular lens. The complementary postoperative variables of the eye may include the positions and orientations of the pupil and / or iris of the eye.

[0005] In some embodiments, the ray tracing module is adapted to trace a light beam that propagates rearward through the intraocular lens until it reaches the retina of the eye. The light beam is focused on a micropoint on the retina. The ray tracing module may be adapted to use each refractive index in the eye applied to light of a wavelength of 550 nanometers.

[0006] A method for predicting postoperative peripheral light reduction in a subject's eye prior to implantation of an intraocular lens, using a system having a controller having a processor and a tangible non-transitory memory having instructions recorded thereon. The method includes adapting a diagnostic module, via at least one imaging device, to store preoperative anatomical data of the eye as an eye model. A prediction module is adapted to determine complementary postoperative variables of the eye, via the controller, based at least in part on the preoperative anatomical data and the intraocular lens.

[0007] The method includes adapting a ray tracing module to calculate the propagation of light through the eye, where the ray tracing module is selectively executable by the controller. The preoperative anatomical data of the eye is acquired via the diagnostic module. The method includes determining, via the prediction module, complementary postoperative variables of the eye and incorporating the complementary postoperative variables into the eye model. Executing the ray tracing module to determine the light distribution for each field angle across a predefined field of view in the eye model. The method includes determining one or more postoperative peripheral light reduction parameters based at least in part on the light distribution for each field angle.

[0008] The above features and advantages of the present disclosure, as well as other features and advantages, will become readily apparent by reading the following detailed description of the best mode for carrying out the present disclosure in conjunction with the accompanying drawings.

Brief Description of the Drawings

[0009]

Figure 1

Figure 2

Figure 3

Figure 4

Figure 5

Modes for Carrying Out the Invention

[0010] Referring to the drawings in which like reference numerals refer to like components, FIG. 1 schematically shows a system 10 for predicting parameters related to postoperative peripheral glare in an eye E with respect to a subject 12 who is a candidate for cataract surgery. It is understood that the drawings are intended to be illustrative and are not drawn to scale. Referring to FIG. 1, the system 10 includes a controller C having at least one processor P and at least one memory M (or a non-transitory tangible computer-readable storage medium) having instructions recorded thereon for executing a method 100 described in detail below with reference to FIG. 2. The memory M can store a set of controller-executable instructions, and the processor P can execute the set of controller-executable instructions stored in the memory M.

[0011] Postoperative peripheral shading is a partial shadow in the visual field or image plane that occurs in subject 12 after cataract surgery. Peripheral shading may be expressed as a loss of the perceived darkness or brightness of the image by subject 12 and is typically seen at the edge of the image. Peripheral shading occurs because light is partially or completely blocked before it enters the aperture and reaches the image plane. In some situations, a portion of the incident light is blocked while another portion of the light continues to pass through the optical system. In this case, the remaining light continues to form an image but is less bright than it would be if it were not blocked. Postoperative peripheral shading is associated with negative abnormal photopsia, a condition that may require secondary surgical intervention.

[0012] Figure 3 is a schematic diagram showing postoperative peripheral shading in pseudophakic eye 200. Pseudophakic eye 200 has an intraocular lens 202 with an optical zone 204 that is the effective focusing or refractive portion of the intraocular lens 202. Also shown in Figure 3 are the anterior corneal surface 206A, posterior corneal surface 206B, pupil 208, iris 210, retina 212, and visual axis A. Referring to Figure 3, light ray B enters the pupil 208 at a relatively large visual field angle. The pupil 208 and iris 210 function as a system stop that defines the range of light that forms the image perceived by subject 12. The entire light ray B passes through the pupil 208, but a portion of it does not pass through the intraocular lens 202.

[0013] Referring to Figure 3, the first light ray portion 214 of light ray B completely misses the optical zone 204 and travels directly to the first retinal position 216 on the retina 212. The second light ray portion 218 passes through the intraocular lens 202 and is focused at the second retinal position 220. Between the first retinal position 216 and the second retinal position 220 is an intermediate retinal position 222 that is not illuminated at all by light ray B. The second retinal position 220 is illuminated, but only partially because at this angle only a portion of light ray B, i.e., the portion that passes through the optical zone 204, is focused by the intraocular lens 202.

[0014] The combination of the second retinal position 220 and the intermediate retinal position 222 may be perceived as a dark shadow by the subject 12. This dark shadow may be accentuated by the brighter illumination at the second retinal position 220. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 3, the subject 12 perceives that the first retinal position 216 occurs at a larger viewing angle than the second retinal position 220, even though the light causing both comes from one direction.

[0015] The system 10 (by execution of the method 100) provides an assessment regarding the potential severity of peripheral light reduction in the pseudophakic eye 200 based on preoperative information. A technical advantage of the system 10 is that a clinician can obtain this information prior to cataract surgery, appropriately consult with the subject 12, and adjust the treatment plan (e.g., implant type, implant position, refractive power) as appropriate.

[0016] As will be described below, referring to FIG. 1, the system 10 may include a diagnostic module 20 for storing preoperative anatomical data of the eye E. The preoperative anatomical data may be obtained from at least one imaging device 22. The system 10 may include a prediction module 24 and a ray tracing module 26 that are selectively executable by the controller C. The prediction module 24 is adapted to predict the postoperative anatomical parameters of the eye E based at least in part on the preoperative anatomical data. As will be described below, the ray tracing module 26 is adapted to trace a light beam 230 propagating within the pseudophakic eye 200.

[0017] Referring to FIG. 1, the system 10 may include a user interface 28 operable by a user. The user interface 28 may include a touch screen or other input device. The controller C may be configured to process signals to / from the user interface 28 and a display (not shown). Further, the user interface 28 and / or the controller C may be able to communicate with a lens selection module 30.

[0018] As shown in FIG. 1, various components of the system 10 can be configured to communicate via the network 32. The diagnostic module 20, the prediction module 24, and the ray tracing module 26 can be incorporated into the controller C. Alternatively, the diagnostic module 20, the prediction module 24, and the ray tracing module 26 can be part of a remote server or cloud unit accessible to the controller C via the network 32. The network 32 can be a bidirectional bus implemented in various ways, such as a serial communication bus in the form of a local area network, for example. The local area network can include, but is not limited to, Controller Area Network (CAN), Controller Area Network with Flexible Data Rate (CAN-FD), Ethernet, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth®, and other data connection forms. Other types of connections may be used.

[0019] Referring now to FIG. 2, a flowchart of a method 100 for predicting peripheral light reduction in the postoperative pseudophakic eye 200 is shown. The method 100 can be fully or partially executable by the controller C of FIG. 1. The method 100 does not need to be applied in the specific order listed herein. Furthermore, it goes without saying that some blocks may be omitted. The method 100 starts at block 102.

[0020] By block 102 of FIG. 2, the controller C is configured to obtain preoperative anatomical data of the eye E that can be stored within the diagnostic module 20 as part of the eye model 21. The preoperative anatomical data (including biometric data) can be obtained from at least one imaging device 22. The imaging device 22 can include a topography device, an ultrasonic device, an optical coherence tomography device, a magnetic resonance imaging device, or other imaging devices available to those skilled in the art. The preoperative anatomical data can be obtained from a single image or multiple images.

[0021] Figure 4 shows a schematic example of a preoperative image 300 of an eye E including a natural lens 302. The preoperative image 300 may be acquired by ultrasound biomicroscopy. The ultrasound biomicroscopy method may use a transducer with a relatively high frequency of about 35 MHz to 100 MHz, and the tissue penetration depth is about 4 mm to 5 mm. Referring to Figure 4, the preoperative anatomical data includes the position, orientation, and size of the pupil 308 under bright vision conditions. Bright vision conditions refer to vision under bright conditions, which mainly functions by the cone cells of the eye. In some embodiments, the bright vision conditions may be defined to include an adaptation level of 3 candela per square meter (cd / m 2 ) or more.

[0022] Referring to Figure 4, the preoperative anatomical data includes the position and orientation of the iris 310 and the natural lens 302. Each orientation includes the inclination with respect to the XYZ coordinate system. The positions of the pupil 308, iris 310, and natural lens 302 can be specified three-dimensionally in the XYZ coordinate system along the X axis and the Y and Z axes. The XYZ coordinate system can be defined such that the X axis is parallel to the visual axis A. Alternatively, the XYZ coordinate system can be defined such that the X axis is parallel to another geometric axis or optical axis (not shown). Here, the eye model 21 includes the position and orientation of the visual axis A.

[0023] Referring to Figure 4, the preoperative anatomical data may include the lens thickness 320, the anterior chamber depth 322, and the corneal thickness 324. Further, the eye model 21 within the diagnostic module 20 includes the refractive indices of different parts of the eye E. The preoperative anatomical data includes the axial length 240 of the eye E (shown in Figure 3).

[0024] The diagnostic module 20 may be selectively executable to approximate or parameterize the surface of the eye E based on preoperative anatomical data and algorithms available to those skilled in the art. The eye model 21 of FIG. 1 may include the shape and position of the anterior corneal surface 306A and the posterior corneal surface 306B (see FIG. 4) over the entire region where the light of interest can enter the eye E. The eye model 21 may further include the shape and position of the anterior lens surface 314 and the posterior lens surface 312 (see FIG. 4). Since the eyeball typically has an approximately spherical shape, the eye model 21 can approximate the surface of the retina 212 (shown in FIG. 2) from the axial length 240.

[0025] The method 100 proceeds from block 102 to block 104. By block 104, the controller C is configured to determine a complementary postoperative variable of the eye E, based in part on the preoperative anatomical data. The complementary postoperative variable may be obtained via the prediction module 24. In some embodiments, the prediction module 24 incorporates an intraocular lens power calculation formula available to those skilled in the art, such as, for example, the SRK / T formula, the Holladay formula, the Hoffer Q formula, the Olsen formula, and the Haigis formula. In other embodiments, the prediction module 24 incorporates a machine learning module, such as a neural network, trained to determine the complementary postoperative variable through a number of past pairs of preoperative and postoperative data. The past pairs refer to the preoperative and postoperative data of the same person (e.g., FIGS. 4 and 5). It is understood that the complementary postoperative variable may be obtained from other estimation methods available to those skilled in the art.

[0026] FIG. 5 shows a schematic example of a postoperative image 400 of the eye E. Also shown in FIG. 5 are an intraocular lens 402 having a support structure or support portion 403, a front corneal surface 406A, a rear corneal surface 406B, a pupil 408, and an iris 410. Complementary postoperative variables include the respective positions and respective orientations or tilts (relative to the XYZ coordinate system) of the intraocular lens 402, the pupil 408, and / or the iris 410. After surgery, the pupil 408 may be eccentric or tilted with respect to the visual axis A. In the preoperative image 300, the iris 310 may project forward and move (compared to the postoperative image 400) due to the relatively more bulbous shape of the natural lens 302. In the postoperative image 400, the iris 410 may assume a relatively flatter geometric shape.

[0027] Method 100 proceeds from block 104 to block 106. By block 106 of FIG. 2, the controller C is configured to determine a light distribution over a predefined visual field of the eye E based on the data acquired in blocks 102 and 104. Referring to FIG. 3, the predefined visual field may be defined as an arc along the retina 212 between a starting retinal position 234 and an ending retinal position 236. The light distribution may be acquired via a ray tracing module 26 (see FIG.  1). Referring to FIG. 3, the ray tracing module 26 (of FIG. 1) is adapted to trace a light beam 230 propagating through the front corneal surface 206A and the rear corneal surface 206B of the pseudophakic eye 200.

[0028] The light beam 230 of FIG. 3 propagates rearward through the intraocular lens 202 until it reaches the retina 212. The ray tracing module 26 uses an eye model 21 (from block 102) with the complementary postoperative variables (such as the respective positions and respective tilts of the pupil 208, the iris 210, and the intraocular lens 202) acquired in block 104 substituted. Optionally, the ray tracing module 26 may assume that effects related to the wave nature of light can be ignored such that the propagation of light is explained from the perspective of light rays.

[0029] Propagation is traced through reflection and refraction using Snell's law, which describes the refraction of a ray of light at a surface separating two media having different refractive indices. In other words, when each ray within the ray bundle 230 strikes the surface, the new direction of each ray is determined according to Snell's law using the refractive indices stored in the diagnostic module 20. In some embodiments, the ray tracing module 26 uses refractive indices applied to light at a wavelength of 550 nm (green light). The ray bundle 230 is focused on the micropoint 232 of the retina 212, and the spatial distribution of the ray bundle 230 on the retina 212 is recorded. The spatial distribution can be represented by a point spread function graph along the retina 212.

[0030] The ray tracing module 26 provides an evaluation of the focusing characteristics of the pseudophakic eye 200 by gradually moving the ray bundle 230 so as to cover each viewing angle over a pre-defined field of view. As described above, the pre-defined field of view can be defined as an arc between a starting retinal position 234 and an ending retinal position 236 along the retina 212. The light distribution reflects the amount of light that strikes (passes through) the retina 212 as the angle of incidence of the ray bundle 230 changes. In shadowed regions (such as high viewing angles), the spatial distribution of the ray bundle 230 (represented by the point spread function graph) becomes flat and / or branches.

[0031] The method 100 proceeds from block 106 to block 108. By block 108 of FIG. 2, the controller C is configured to determine one or more postoperative peripheral light reduction parameters of the pseudophakic eye 200 based on the light distribution obtained in block 106. The postoperative peripheral light reduction parameters include viewing angles for different regions of the retina 212. Referring to FIG. 3, the postoperative peripheral light reduction parameters include a first viewing angle V1, a second viewing angle V2, and a third viewing angle V3.

[0032] Referring to FIG. 3, the first viewing angle V1 is defined as the smallest among each viewing angle where at least a part of the light beam 230 passing through the pupil 208 does not pass through the optical zone 204 of the intraocular lens 202. The magnitude of the first viewing angle V1 indicates where peripheral dimming is thought to first begin. The second viewing angle V2 is defined as the smallest among each viewing angle where the light beam 230 passing through the pupil 208 does not pass through the optical zone 204 of the intraocular lens 202.

[0033] The second viewing angle V2 indicates where light that has completely exited the intraocular lens is perceived. The third viewing angle V3 is defined as the smallest among each viewing angle where the light beam 230 passing through the pupil 208 completely exits the intraocular lens 202. The third viewing angle V3 indicates where the image perceived by the subject 12 may become completely dark. The viewing angles are useful for identifying the impact of postoperative peripheral dimming on the subject 12, including useful information regarding the likelihood and potential extent of negative abnormal photopsia after cataract surgery.

[0034] Method 100 proceeds from block 108 to block 110. Block 110 is configured such that the controller C determines whether the postoperative peripheral dimming parameters obtained in block 108 are within each predefined threshold, i.e., separate thresholds for each factor. Each threshold may be defined or selected based on the application at hand and may vary based on the subject 12. In one example, the respective predefined thresholds for the first viewing angle V1, the second viewing angle V2, and the third viewing angle V3 are 75, 80, and 85 degrees, respectively.

[0035] If the postoperative peripheral light reduction parameters are within their respective predefined thresholds, method 100 ends. If the postoperative peripheral light reduction parameters are not within their respective predefined thresholds, method 100 proceeds to block 112, where it can determine whether such a modification may be appropriate. For example, if the magnitude of at least one of the first viewing angle V1, the second viewing angle V2, and the third viewing angle V3 is below its respective predefined threshold, the surgical plan can be changed to incorporate one or more alternative techniques to reduce occurrence and / or severity. Because of the trade-offs, alternative techniques may not normally be performed.

[0036] Referring to FIG. 5, the modification can include reducing the spacing 426 between the iris 410 and the intraocular lens 402. Reducing the distance between the body of the intraocular lens 402 and the iris 410 results in improved peripheral light reduction. As the spacing 426 increases, less light hits the intraocular lens 402 and the viewing angle increases.

[0037] Referring to FIG. 5, the modification can include using an intraocular lens 402 with a larger diameter 428. By increasing the diameter of the intraocular lens 402, the lens surface is placed in the gap that originally existed. In one example, increasing the diameter 428 of the intraocular lens 402 from 6 mm to 7 mm pushes the 70% throughput viewing field from 81 degrees to 83.5 degrees. This is approximately equivalent to moving a 6 mm lens 100 microns forward in a certain eye model. The modification can further include implanting the intraocular lens 402 in a groove rather than in the capsular bag.

[0038] If the first viewing angle V1, the second viewing angle V2, and the third viewing angle V3 are each below their respective thresholds, the controller C can be configured to select a different intraocular lens (e.g., a different model and / or refractive power) via the lens selection module 30 and repeat the steps of method 100. Additionally, the clinician can provide counseling and manage expectations.

[0039] In summary, the system 10 inputs preoperative anatomical data of the eye E to undergo cataract surgery, predicts various postoperative anatomical parameters, and uses ray tracing optical analysis to calculate various parameters related to postoperative peripheral light reduction. The system 10 can be used in any procedure where sufficient preoperative anatomical data is available to enable accurate tracing by the ray tracing module 26.

[0040] The controller C of FIG. 1 includes a computer-readable medium (also referred to as a processor-readable medium) that includes a non-transitory (e.g., tangible) medium related to providing data (e.g., instructions) that can be read by a computer (e.g., by a processor of the computer). Such a medium can take many forms including, but not limited to, non-volatile and volatile media. Non-volatile media can include, for example, optical or magnetic disks and other permanent memories. Volatile media can include, for example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM) that can constitute the main memory device. Such instructions can be transmitted by one or more transmission media including coaxial cables, copper wires, and optical fibers, including wiring having a system bus coupled to a processor of the computer. Some forms of computer-readable media include, for example, floppy disks, flexible disks, hard disks, magnetic tapes, other magnetic media, CD-ROMs, DVDs, other optical media, punch cards, paper tapes, other physical media having patterns of holes, RAM, PROM, EPROM, flash EEPROM, other memory chips or cartridges, or other computer-readable media.

[0041] The lookup tables, databases, data repositories, or other data stores described in this specification may include various types of mechanisms for storing, accessing, and retrieving various types of data, including hierarchical databases, sets of files within a file system, application databases of unique formats, relational database management systems (RDBMSs), and the like. Each such data store may be included within a computing device that employs a computer operating system as described above and may be accessed via a network in one or more of various ways. The file system may be accessible from a computer operating system and may include files stored in various formats. The RDBMS may employ Structured Query Language (SQL) in addition to a language for creating, storing, editing, and executing stored procedures such as the above-described PL / SQL language.

[0042] The detailed description and the drawings or figures support and illustrate the present disclosure, but the scope of the present disclosure is defined only by the claims. Although the best mode for carrying out the disclosure recited in the claims and some of the other embodiments have been described in detail, there are various alternative designs and embodiments for carrying out the disclosure defined in the appended claims. Further, the features of the embodiments shown in the drawings or various embodiments referred to in this specification should not necessarily be understood as independent embodiments from each other. Rather, each feature described in one example of an embodiment can be combined with one or more other desirable features of one or more other embodiments, resulting in other embodiments that are not described in words or illustrated by reference to the drawings. Thus, such other embodiments are included within the scope of the appended claims.

Claims

1. A system for predicting postoperative peripheral glare in a subject's eye prior to implantation of an intraocular lens, comprising: a controller having a processor and a tangible non-transitory memory storing instructions; a diagnostic module in communication with the controller, the diagnostic module being adapted to store preoperative anatomical data of the eye as an eye model; a prediction module selectively executable by the controller, the prediction module being adapted to determine complementary postoperative variables of the eye based at least in part on the preoperative anatomical data and the intraocular lens; a ray tracing module selectively executable by the controller, the ray tracing module being adapted to calculate the propagation of light through the eye; wherein the controller is configured to obtain the preoperative anatomical data of the eye via the diagnostic module; determine complementary postoperative variables of the eye via the prediction module, incorporate the complementary postoperative variables into the eye model; execute the ray tracing module to determine a light distribution for each field angle over a predefined field of view in the eye model; determine one or more postoperative peripheral glare parameters based at least in part on the light distribution for each field angle A system.

2. The ray tracing module traces a light beam propagating through the eye, wherein the one or more postoperative peripheral glare parameters include a first viewing angle defined as the smallest of the field angles at which at least a portion of the light beam passing through the pupil of the eye does not pass through the optical zone of the intraocular lens; The system according to claim 1.

3. The system according to claim 2, wherein the one or more postoperative peripheral glare parameters include a second viewing angle defined as the smallest of the field angles at which the light beam passing through the pupil does not pass through the optical zone of the intraocular lens.

4. The system according to claim 3, wherein the one or more postoperative peripheral glare parameters include a third viewing angle defined as the smallest of the field angles at which the light beam passing through the pupil completely exits the intraocular lens.

5. The system according to claim 1, wherein the preoperative anatomical data includes the axial length of the eye.

6. The system according to claim 1, wherein the preoperative anatomical data includes each position and each contour of the anterior surface and the posterior surface of the cornea of the eye.

7. The system according to claim 1, wherein the preoperative anatomical data includes the position, orientation and size of the pupil of the eye in a three-dimensional coordinate system, and the pupil is under photopic conditions.

8. The system according to claim 1, wherein the complementary postoperative variables of the eye include each position and each orientation of the intraocular lens.

9. The system according to claim 1, wherein the complementary postoperative variables of the eye include each position and each orientation of the pupil and / or iris of the eye.

10. The ray tracing module is adapted to trace a light beam that propagates backward through the intraocular lens until it reaches the retina of the eye. The light beam is focused on a micropoint on the retina. The system according to claim 1.

11. The system according to claim 1, wherein the ray tracing module is adapted to use each refractive index in the eye applied to light of a wavelength of 550 nanometers.

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