Transparent laminate, image display device, double-sided anti-reflection laminate, and transparent face protection

Abstract

The present invention provides a transparent laminate and an image display device provided therewith, the transparent laminate having an antireflection property and an excellent anti-fogging property, and having luminous reflectance that rarely changes even in an environment where fogging tends to occur. According to an aspect of the present invention, provided is a transparent laminate 10 equipped with a functional layer 12, and a low refractive index layer 13 having a lower refractive index than that of the functional layer 12, wherein a surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13 forms a surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10, and when the transparent laminate 10 is subjected to an anti-fogging property test in which after being left as it is for five minutes in an environment of -15°C, the transparent laminate 10 is moved into an environment of 20-25°C and a relative humidity of 40-70% and left as it is for five minutes, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is not fogged, and ΔY1 that is the absolute value of a difference in the luminous reflectance Y of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 between before and after the anti-fogging property test is 0.2% or less.

Description

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This application claims the benefit of priority from an earlier Japanese application, Patent Application No. 2020-113538 (filing date: June 30, 2020), the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. [Technical Field]

[0002] The present invention relates to a transparent laminate, an image display device, a double-sided anti-reflection laminate, a double-sided anti-reflection laminate, and a transparent face protector. [Background technology]

[0003] In recent years, image display devices that can be used outdoors, such as digital signage (electronic billboards), have been developed. In image display devices used outdoors, a front panel is sometimes placed on the viewer's side of the display panel with an air gap interposed between them in order to increase durability.

[0004] The front panel is usually made of a glass plate, but an anti-reflection film may be provided on the display panel side of the glass plate to suppress reflection of external light (see, for example, Patent Document 1). [Prior art documents] [Patent documents]

[0005] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2016-35519 Summary of the Invention [Problem to be solved by the invention]

[0006] However, image display devices used outdoors are protected against rain and wind, but not against fogging. In particular, image display devices with an air gap between the front panel and the display panel tend to have a high moisture content in the air gap when used outdoors. Therefore, if an anti-reflection film is attached to the front panel so that the anti-reflection film faces the display panel, the moisture in the air gap can cause the surface of the anti-reflection film (specifically, the surface of the low refractive index layer) to fog up during use. This can reduce the luminous reflectance of the anti-reflection film, potentially resulting in reduced image clarity, visibility, and transmittance. In particular, in large image display devices, if a portion of the anti-reflection film surface fogs up, reducing the image clarity in that area and the image clarity in other areas, unevenness can appear.

[0007] Additionally, the novel coronavirus is currently wreaking havoc around the world. It is known that the novel coronavirus and other viruses are transmitted through droplets, and to prevent droplet infection, people sometimes wear transparent facial protective equipment such as face shields or talk through transparent partitions. Such protective equipment is also needed in all situations where people come into contact with each other, both to prevent infection with other viruses and for hygiene reasons, such as preventing contamination.

[0008] However, when talking through a transparent face protector or a transparent partition, it is difficult to see the mouth movements due to the reflection of light, and the face protector may become foggy due to exhaled breath, which may cause anxiety or stress to the person you are talking to.

[0009] The present invention has been made to solve the above problems, and aims to provide a transparent laminate that has anti-reflection properties and excellent anti-fogging properties and whose luminous reflectance is unlikely to change even in an environment where fogging is likely to occur, an image display device including the same, a double-sided anti-reflection laminate, and a transparent facial protector including the double-sided anti-reflection laminate. [Means for solving the problem]

[0010] [1] A transparent laminate comprising a functional layer and a low refractive index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, wherein the surface of the low refractive index layer forms the surface of the transparent laminate, and when an anti-fogging test is conducted in which the transparent laminate is left in an environment of -15°C for 5 minutes and then moved to an environment of 20°C or higher and 25°C or lower and a relative humidity of 40% or higher and 70% and left there for 5 minutes, the surface of the transparent laminate does not fog, and ΔY1, which is the absolute value of the difference in luminous reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate before and after the anti-fogging test, is 0.2% or less.

[0011] [2] A transparent laminate comprising a functional layer and a low refractive index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, wherein an absorption spectrum by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the surface of the transparent laminate shows: 1780 cm -1 ~ 1700 cm -1 for the first peak intensity in the first wavenumber region of 1150 cm -1 ~ 1000 cm -1 a ratio of the second peak intensity in the second wave number range of 1.25 or more to 2.20 or less.

[0012] [3] A transparent laminate comprising a functional layer and a low refractive index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, wherein an absorption spectrum by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the surface of the transparent laminate shows: 1780 cm -1 ~ 1700 cm -1 for the first peak intensity in the first wavenumber region of 1150 cm -1 ~ 1000 cm -1 a ratio of the second peak intensity in the second wave number range of 0.01 or more to 0.40 or less.

[0013] [4] The transparent laminate according to any one of [1] to [3] above, wherein the ratio of the arithmetic mean roughness to the maximum height on the surface of the transparent laminate is 0.02 or more and 0.15 or less.

[0014] [5] A transparent laminate described in any one of [1] to [4] above, wherein the indentation hardness at the surface of the transparent laminate is 20 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less, and the composite elastic modulus at the surface of the transparent laminate is 0.15 GPa or more and 1.5 GPa or less.

[0015] [6] The transparent laminate according to any one of the above [1] to [5], wherein the low refractive index layer has a thickness of 200 nm or less.

[0016] [7] The transparent laminate according to any one of [1] to [6] above, wherein the functional layer has a thickness of 3 μm or more.

[0017] [8] The transparent laminate according to any one of [1] to [9] above, wherein the functional layer contains a hydrophilic group and the low refractive index layer is adjacent to the functional layer.

[0018] [9] The transparent laminate according to any one of [1] to [8] above, wherein the contact angle of the surface of the transparent laminate with water is 90° or more.

[0019]

[10] The transparent laminate according to any one of the above [1] to [9], wherein the low refractive index layer contains hollow silica particles.

[0020]

[11] The transparent laminate according to any one of the above [1] to

[10] , wherein the functional layer is a hard coat layer.

[0021]

[12] A transparent laminate according to any one of [1] to

[11] above, further comprising a substrate provided on the surface of the functional layer opposite to the surface on the low refractive index layer side.

[0022]

[13] The transparent laminate according to

[12] above, wherein the substrate comprises a resin or glass.

[0023]

[14] The transparent laminate according to any one of [1] to

[13] above, which is used for an image display device, a transparent face protector, a transparent film curtain, or a transparent partition.

[0024]

[15] The transparent laminate according to the above

[14] , wherein the image display device is an outdoor image display device.

[0025]

[16] An image display device comprising a display panel and a light-transmitting front panel arranged on the viewer side of the display panel with an air layer between the display panel and the front panel, wherein the front panel comprises a substrate and a transparent laminate according to any one of [1] to

[13] above, arranged on at least one of the display panel side and the viewer side of the substrate.

[0026]

[17] A double-sided anti-reflection laminate having anti-reflection functions on both sides, comprising: a transparent laminate according to any one of [1] to

[13] above; an anti-reflection film disposed on the back surface side opposite the front surface of the transparent laminate; and a transparent adhesive layer bonding the transparent laminate and the anti-reflection film.

[0027]

[18] The double-sided anti-reflection laminate according to

[17] above, wherein the double-sided anti-reflection laminate is used in a transparent face protector, and the surface of the transparent laminate is positioned on the face side.

[0028]

[19] The double-sided antireflection laminate according to

[17] or

[18] above, wherein the double-sided antireflection laminate has a total light transmittance of 90% or more.

[0029]

[20] The double-sided antireflection laminate according to any one of

[17] to

[19] above, wherein the double-sided antireflection laminate has a double-sided reflectance of 0.1% or more and 2% or less, and the luminous reflectance of the surface of the transparent laminate is equal to or greater than the luminous reflectance of the antireflection film.

[0030]

[21] The double-sided antireflection laminate according to any one of

[17] to

[19] above, wherein the double-sided antireflection laminate has a double-sided reflectance of 0.1% or more and 2% or less, and ΔY2, which is the absolute value of the difference between the luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate and the luminous reflectance of the antireflection film, is 1.0% or less.

[0031]

[22] A transparent face protector comprising a support member and a double-sided anti-reflection laminate according to any one of

[17] to

[21] above attached to the support member, wherein the surface of the transparent laminate is positioned on the face side. [Effects of the Invention]

[0032] According to the present invention, it is possible to provide a transparent laminate that has anti-reflection properties and excellent anti-fogging properties and whose visual reflectance is unlikely to change even in an environment where fogging is likely to occur, an image display device including the same, a double-sided anti-reflection laminate, and a transparent facial protector including the double-sided anti-reflection laminate. [Brief explanation of the drawings]

[0033] [Figure 1] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a transparent laminate according to an embodiment. [Figure 2] FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of another transparent laminate according to an embodiment. [Figure 3] FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of another transparent laminate according to an embodiment. [Figure 4] FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of another transparent laminate according to an embodiment. [Figure 5] FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of another transparent laminate according to an embodiment. [Figure 6] FIG. 6 is a schematic configuration diagram of an image display device according to an embodiment. [Figure 7] FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a transparent face protector according to an embodiment. [Figure 8] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the double-sided antireflection laminate shown in FIG. [Figure 9] FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a state in which a sample is placed in a holder when measuring the double-sided reflectance. [Figure 10] FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram of another double-sided antireflection laminate according to the embodiment. [Figure 11] FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing the configuration of another double-sided antireflection laminate according to the embodiment. [Figure 12] FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of the single-sided antireflection laminate according to the embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0034] A transparent laminate, a double-sided antireflection laminate, an image display device, and a transparent facial protector according to embodiments of the present invention will be described below with reference to the drawings. In this specification, terms such as "film" and "sheet" are not distinguished from one another solely based on differences in name. Thus, for example, "film" is used to encompass a member also referred to as a sheet. FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a transparent laminate according to this embodiment, and FIGS. 2 to 5 are schematic diagrams of other transparent laminates according to this embodiment. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of an image display device according to this embodiment, and FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of a transparent facial protector according to this embodiment. FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of the double-sided antireflection laminate shown in FIG. 7, FIGS. 9 to 11 are schematic diagrams of other double-sided antireflection laminates according to this embodiment, and FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram of a single-sided antireflection laminate according to this embodiment.

[0035] <<<Transparent laminate>>> The transparent laminate 10 shown in Fig. 1 is a transparent laminate having anti-reflection and anti-fogging properties. That is, the transparent laminate 10 functions as an anti-reflection film and an anti-fogging film. In this specification, "transparent" means that the transparency is sufficient to achieve transmissive visibility according to the application.

[0036] The transparent laminate 10 includes, in this order, a substrate 11, a functional layer 12, and a low-refractive index layer 13 having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer 12. The low-refractive index layer 13 is adjacent to the functional layer 12. The transparent laminate 10 includes the substrate 11, but does not necessarily include the substrate 11. Furthermore, at least one other functional layer may be provided on the low-refractive index layer 13.

[0037] The surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 shown in FIG. 1 is the surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13. In this specification, the term "surface" of the transparent laminate refers to the surface of the transparent laminate on the low refractive index layer side, and the surface opposite the surface of the transparent laminate will be referred to as the "rear surface" to distinguish it from the surface of the transparent laminate. The rear surface 10B of the transparent laminate 10 is the second surface 11B of the substrate 11. When at least one other functional layer is provided on the low refractive index layer 13, the surface of the transparent laminate is the surface of the uppermost layer of this functional layer. Examples of this functional layer include an extremely thin antifouling layer or antistatic layer having a thickness of 1 nm to 50 nm.

[0038] At least one of the layers constituting the transparent laminate 10 preferably contains an ultraviolet absorber. As the ultraviolet absorber, known ultraviolet absorbers can be used.

[0039] When an anti-fogging test is performed on the transparent laminate 10, the transparent laminate 10 is left in a −15°C environment for 5 minutes, then transferred to an environment of 20°C to 25°C and a relative humidity of 40% to 70% and left there for 5 minutes. The −15°C environment used in the anti-fogging test can be achieved using a refrigerator. The anti-fogging test is performed using a sample cut from the transparent laminate 10, with the sample size being 100 mm × 100 mm. This sample is then attached to an acrylic blackboard measuring 100 mm × 100 mm × 2 mm (e.g., product name “COMOGLASS Acrylic Board” manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) with a 25 μm-thick transparent adhesive (product name “PD-S1” manufactured by PANAC Corporation). The back surface of the transparent laminate is attached to the acrylic blackboard, and the front surface of the transparent laminate is the observation side. The product thus formed is used as a measurement sample. Three identical measurement samples are prepared, and an anti-fogging test is performed on each of the three measurement samples (n=3). Whether the surface of the measurement sample (surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13) is fog-free is determined by visually observing the surface of the measurement sample immediately after the anti-fogging test. In the anti-fogging test, the transparent laminate 10 is left for 5 minutes in an environment of 20°C to 25°C and a relative humidity of 40% to 70%. This is because the transparent laminate 10 does not fog immediately after being placed in an environment of 20°C to 25°C, but may fog over time.

[0040] The transparent laminate 10 has a ΔY1, which is the absolute value of the difference in luminous reflectance Y of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 before and after the anti-fogging test (|luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate before the anti-fogging test−luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate after the anti-fogging test|), of 0.2% or less. The luminous reflectance Y can be measured using a spectrophotometer (e.g., product name “UV-2600” manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). Specifically, a sample of the above size is first cut out from the transparent laminate 10, and then the spectrophotometer is used to irradiate the surface of the sample before the anti-fogging test (e.g., surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13) with light at an incident angle of 5 degrees. The light reflected in the specular reflection direction by the sample is received, and the reflectance in the wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm is measured. In this specification, “light at an incident angle of 5 degrees” refers to light tilted by 5 degrees relative to the normal direction to the sample surface (the surface of the low refractive index layer), where the normal direction to the sample surface (the surface of the low refractive index layer) is set to 0 degrees. The luminous reflectance Y is then calculated using software (e.g., software built into the UV-2600) that converts the luminous reflectance Y into the brightness perceived by the human eye. The sample is then subjected to an anti-fogging test. The luminous reflectance Y of the sample after the anti-fogging test is then calculated in the same manner as the luminous reflectance Y of the sample before the anti-fogging test, and the absolute value of the difference in luminous reflectance Y of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 before and after the anti-fogging test is calculated. The luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate before the anti-fogging test and the luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate after the anti-fogging test are each measured at 40 random points on the sample, and the arithmetic mean value of the luminous reflectances measured at the 40 points is used. The upper limit of ΔY1 is preferably 0.2%, 0.15%, or 0.125%. The lower limit of ΔY1 is 0% or more, but may be 0.03% or more.

[0041] For the transparent laminate 10, ΔY3, which is the absolute value of the difference in luminous reflectance Y of the transparent laminate 10 before and after a lightfastness test in which the transparent laminate 10 is irradiated with light (e.g., light from a carbon arc lamp) for 200 hours in an environment of 63°C and 50% relative humidity (|luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate before lightfastness test−luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate after lightfastness test|), is also preferably 0.5% or less. The lightfastness test can be performed using a fade meter (e.g., product name “Ultraviolet Fade Meter U48AU” manufactured by Suga Test Instruments Co., Ltd.). Specifically, first, a sample of the above size is cut out from the transparent laminate, and then the luminous reflectance Y before the lightfastness test is determined using the above spectrophotometer in the same manner as described above. The sample is then placed in the fade meter, and the lightfastness test is performed under the above conditions. The luminous reflectance Y of the sample after the lightfastness test is then determined in the same manner as the luminous reflectance Y of the sample before the lightfastness test, and the absolute value of the difference in luminous reflectance Y of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 before and after the lightfastness test is calculated. The luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate before the lightfastness test and the luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate after the antifogging test are each measured at 40 random points on the sample, and the arithmetic mean value of the luminous reflectances measured at the 40 points is used. The upper limit of ΔY3 is more preferably 0.5% or less, 0.4% or less, 0.3% or less, or 0.2% or less. The lower limit of ΔY3 is 0% or more.

[0042] The transparent laminate 10 preferably has a luminous reflectance Y of 3.5% or less on the surface 10A when the anti-fogging test or the light resistance test has not been performed. This increases the overall light transmittance of the transparent laminate 10, thereby improving the visibility of the wearer of, for example, a transparent face protector including the transparent laminate 10, both from the wearer and from the other person, and also improving image clarity in image display devices. The luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate is determined by measuring 40 points at approximately equal intervals on a sample of the above size so as to cover the entire transparent laminate, and calculating the arithmetic mean value of the luminous reflectances at the 40 measured points. From the viewpoint of further suppressing reflection of external light, the luminous reflectance Y is more preferably 2.0% or less, 1.5% or less, or 1.2% or less. When the transparent laminate 10 is used as a transparent shielding film for a transparent face protector, it is best that the visual reflectance of the surface of the face protector that is worn (inner surface) and the surface of the other person (outer surface) is low, but communication issues can be improved by making the visual reflectance of the other person's surface at least lower than that of the surface of the face protector that is worn.

[0043] In the absorption spectrum of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR method), 1780 cm -1 ~ 1700 cm -1 for the first peak intensity in the first wavenumber region of 1150 cm -1 ~ 1000 cm -1Preferably, the ratio of the second peak intensity in the second wavenumber range (second peak intensity / first peak intensity) to the second peak intensity in the second wavenumber range is 1.25 or more and 2.20 or less. The peak in the first wavenumber range is a peak derived from an ester group, and the peak in the second wavenumber range is a peak derived from an ether group. Therefore, the presence of a peak in the first wavenumber range and a peak in the second wavenumber range in the absorption spectrum means that the transparent laminate 10 (e.g., at least one of the functional layer 12 and the low refractive index layer 13) contains an ester component and an ether component such as an anti-fogging material. If the ratio is 1.25 or more, the amount of anti-fogging material containing an ether component is high, which can further improve anti-fogging properties and flexibility. If the ratio is 2.20 or less, the amount of anti-fogging material containing an ether component is not too high, which can suppress a decrease in hardness and abrasion resistance. The ratio is preferably 1.30 or more and 2.20 or less, 1.35 or more and 2.20 or less, 1.40 or more and 2.20 or less, 1.25 or more and 2.15 or less, 1.30 or more and 2.15 or less, 1.35 or more and 2.15 or less, 1.40 or more and 2.15 or less, 1.25 or more and 2.10 or less, 1.30 or more and 2.10 or less, 1.35 or more and 2.00 or less, 1.25 or more and 1.95 or less, 1.30 or more and 1.95 or less, or 1.35 or more and 1.95 or less. In particular, when the transparent laminate 10 is used in a transparent face protector, for example, it needs to be resistant to outdoor dust, but since dust resistance cannot be evaluated by a steel wool resistance test, a falling sand test (ASTM D 968) is performed as a test in which dust is attacked.If the above ratio is 1.30 or more and 1.95 or less, both dust resistance and anti-fogging properties during actual use can be achieved, and therefore 1.30 or more and 1.95 or less is more preferable. Furthermore, to further improve dust resistance, it may be 1.25 or more and 1.30 or less, and to further improve anti-fogging properties, it may be 1.95 or more and 2.20 or less.

[0044] In the absorption spectrum of the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR method) on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10, -1 ~1560cm -1When a peak exists in the third wave number region (for example, when the transparent laminate contains a material having a urethane skeleton), 1780 cm -1 ~ 1700 cm -1 for the first peak intensity in the first wavenumber region of 1150 cm -1 ~ 1000 cm -1 It is preferable that the ratio of the second peak intensity in the second wavenumber range to the second peak intensity in the second wavenumber range is 0.01 or more and 0.4 or less. If the ratio is 0.01 or more, the amount of anti-fogging material containing an ether component is high, thereby further improving anti-fogging properties and flexibility. If the ratio is 0.4 or less, the amount of anti-fogging material containing an ether component is not too high, thereby suppressing a decrease in hardness and abrasion resistance. The ratio is preferably 0.03 or more and 0.4 or less, 0.05 or more and 0.4 or less, 0.01 or more and 0.35 or less, 0.03 or more and 0.35 or less, 0.05 or more and 0.35 or less, 0.10 or more and 0.35 or less, 0.01 or more and 0.30 or less, 0.03 or more and 0.30 or less, 0.05 or more and 0.30 or less, or 0.10 or more and 0.30 or less. Furthermore, to further improve dust resistance, the ratio may be 0.01 or more and 0.1 or less, and to further improve anti-fogging properties, the ratio may be 0.3 or more and 0.4 or less.

[0045] Measurement by Fourier transform infrared analysis can be performed as follows. First, a sample measuring 10 mm x 10 mm or larger is cut from the transparent laminate. Separately, a measurement device consisting of a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (product name "Nicolet iS10 FT-IR" manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific) equipped with a measurement accessory (product name "Thunderdome" manufactured by Spectra-Tech, ATR crystal: Ge, infrared incident angle: 45°) is used to perform background measurement without placing a sample. The sample's measurement surface is then placed on the measurement accessory facing the crystal. The knob on the holding jig is then turned to firmly ground the sample to the crystal. The absorption spectrum of the sample is then confirmed on the monitor, and measurement is then initiated using the above-mentioned measurement device under the following measurement conditions. The heights of the peaks in the first wavenumber range and the second wavenumber range from the background in the obtained absorption spectrum are calculated using the calculation software provided with the measurement device, and the intensity ratio is calculated from the results. (Measurement conditions) Wavelength range: 4000~800cm -1 Number of times accumulated: 64 ·Resolution: 8cm -1 Detector: TGS ATR correction: None Measurement and analysis software: Thermo Scientific OMINIC

[0046] The ester component is a component derived mainly from a polymer of an ionizing radiation-polymerizable compound contained in the functional layer 12 or the low refractive index layer 13. The ether component is a component derived mainly from a component contained in the anti-fogging material described later, for example, a component derived from alkylene oxide if the anti-fogging material is a material containing alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide (EO), or a component derived from polyether if the anti-fogging material is a polyether-based urethane (meth)acrylate.

[0047] The ratio (Ra / Rz) of the arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) to the maximum height (Rz) on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 0.02 or more and 0.15 or less. Since a larger surface area of ​​the surface of the transparent laminate is advantageous for anti-fogging properties, it is preferable that the surface of the transparent laminate have an uneven shape. However, if this uneven shape is too large, anti-glare properties may be exhibited, resulting in a deterioration of visibility. Therefore, in order to improve anti-fogging properties while suppressing a decrease in visibility, the above ratio is preferably 0.02 or more and 0.15 or less. In other words, if the above ratio is 0.02 or more, the anti-glare properties of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 can be suppressed, thereby achieving good visibility, and if it is 0.15 or less, anti-fogging properties can be improved. The ratio is more preferably 0.03 to 0.15, 0.04 to 0.15, 0.05 to 0.15, 0.02 to 0.14, 0.03 to 0.14, 0.04 to 0.14, 0.05 to 0.14, 0.02 to 0.13, 0.03 to 0.13, 0.04 to 0.13, 0.05 to 0.13, 0.02 to 0.12, 0.03 to 0.12, 0.04 to 0.12, or 0.05 to 0.12.

[0048] The above Ra and Rz are three-dimensional extensions of the two-dimensional roughness parameters described in the Scanning Probe Microscope SPM-9600 Upgrade Kit Instruction Manual (SPM-9600, February 2016, pp. 194-195). Ra can be calculated by the following equation when a reference length (L) is extracted from the roughness curve in the direction of the mean line, the X axis is taken in the direction of the mean line of this extracted section, and the Y axis is taken in the direction of the longitudinal magnification, and the roughness curve is expressed as y = f(x).

number

[0049] Rz is a value obtained by cutting out a reference length from the roughness curve in the direction of the mean line, and measuring the distance between the peak line and the valley line of this cutout portion in the direction of the vertical magnification of the roughness curve.

[0050] The reason why Rz and Ra are used in the above ratios is as follows: Ra is an average value calculated by calculating the area of ​​all irregularities present on a reference length and dividing it by the reference length. Therefore, it is not the average value of actual irregularities, and even if there are irregularities that are too small or too large, they are completely smoothed out, making it impossible to measure such noticeable irregularities. On the other hand, Rz is the maximum height, so it is possible to measure noticeable irregularities. Therefore, Ra is used to grasp the size of the surface area, and Rz is used to grasp the limit value of irregularities.

[0051] The Rz and Ra can be measured as follows. First, a sample measuring 5 mm x 5 mm is obtained from the transparent laminate. Then, using an atomic force microscope (AFM) SPM-9700 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, the surface shape of the sample is measured under the following conditions in the on-line (measurement) mode of the SPM Manager software. Image processing is then performed using the off-line (analysis) mode. The obtained AFM images are analyzed to obtain the Rz (maximum height) and Ra (arithmetic mean roughness) of each sample. The arithmetic mean values ​​of Rz and Rz / Ra at 14 locations on each sample are calculated, and these values ​​are defined as Rz and Rz / Ra. (AFM measurement conditions) Measurement mode: Phase Scanning range: 5 μm x 5 μm Scanning speed: 0.2Hz Number of pixels: 512 x 512 Cantilever used: NCHR manufactured by Nanoworld (resonance frequency: 320 kHz, spring constant: 42 N / m) (AFM image processing conditions) Tilt correction: average value in X direction, surface fit (automatic)

[0052] The indentation hardness (H IT ) is preferably 20 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less. ITThe indentation hardness H is calculated by using the unloading curve to calculate the contact depth of the sample with the indenter, then calculating the contact area from that contact depth, and dividing the maximum load by the contact area. IT However, if the indentation hardness is 20 MPa or more, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is less likely to be scratched, and if the indentation hardness is 100 MPa or less, good flexibility and good moldability can be obtained. IT is preferably 25 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less, 30 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less, 20 MPa or more and 90 MPa or less, 25 MPa or more and 90 MPa or less, 30 MPa or more and 90 MPa or less, 20 MPa or more and 80 MPa or less, 25 MPa or more and 80 MPa or less, or 30 MPa or more and 80 MPa or less, and among these, 30 MPa or more and 80 MPa or less is particularly preferred. Furthermore, from the viewpoint of further improving anti-fogging properties and imparting moldability, it may be 20 MPa or more and 30 MPa or less, and from the viewpoint of improving scratch resistance, it may be 80 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less.

[0053] The composite elastic modulus (E r ) is preferably 0.15 GPa or more and 1.5 GPa or less. r is the value calculated from the slope of the unloading curve. r However, if the pressure is 0.15 GPa or more, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is less likely to be scratched, and if the pressure is 1.5 GPa or less, better flexibility and good formability can be obtained. ris preferably 0.16 GPa or more and 1.5 GPa or less, 0.17 GPa or more and 1.5 GPa or less, 0.15 GPa or more and 1.45 GPa or less, 0.16 GPa or more and 1.45 GPa or less, 0.17 GPa or more and 1.45 GPa or less, 0.15 GPa or more and 1.40 GPa or less, 0.16 GPa or more and 1.40 GPa or less, or 0.17 GPa or more and 1.40 GPa or less, and particularly preferably 0.25 GPa or more and 1.00 GPa or less. From the viewpoint of further improving anti-fogging properties and imparting moldability, it may be 0.15 GPa or more and 0.25 GPa or less, and from the viewpoint of improving scratch resistance, it may be 1.0 GPa or more and 1.5 GPa or less.

[0054] The above indentation hardness H ITThe composite elastic modulus Er is measured by the following method. First, a transparent laminate cut to a size of 20 mm x 20 mm is fixed to a commercially available slide glass with the front side facing up using an adhesive resin (product name "Aron Alpha (Registered Trademark) General Use" manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.). Specifically, the adhesive resin is dripped onto the center of slide glass 1 (product name "Slide Glass (Cut-Apart Type) 1-9645-11" manufactured by AS ONE Corporation). The adhesive resin is not spread over the entire surface, and only one drop is dripped to prevent the adhesive resin from spilling out of the transparent laminate when it is pressed down as described below. The transparent laminate cut to the size described above is then brought into contact with the slide glass with the front side facing up and the adhesive resin positioned in the center of the transparent laminate. The adhesive resin is then pressed down between slide glass 1 and the transparent laminate to temporarily bond them together. Then, another new slide glass 2 is placed on top of the transparent laminate to obtain a laminate of slide glass 1 / adhesive resin / transparent laminate / slide glass 2. Next, a weight of 30 g to 50 g is placed on the glass slide 2, and the glass slide 2 is left in this state at room temperature for 12 hours. After that, the weight and glass slide 2 are removed, and the resulting sample is used as the measurement sample. The four corners of the transparent laminate fixed with the adhesive resin may be further fixed with tape (product name "Cellotape (registered trademark)" manufactured by Nichiban Co., Ltd.). The measurement sample is then fixed to the measurement stage of a microhardness tester (product name "TI950 TriboIndenter" manufactured by HYSITRON Co., Ltd.) placed parallel to a vibration-isolating table. This fixation can be performed by any method, such as fixing the four sides of the glass slide 1 with tape (product name "Cellotape (registered trademark)" manufactured by Nichiban Co., Ltd.), as long as the measurement sample does not move. If the microhardness tester has an air suction system, the sample may be fixed using the air suction system. After the measurement sample is fixed to the measurement stage of the microhardness tester, the indentation hardness H of the surface of the transparent laminate is measured under the following measurement conditions. IT and composite elastic modulus E r The indentation hardness H IT and composite elastic modulus E ris the arithmetic mean value of the hardness measured at five arbitrary points near the center of the surface of the transparent laminate of the measurement sample (the area where the adhesive resin is present). The five arbitrary points to be measured are selected from areas that are as flat as possible, by observing the transparent laminate at a magnification of 50x to 500x using the microscope attached to the TI950 TriboIndenter, and avoiding areas of the transparent laminate that have an extremely convex structure or, conversely, areas that have an extremely concave structure. (Measurement conditions) Indenter shape: Berkovich Load control method: Maximum load 40mN Load increase time: 4 seconds Creep Time: 5 seconds Load removal time: 4 seconds Measurement temperature: 25°C Humidity during measurement: 50%

[0055] The contact angle of water on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 90° or greater. In other words, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably hydrophobic. If this contact angle is less than 90°, the surface will be highly compatible with water and will have high water absorption (hygroscopicity), which may cause distortion or swelling of the functional layer or substrate. Furthermore, if this contact angle is 90° or greater, even if water droplets are generated, they will flow off rather than pool on the surface, and fingerprints and other stains are less likely to adhere during processing. The contact angle of water on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is measured using a microscopic contact angle meter (product name "DropMaster 300" manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd.) according to the sessile drop method described in JIS R3257:1999. Specifically, first, a sample measuring 25 mm × 30 mm is cut from the transparent laminate 10. Then, this sample is flatly attached to a 50 mm × 125 mm glass slide with double-sided tape. This results in a laminate of glass slide / double-sided tape / sample. To prevent static electricity from affecting the measurement results, the sample is then de-ionized for 30 seconds by irradiating it with ions using an ionizer (e.g., product name "KD-730B" manufactured by Kasuga Electric Co., Ltd.). After de-ionization, 1 μL of water is dropped onto the surface of the sample (the surface of the low refractive index layer) using a syringe and held there for 5 seconds. The switch on the microscope contact angle meter is then pressed to measure the contact angle with water. The contact angle measurement is performed in an environment with a temperature of 20°C to 25°C and a relative humidity of 40% to 70%. The contact angle is measured at 10 points, and the arithmetic average of these measurements is taken as the contact angle of surface 10A of transparent laminate 10. It is more preferable that the contact angle of surface 10A of transparent laminate 10 with water is 90° or more and 130° or less, 90° or more and 125° or less, 90° or more and 120° or less, 92° or more and 130° or less, 92° or more and 125° or less, 92° or more and 120° or less, 95° or more and 130° or less, 95° or more and 125° or less, or 95° or more and 120° or less.

[0056] The transparent laminate 10 preferably has a total light transmittance of 90% or more. If the transparent laminate 10 has a total light transmittance of 90% or more, sufficient optical performance can be obtained. The transparent laminate 10 more preferably has a total light transmittance of 91% or more, or 92% or more. The upper limit of the total light transmittance of the transparent laminate 10 is 100% or less.

[0057] The total light transmittance can be measured in accordance with JIS K7361-1:1997 using a haze meter (e.g., product name "HM-150" manufactured by Murakami Color Research Laboratory Co., Ltd.) under an environment with a temperature of 23±5°C and a relative humidity of 30% to 70%. The total light transmittance is measured three times for each sample cut from the transparent laminate 10, placed in a state free of curls, wrinkles, fingerprints, dust, etc., and the arithmetic mean value of the three measurements. "Measured three times" in this specification does not mean measuring the same location three times, but rather measuring three different locations. The surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is flat when visually inspected, and the layers to be laminated, such as the functional layer 12, are also flat, and the film thickness variation is within a range of ±10%. Therefore, it is believed that measuring the total light transmittance at three different points on a cut sample will provide an approximate average value for the total light transmittance across the entire surface of the transparent laminate. If it is not possible to cut a sample of the above size from the transparent laminate, a sample measuring 22 mm x 22 mm or larger may be cut. If the sample is small, the measurement points should be set to three by shifting the sample slightly or by changing the angle within the range where the light source spot is not missed.

[0058] The transparent laminate 10 preferably has a haze value (total haze value) of 1% or less. A haze value of 1% or less of the transparent laminate 10 ensures sufficient optical performance and transparency. The haze value can be measured in an environment of 23±5°C temperature and 30% to 70% relative humidity using a haze meter (product name "HM-150", manufactured by Murakami Color Research Laboratory Co., Ltd.) according to a method conforming to JIS K7136:2000. Specifically, the haze value is measured using a method similar to that for measuring total light transmittance. The haze value is the arithmetic average of values ​​obtained by three measurements. The haze value of the transparent laminate 10 is more preferably 0.8% or less, or 0.5% or less. The lower limit of the haze value of the transparent laminate 10 is 0% or more.

[0059] The pencil hardness of the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably H or higher. Having a pencil hardness of H or higher on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 can improve durability. The pencil hardness test is performed on the surface of a sample cut into a size of 50 mm x 100 mm from the transparent laminate 10 using a pencil hardness tester (product name "Pencil Scratch Coating Hardness Tester (Electric)" manufactured by Toyo Seiki Seisaku-sho, Ltd.) in an environment with a temperature of 23±5°C and a relative humidity of 30% to 70% by applying a 500 g load to a pencil (product name "Uni" manufactured by Mitsubishi Pencil Co., Ltd.) and moving it at a speed of 1.4 mm / sec. The pencil hardness is defined as the highest hardness that does not scratch the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 in the pencil hardness test. When measuring pencil hardness, multiple pencils with different hardnesses are used, and the pencil hardness test is performed five times for each pencil. If the pencil hardness test does not scratch the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 four or more times out of the five, it is determined that the pencil of that hardness did not scratch the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10. The scratches are those that are visually observed when the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 that has been subjected to the pencil hardness test is observed through transmission under fluorescent light.

[0060] The thickness (total thickness) of the transparent laminate 10 varies depending on the application of the transparent laminate 10. When the transparent laminate 10 is used in an image display device, the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 25 μm or more and 400 μm or less. This thickness provides sufficient functionality required for an image display device (for example, the transparent laminate 10 is less likely to deform due to humidity and temperature, and maintains flatness so that images can be clearly viewed), while also being easy to handle (for example, has good processability).

[0061] When the transparent laminate 10 is used in a transparent facial protective device, the transparent laminate 10 is required to be thin and lightweight, and therefore the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 400 μm or less. If the transparent laminate for this application is too thin, it will be prone to deformation, will be poor in processability and ease of handling when worn, and may be uncomfortable to wear for long periods of time. To prevent this and achieve an even thinner or lighter product, the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 is more preferably 30 μm to 400 μm, 40 μm to 400 μm, 25 μm to 300 μm, 30 μm to 300 μm, 40 μm to 300 μm, 25 μm to 200 μm, 30 μm to 200 μm, or 40 μm to 200 μm.

[0062] When the transparent laminate 10 is used for a transparent partition, the transparent laminate 10 is required to be transparent and easy to handle, such as portable, and therefore the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 10,000 μm or less. From the viewpoints of achieving self-supporting ability and a certain degree of strength, as well as better transparency and easier handling, the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 for this application is more preferably 500 μm to 10,000 μm, 1,000 μm to 10,000 μm, or 3,000 μm to 10,000 μm, 500 μm to 9,000 μm, 1,000 μm to 9,000 μm, 3,000 μm to 9,000 μm, 500 μm to 8,000 μm, 1,000 μm to 8,000 μm, 3,000 μm to 8,000 μm, 500 μm to 5,000 μm, 1,000 μm to 5,000 μm, or 3,000 μm to 5,000 μm.

[0063] When the transparent laminate 10 is used for a transparent film curtain, ease of installation (handling), lightness, flexibility, and strength are required for the transparent laminate 10, and therefore the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 is preferably 3000 μm or less. Note that ease of installation in the case of a transparent film curtain includes, for example, that the transparent film curtain is not easily torn when cutting, drilling, or attaching the transparent film curtain. From the viewpoints of obtaining better handleability and strength, of achieving weight reduction, and of obtaining good transparency, the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 for this application is more preferably 25 μm or more and 3000 μm or less, 30 μm or more and 3000 μm or less, 40 μm or more and 3000 μm or less, 25 μm or more and 800 μm or less, 30 μm or more and 800 μm or less, 40 μm or more and 800 μm or less, 25 μm or more and 400 μm or less, 30 μm or more and 400 μm or less, 40 μm or more and 400 μm or less, 25 μm or more and 200 μm or less, 30 μm or more and 200 μm or less, or 40 μm or more and 200 μm or less.

[0064] The thickness of the transparent laminate 10 is determined, for example, by measuring the thickness of the transparent laminate 10 at 10 points using a thickness measuring device (product name "Digimatic Indicator IDF-130", manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation), and calculating the arithmetic mean value of the thicknesses at those 10 points.

[0065] The weight (total weight) of the transparent laminate 10 varies depending on the application of the transparent laminate 10. When the transparent laminate 10 is used in an image display device, the weight of the transparent laminate 10 is 30 g / m 2 More than 500g / m 2 At this weight, the material is easy to handle (for example, has good processability) while still providing sufficient functionality.

[0066] When the transparent laminate 10 is used in a transparent face protector, the transparent laminate 10 is required to be thin and lightweight, so the weight of the transparent laminate 10 is set to 500 g / m 2If the thickness of the transparent laminate for this application is too thin, it may be easily deformed and have poor processability. To prevent this and to achieve a thinner or lighter body, the weight of the transparent laminate 10 is set to 35 g / m or less. 2 More than 500g / m 2 Below 40g / m 2 More than 500g / m 2 or less, or 45 g / m 2 More than 500g / m 2 Below 35g / m 2 More than 400g / m 2 Below 40g / m 2 More than 400g / m 2 Below 45g / m 2 More than 400g / m 2 Below 35g / m 2 More than 350g / m 2 Below 40g / m 2 More than 350g / m 2 Below 45g / m 2 More than 350g / m 2 Below 35g / m 2 More than 300g / m 2 Below 40g / m 2 More than 300g / m 2 or less, or 45 g / m 2 More than 300g / m 2 More preferably, it is:

[0067] When the transparent laminate 10 is used for a transparent partition, the transparent laminate 10 is required to have transparency and ease of handling, so the weight of the transparent laminate 10 is set to 10,000 g / m 2 The weight of the transparent laminate 10 for this application is preferably 100 g / m or less from the viewpoint of obtaining self-supporting ability and a certain degree of strength, as well as obtaining better transparency and better handling properties. 2 More than 10000g / m 2 Below 200g / m 2 More than 10000g / m 2 or less, or 500g / m 2 More than 10000g / m 2 Below 100g / m 2 More than 7000g / m2 Below 200g / m 2 More than 7000g / m 2 Below 500g / m 2 More than 7000g / m 2 Below 100g / m 2 More than 6000g / m 2 Below 200g / m 2 More than 6000g / m 2 Below 500g / m 2 More than 6000g / m 2 Below 100g / m 2 More than 5000g / m 2 Below 200g / m 2 More than 5000g / m 2 or less, or 500g / m 2 More than 5000g / m 2 More preferably, it is:

[0068] When the transparent laminate 10 is used as a transparent film curtain, the transparent laminate 10 is required to be easy to install (easy to handle), light, flexible, and strong. Therefore, the weight of the transparent laminate 10 is set to 2000 g / m 2 The weight of the transparent laminate 10 for this application is preferably 50 g / m or less from the viewpoints of obtaining better handling properties and strength, as well as achieving a lighter weight and obtaining good transparency. 2 More than 2000g / m 2 Below 100g / m 2 More than 2000g / m 2 or less, or 200 g / m 2 More than 2000g / m 2 Below 50g / m 2 More than 1700g / m 2 Below 100g / m 2 More than 1700g / m 2 Below 200g / m 2 More than 1700g / m 2 Below 50g / m 2 More than 1600g / m 2 Below 100g / m 2 More than 1600g / m 2 Below 200g / m 2 More than 1600g / m 2Below 50g / m 2 More than 1500g / m 2 Below 100g / m 2 More than 1500g / m 2 Below 200g / m 2 More than 1500g / m 2 More preferably, it is:

[0069] <Base material> The thickness of the substrate 11 varies depending on the application. For example, when the transparent laminate 10 is used in an image display device, the thickness of the substrate 11 is preferably 25 μm or more and 300 μm or less. If the thickness of the substrate 11 is 25 μm or more, the substrate 11 has high hardness and is easy to process because it can suppress curling, and if the thickness of the substrate 11 is 300 μm or less, it can suppress an increase in cost and is easy to handle because it is not too heavy. From the viewpoint of obtaining excellent hardness and achieving further weight reduction, the thickness of the substrate 11 is more preferably 30 μm to 300 μm, 40 μm to 300 μm, 50 μm to 300 μm, 25 μm to 200 μm, 30 μm to 200 μm, 40 μm to 200 μm, 50 μm to 200 μm, 25 μm to 150 μm, 30 μm to 150 μm, 40 μm to 150 μm, 50 μm to 150 μm, 25 μm to 100 μm, 30 μm to 100 μm, 40 μm to 100 μm, or 50 μm to 100 μm.

[0070] When the transparent laminate 10 is used in a transparent facial protector, the thickness of the substrate 11 is preferably 20 μm or more and 200 μm or less. If the thickness of the substrate 11 is 20 μm or more, sufficient performance is obtained, and the feel of use and handling are good, while if the thickness of the substrate 11 is 200 μm or less, cost increases can be suppressed and the substrate is lightweight and easy to process. From the viewpoint of obtaining better handling properties and achieving weight reduction, the thickness of the substrate 11 is more preferably 25 μm to 200 μm, 40 μm to 200 μm, 50 μm to 200 μm, 20 μm to 150 μm, 25 μm to 150 μm, 40 μm to 150 μm, 50 μm to 150 μm, 20 μm to 100 μm, 25 μm to 100 μm, 40 μm to 100 μm, 50 μm to 100 μm, 20 μm to 80 μm, 25 μm to 80 μm, 40 μm to 80 μm, or 50 μm to 80 μm.

[0071] When the transparent laminate 10 is used for a transparent partition, the thickness of the substrate 11 is preferably 20 μm or more and 9500 μm or less. If the thickness of the substrate 11 is 20 μm or more, it is possible to obtain good handleability while providing sufficient performance, and if the thickness of the substrate 11 is 9500 μm or less, it is possible to obtain good transparency (light transmittance). From the viewpoints of achieving self-supporting ability and a certain degree of strength, as well as good transparency (light transmittance) and better handleability, the thickness of the substrate 11 is more preferably 450 μm or more and 9500 μm or less, 950 μm or more and 9500 μm or less, 2500 μm or more and 9500 μm or less, 20 μm or more and 6500 μm or less, 450 μm or more and 6500 μm or less, 950 μm or more and 6500 μm or less, 2500 μm or more and 6500 μm or less, 20 μm or more and 5500 μm or less, 450 μm or more and 5500 μm or less, 950 μm or more and 5500 μm or less, 2500 μm or more and 5500 μm or less, 20 μm or more and 4500 μm or less, 450 μm or more and 4500 μm or less, 950 μm or more and 4500 μm or less, 2500 μm or more and 4500 μm or less.

[0072] When the transparent laminate 10 is used for a transparent film curtain, the thickness of the substrate 11 is preferably 20 μm or more and 2500 μm or less. If the thickness of the substrate 11 is 20 μm or more, good handleability and good strength can be obtained, and if the thickness of the substrate 11 is 2500 μm or less, good weight reduction and good transparency can be obtained. From the viewpoints of obtaining better handleability and strength, as well as lighter weight and better transparency, the thickness of the substrate 11 is more preferably 25 μm to 2500 μm, 30 μm to 2500 μm, 40 μm to 2500 μm, 20 μm to 750 μm, 25 μm to 750 μm, 30 μm to 750 μm, 40 μm to 750 μm, 20 μm to 550 μm, 25 μm to 550 μm, 30 μm to 550 μm, 40 μm to 550 μm, 20 μm to 350 μm, 25 μm to 350 μm, 30 μm to 350 μm, or 40 μm to 350 μm.

[0073] The thickness of the substrate 11 can be determined by photographing a cross section of the substrate 11 using a scanning electron microscope (SEM), measuring the thickness of the substrate 11 at 10 locations on the cross section image, and calculating the arithmetic mean value of the thicknesses at those 10 locations. The specific method for photographing the cross section is as follows: First, a sample measuring 1 mm × 10 mm is cut out from the transparent laminate 10, and the cut sample is embedded in an embedding resin to create a block. Then, a uniform slice with a thickness of 70 nm to 100 nm and no holes is cut out from this block using a typical slice preparation method. To prepare the slices, for example, an ultramicrotome EM UC7 manufactured by Leica Microsystems KK is used. The remaining block from which the uniform slices without holes are cut out serves as the measurement sample. Then, a cross section of the measurement sample is photographed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM) (product name "S-4800" manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation). When taking cross-sectional photographs using the S-4800, the detector is set to "SE," the acceleration voltage is set to "5 kV," and the emission current is set to "10 μA" for cross-sectional observation. The magnification is adjusted appropriately between 100x and 100,000x by adjusting the focus and observing whether the contrast and brightness of each layer can be distinguished. Furthermore, the beam monitor aperture is set to "3," the objective lens aperture is set to "3," and the working distance is set to "8 mm." Note that scanning electron microscope photography is performed at a magnification appropriate for the thickness of the substrate, after clearly identifying the interface between the substrate and the functional layer. Specifically, the magnification is adjusted appropriately depending on the thickness of the substrate; for example, 1000x for a substrate thickness of 50 μm, and 500x for a substrate thickness of 100 μm. The thickness variation of the substrate 11 is preferably 15% or less, 10% or less, or 7% or less. The lower limit of the thickness variation of the substrate 11 is 0% or more.

[0074] The material of the substrate 11 is not particularly limited as long as it is optically transparent, and examples thereof include glass or resin (e.g., acetyl cellulose resin, cycloolefin polymer resin, polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin, or polyester resin). When a polyester resin such as polyethylene terephthalate or a polycarbonate resin is used as the material of the substrate 11, it is suitable for large displays and has the advantages of being less likely to break when dropped, having good durability when used repeatedly, and excellent rigidity. Furthermore, when an acetyl cellulose resin such as triacetyl cellulose is used as the material of the substrate 11, it has the advantages of being highly flexible and having excellent anti-fogging properties because moisture is easily removed from the substrate itself.

[0075] Examples of glass include soda lime silica glass, borosilicate glass, and alkali-free glass.

[0076] Examples of acetyl cellulose resins include triacetyl cellulose (TAC) and diacetyl cellulose. Triacetyl cellulose is a resin that can achieve an average light transmittance of 50% or more in the visible light range of 380 to 780 nm. The average light transmittance of triacetyl cellulose is preferably 50% or more, 70% or more, or 85% or more. The upper limit of the average light transmittance of triacetyl cellulose is 100% or less.

[0077] The substrate made of triacetyl cellulose resin may be pure triacetyl cellulose or may be a mixture of cellulose acetate propionate, cellulose acetate butyrate, and other fatty acids that form esters with cellulose, other than acetic acid. Furthermore, these triacetyl celluloses may contain other cellulose lower fatty acid esters such as diacetyl cellulose, or various additives such as plasticizers, ultraviolet absorbers, and lubricants, as needed.

[0078] Examples of the cycloolefin polymer resin include norbornene resin, monocyclic olefin resin, cyclic conjugated diene resin, and vinyl alicyclic hydrocarbon resin. Examples of the cycloolefin copolymer resin include a copolymer of ethylene and a norbornene monomer, and a copolymer of ethylene and tetracyclododecene.

[0079] Examples of polycarbonate resins include aromatic polycarbonate resins based on bisphenols (such as bisphenol A), and aliphatic polycarbonate resins such as diethylene glycol bisallyl carbonate.

[0080] Examples of acrylic resins include polymethyl(meth)acrylate resins, polyethyl(meth)acrylate resins, and methyl(meth)acrylate-butyl(meth)acrylate copolymer resins.

[0081] Examples of polyester resins include resins containing at least one of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene terephthalate, polybutylene terephthalate, and polyethylene naphthalate as a constituent component.

[0082] <Functional layer> The functional layer 12 is a layer that exhibits some function in the transparent laminate 10. The anti-fogging function is mainly exhibited by the functional layer, but the functional layer may also exhibit a hard coating function in addition to the anti-fogging function. The "functional layer" in this embodiment has a single layer structure. The functional layer 12 shown in FIG. 1 exhibits both the anti-fogging function and the hard coating function, and therefore will be described as an anti-fogging hard coating layer.

[0083] The functional layer 12 is an anti-fogging hard coat layer, and therefore is a layer that imparts hardness to the transparent laminate 10, making the pencil hardness of the surface 10A (surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13) of the transparent laminate 10 "H" or higher. The functional layer 12 is formed on the first surface 11A of the substrate 11, as shown in FIG. 1 .

[0084] The refractive index of the functional layer 12 is not particularly limited as long as it is higher than the refractive index of the low refractive index layer 13, but may be, for example, 1.45 to 1.60. In this specification, "refractive index" refers to the refractive index at a wavelength of 550 nm. The refractive index of the functional layer 12 may be 1.48 to 1.60, 1.45 to 1.57, or 1.48 to 1.57.

[0085] The refractive index of the functional layer 12 and the low refractive index layer 13 can be measured or calculated, for example, by the following method after determining from a cross-sectional photograph of the transparent laminate whether the film thickness of each layer is greater than 780 nm or less than 780 nm.

[0086] For a layer with a thickness exceeding 780 nm, the refractive index of the binder component of the layer is considered to be the refractive index of the layer. The refractive index of a layer with a thickness exceeding 780 nm (e.g., functional layer 12) can be measured, for example, by the Becke method. The "Becke method" is a technique in which the layer to be measured for refractive index is scraped off with a cutter or the like, the binder component is powdered to prepare a sample, and the refractive index is measured according to Method B of JIS K7142:2008 (for powdered or granular transparent materials). When measuring the refractive index of a layer using the Becke method, the refractive index of 10 samples is measured using the Becke method, and the arithmetic mean value of the refractive indexes of the measured 10 samples is taken as the refractive index of the layer.

[0087] It is difficult to extract the binder component from a layer having a thickness of 780 nm or less. Therefore, the refractive index of a layer having a thickness of 780 nm or less (e.g., a low refractive index layer) can be calculated, for example, by using a transparent laminate having a layer having a thickness of 780 nm or less, in the following order (Step 1) and (Step 2). (Step 1) From a cross-sectional photograph of the transparent laminate, the thicknesses of layers exceeding 780 nm and layers equal to or less than 780 nm are calculated. Then, the refractive index of layers exceeding 780 nm among the layers constituting the transparent laminate is calculated using the Becke method. (Step 2) Using the information on the refractive index and thickness of layers with a thickness of more than 780 nm calculated in (Step 1) above, and the information on the thickness of layers with a thickness of 780 nm or less, the refractive index of layers with a thickness of 780 nm or less is calculated by a fitting method. The "fitting method" is a calculation technique that fits the reflection spectrum measured with a reflectance photometer to the reflection spectrum calculated from an optical model of a multilayer thin film using Fresnel coefficients.

[0088] The ratio of the thickness of the functional layer 12 to the thickness of the low refractive index layer 13 (thickness of the functional layer 12 / thickness of the low refractive index layer 13) is preferably equal to or greater than 30. If this ratio is equal to or greater than 30, the thickness of the functional layer 12 is not too small and the thickness of the low refractive index layer 13 is not too large, so that good hardness and good anti-reflection properties can be achieved at the same time. From the viewpoint of obtaining excellent hardness and excellent antireflection properties and suppressing increases in cost, decreases in transparency, or decreases in processability, this ratio is more preferably 30 to 250, 35 to 250, 40 to 250, 45 to 250, 30 to 200, 35 to 200, 40 to 200, 45 to 200, 30 to 150, 35 to 150, 40 to 150, 45 to 150, 30 to 100, 35 to 100, 40 to 100, or 45 to 100.

[0089] The thickness of the functional layer 12 is preferably 3 μm or more. If the thickness of the functional layer 12 is 3 μm or more, the desired hardness can be obtained and the desired amount of anti-fogging material can be contained in the functional layer 12. From the viewpoint of obtaining excellent hardness and suppressing an increase in cost, a decrease in transparency, or a decrease in processability, the thickness of the functional layer 12 is 3 μm or more and 25 μm or less, 3.5 μm or more and 25 μm or less, 4 μm or more and 25 μm or less, 4.5 μm or more and 25 μm or less, 3 μm or more and 20 μm or less, 3.5 μm or more and 20 μm or less, 4 μm or more and 20 μm or less, 4.5 μm or more and 20 μm or less, 3 μm or more and 15 μm or less, 3.5 μm or more and 15 μm or less, 4 μm or more and 15 μm or less. more preferably, the thickness is 4.5 μm or less, 4.5 μm or more and 15 μm or less, 3 μm or more and 10 μm or less, 3.5 μm or more and 10 μm or less, 4 μm or more and 10 μm or less, 4.5 μm or more and 10 μm or less, 3 μm or more and less than 10 μm, 3.5 μm or more and less than 10 μm, 4 μm or more and less than 10 μm, 4.5 μm or more and 10 μm or less, 3 μm or more and 9.5 μm or less, 3.5 μm or more and 9.5 μm or less, or 4 μm or more and 9.5 μm or less, 4.5 μm or more and 9.5 μm or less.

[0090] The film thickness of the functional layer 12 is measured by photographing a cross section of the functional layer 12 using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The film thickness of the functional layer 12 is measured at 20 locations on the cross section image, and the arithmetic mean value of the film thicknesses at those 20 locations is calculated. A specific method for photographing the cross section is described below. First, a transparent laminate cut into a size of 1 mm x 10 mm is embedded in an embedding resin to create a block. A uniform, hole-free slice with a thickness of 70 nm to 100 nm is then cut from this block using a standard slice preparation method. For example, an ultramicrotome EM UC7 from Leica Microsystems KK can be used to prepare the slice. This uniform, hole-free slice is then used as the measurement sample. A cross-sectional photograph of the measurement sample is then taken using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) (product name "S-4800" manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation). When taking cross-sectional photographs using the S-4800, the detector is set to "TE," the acceleration voltage is set to "30 kV," and the emission current is set to "10 μA" for cross-sectional observation. The magnification is adjusted appropriately between 5,000x and 200,000x while adjusting the focus and observing whether the contrast and brightness of each layer can be distinguished. The preferred magnification is 10,000x to 100,000x, more preferably 10,000x to 50,000x, and most preferably 25,000x to 50,000x. When taking cross-sectional photographs using the S-4800, the beam monitor aperture may be set to "3," the objective lens aperture may be set to "3," and the working distance may be set to "8 mm." When measuring the film thickness of a functional layer, it is important to be able to observe the interface contrast between the functional layer and other layers (e.g., the substrate) as clearly as possible during cross-sectional observation. If the interface is difficult to see due to insufficient contrast, dyeing with osmium tetroxide, ruthenium tetroxide, phosphotungstic acid, or the like can be used to make the interface between the organic layers more visible. Furthermore, the contrast of the interface may be more difficult to see at higher magnifications. In such cases, observations should also be made at lower magnifications. For example, observations should be made at two magnifications, such as 25,000x and 50,000x, or 50,000x and 100,000x, and the arithmetic mean value described above should be calculated at both magnifications. This mean value is then used as the film thickness value of the functional layer.

[0091] The functional layer 12 can be made of, for example, a resin. The resin contains a polymer (crosslinked product) of a polymerizable compound and an anti-fogging material. In addition to the resin, the functional layer 12 preferably contains particles to increase hardness. The resin may contain a solvent-drying resin in addition to the polymer (crosslinked product) of a polymerizable compound and an anti-fogging material.

[0092] The functional layer 12 preferably contains hydrophilic groups such as hydroxyl groups, carboxyl groups, alkylene oxide groups such as ethylene oxide groups, amino groups, and quaternary ammonium salt groups such as ammonium chloride groups. A functional layer 12 containing hydrophilic groups can be obtained by incorporating an anti-fogging material. The functional groups can be confirmed, for example, by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).

[0093] (polymerizable compound) A polymerizable compound has at least one polymerizable functional group in its molecule. Examples of polymerizable compounds include ionizing radiation-polymerizable compounds and / or thermally polymerizable compounds. An ionizing radiation-polymerizable compound is a compound having at least one ionizing radiation-polymerizable functional group in one molecule. In this specification, an "ionizing radiation-polymerizable functional group" refers to a functional group that can undergo a polymerization reaction upon exposure to ionizing radiation. Examples of the ionizing radiation-polymerizable functional group include ethylenically unsaturated groups such as a (meth)acryloyl group, a vinyl group, and an allyl group. Note that the term "(meth)acryloyl group" encompasses both an "acryloyl group" and a "methacryloyl group." Examples of ionizing radiation used to polymerize an ionizing radiation-polymerizable compound include visible light, ultraviolet light, X-rays, electron beams, α-rays, β-rays, and γ-rays.

[0094] Examples of the ionizing radiation-polymerizable compound include an ionizing radiation-polymerizable monomer, an ionizing radiation-polymerizable oligomer, or an ionizing radiation-polymerizable prepolymer, which can be appropriately adjusted and used. As the ionizing radiation-polymerizable compound, a combination of an ionizing radiation-polymerizable monomer and an ionizing radiation-polymerizable oligomer or an ionizing radiation-polymerizable prepolymer is preferred.

[0095] Examples of the ionizing radiation polymerizable compound include ionizing radiation polymerizable monomers, ionizing radiation polymerizable oligomers, and ionizing radiation polymerizable polymers, which can be adjusted appropriately and used.

[0096] The ionizing radiation polymerizable monomer is preferably a polyfunctional monomer having two or more polymerizable functional groups (i.e., bifunctional). Examples of polyfunctional monomers include trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, tripropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, dipropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, ditrimethylolpropane tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate, acrylate, tripentaerythritol octa(meth)acrylate, tetrapentaerythritol deca(meth)acrylate, isocyanuric acid tri(meth)acrylate, isocyanuric acid di(meth)acrylate, polyester tri(meth)acrylate, polyester di(meth)acrylate, bisphenol di(meth)acrylate, diglycerin tetra(meth)acrylate, adamantyl di(meth)acrylate, isoboronyl di(meth)acrylate, dicyclopentane di(meth)acrylate, tricyclodecane di(meth)acrylate, and those modified with PO, EO, etc.

[0097] Among these, trimethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, and the like are preferred from the viewpoint of compatibility with the anti-fogging material.

[0098] The ionizing radiation polymerizable oligomer is preferably a polyfunctional oligomer having two or more functionalities, such as polyester (meth)acrylate, urethane (meth)acrylate, polyester-urethane (meth)acrylate, polyether (meth)acrylate, polyol (meth)acrylate, melamine (meth)acrylate, isocyanurate (meth)acrylate, and epoxy (meth)acrylate.

[0099] The ionizing radiation polymerizable prepolymer preferably has a weight-average molecular weight of 3,000 or more, more preferably 3,000 to 80,000, 3,000 to 40,000, 10,000 to 80,000, or 10,000 to 40,000. If the weight-average molecular weight exceeds 80,000, the viscosity is high, which reduces coatability and may result in a poor appearance of the resulting transparent laminate. Examples of the prepolymer include urethane (meth)acrylate, isocyanurate (meth)acrylate, polyester-urethane (meth)acrylate, and epoxy (meth)acrylate. In this specification, the term "weight-average molecular weight" refers to a polystyrene-equivalent value measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC).

[0100] A thermally polymerizable compound has at least one thermally polymerizable functional group per molecule. In this specification, a "thermally polymerizable functional group" refers to a functional group that can undergo a polymerization reaction with other functional groups or with other functional groups upon heating. Examples of the thermally polymerizable functional group include cyclic ether groups such as epoxy groups, hydroxyl groups, isocyanate groups, and amino groups.

[0101] The thermally polymerizable compound is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include epoxy compounds, polyol compounds, isocyanate compounds, melamine compounds, urea compounds, and phenol compounds.

[0102] The solvent-drying resin is a resin, such as a thermoplastic resin, that can be formed into a coating by simply drying the solvent added to adjust the solid content during coating. When a solvent-drying resin is added, coating defects on the surface to which the coating liquid is applied can be effectively prevented when forming the functional layer 12. The solvent-drying resin is not particularly limited, and generally, a thermoplastic resin can be used.

[0103] Examples of thermoplastic resins include styrene-based resins, (meth)acrylic-based resins, vinyl acetate-based resins, vinyl ether-based resins, halogen-containing resins, alicyclic olefin-based resins, polycarbonate-based resins, polyester-based resins, polyamide-based resins, cellulose derivatives, silicone-based resins, and rubber or elastomers.

[0104] The thermoplastic resin is preferably amorphous and soluble in an organic solvent (particularly a common solvent capable of dissolving multiple polymers and curable compounds). In particular, from the viewpoints of transparency and weather resistance, styrene-based resins, (meth)acrylic-based resins, alicyclic olefin-based resins, polyester-based resins, cellulose derivatives (cellulose esters, etc.), etc. are preferred.

[0105] (Anti-fog material) The anti-fog material is a material for suppressing fogging on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10. The anti-fog material may be a resin. The anti-fog material is preferably contained in the functional layer 12 in an amount of 10% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less. If the content of the anti-fog material is 10% by mass or more, sufficient anti-fog properties can be obtained, and if the content of the anti-fog material is 85% by mass or less, sufficient hardness and transparency can be obtained. The content of the anti-fog material in the functional layer 12 is preferably 30% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less, 50% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less, or 70% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less. Increasing the content of the anti-fog material can improve formability and flexibility. Therefore, when improving formability and flexibility, the content of the anti-fog material in the functional layer 12 is preferably 10% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, 50% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less, or 70% by mass or more and 95% by mass or less.

[0106] The anti-fogging material may be a non-polymeric anti-fogging material that does not have a polymerizable functional group, but from the viewpoint of fixing the anti-fogging material to the functional layer, it is preferable that it is a polymeric anti-fogging material that has a polymerizable functional group.

[0107] Examples of polymeric anti-fogging materials include urethane (meth)acrylates such as polyether-based, ethylene oxide (EO)-modified (meth)acrylates, (meth)acrylamide-based compounds, and hydroxyalkyl (meth)acrylates.

[0108] The urethane (meth)acrylate can be obtained by reacting an isocyanate with a (meth)acrylate having a hydroxyl group. At this time, various polyols may be used in combination. From the viewpoint of improving hardness and adhesion to the low refractive index layer, the urethane (meth)acrylate is preferably a polyfunctional urethane (meth)acrylate having two or more (meth)acryloyl groups. From the viewpoint of suppressing coating defects due to an increase in viscosity, the weight average molecular weight of the urethane (meth)acrylate is preferably 1,000 or more and 50,000 or less.

[0109] Examples of isocyanates used in producing urethane (meth)acrylates include aromatic isocyanates such as o-tolylene diisocyanate, p-phenylene diisocyanate, m-phenylene diisocyanate, p-xylene diisocyanate, m-xylene diisocyanate, 2,4-tolylene diisocyanate, 2,6-tolylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate, 3,3'-dimethyldiphenyl-4,4'-diisocyanate, 3,3'-diethyldiphenyl-4,4'-diisocyanate, and naphthalene diisocyanate; and aliphatic or alicyclic isocyanates such as isophorone diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-dicyclohexylmethane diisocyanate, hydrogenated xylene diisocyanate, norbornene diisocyanate, and lysine diisocyanate.

[0110] From the viewpoint of improving hardness and adhesion to the low refractive index layer, the ethylene oxide-modified (meth)acrylate is preferably a polyfunctional ethylene oxide-modified (meth)acrylate having two or more (meth)acryloyl groups. The average number of moles of ethylene oxide added in the ethylene oxide-modified (meth)acrylate is preferably more than 0 and not more than 30. If the average number of moles of ethylene oxide added is 0, sufficient anti-fogging properties may not be obtained, and if the average number of moles of ethylene oxide added is more than 30, the flexible ethylene oxide chains may become too long, which may deteriorate the scratch resistance of the transparent laminate.

[0111] Examples of ethylene oxide (EO)-modified (meth)acrylates include ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate and ethoxylated glycerin tri(meth)acrylate.

[0112] Examples of (meth)acrylamide compounds include (meth)acrylamide, N-methyl(meth)acrylamide, N,N-dimethyl(meth)acrylamide, N-ethyl(meth)acrylamide, N,N-diethyl(meth)acrylamide, N-propyl(meth)acrylamide, N-isopropyl(meth)acrylamide, diacetone(meth)acrylamide, N-(meth)acryloylpiperidine, N-(meth)acryloylmorpholine, etc. Examples of hydroxyalkyl(meth)acrylates include hydroxyethyl(meth)acrylate, hydroxypropyl(meth)acrylate, etc.

[0113] As the anti-fogging material, for example, the following compounds can be used. [ka] In the above formula, R is an ethylene oxide group, and a+b+c+d is 25 to 45. In this specification, the ethylene oxide group refers to a group represented by -CH2-CH2-O-.

[0114] [ka] In the above formula, R is an ethylene oxide group, and l+m+n is 4 to 14.

[0115] [ka] In the above formula, R is an ethylene oxide group, and l+m+n is 10-30.

[0116] Commercially available anti-fog materials include NFX-551 manufactured by Neos Corporation, 8WX-022A, 8WX-030, and 8WX-083 manufactured by Taisei Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., KRM8713B manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Corporation, ATM-35E and A-GLY-20E manufactured by Shin-Nakamura Chemical Co., Ltd., KBP-1 manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd., Nostra (registered trademark) urethane acrylate manufactured by Mitsui Chemicals, Inc., Aronix (registered trademark) MT-3563 to 3567 for anti-fog paints manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd., DHY-1 manufactured by Arakawa Chemical Industries, Ltd., UVF-1 manufactured by Showa Ink Industrial Co., Ltd., SA-TE60 manufactured by Sakamoto Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., LAMBIC-771W manufactured by Osaka Organic Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., FOM series manufactured by Fujifilm Corporation, and R-1220 manufactured by Daiichi Kogyo Seiyaku Co., Ltd.

[0117] (particle) The particles may be either organic or inorganic, as long as they can improve hardness. Examples of organic particles include plastic beads. Specific examples of plastic beads include polystyrene beads, melamine resin beads, acrylic beads, acrylic-styrene beads, silicone beads, benzoguanamine beads, benzoguanamine-formaldehyde condensation beads, polycarbonate beads, and polyethylene beads. Examples of inorganic particles include inorganic oxide particles such as silica (SiO2) particles, alumina particles, titania particles, tin oxide particles, antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) particles, and zinc oxide particles. Among inorganic oxide particles, silica particles are preferred from the viewpoint of achieving excellent hardness, and among silica particles, reactive silica particles are preferred. The reactive silica particles are silica particles that can form a crosslinked structure with the polyfunctional (meth)acrylate. The reactive silica particles can be immobilized in the functional layer by incorporating the reactive silica particles.

[0118] The reactive silica particles preferably have reactive functional groups on their surfaces, and the reactive functional groups are preferably, for example, the ionizing radiation polymerizable functional groups described above.

[0119] The reactive silica particles are not particularly limited, and conventionally known particles can be used, such as those described in JP 2008-165040 A. Commercially available reactive silica particles include MIBK-SD and MIBK-SD-L manufactured by Nissan Chemical Industries, Ltd.

[0120] The particles may be spherical, but are preferably irregularly shaped particles, and spherical and irregularly shaped particles may be mixed. In this specification, "spherical particles" refers to particles such as spherical particles and ellipsoidal particles, and "irregularly shaped particles" refers to particles with random potato-like irregularities on the surface. Since the irregularly shaped particles have a larger surface area than spherical particles, the inclusion of such irregularly shaped particles increases the contact area with the polymerizable compound, etc., thereby improving the pencil hardness of the functional layer 12. Whether the functional layer 44 contains the irregularly shaped particles can be confirmed by observing the cross section of the functional layer 12 with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM).

[0121] The average particle diameter of the particles is preferably 0.01 μm or more and 10 μm or less. A particle diameter of 0.01 μm or more can suppress particle aggregation and further suppress deterioration of particle dispersibility in the composition prior to coating. On the other hand, a particle diameter of 10 μm or less can suppress the formation of large irregularities in the functional layer, thereby suppressing problems such as increased haze. When the particles are spherical, the average particle diameter of the particles is determined by measuring the particle diameters of 20 particles from cross-sectional images of the particles taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and calculating the arithmetic mean of the particle diameters of the 20 particles. When the particles are irregularly shaped, the average particle diameter of the particles is determined by measuring the maximum (longer diameter) and minimum (minor diameter) distances between two points on the periphery of the particles from cross-sectional images of the functional layer taken with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), averaging the particle diameter, and calculating the arithmetic mean of the particle diameters of the 20 particles. When taking cross-sectional photographs using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) (for example, product name "S-4800 (TYPE2)" manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation), the detector (selection signal) is set to "TE," the acceleration voltage to "30 kV," and the emission to "10 μA."

[0122] <Low refractive index layer> The low-refractive-index layer 13 is a layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer 12. Specifically, the refractive index of the low-refractive-index layer 13 may be 1.20 or more and 1.50 or less. The refractive index of the low-refractive-index layer 13 is measured by the method described in the section on the functional layer 12. The refractive index of the low-refractive-index layer 13 may be 1.20 or more and 1.49 or less, 1.20 or more and 1.40 or less, or 1.20 or more and 1.32 or less. The difference in refractive index between the functional layer 12 and the low-refractive-index layer 13 may be 0.10 or more and 0.25 or less.

[0123] The thickness of the low-refractive index layer 13 is preferably 200 nm or less. A thickness of 200 nm or less of the low-refractive index layer 13 can suppress reflection of external light. Furthermore, if the low-refractive index layer is too thick, the anti-fogging function of the functional layer may be blocked by the low-refractive index layer. However, if the low-refractive index layer 13 is 200 nm or less, the low-refractive index layer 13 is so thin that the anti-fogging function can be exerted even on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10, thereby obtaining a transparent laminate 10 with superior anti-fogging properties. The thickness of the low-refractive index layer 13 is determined by measuring the thickness at 20 points on an image of the cross section of the low-refractive index layer 13 taken using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), and calculating the arithmetic mean value of the 20 measurements. The thickness of the low-refractive index layer 13 can be measured using the same method as for the thickness of the functional layer 12. The film thickness of the low refractive index layer 13 is preferably 50 nm or more and 200 nm or less, 60 nm or more and 200 nm or less, 70 nm or more and 200 nm or less, 80 nm or more and 200 nm or less, 50 nm or more and 175 nm or less, 60 nm or more and 175 nm or less, 70 nm or more and 175 nm or less, 80 nm or more and 175 nm or less, 50 nm or more and 150 nm or less, 60 nm or more and 150 nm or less, 70 nm or more and 150 nm or less, 80 nm or more and 150 nm or less, 50 nm or more and 125 nm or less, 60 nm or more and 125 nm or less, 70 nm or more and 125 nm or less, 80 nm or more and 125 nm or less, 50 nm or more and 100 nm or less, 60 nm or more and 100 nm or less, 70 nm or more and 100 nm or less, or 80 nm or more and 100 nm or less.

[0124] The low refractive index layer 13 is not particularly limited as long as it has a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer 12, but the low refractive index layer 13 can be composed of, for example, a binder resin and low refractive index particles, or a low refractive index resin. The low refractive index layer 13 may also contain other additives such as an antifouling agent.

[0125] (low refractive index particles) Examples of low refractive index particles include solid or hollow particles made of silica or magnesium fluoride. Among these, hollow silica particles are preferred, and such hollow silica particles can be produced by the manufacturing method described in the examples of JP-A-2005-099778.

[0126] The average particle diameter of the low-refractive-index particles is preferably 5 nm or more and 100 nm or less. If the average particle diameter of the low-refractive-index particles is within the above range, the transparency of the low-refractive-index layer is not impaired and a good particle dispersion state can be obtained. The average particle diameter of the low-refractive-index particles is determined by measuring the particle diameters of 20 low-refractive-index particles from an image of the cross section of the low-refractive-index layer taken using a transmission electron microscope (TEM) or a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), and calculating the arithmetic mean value of the particle diameters of the 20 low-refractive-index particles. The average particle diameter of the low-refractive-index particles is more preferably 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less, 5 nm or more and 80 nm or less, 10 nm or more and 80 nm or less, 5 nm or more and 70 nm or less, or 10 nm or more and 70 nm or less.

[0127] As the low refractive index particles, it is preferable to use silica particles having reactive groups on the surface (reactive silica particles), and reactive hollow silica particles are particularly preferable.Such silica particles having reactive groups on the surface can be prepared by surface treating silica particles with a silane coupling agent or the like.Methods for treating the surface of silica particles with a silane coupling agent include a dry method in which the silane coupling agent is sprayed onto silica particles, and a wet method in which the silica particles are dispersed in a solvent and then a silane coupling agent is added to cause reaction.

[0128] (binder resin) Examples of the binder resin constituting the low refractive index layer 13 include polymers of polymerizable compounds. The polymerizable compound is not particularly limited, but ionizing radiation polymerizable monomers, oligomers, and prepolymers can be used. However, the binder resin may be mixed with a resin into which fluorine atoms have been introduced, or a material with a low refractive index such as organopolysiloxane. Examples of the monofunctional ionizing radiation polymerizable monomer include ethyl (meth)acrylate, ethylhexyl (meth)acrylate, styrene, methylstyrene, and N-vinylpyrrolidone. Furthermore, examples of difunctional or higher ionizing radiation polymerizable monomers include polymethylolpropane tri(meth)acrylate, hexanediol (meth)acrylate, tripropylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, diethylene glycol di(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tri(meth)acrylate, pentaerythritol tetra(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta(meth)acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa(meth)acrylate, 1,6-hexanediol di(meth)acrylate, neopentyl glycol di(meth)acrylate, and compounds obtained by modifying these compounds with ethylene oxide, polyethylene oxide, or the like.

[0129] (low refractive index resin) Examples of low refractive index resins include resins into which fluorine atoms have been introduced and resins with low refractive index such as organopolysiloxane.

[0130] <<Method of manufacturing a transparent laminate>> The transparent laminate 10 can be produced, for example, by the following method: First, a composition for functional layer is applied onto the first surface 11A of the substrate 11 to form a coating film of the composition for functional layer.

[0131] <Composition for functional layer> The composition for the functional layer contains a polymerizable compound and an anti-fogging agent, and may further contain particles, a leveling agent, a solvent, and a polymerization initiator, as necessary.

[0132] (solvent) Examples of the solvent include alcohols (e.g., methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, s-butanol, t-butanol, benzyl alcohol, PGME, ethylene glycol, and diacetone alcohol), ketones (e.g., acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, cyclopentanone, cyclohexanone, heptanone, diisobutyl ketone, diethyl ketone, and diacetone alcohol), esters (methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, n-propyl acetate, isopropyl acetate, and formic acid), and the like. Examples of the solvent include methyl, PGMEA), aliphatic hydrocarbons (e.g., hexane, cyclohexane), halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g., methylene chloride, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., benzene, toluene, xylene), amides (e.g., dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide, n-methylpyrrolidone), ethers (e.g., diethyl ether, dioxane, tetrahydrofuran), ether alcohols (e.g., 1-methoxy-2-propanol), and carbonates (dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, ethyl methyl carbonate). These solvents may be used alone or in combination of two or more. Among these, methyl isobutyl ketone and methyl ethyl ketone are preferred as the solvent, as they can dissolve or disperse components such as polymerizable compounds and allow the functional layer composition to be suitably applied.

[0133] (Polymerization initiator) The polymerization initiator is a component that is decomposed by irradiation with ionizing radiation to generate radicals and initiate or advance the polymerization (crosslinking) of the polymerizable compound.

[0134] The polymerization initiator is not particularly limited as long as it is capable of releasing a substance that initiates radical polymerization upon exposure to ionizing radiation. The polymerization initiator is not particularly limited, and known initiators can be used, specific examples of which include acetophenones, benzophenones, Michler's benzoyl benzoate, α-amyloxime ester, thioxanthones, propiophenones, benzils, benzoins, and acylphosphine oxides. It is also preferable to use a photosensitizer in combination, specific examples of which include n-butylamine, triethylamine, and poly-n-butylphosphine.

[0135] After forming a coating film of the composition for the functional layer, the coating film is dried by heating at a temperature of, for example, 30° C. or higher and 120° C. or lower by any of various known methods to evaporate the solvent.

[0136] After drying the coating film, the coating film is irradiated with ionizing radiation such as ultraviolet light to harden the coating film, thereby forming the functional layer 12. After forming the functional layer 12, a composition for a low refractive index layer is applied onto the functional layer 12 to form a coating film of the composition for a low refractive index layer.

[0137] <Composition for low refractive index layer> The composition for the low refractive index layer contains, for example, a polymerizable compound and low refractive index particles. The composition for the low refractive index layer may contain a low refractive index resin instead of the polymerizable compound and the low refractive index particles, and the low refractive index resin may further contain a leveling agent, a solvent, and a polymerization initiator as necessary.

[0138] After forming a coating film of the composition for the low refractive index layer, the coating film is dried by heating at a temperature of, for example, 30° C. or higher and 120° C. or lower by any of various known methods to evaporate the solvent.

[0139] After drying the coating film, the coating film is irradiated with ionizing radiation such as ultraviolet light to harden the coating film, thereby forming the low refractive index layer 13 and obtaining the transparent laminate 10.

[0140] According to this embodiment, the transparent laminate 10 has a low refractive index layer 13, and therefore has anti-reflection properties. Furthermore, when the transparent laminate 10 is subjected to the above-mentioned anti-fogging test, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 does not fog up, and therefore excellent anti-fogging properties can be obtained. Furthermore, in the transparent laminate 10, ΔY1 is 0.2% or less, and therefore the luminous reflectance Y is unlikely to change even in an environment where fogging is likely to occur. Therefore, it is possible to provide a transparent laminate 10 that has anti-reflection properties and excellent anti-fogging properties, and whose luminous reflectance Y is unlikely to change even in an environment where fogging is likely to occur.

[0141] The transparent laminate 10 has anti-reflection properties and excellent anti-fogging properties, and its luminous reflectance Y remains stable even in fogging-prone environments. Therefore, when the transparent laminate 10 is used in an image display device, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 can be prevented from fogging due to moisture in the air layer during use, thereby preventing a decrease in image clarity, visibility, and transmittance due to a decrease in luminous reflectance. Furthermore, in large image display devices, the anti-reflection film can be prevented from fogging up a portion of its surface, thereby preventing unevenness due to a partial decrease in image clarity. Furthermore, when the transparent laminate 10 is used in a transparent face protector or a transparent partition, it can prevent light reflections from making it difficult to see mouth movements, even when talking through the transparent face protector or transparent partition. It can also prevent the transparent face protector or the like from fogging up due to exhaled breath, which can cause anxiety and stress for the person you are talking to.

[0142] Since the low refractive index layer is much thinner than the functional layer, if the low refractive index layer contains an anti-fogging material, the content of the anti-fogging material will be too low, and the surface of the transparent laminate may become cloudy when the above-mentioned anti-fogging test is performed. Therefore, the inventors have conducted extensive research and found that even if a low refractive index layer is present on the functional layer, if an anti-fogging material is contained in at least the functional layer, excellent anti-fogging properties can be obtained on the surface of the transparent laminate. In this embodiment, the functional layer 12 contains an anti-fogging material, so that the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 can be prevented from clouding.

[0143] It is generally known that hollow silica particles are prone to absorbing moisture due to their hollowness. When hollow silica particles absorb moisture, they become cloudy, which may cause stains in the transparent laminate. In contrast, even when hollow silica particles are used in the transparent laminate 10 of this embodiment, stains caused by the clouding of the hollow silica particles in the transparent laminate 10 are unlikely to occur. Although the reason for this is unclear, it is thought that this is because the anti-fogging material in the functional layer 12 absorbs moisture before the hollow silica particles.

[0144] The present inventors have conducted extensive research into anti-fogging properties and have found that the anti-fogging properties are further improved when at least one of the functional layer and the low refractive index layer contains a certain amount of an anti-fogging material containing an ether component such as an alkylene oxide such as ethylene oxide. Specifically, in the absorption spectrum by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10, 1780 cm -1 ~ 1700 cm -1 for the first peak intensity in the first wavenumber region of 1150 cm -1 ~ 1000 cm -1 When the ratio of the second peak intensity to the first peak intensity in the second wavenumber range is 1.25 or more and 2.20 or less, when the above-mentioned anti-fogging test is performed on the transparent laminate 10, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 does not fog up, excellent anti-fogging properties can be obtained, and ΔY1 can be set to 0.2% or less. Therefore, when the ratio of the second peak intensity to the first peak intensity is 1.25 or more and 2.20 or less, it is possible to provide a transparent laminate 10 that has anti-reflection properties and excellent anti-fogging properties and whose luminous reflectance Y is unlikely to change even in an environment where fogging is likely to occur.

[0145] The present inventors have conducted extensive research into the anti-fogging properties of the transparent laminate, and have found that the absorption spectrum of the surface of the transparent laminate by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy shows a peak at 1540 cm -1 ~1560cm -1In the case where the transparent laminate contains a material having a third peak in the third wave number region (for example, a material having a urethane skeleton such as urethane (meth)acrylate), the absorption spectrum of the transparent laminate by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is 1780 cm -1 ~ 1700 cm -1 for the first peak intensity in the first wavenumber region of 1150 cm -1 ~ 1000 cm -1 The inventors have found that the anti-fogging properties are further improved even when the ratio of the second peak intensity in the second wavenumber range to the first peak intensity is relatively low. Specifically, even when the ratio of the second peak intensity to the first peak intensity in the absorption spectrum of the transparent laminate 10 measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy is 0.01 or more and 0.40 or less, when the above-mentioned anti-fogging test is performed on the transparent laminate 10, the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 does not fog up, excellent anti-fogging properties can be obtained, and ΔY1 can be set to 0.2% or less. Therefore, when the ratio of the second peak intensity to the first peak intensity is 0.01 or more and 0.40 or less, a transparent laminate 10 can be provided that has anti-reflection properties and excellent anti-fogging properties and whose luminous reflectance Y is unlikely to change even in environments where fogging is likely to occur.

[0146] For example, when a transparent laminate, such as a transparent facial protective device, is used close to the face, the odor of the transparent laminate is easily noticeable. Therefore, when a transparent laminate is used close to the face, it is necessary to suppress the odor of the transparent laminate. On the other hand, among anti-fog materials with excellent anti-fog properties, quaternary ammonium-based anti-fog materials have a strong odor, making them unsuitable for applications where the material is used close to the face. To address this odor problem, an anti-fog material other than a quaternary ammonium-based anti-fog material can be selected as the anti-fog material and / or a polymerization initiator having a maximum absorption wavelength of less than 350 nm can be selected as the polymerization initiator, thereby suppressing the odor and allowing the material to be used in applications where the material is used close to the face.

[0147] When odor is to be suppressed, the polymerization initiator may be a cationic polymerization initiator, but is preferably a radical polymerization initiator. In addition, a polymerization initiator having a maximum absorption wavelength at or above 350 nm may be used together with a polymerization initiator having a maximum absorption wavelength at or below 350 nm.

[0148] The polymerization initiator for suppressing odor is not particularly limited as long as it has a maximum absorption wavelength at a wavelength of less than 350 nm, and examples that can be used include benzoin compounds, benzophenone compounds, benzil ketal compounds, α-hydroxyketone compounds, α-aminoketone compounds, triazine compounds, iodonium salts, and sulfonium salts.

[0149] Among polymerization initiators having a maximum absorption wavelength of less than 350 nm, α-acetophenone compounds are preferred. Examples of α-acetophenone compounds include 2-hydroxy-1-{4-[4-(2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionyl)benzyl]phenyl}-2-methylprop-1-one, 2-methyl-2-morpholino-1-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)propan-1-one, 2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-2-benzylbutan-1-one, and 2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-2-(4-methylphenylmethyl)butan-1-one, and more preferably 2-methyl-2-morpholino-1-(4-methylsulfanylphenyl)propan-1-one and 2-dimethylamino-1-(4-morpholinophenyl)-2-benzylbutan-1-one. Commercially available α-acetophenone compounds include Omnirad127, Omnirad369, Omnirad379EG, and Omnirad907 (all manufactured by IGM Resins BV) and Seikuol BEE (manufactured by Seiko Chemical Co., Ltd.). Commercially available benzophenone compounds having a maximum absorption wavelength at a wavelength of less than 350 nm include Omnipol BP (manufactured by IGM Resins BV), and commercially available α-hydroxyketone compounds having a maximum absorption peak at a wavelength of less than 350 nm include ESACURE KIP150 (manufactured by IGM Resins BV).

[0150] <<<Other transparent laminates>>> The transparent laminate 10 includes a functional layer 12 and a low-refractive index layer 13 on the first surface 11A side of the substrate 11, but may also include a functional layer 21 and a low-refractive index layer 22 not only on the first surface 11A of the substrate 11 but also on the second surface 11B side opposite the first surface 11A, as in the transparent laminate 20 shown in Figure 2. The functional layer 21 may be the same as or different from the functional layer 12, and the low-refractive index layer 22 may be the same as or different from the low-refractive index layer 13. The surface 20A of the transparent laminate 20 is the surface 13A of the low-refractive index layer 13.

[0151] The transparent laminate 10 includes a substrate 11, but may not include a substrate like the transparent laminate 30 shown in FIG. 3 . That is, the transparent laminate 30 is a substrate-less laminate. In this embodiment, the "substrate" refers to a support for forming the transparent laminate and a film or sheet that remains in the transparent laminate even when the transparent laminate is in use. The transparent laminate 30 is formed on one side of a release film 31. The release film 31 is not considered to be a substrate because it is peeled off when the transparent laminate 30 is in use. The surface 30A of the transparent laminate 30 is the surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13.

[0152] Although the low refractive index layer 13 of the transparent laminate 10 does not contain an anti-fogging material, a low refractive index layer 41 containing an anti-fogging material may be used instead of the low refractive index layer 13, as in the transparent laminate 40 shown in FIG. 4. The anti-fogging material contained in the low refractive index layer 41 is the same as the anti-fogging material described in the section on the functional layer 12, so a description thereof will be omitted here. By including an anti-fogging material in the low refractive index layer 41, not only the functional layer 12 but also the low refractive index layer 41 exhibits anti-fogging function, thereby further improving anti-fogging properties. The surface 40A of the transparent laminate 40 is the surface 41A of the low refractive index layer 41.

[0153] In the transparent laminate 10, the functional layer 12 and the low refractive index layer 13 are adjacent to each other, but a high refractive index layer 51 may be provided between the functional layer 12 and the low refractive index layer 13, as in the transparent laminate 50 shown in FIG. 5. By providing the high refractive index layer 51, it is possible to further improve anti-reflection properties. The surface 50A of the transparent laminate 50 is the surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13. Note that although the low refractive index layer 13 of the transparent laminate 50 shown in FIG. 5 does not have anti-fogging properties, the low refractive index layer 41 of the transparent laminate 40 may be used instead of the low refractive index layer 13.

[0154] The high-refractive index layer 51 has a refractive index higher than that of the low-refractive index layer. Specifically, the refractive index of the high-refractive index layer 51 may be 1.55 or more and 1.85 or less. The refractive index of the high-refractive index layer 51 can be measured by the method described in the section on the functional layer 12. The refractive index of the high-refractive index layer 51 may be 1.56 or more and 1.85 or less, 1.57 or more and 1.85 or less, 1.55 or more and 1.80 or less, 1.56 or more and 1.80 or less, 1.57 or more and 1.80 or less, 1.55 or more and 1.75 or less, 1.56 or more and 1.75 or less, or 1.57 or more and 1.75 or less. The difference in refractive index between the low-refractive index layer 13 and the high-refractive index layer 51 may be 0.1 or more and 0.65 or less.

[0155] The thickness of the high refractive index layer 51 is preferably 200 nm or less. If the thickness of the high refractive index layer 51 is 200 nm or less, reflection of external light can be suppressed without impairing the appearance. The thickness of the high refractive index layer 51 can be measured by the same method as that for the thickness of the low refractive index layer 13. The film thickness of the high refractive index layer 51 is preferably 50 nm or more and 200 nm or less, 60 nm or more and 200 nm or less, 70 nm or more and 200 nm or less, 80 nm or more and 200 nm or less, 50 nm or more and 195 nm or less, 60 nm or more and 195 nm or less, 70 nm or more and 195 nm or less, 80 nm or more and 195 nm or less, 50 nm or more and 190 nm or less, 60 nm or more and 190 nm or less, 70 nm or more and 190 nm or less, 80 nm or more and 190 nm or less, 50 nm or more and 185 nm or less, 60 nm or more and 185 nm or less, 70 nm or more and 185 nm or less, 80 nm or more and 185 nm or less, 50 nm or more and 180 nm or less, 60 nm or more and 180 nm or less, 70 nm or more and 180 nm or less, or 80 nm or more and 180 nm or less.

[0156] The transparent laminate 10 is used in a variety of applications. Examples of applications of the transparent laminate 10 include image display devices, transparent facial protective equipment, transparent partitions, transparent film curtains, and the like. In this specification, the term "transparent facial protective equipment" refers to equipment that provides protection by covering the entire face or a portion of the face (e.g., the eyes). Examples of transparent facial protective equipment include safety glasses and face shields. Transparent facial protective equipment may be of a single-use type or a reusable type. Examples of single-use transparent facial protective equipment include film-replaceable safety glasses, surgical masks with face shields, and face shields. Examples of reusable transparent facial protective equipment include safety glasses, goggles, and face shields. Below, the use of the transparent laminate 10 in an image display device or transparent facial protective equipment will be described.

[0157] <<<Image display devices>>> The image display device 60 shown in FIG. 6 is primarily intended for outdoor use, but may also be used indoors. The image display device 60 includes a display panel 70 and a transparent front plate 100 disposed on the viewer's side of the display panel 70 via an air gap 90. The thickness d of the air gap 90 (the distance between the display panel 70 and the front plate 100) is not particularly limited, but can be, for example, greater than 0 mm and not greater than 50 mm. The image display device 60 also includes a backlight device 110 on the rear side of the display panel 70 to illuminate the display panel 70. However, depending on the type of display panel, the image display device may not include a backlight device.

[0158] <<Display panel>> As shown in FIG. 6, the display panel 70 includes a display element 71 and polarizing plates 72 and 73 arranged on the viewer side and the backlight device 110 side of the display element 71, respectively, and the display element 71 and the polarizing plates 72 and 73 are integrated via transparent adhesive layers 74 and 75 such as pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA).

[0159] <Display element> The display element 71 is a liquid crystal display element. However, the display element is not limited to a liquid crystal display element, and may be, for example, an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) element. As the liquid crystal display element, a known liquid crystal display element can be used, and for example, one in which a liquid crystal layer, an alignment film, an electrode layer, a color filter, etc. are arranged between two glass substrates.

[0160] <Polarizing plate> The polarizing plate 72 includes a polarizer 76, an antireflection film 77 attached to the viewer-side surface of the polarizer 76, and a protective film 78 attached to the backlight device 110-side surface of the polarizer 76. Instead of the antireflection film 77, a film similar to the protective film 78 may be attached to the viewer-side surface of the polarizer 76, or another optical film may be attached.

[0161] (polarizer) The polarizer 76 may be a polyvinyl alcohol resin film dyed with iodine or a dichroic dye and uniaxially stretched. Examples of the polyvinyl alcohol resin include saponified polyvinyl acetate resins. Examples of the polyvinyl acetate resin include polyvinyl acetate, which is a homopolymer of vinyl acetate, as well as copolymers of vinyl acetate with other monomers copolymerizable therewith. Examples of other monomers copolymerizable with vinyl acetate include unsaturated carboxylic acids, olefins, vinyl ethers, unsaturated sulfonic acids, and acrylamides having an ammonium group. The polyvinyl alcohol resin may be modified; for example, polyvinyl formal or polyvinyl acetal modified with aldehydes may also be used.

[0162] When laminating the polarizer 76 with the antireflection film 77 or the protective film 78, it is preferable to previously saponify the antireflection film 77 or the protective film 78. By saponifying the antireflection film 77 or the protective film 78, the adhesion to the polarizer 76 is improved.

[0163] (anti-reflective film) The antireflection film 77 protects the polarizer 76 and provides antireflection properties. In this specification, "antireflection properties" refers to the property of reducing reflected light, specifically, a luminous reflectance Y of 3.5% or less, as described below. The antireflection film 77 includes a light-transmitting substrate 79, a functional layer 80 provided on the observer-side surface of the substrate 79, and a low-refractive index layer 81 provided on the observer-side surface of the functional layer 80, the low-refractive index layer 81 having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer 80. The substrate 79 and the low-refractive index layer 81 are similar to the substrate 11 and the low-refractive index layer 13, and therefore, a description thereof will be omitted here. However, the substrate 79 and the low-refractive index layer 81 do not have to be identical to the substrate 11 and the low-refractive index layer 13, as described below.

[0164] The functional layer 80 is similar to the functional layer 12 described later, except that it does not contain an anti-fogging material described later, and therefore a description thereof will be omitted here. However, the functional layer 80 may contain an anti-fogging material. That is, the anti-reflection film 77 is more susceptible to heat from the display panel 70 side than the transparent laminate 10, and therefore is less likely to fog up, but a material similar to that of the transparent laminate 10 may be used.

[0165] The functional layer 80 of the anti-reflection film 77 does not contain an anti-fogging material and therefore does not have anti-fogging properties. However, if the functional layer 80 of the anti-reflection film 77 contains an anti-fogging material, the contact angle with water on the observer-side surface 77A of the anti-reflection film 77 (the surface of the low refractive index layer 81) may be 90° or more.

[0166] (protective film) The protective film 78 is for protecting the polarizer 76, and is made of a light-transmitting base material such as a triacetyl cellulose film (TAC film).

[0167] The polarizing plate 73 includes a polarizer 82, a protective film 83 attached to one surface of the polarizer 82, and a protective film 84 attached to the other surface of the polarizer 82. The polarizer 82 is similar to the polarizer 76, and the protective films 83 and 84 are similar to the protective film 78, so a description thereof will be omitted here.

[0168] <<Backlight device>> A known backlight device can be used as the backlight device 110. The backlight device 110 may be either an edge-light type or a direct type backlight device.

[0169] <<Front board>> The front panel 100 includes a substrate 101 and a transparent laminate 10 arranged closer to the display panel 70 than the substrate 101. In the front panel 100, the transparent laminate 10 is arranged closer to the display panel 70 than the substrate 101, but it is sufficient if the transparent laminate 10 is arranged closer to at least one of the display panel 70 side and the viewer side than the substrate 101. The substrate 101 and the transparent laminate 10 are bonded together by a transparent adhesive layer 102. Another functional layer may be interposed between the substrate 101 and the transparent laminate 10. In this case, the substrate 101, the other functional layer, and the transparent laminate 10 are integrated by bonding or the like.

[0170] <Base material> The substrate 101 is intended to impart hardness to the image display device 60. A surface 101A of the substrate 101 serves as a surface 60A of the image display device 60 on the viewer's side.

[0171] The thickness of the substrate 101 is preferably 50 μm or more and 5 mm or less. If the thickness of the substrate 101 is 50 μm or more, the substrate 101 is less likely to crack and is less susceptible to the effects of the outside air, such as warping of the front panel due to water absorption. Furthermore, if the thickness of the substrate 101 is 5 mm or less, deterioration of visibility due to reduced light transmittance and image distortion can be suppressed, and the substrate is not too heavy and is easy to handle. The thickness of the substrate 101 can be measured using the same method as for the thickness of the substrate 11.

[0172] The constituent material of the substrate 101 is not particularly limited, but examples thereof include glass, acetyl cellulose resin, cycloolefin polymer (COP) resin, cycloolefin copolymer (COC) resin, polycarbonate resin, acrylic resin, polyester resin, and a mixture of these resins. Among these, glass is preferred from the viewpoint of high hardness and high transparency. The constituent material of the substrate is the same as the glass, acetyl cellulose substrate, cycloolefin polymer substrate, polycarbonate substrate, acrylic substrate, or polyester substrate described in the substrate section, and therefore a description thereof will be omitted here.

[0173] According to this embodiment, since the transparent laminate 10 is provided, an air layer 90 exists between the display panel 70 and the front panel 100, and the display panel 70 side of the front panel 100 has excellent anti-fogging properties, and an image display device 60 can be provided in which the luminous reflectance Y is unlikely to change even in an environment where fogging is likely to occur.

[0174] <<<Transparent face protection>>> The transparent facial protector 120 shown in Fig. 7 is a face shield. The transparent facial protector 120 includes, for example, a support member 130 and a double-sided anti-reflection laminate 140 attached to the support member 130. Although the double-sided anti-reflection laminate 140 is used in the transparent facial protector 120, its use is not particularly limited.

[0175] <<Double-sided anti-reflective laminate>> The double-sided antireflection laminate 140 has antireflection properties on both sides. The double-sided antireflection laminate 140 shown in FIG. 7 functions as a transparent shielding film for a face shield, covering the entire face or part of the face (e.g., the eyes). Thinness and lightness are important for transparent facial protective equipment, so the thickness of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 is preferably 1,000 μm or less from the viewpoint of thinness and lightness. The double-sided antireflection laminate 140 can be used not only as a transparent shielding film for a face shield, but also as a plate-shaped partition or film curtain for preventing droplets. In these cases, the thickness of the double-sided antireflection laminate is preferably 15,000 μm or less because its thinness and lightness make it easy to handle. The thickness of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 is measured at 10 points using a thickness measuring device (product name "Digimatic Indicator IDF-130" manufactured by Mitutoyo Corporation) and the arithmetic mean value of the thicknesses measured at the 10 points is used. If the double-sided antireflection laminate is too thin, it will be prone to deformation, and if the double-sided antireflection laminate lacks stiffness, it will cling to the face. Therefore, from the perspective of suppressing the deformation, providing stiffness, and achieving a thinner or lighter body, the thickness of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 is more preferably 85 μm to 1000 μm, 150 μm to 1000 μm, 250 μm to 1000 μm, 85 μm to 700 μm, 150 μm to 700 μm, or 250 μm to 700 μm, 85 μm to 600 μm, 150 μm to 600 μm, 250 μm to 600 μm, 85 μm to 500 μm, 150 μm to 500 μm, or 250 μm to 500 μm. In particular, when the thickness of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate 140 is 110 μm or more and 450 μm or less, the luminous reflectance Y is low, and the anti-fogging properties and visibility are excellent. In addition, since the thickness is optimal, when a face shield is produced using the double-sided anti-reflection laminate 140, a lightweight face shield that is comfortable to wear can be obtained.

[0176] 8, the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 is formed by laminating, for example, a transparent laminate 10, a transparent adhesive layer 150, and an antireflection film 160 in this order. That is, the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 has antireflection films on both sides. By providing antireflection films on both sides, transparency is further improved, making it possible to see mouth movements and providing a sense of security to the person you are talking to.

[0177] The first surface (inner surface) 140A, which is the face side of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate 140, is the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10 (surface 13A of the low refractive index layer 13), and the second surface (outer surface) 140B of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate 140 is the surface 160A of the anti-reflection film 160.

[0178] The double-sided anti-reflection laminate 140 preferably has a double-sided reflectance of 0.1% or more and 2% or less. If the double-sided anti-reflection laminate 140 has a double-sided reflectance of 0.1% or more, a decrease in scratch resistance can be suppressed, and if it is 2% or less, reflection can be sufficiently suppressed, making it easier to see mouth movements. "Double-sided reflectance" refers to the total reflectance of light reflected from both sides of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate when light is incident on one side of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate. When the double-sided anti-reflection laminate 140 is used in a transparent facial protective device, visibility is important for everyday life, so the lower the double-sided reflectance of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate 140, the better. The double-sided reflectance of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 is preferably 0.13% or more and 2% or less, 0.17% or more and 2% or less, 0.20% or more and 2% or less, 0.1% or more and 1.97% or less, 0.13% or more and 1.97% or less, 0.17% or more and 1.97% or less, 0.20% or more and 1.97% or less, 0.1% or more and 1.93% or less, 0.13% or more and 1.93% or less, 0.17% or more and 1.93% or less, 0.20% or more and 1.93% or less, 0.1% or more and 1.90% or less, 0.13% or more and 1.90% or less, 0.17% or more and 1.90% or less, or 0.20% or more and 1.90% or less.

[0179] The double-sided reflectance can be measured as follows. First, the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 is cut into a size of 70 mm x 70 mm to obtain a sample. Also, two black acrylic plates (hereinafter referred to as "black acrylic plate 1") measuring 10 mm x 50 mm and one black acrylic plate (hereinafter referred to as "black acrylic plate 2") measuring 50 mm x 50 mm are cut out from a black acrylic plate (for example, product name "CLAREX N-885" manufactured by Nitto Jushi Kogyo Co., Ltd., thickness 1 mm). Black acrylic plate 1 is placed on black acrylic plate 2 so that they face each other, and the plates are fixed in place with tape (product name "Cellotape (registered trademark)" manufactured by Nichiban Co., Ltd.) or the like to prepare holder 170 as shown in FIG. 9 . Sample S is then placed on holder 170 so that the sample straddles the two black acrylic plates 1. In this state, the holder 170 is placed in the measurement section of a spectrophotometer (for example, product name "UV-2600" manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) and the luminous reflectance is measured. The double-sided reflectance of sample S is then calculated by subtracting from the measured luminous reflectance the value obtained by multiplying the luminous reflectance of the black acrylic plate twice by the total light transmittance of the double-sided antireflection laminate (for example, in the case of double-sided antireflection laminate 140, reflectance (%) of black acrylic plate × total light transmittance (%) of double-sided antireflection laminate 140 / 100 × total light transmittance (%) of double-sided antireflection laminate 140 / 100).

[0180] The luminous reflectance Y measured from the first surface 140A of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 is preferably equal to or greater than the luminous reflectance Y measured from the second surface 140B of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140. When the double-sided antireflection laminate is used in a transparent facial protective device, a lower luminous reflectance on the outer surface can suppress reflections, making it easier for the other party to see the face of the person wearing the transparent facial protective device. Furthermore, when attempting to improve the anti-fogging properties on the inner surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate, the luminous reflectance Y tends to increase. Therefore, by making the luminous reflectance Y measured from the first surface 140A of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 equal to or greater than the luminous reflectance Y measured from the second surface 140B of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140, the face of the person wearing the transparent facial protective device can be more easily seen from the other party, and the anti-fogging properties on the inner surface can be improved.

[0181] ΔY2, which is the absolute value of the difference between the luminous reflectance Y measured from the first surface 140A (surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10) of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 and the luminous reflectance Y measured from the second surface 140B (surface 160A of the antireflection film 160) (|luminous reflectance of the first surface - luminous reflectance of the second surface|), is preferably 1.0% or less. If ΔY2 is 1.0% or less, light reflection can be suppressed, transparency is high, and visibility is good whether viewed from the first surface 140A side or the second surface 140B side. ΔY2 is more preferably 0.5% or less. The lower limit of ΔY2 is 0% or more.

[0182] The double-sided antireflection laminate 140 preferably has a total light transmittance of 90% or more. If the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 has a total light transmittance of 90% or more, sufficient optical performance can be obtained. The double-sided antireflection laminate 140 more preferably has a total light transmittance of 90% or more, 91% or more, or 92% or more. The upper limit of the total light transmittance of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 is 100% or less. The total light transmittance of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 can be measured in the same manner as the total light transmittance of the transparent laminate 10.

[0183] <Transparent adhesive layer> The transparent adhesive layer 150 is used to bond the transparent laminate 10 and the anti-reflection film 160. In this specification, the term "transparent adhesive layer" refers to a transparent layer for bonding components together, and is a concept that includes a transparent pressure-sensitive adhesive layer. The film thickness of the transparent adhesive layer 150 is not particularly limited, but is preferably, for example, 2 μm or more and 200 μm or less. If the film thickness of the transparent adhesive layer 150 is 2 μm or more, the transparent laminate 10 and the anti-reflection film 160 can be reliably bonded, and if it is 200 μm or less, transparency (light transmittance) can be maintained. The thickness of the transparent adhesive layer 150 is preferably 5 μm to 200 μm, 10 μm to 200 μm, 15 μm to 200 μm, 2 μm to 170 μm, 5 μm to 170 μm, 10 μm to 170 μm, 15 μm to 170 μm, 2 μm to 160 μm, 5 μm to 160 μm, 10 μm to 160 μm, 15 μm to 160 μm, 2 μm to 150 μm, 5 μm to 150 μm, 10 μm to 150 μm, or 15 μm to 150 μm. The thickness of the transparent adhesive layer 150 can be measured using the same method as that of the functional layer 12.

[0184] <Anti-reflection film> The antireflection film 160 is a film for suppressing reflection of external light. The configuration of the antireflection film 160 is not particularly limited, and for example, the antireflection film 160 shown in Fig. 8 is a transparent laminate in which a substrate 161, a functional layer 162, and a low refractive index layer 163 are laminated in this order. The substrate 161 is the same as the substrate 11, and the low refractive index layer 163 is the same as the low refractive index layer 13, so a description thereof will be omitted here.

[0185] (functional layer) The functional layer 162 is similar to the functional layer 12 except that it does not contain an antifogging material. However, the functional layer 162 may contain an antifogging material, just like the functional layer 12.

[0186] <<Other double-sided anti-reflection laminates>> Although the double-sided antireflection laminate 140 has a transparent laminate 10 on only one side, it may have a transparent laminate 10 on both sides, as in the double-sided antireflection laminate 180 shown in Fig. 10. In this case, the first side (inner side) 180A and the second side (outer side) 180B of the double-sided antireflection laminate 180 both become the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10. A transparent facial protector including such a double-sided antireflection laminate 180 can suppress fogging of the double-sided antireflection laminate 180 even when factors for fogging are present not only on the inner side but also on the outer side of the double-sided antireflection laminate 180.

[0187] In the double-sided antireflection laminate 140, a transparent laminate 10, a transparent adhesive layer 150, and an antireflection film 160 are provided in this order. However, a transparent film 191 may be disposed between the transparent laminate 10 and the antireflection film 160, as in the double-sided antireflection laminate 190 shown in FIG. 11 . In this case, in the double-sided antireflection laminate 190, the transparent laminate 10, a transparent adhesive layer 192, a transparent film 191, a transparent adhesive layer 193, and the antireflection film 160 are provided in this order. In this case, the first surface (inner surface) 190A of the double-sided antireflection laminate 190 is the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10, and the second surface (outer surface) 190B of the double-sided antireflection laminate 190 is the surface 160A of the antireflection film 160. Such a double-sided antireflection laminate 190 can be made stiffer and more resilient than the double-sided antireflection laminate 140.

[0188] <Transparent film> The thickness of the transparent film 191 is preferably 20 μm or more and 200 μm or less. If the thickness of the transparent film 191 is 20 μm or more, the double-sided antireflection laminate 190 can have a certain degree of stiffness and firmness, and if it is 200 μm or less, it can be made lighter. The thickness of the transparent film 191 can be measured in the same manner as the thickness of the substrate. The thickness of transparent film 191 is more preferably 25 μm to 200 μm, 40 μm to 200 μm, 50 μm to 200 μm, 20 μm to 150 μm, 25 μm to 150 μm, 40 μm to 150 μm, 50 μm to 150 μm, 20 μm to 120 μm, 25 μm to 120 μm, 40 μm to 120 μm, 50 μm to 120 μm, 20 μm to 100 μm, 25 μm to 100 μm, 40 μm to 100 μm, or 50 μm to 100 μm. Transparent film 191 is not particularly limited, but examples include films made of resins described in the section on substrate 11.

[0189] <Transparent adhesive layer> The transparent adhesive layers 192 and 193 are similar to the transparent adhesive layer 150, and therefore a description thereof will be omitted.

[0190] The transparent facial protector 120 includes a double-sided antireflection laminate 140. However, instead of the double-sided antireflection laminate 140, a single-sided antireflection laminate 200 having an antireflection function on only one side, as shown in FIG. 12, may be used. The single-sided antireflection laminate 200 may also include a transparent laminate 30 that does not include a substrate. In the single-sided antireflection laminate 200 shown in FIG. 12, a transparent laminate 10 is attached to a substrate 201 via a transparent adhesive layer 202. That is, in the single-sided antireflection laminate 200, the substrate 201, the transparent adhesive layer 202, and the transparent laminate 10 are laminated in this order. The first surface (inner surface) 201A of the single-sided antireflection laminate 200 corresponds to the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10. Note that the release film has been removed from the single-sided antireflection laminate 200. The substrate 201 is similar to the substrate 11, and the transparent adhesive layer 202 is similar to the transparent adhesive layer 150, and therefore, description thereof will be omitted.

[0191] Transparent facial protective equipment is prone to fogging because exhaled air comes into contact with the inner surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate. In contrast, according to the present embodiment, the first surfaces 140A, 180A, and 190A of the double-sided antireflection laminates 140, 180, and 190 are the surface 10A of the transparent laminate 10, thereby preventing fogging of the double-sided antireflection laminates 140, 180, and 190. Furthermore, the transparent laminate 10 has a low refractive index layer 13, which can prevent light reflection. This allows the user to understand mouth movements, providing a sense of security to the person with whom they are speaking. [Example]

[0192] In order to explain the present invention in detail, examples are given below, but the present invention is not limited to these descriptions.

[0193] <Preparation of anti-fogging material> Anti-fog materials A to D were prepared according to the following procedure. (Anti-fog material A) Ethylene oxide (EO) was repeatedly added to pentaerythritol, and finally acrylic acid was esterified to obtain anti-fogging material A, which is ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate with an EO modification number of 35.

[0194] (Anti-fog material B) EO addition was repeated to dipentaerythritol, and finally acrylic acid was esterified to obtain anti-fog material B, which is an ethoxylated dipentaerythritol polyacrylate with an EO modification number of 48.

[0195] (Anti-fog material C) EO addition was repeated to glycerin, and finally acrylic acid was esterified to obtain anti-fogging material C, which is ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate with an EO modification number of 9.

[0196] (Anti-fog material D) EO addition was repeated to trimethylolpropane, and finally acrylic acid was esterified to obtain anti-fog material D, which is ethoxylated pentaerythritol tetraacrylate with an EO modification number of 20.

[0197] <Preparation of hard coat layer composition> The components were mixed so as to obtain the composition shown below, thereby obtaining a composition for a hard coat layer.

[0198] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 1) Anti-fog material (product name "NFK-551", manufactured by Neos Co., Ltd.): 7 parts by weight 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Corporation): 0.9 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 1.05 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.05 parts by weight

[0199] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 2) Anti-fog material (product name "8WX-083", manufactured by Taisei Fine Chemical Co., Ltd.): 5.56 parts by mass 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Corporation): 0.9 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 1.77 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.77 parts by weight

[0200] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 3) Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Co., Ltd.): 4.67 parts by mass 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 2.215 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 2.215 parts by weight

[0201] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 4) ·Anti-fog material A: 2.10 parts by mass 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0202] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 5) Anti-fog material (product name "A-GLY-20E", manufactured by Shin-Nakamura Chemical Co., Ltd.): 2.10 parts by mass 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Corporation): 0.9 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0203] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 6) Urethane acrylate (product name "Aronix M-1100", manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.): 2.10 parts by weight 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Corporation): 0.9 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0204] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 7) Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Co., Ltd.): 5.67 parts by mass 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Corporation): 0.45 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 1.94 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.94 parts by weight

[0205] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 8) Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Co., Ltd.): 0.67 parts by mass 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Corporation): 2.7 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.315 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.315 parts by weight

[0206] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 9) Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Co., Ltd.): 4.67 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 2.215 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 2.215 parts by weight

[0207] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 10) Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Co., Ltd.): 4.67 parts by mass Mixture of dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate and dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate (product name "KAYARAD DPHA", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.): 0.9 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 2.215 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 2.215 parts by weight

[0208] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 11) Anti-fog material (product name "KRM 8713B", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Co., Ltd.): 4.67 parts by mass Tricyclodecane dimethanol diacrylate (product name "IRR214-K", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Corporation): 0.9 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 2.215 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 2.215 parts by mass

[0209] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 12) 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Corporation): 3 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0210] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 13) Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name: Light Acrylate TMP-A, manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 3 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Irgacure (registered trademark) 184", manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0211] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 14) Mixture of dipentaerythritol hexaacrylate and dipentaerythritol pentaacrylate (product name "KAYARAD DPHA", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd.): 3 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0212] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 15) ·Anti-fog material A: 3.20 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0213] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 16) ·Anti-fog material B: 2.80 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 1.20 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0214] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 17) ·Anti-fog material A: 2.60 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 1.40 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0215] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 18) ·Anti-fog material A: 3.60 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.40 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0216] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 19) ·Anti-fog material B: 3.20 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0217] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 20) ·Anti-fog material D: 3.20 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0218] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 21) Urethane acrylate (product name "Aronix M-1100", manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.): 2.80 parts by weight ·Anti-fog material A: 0.40 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0219] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 22) Urethane acrylate (product name "Aronix M-1100", manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.): 3.20 parts by weight Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0220] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 23) Urethane acrylate (product name "Aronix M-1100", manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.): 2.00 parts by weight Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 2.00 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0221] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 24) ·Anti-fog material A: 3.20 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0222] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 25) ·Anti-fog material A: 2.00 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name: Light Acrylate TMP-A, manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 2.00 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0223] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 26) ·Anti-fog material C: 3.20 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0224] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 27) Polyethylene glycol diacrylate (product name "Aronix M-240", manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.): 3.20 parts by mass Trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "Light Acrylate TMP-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.80 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0225] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 28) 1,6-Hexanediol diacrylate (product name "HDDA", manufactured by Daicel Allnex Corporation): 1 part by mass High refractive index monofunctional monomer (product name "Light Acrylate POB-A", manufactured by Kyoeisha Chemical Co., Ltd.): 2 parts by weight Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.12 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 3.5 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 3.5 parts by weight

[0226] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 29) Ethoxylated (15) trimethylolpropane triacrylate (product name "SR9035", manufactured by Sartomer Corporation): 3.45 parts by mass Pentaerythritol alkoxytetraacrylate (product name "EBECRYL 40", manufactured by Daicel-Allnex Corporation): 0.86 parts by mass Acrylate-modified perfluoropolyether (product name "Opttool DAC-HP", manufactured by Daikin Industries, Ltd.): 0.23 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone, product name "Omnirad184", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.14 parts by mass Isopropyl alcohol (IPA): 0.5 parts by weight

[0227] (Hard Coat Layer Composition 30) ·Anti-fog material A: 4.00 parts by mass Fluorine-based non-reactive surfactant (leveling agent, product name "F-477", manufactured by DIC Corporation): 0.1 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.16 parts by mass Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK): 4.80 parts by weight Methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK): 1.20 parts by weight

[0228] <Preparation of composition for low refractive index layer> The components were blended so as to obtain the composition shown below, thereby obtaining a composition for a low refractive index layer. (Low refractive index layer composition 1) Mixture of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (product name "KAYARAD PET-30", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., trifunctional): 0.14 parts by mass Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by JGC Catalysts and Chemicals Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, methyl isobutyl ketone dispersion): 0.80 parts by mass Methyl isobutyl ketone: 4.44 parts by mass Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 1.00 parts by mass Organosilicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.03 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Irgacure (registered trademark) 127", manufactured by BASF Japan Ltd.): 0.01 parts by mass

[0229] (Low refractive index layer composition 2) 0.16 parts by mass of a mixture of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (product name "KAYARAD PET-30", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., trifunctional) Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by JGC Catalysts and Chemicals Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, methyl isobutyl ketone dispersion): 0.80 parts by mass Methyl isobutyl ketone: 8.10 parts by mass Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 1.10 parts by mass Organic silicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.03 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.01 parts by mass

[0230] (Low refractive index layer composition 3) Mixture of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (product name "KAYARAD PET-30", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., trifunctional): 0.20 parts by mass Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by JGC Catalysts and Chemicals Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, methyl isobutyl ketone dispersion): 0.80 parts by mass Methyl isobutyl ketone: 9.10 parts by mass Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 1.20 parts by mass Organosilicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.04 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.01 parts by mass

[0231] (Low refractive index layer composition 4) Mixture of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (product name "KAYARAD PET-30", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., trifunctional): 0.16 parts by mass Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by JGC Catalysts and Chemicals Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, methyl isobutyl ketone dispersion): 0.80 parts by mass Methyl isobutyl ketone: 8.86 parts by weight Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 1.00 parts by mass Organosilicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.03 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.01 parts by mass

[0232] (Low refractive index layer composition 5) Mixture of pentaerythritol triacrylate and pentaerythritol tetraacrylate (product name "KAYARAD PET-30", manufactured by Nippon Kayaku Co., Ltd., trifunctional): 0.09 parts by mass Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by JGC Catalysts and Chemicals Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, methyl isobutyl ketone dispersion): 0.80 parts by mass Methyl isobutyl ketone: 6.90 parts by mass Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 0.84 parts by mass Organosilicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.01 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.01 parts by mass

[0233] (Low refractive index layer composition 6) ·Anti-fog material A: 0.16 parts by mass Hollow silica microparticle dispersion (microparticles, manufactured by JGC Catalysts and Chemicals Co., Ltd., average particle size 55 nm, solid content 20% by mass, methyl isobutyl ketone dispersion): 0.80 parts by mass Methyl isobutyl ketone: 8.86 parts by weight Propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate: 1.00 parts by mass Organosilicone with reactive functional groups (product name "X-22-164E", manufactured by Shin-Etsu Chemical Co., Ltd.): 0.03 parts by mass Polymerization initiator (product name "Omnirad127", manufactured by IGM Resins BV): 0.01 parts by mass

[0234] Example 1 A 60 μm-thick triacetyl cellulose substrate (product name "TD P60", manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.) was prepared as a substrate, and the above-mentioned hard coat layer composition 1 was applied to one side of the triacetyl cellulose substrate to form a coating film. The formed coating film was then dried at 70° C. for 30 seconds to evaporate the solvent in the coating film, and ultraviolet light was applied under a nitrogen atmosphere (oxygen concentration 200 ppm or less) with an integrated light intensity of 200 mJ / cm 2 . 2The coating film was cured by irradiating the film with light at a cumulative dose of 100 mJ / cm under a nitrogen atmosphere (oxygen concentration of 200 ppm or less), thereby forming a hard coat layer with a refractive index of 1.51 and a thickness of 5 μm. Next, the composition 1 for low refractive index layer was applied onto the hard coat layer to form a coating film. The formed coating film was then dried at room temperature for 60 seconds, and then dried at 50°C for 60 seconds. 2 The coating was cured by irradiating it with ultraviolet light at 400 rpm to form a low refractive index layer having a refractive index of 1.35 and a film thickness of 100 nm, thereby producing a transparent laminate having a thickness of 65.1 μm.

[0235] The thickness of the triacetyl cellulose substrate was determined by photographing a cross section of the triacetyl cellulose using a scanning electron microscope (SEM, product name "S-4800," manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation), measuring the thickness of the triacetyl cellulose substrate at 10 locations on the cross-sectional image, and calculating the arithmetic mean value of the thicknesses at those 10 locations. The specific method for photographing the cross section was as follows. First, a sample measuring 1 mm × 10 mm was cut from the transparent laminate, and the cut sample was embedded in an embedding resin to prepare a block. Then, uniform slices with a thickness of 70 nm to 100 nm and no holes were cut from this block using a standard sectioning method. An ultramicrotome EM UC7 manufactured by Leica Microsystems was used to prepare the slices. The remaining block from which the uniform slices were cut was used as the measurement sample. Then, a cross-sectional photograph of the measurement sample was taken using the above-mentioned scanning electron microscope. Here, when taking cross-sectional photographs, the detector was set to "SE," the acceleration voltage to "5 kV," and the emission current to "10 μA" for cross-sectional observation. The magnification was adjusted appropriately from 100 to 100,000 times while adjusting the focus and observing whether the contrast and brightness could be distinguished between the individual layers. Furthermore, the beam monitor aperture was set to "3," the objective lens aperture to "3," and the WD to "8 mm."

[0236] The thickness of the hard coat layer was measured by photographing a cross section of the hard coat layer using a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM, product name "S-4800," manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation). The thickness of the hard coat layer was measured at 20 locations on the cross section image, and the arithmetic average of the thicknesses at those 20 locations was used. The specific method for photographing the cross section is described below. First, a section of 70 nm to 100 nm was cut from the transparent laminate using an ultramicrotome EM UC7 manufactured by Leica Microsystems, as described above. This uniform section without holes was used as the measurement sample. Then, a cross section of the measurement sample was photographed using the scanning transmission electron microscope. Here, when photographing the cross section, the detector was set to "TE," the acceleration voltage was set to "30 kV," and the emission current was set to "10 μA." Furthermore, when photographing the cross section using the S-4800, the beam monitor aperture was set to "3," the objective lens aperture to "3," and the WD was set to "8 mm." The thickness of the low refractive index layer was measured in the same manner as for the thickness of the hard coat layer.

[0237] The refractive indices of the hard coat layer and the low refractive index layer were measured or calculated according to (Procedure 1) and (Procedure 2) described in the section on functional layer 12, since the film thickness of the hard coat layer was 5 μm and the film thickness of the low refractive index layer was 100 nm. Specifically, the refractive index of the hard coat layer was first measured by the Becke method. When measuring the refractive index of the hard coat layer by the Becke method, the hard coat layer was scraped off to take 10 samples, and the refractive index of each of the taken 10 samples was measured by the Becke method using a refractive index standard solution, and the arithmetic mean value of the refractive indexes of the measured 10 samples was taken as the refractive index of the hard coat layer. Next, the refractive index of the low refractive index layer was calculated by a fitting method using the information on the refractive index and film thickness of the hard coat layer and the information on the film thickness of the low refractive index layer.

[0238] In Examples 2 to 32 and Comparative Examples 1 to 18, the thickness of the substrate, and the film thickness and refractive index of the hard coat layer and low refractive index layer were measured in the same manner as in Example 1.

[0239] <Examples 2 to 13, 15 to 25 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, 7 to 13> In Examples 2 to 13, 15 to 25 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, 7 to 13, transparent laminates were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the compositions for the hard coat layer and the low refractive index layer shown in Table 1 or Table 2 were used.

[0240] Example 14 In Example 14, a transparent laminate according to Example 9 and a transparent laminate according to Comparative Example 2 were bonded together using a 25 μm-thick transparent adhesive layer (product name "PD-S1", manufactured by PANAC Corporation) so that the substrates faced each other, to obtain a double-sided antireflection laminate. In the double-sided antireflection laminate according to Example 14 or the samples described below, the surface of the transparent laminate according to Example 9 (surface of the low refractive index layer) was designated as the first side, and the surface of the transparent laminate according to Comparative Example 2 (surface of the low refractive index layer) was designated as the second side.

[0241] <Comparative Examples 4 and 5> In Comparative Examples 4 and 5, a transparent laminate was obtained in the same manner as in Example 1, except that the hard coat layer composition shown in Table 1 was used instead of the hard coat layer composition 1, and the low refractive index layer was not formed.

[0242] <Comparative Example 6> In Comparative Example 6, two transparent laminates according to Comparative Example 2 were bonded together with the substrates facing each other using a 25 μm-thick transparent adhesive layer (product name "PD-S1", manufactured by PANAC Corporation) to obtain a double-sided antireflection laminate. In the double-sided antireflection laminate according to Comparative Example 6 or the samples described below, the surface of one transparent laminate according to Comparative Example 2 (the surface of the low refractive index layer) was designated as the first side, and the surface of the other transparent laminate according to Comparative Example 2 (the surface of the low refractive index layer) was designated as the second side.

[0243] <Examples 26 to 32 and Comparative Examples 14 to 18> In Example 26, first, two transparent laminates 1 and 2 were obtained in the same manner as in Example 1 using the compositions for the hard coat layer and the low refractive index layer shown in Table 4. Then, using a 25 μm-thick transparent adhesive layer (product name "PD-S1", manufactured by PANAC Corporation), the two transparent laminates 1 and 2 were bonded together with the substrates facing each other to obtain a double-sided antireflection laminate. The surface of transparent laminate 1 served as the first surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate, and the surface of transparent laminate 2 served as the second surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate. Furthermore, in Examples 27 to 32 and Comparative Examples 14 to 18, double-sided antireflection laminates were obtained in the same manner as in Example 26, except that the compositions for the hard coat layer and the low refractive index layer shown in Table 4 were used.

[0244] <Anti-fogging test> For the transparent laminates and double-sided antireflection laminates of Examples 1 to 25 and Comparative Examples 1 to 13, an antifogging test was conducted in which the transparent laminates were placed in a refrigerator at -15°C for 5 minutes and then immediately transferred to an environment of 25°C and 50% relative humidity and left there for 5 minutes. The surface of the transparent laminate after the antifogging test (the surface of the low refractive index layer in Examples 1 to 13, 15 to 25 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and 7 to 13, and the surface of the hard coat layer in Comparative Examples 4 and 5) or the first surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate after the antifogging test (the surface of the low refractive index layer) was checked for fogging. The antifogging test was conducted using samples cut out of the transparent laminates and double-sided antireflection laminates, each measuring 100 mm x 100 mm. This sample was then attached to the surface of an acrylic blackboard (product name "COMOGLASS Acrylic Board" manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) measuring 100 mm × 100 mm × 2 mm using a transparent adhesive (product name "PD-S1" manufactured by PANAC Corporation) with a film thickness of 25 μm. The back surface of the transparent laminate or the second surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate was attached so that it faced the acrylic blackboard, and the front surface of the transparent laminate or the first surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate served as the observation side. The resulting sample was used as a measurement sample. Three identical measurement samples were prepared, and an antifogging test was performed using three measurement samples (n = 3) for each sample. The presence or absence of fogging in the measurement samples (transparent laminate or double-sided antireflection laminate) was determined by placing the measurement sample on a flat desk immediately after the antifogging test and visually observing the surface of the measurement sample (the surface of the transparent laminate or the first surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate). Visual observation was carried out from the front of the measurement sample at a distance of 30 cm from the surface of the measurement sample in a room of 1000 Lux (light source: white light source). The evaluation criteria were as follows: A: The surfaces of all three transparent laminates or the first surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate were not cloudy. B: The surfaces of two or more of the three transparent laminates or the first surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate were cloudy.

[0245] <Breath test> Breath tests were conducted on the transparent laminates of Examples 1 to 13, 15 to 25 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, and 7 to 13, as well as the double-sided antireflection laminates of Examples 14, 26 to 32, and Comparative Examples 6 and 14 to 18. Specifically, a 100 mm × 100 mm sample was cut from the transparent laminate, and a 17 cm × 27 cm sample was cut from the double-sided antireflection laminate. In the case of the transparent laminate, the film of a commercially available mouth shield (transparent mask) was removed, and the sample was attached to the support of the mouth shield in place of the film so that the sample was positioned in front of the mouth. The sample was attached so that the surface of the transparent laminate (the surface of the low refractive index layer in Examples 1 to 13, 15 to 25, and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and 7 to 13, and the surface of the hard coat layer in Comparative Examples 4 and 5) faced the mouth. In the case of the double-sided antireflection laminate, the film of a commercially available face shield was removed, and the sample was attached to the support of the face shield in place of the film so that the sample was positioned on the face, particularly in front of the mouth. The samples were attached so that the first surface of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate faced the mouth. These samples were then placed in an environment of 25°C and 50% relative humidity. A deep breath was blown onto the surface of the transparent laminate or the center of the first surface of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate from a distance of 10 cm in the normal direction of the surface or first surface. The samples were then temporarily fogged by the breath. Afterwards, the subjects were allowed to talk for 30 minutes in a room with a 1000 lux illumination (light source: white light source). During this 30-minute period, the subjects were observed to see whether the fog had disappeared and whether the mouth was clearly visible. The observation distance was 1 m, and the subjects were observed from the front of the person wearing the mouth shield or face shield. The evaluation criteria were as follows. The subjects were 10 people in their 20s to 50s. AA: For all subjects, the fogging on the surface of the transparent laminate and the first surface of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate disappeared within 3 seconds, and the fogging was difficult thereafter, providing a clear view of the mouth. A: In 8 to 9 people, the fogging on the surface of the transparent laminate and the first surface of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate disappeared within 3 seconds, and the fogging remained difficult thereafter, and the area around the mouth was clearly visible. B: In three or more people, the cloudiness on the surface of the transparent laminate and the first surface of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate did not disappear, and the area around the mouth was not clearly visible.

[0246] <ΔY1, luminous reflectance Y measurement and anti-reflection evaluation> For the transparent laminates and double-sided antireflection laminates of Examples 1 to 25 and Comparative Examples 1 to 13, the luminous reflectance Y of the transparent laminates and double-sided antireflection laminates was measured before and after the antifogging test, and ΔY1, which is the absolute value of the difference in luminous reflectance Y, was calculated. Furthermore, the antireflection properties were evaluated from the luminous reflectance Y of the transparent laminates and double-sided antireflection laminates before the antifogging test. Specifically, first, samples measuring 25 mm × 50 mm were cut out from the transparent laminates and double-sided antireflection laminates. Using a spectrophotometer (product name "UV-2600" manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), light was irradiated at an incident angle of 5 degrees from the surface of the sample (the surface of the low refractive index layer in Examples 1 to 13, 15 to 25 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and 7 to 13; the first surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate in Example 14 and Comparative Example 6; and the surface of the hard coat layer in Comparative Examples 4 and 5) before the antifogging test. The light reflected in the specular direction by the sample was received, and the reflectance in the wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm was measured. The luminous reflectance Y before the antifogging test was then calculated using software (software built into the UV-2600) that converts the measured reflectance into a brightness perceived by the human eye. The luminous reflectance Y was measured at 40 points at approximately equal intervals to cover the entire sample, and the arithmetic mean value of the luminous reflectances measured at the 40 points was used. The antifogging test was then conducted on the sample under the same conditions as the antifogging test described above. The luminous reflectance Y of the sample after the anti-fogging test was then determined in the same manner as the luminous reflectance Y of the sample before the anti-fogging test, and the absolute value of the difference in luminous reflectance Y of surface 10A of the transparent laminate before and after the anti-fogging test was calculated. The luminous reflectance Y was measured on the surface of the triacetyl cellulose substrate opposite to the surface on which the hard coat layer was formed in Examples 1 to 13, 15 to 25 and Comparative Examples 1 to 5, and 7 to 13, and on the second surface of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate in Example 14 and Comparative Example 6, with a 100 mm × 100 mm × 2 mm blackboard (product name "COMOGLASS Acrylic Board", manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) attached. The evaluation criteria for anti-reflection were as follows: A: The luminous reflectance Y was 3.5% or less. B: The luminous reflectance Y was greater than 3.5%.

[0247] <Total light transmittance measurement> The total light transmittance of the transparent laminates and double-sided antireflection laminates according to the examples and comparative examples was measured in accordance with JIS K7361-1:1997 under an environment of 23°C temperature and 50% relative humidity using a haze meter (product name "HM-150", manufactured by Murakami Color Research Laboratory). Specifically, samples measuring 50mm x 100mm were cut out from each of the transparent laminates and double-sided antireflection laminates, and the samples were placed in the haze meter without curling, wrinkles, fingerprints, dust, etc. Each sample was measured three times, and the arithmetic mean value of the values ​​obtained from the three measurements was taken as the total light transmittance.

[0248] <Haze value measurement> The haze values ​​of the transparent laminates and double-sided antireflection laminates according to the examples and comparative examples were measured in accordance with JIS K7136:2000 under an environment of 23°C temperature and 50% relative humidity using a haze meter (product name "HM-150", manufactured by Murakami Color Research Laboratory). Specifically, samples measuring 50 mm x 100 mm were cut out from each of the transparent laminates and double-sided antireflection laminates, and the samples were placed in the haze meter without curling, wrinkles, fingerprints, dust, etc. Each sample was measured three times, and the arithmetic mean value of the values ​​obtained from the three measurements was taken as the haze value.

[0249] <Contact angle measurement of transparent laminate> The contact angle with water at 25°C was measured on the surfaces of the transparent laminates according to Examples 1 to 14 and Comparative Examples 1 to 6 (the surfaces of the low refractive index layers in Examples 1 to 13 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, and the surfaces of the hard coat layers in Comparative Examples 4 and 5) or the first surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate according to the sessile drop method described in JIS R3257:1999. Specifically, samples measuring 25 mm × 30 mm were cut out from each of the transparent laminates and double-sided antireflection laminates. These samples were then attached flat to a 50 mm × 125 mm glass slide with double-sided tape. To prevent static electricity from affecting the measurement results, the samples were then neutralized for 30 seconds by irradiating them with ions using an ionizer (e.g., product name "KD-730B" manufactured by Kasuga Electric Co., Ltd.). Using a microscope contact angle meter (product name "DropMaster300", manufactured by Kyowa Interface Science Co., Ltd.), 1 μL of water was dropped onto the surface of the sample (the surface of the low refractive index layer in Examples 1 to 13 and Comparative Examples 1 to 3, the first surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate in Example 14 and Comparative Example 6, and the surface of the hard coat layer in Comparative Examples 4 and 5), and the contact angle was measured at 10 points immediately after the dropping, and the arithmetic mean value of these measurements was taken as the contact angle on the surface of the transparent laminate. The contact angle measurements were carried out in an environment of a temperature of 25°C and a relative humidity of 50%.

[0250] <Peak intensity ratio> In the transparent laminates according to Examples 15 to 25 and Comparative Examples 7 to 13, the absorption spectrum was measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR method), and in the absorption spectrum, 1780 cm -1 ~ 1700 cm -1 for the first peak intensity in the first wavenumber region of 1150 cm -1 ~ 1000 cm -1The ratio of the second peak intensity in the second wavenumber range (peak intensity 2 / peak intensity 1) was determined. Specifically, first, a sample measuring 10 mm x 10 mm or larger was cut out from the transparent laminate. Separately, a background measurement was performed without a sample installed using a measurement device consisting of a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer (product name "Nicolet iS10 FT-IR" manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific) equipped with a measurement accessory (product name "Thunderdome" manufactured by Spectra-Tech, ATR crystal: Ge, infrared incident angle: 45°). The sample was then placed on the measurement accessory with the measurement surface facing the crystal. The knob of the holding jig was then turned to firmly ground the sample to the crystal. The absorption spectrum of the sample was then confirmed on the monitor, and measurement was initiated using the above measurement device under the following measurement conditions. The heights from the background in the obtained absorption spectrum to the peak tops of the peaks in the first wavenumber range and the peaks in the second wavenumber range were calculated using the calculation software provided with the measurement device, and the peak intensity ratios were calculated from the results. In the transparent laminates according to Examples 21 to 23, the hard coat layer contained urethane acrylate, and therefore, in the absorption spectrum by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR method), -1 ~1560cm -1 A peak was measured in the third wavenumber region. (Measurement conditions) Wavelength range: 4000~800cm -1 Number of times accumulated: 64 ·Resolution: 8cm -1 Detector: TGS ATR correction: None Measurement and analysis software: Thermo Scientific OMINIC

[0251] <Indentation hardness H IT and measurement of composite elastic modulus Er> Indentation hardness H of the surface of the transparent laminate according to Examples 15 to 25 and Comparative Examples 7 to 13 ITThe composite elastic modulus Er was measured. Specifically, a transparent laminate cut to a size of 20 mm x 20 mm was first fixed to a commercially available slide glass with the front side facing up using an adhesive resin (product name "Aron Alpha (Registered Trademark) General Use," manufactured by Toagosei Co., Ltd.). Specifically, the adhesive resin was dropped onto the center of slide glass 1 (product name "Slide Glass (Cut-Apart Type) 1-9645-11," manufactured by AS ONE Corporation). The adhesive resin was not spread over the entire surface, and only one drop was dropped to prevent the adhesive resin from spilling out of the transparent laminate when it was pressed down, as described below. The transparent laminate cut to the size described above was then brought into contact with the slide glass with the front side facing up and the adhesive resin positioned in the center of the transparent laminate. The adhesive resin was then pressed down between slide glass 1 and the transparent laminate, temporarily adhering them. Then, another new slide glass 2 was placed on the transparent laminate, yielding a laminate of slide glass 1 / adhesive resin / transparent laminate / slide glass 2. Next, a weight of 30 g to 50 g was placed on the glass slide 2, and left in that state at room temperature for 12 hours. After that, the weight and glass slide 2 were removed, and this was used as a measurement sample. Then, this measurement sample was fixed to the measurement stage of a microhardness tester (product name "TI950 TriboIndenter", manufactured by HYSITRON) placed parallel to a vibration isolation table. After fixing the measurement sample to the measurement stage of the microhardness tester, the indentation hardness H of the surface of the transparent laminate was measured under the following measurement conditions. IT The indentation hardness H and the composite elastic modulus Er were measured. IT The composite elastic modulus Er was measured at five arbitrary points near the center of the surface of the transparent laminate of the measurement sample (the area where the adhesive resin was present), and the arithmetic mean value of the hardness obtained at the five points was used. The five arbitrary measurement points were selected by observing the transparent laminate at a magnification of 50x to 500x using a microscope attached to a TI950 TriboIndenter, and avoiding areas of the transparent laminate with extremely convex structures or, conversely, extremely concave structures, from areas that were as flat as possible. (Measurement conditions) Indenter shape: Berkovich Load control method: Maximum load 40mN Load increase time: 4 seconds Creep Time: 5 seconds Load removal time: 4 seconds Measurement temperature: 25°C Humidity during measurement: 50%

[0252] <ra rz> For the transparent laminates according to Examples 15 to 25 and Comparative Examples 7 to 13, the arithmetic mean roughness (Ra) and maximum height (Rz) of the surface of the transparent laminate were measured, and the ratio of Ra to Rz (Ra / Rz) of the surface of the transparent laminate was calculated. Specifically, a sample measuring 5 mm × 5 mm was first cut out from the transparent laminate. Then, using an atomic force microscope (AFM) SPM-9700 manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, the surface shape of the sample was measured under the following conditions in the on-line (measurement) mode of the SPM Manager software. Image processing was then performed using the off-line (analysis) mode. The obtained AFM images were analyzed to obtain the Rz (maximum height) and Ra (arithmetic mean roughness) of each sample. The arithmetic mean values ​​of Rz and Rz / Ra at 14 locations on each sample were calculated, and these values ​​were defined as Rz and Rz / Ra. (AFM measurement conditions) Measurement mode: Phase Scanning range: 5 μm x 5 μm Scanning speed: 0.2Hz Number of pixels: 512 x 512 Cantilever used: NCHR manufactured by Nanoworld (resonance frequency: 320 kHz, spring constant: 42 N / m) (AFM image processing conditions) Tilt correction: average value in X direction, surface fit (automatic)

[0253] <Odor evaluation> Odor evaluation was carried out on the transparent laminates of Examples 15 to 25 and Comparative Examples 7 to 13. Specifically, first, samples measuring 100 mm x 100 mm were cut out from the transparent laminate. Then, these samples were smelled from a position 5 cm away from the center of the surface of the transparent laminate in the normal direction to this surface under an environment of 25°C and relative humidity of 50%. The evaluation criteria were as follows. The test subjects were 10 people in their 20s to 50s. AA: None of the people noticed any unpleasant odors. A: 7 to 9 people did not notice any unpleasant odor. B: Three or more people noticed an unpleasant odor.

[0254] <Reflection characteristics> The reflection characteristics were examined for the double-sided antireflection laminates of Examples 26 to 32 and Comparative Examples 14 to 18. Specifically, the magnitude relationship between the double-sided reflectance, the luminous reflectance Y, and ΔY2 were determined. (1) Double-sided reflectance measurement First, the double-sided antireflection laminate was cut into a size of 70 mm × 70 mm to obtain a sample. Also, two black acrylic plates (hereinafter referred to as "black acrylic plate 1") measuring 10 mm × 50 mm and one black acrylic plate (hereinafter referred to as "black acrylic plate 2") measuring 50 mm × 50 mm were cut out from a black acrylic plate (product name "CLAREX N-885" manufactured by Nitto Jushi Kogyo Co., Ltd.) with a thickness of 1 mm. Black acrylic plate 1 was placed on black acrylic plate 2 so that they faced each other, and fixed with tape (product name "Cellotape (registered trademark), manufactured by Nichiban Co., Ltd.") to create a holder as shown in FIG. 9. Then, a sample was placed on the holder so that it straddled the two black acrylic plates 1. In this state, the holder was installed in the measurement section of a spectrophotometer (product name "UV-2600", manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). The spectrophotometer irradiated the surface of the sample with light at an incident angle of 5 degrees, and received the light reflected in the regular reflection direction by the sample to measure the reflectance in the wavelength range of 380 nm to 780 nm. Thereafter, the luminous reflectance was calculated using software (built-in software in UV-2600) that converted it into the brightness perceived by the human eye. The luminous reflectance was calculated using the light covering the entire sample. Measurements were taken at 40 points at approximately equal intervals so that the total luminous reflectance of the double-sided antireflection laminate was measured, and the arithmetic mean value of the luminous reflectances at the 40 measured points was calculated. The double-sided reflectance of the sample was then calculated by subtracting from the measured luminous reflectance the value obtained by multiplying the previously measured luminous reflectance of the black acrylic plate 1 twice by the total luminous transmittance of the double-sided antireflection laminate (reflectance (%) of black acrylic plate 1 × total luminous transmittance (%) of double-sided antireflection laminate / 100 × total luminous transmittance (%) of double-sided antireflection laminate / 100). The luminous reflectance of the black acrylic plate 1 was measured in the same manner as for the luminous reflectance of the double-sided antireflection laminate described above, by placing the black acrylic plate 1 in the measuring section of a spectrophotometer (product name "UV-2600," manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation). The total luminous transmittance of the double-sided antireflection laminate was calculated using the same method as described in the total luminous transmittance measurement section described above.

[0255] (2) The magnitude relationship of luminous reflectance Y and ΔY2 First, two samples (Samples 1 and 2) measuring 70 mm × 70 mm were cut out from each double-sided antireflection laminate. For Sample 1, a black acrylic plate (product name "COMOGLAS acrylic plate" manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) measuring 100 mm × 100 mm × 2 mm was attached to the second surface with a 25 μm-thick transparent adhesive (product name "PD-S1" manufactured by PANAC Corporation) to measure the luminous reflectance of the first surface. For Sample 2, a black acrylic plate (product name "COMOGLAS acrylic plate" manufactured by Kuraray Co., Ltd.) measuring 100 mm × 100 mm × 2 mm was attached to the first surface with a 25 μm-thick transparent adhesive (product name "PD-S1" manufactured by PANAC Corporation) to measure the luminous reflectance of the second surface. Sample 1 with the black acrylic plate attached to the second surface was then placed in the measurement section of a spectrophotometer (product name "UV-2600" manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation) to measure the luminous reflectance of the first surface. Sample 2, with a black acrylic plate attached to the first surface, was placed in the measurement section of a spectrophotometer (product name "UV-2600" manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation), and the luminous reflectance of the second surface was measured. The luminous reflectance was determined using the same procedure as described above in the section on double-sided reflectance measurement. The measured luminous reflectance of the first surface was then compared with that of the second surface to determine the magnitude relationship between the luminous reflectance of the first surface and that of the second surface. ΔY2, which is the absolute value of the difference between the luminous reflectance of the first surface and that of the second surface (|luminous reflectance of the first surface - luminous reflectance of the second surface|), was also determined.

[0256] <Visibility evaluation> Visibility evaluation was performed on the double-sided antireflection laminates of Examples 26 to 32 and Comparative Examples 14 to 18. Specifically, a sample measuring 350 mm × 250 mm was cut out from each double-sided antireflection laminate. Then, the film of a commercially available face shield was removed, and the sample was attached to the support of the face shield film in place of the film, so that the sample was positioned on the face, particularly in front of the mouth. The sample was attached so that the first surface of the double-sided antireflection laminate faced the mouth. These samples were then used for conversation for 30 minutes in a bright room (1000 Lux, light source: white light source) at 25°C and 50% relative humidity. During this 30-minute period, the presence or absence of reflections, fogging around the mouth, and visibility were confirmed. The observation distance was 1 m, and the face shield was observed from the front of the wearer. The evaluation criteria were as follows. The subjects were 10 people in their 20s to 50s. AA: For all subjects, the fogging on the first surface of the double-sided anti-reflective laminate disappeared within 3 seconds, and the fogging did not reoccur thereafter, and the mouth was clearly visible. There was no reflection so severe that it was impossible to read facial expressions. A: For 8 to 9 people, the fogging on the first surface of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate disappeared within 3 seconds, and it remained difficult to fogging after that, and the mouth was clearly visible. There was no reflection that made it impossible to read facial expressions, etc. B: In three or more people, the cloudiness on the first surface of the double-sided anti-reflection laminate did not disappear, and the area around the mouth was not clearly visible.

[0257] The results are shown in Tables 1 to 4 below. [Table 1]

[0258] [Table 2]

[0259] [Table 3]

[0260] [Table 4]

[0261] The results are described below. The transparent laminates of Comparative Examples 1 to 3 had low luminous reflectance Y but poor anti-fogging properties. The transparent laminates of Comparative Examples 4 and 5 had excellent anti-fogging properties but did not include a low-refractive index layer, resulting in high luminous reflectance Y. The transparent laminates of Comparative Examples 7 to 12 had poor anti-fogging properties because the peak intensity ratio was less than 1.25 or less than 0.01. The transparent laminates of Comparative Examples 13 had a peak intensity ratio greater than 2.2, indicating insufficient film strength of the low-refractive index layer. The low-refractive index layer peeled off when touched after the anti-fogging test. Therefore, it was impossible to measure the luminous reflectance Y of the transparent laminate of Comparative Example 13 after the anti-fogging test. This is thought to be because the binder resin and polymerization initiator of the low-refractive index layer penetrated into the hard coat layer, resulting in a low-refractive index layer consisting almost entirely of hollow silica particles. In contrast, the transparent laminates of Examples 1 to 25 had low luminous reflectance Y and excellent anti-fogging properties.

[0262] Furthermore, the transparent shielding film of Comparative Example 6 had a low luminous reflectance Y but poor anti-fogging properties. In contrast, the transparent shielding film of Example 14 had a low luminous reflectance Y and excellent anti-fogging properties.

[0263] In particular, the transparent laminates of Examples 15 to 17 had a low luminous reflectance Y, excellent anti-fogging properties and visibility, and also had an optimal thickness. Therefore, when face shields were produced using the transparent laminates of Examples 15 to 17, lightweight face shields that were comfortable to wear were obtained. [Explanation of symbols]

[0264] 10, 20, 30, 40, 50...Transparent laminate 10A, 20A, 30A, 40A, 50A…Surface 11...Base material 12...Functional layer 13...Low refractive index layer 60...Image display device 70...Display panel 90...Air layer 100...Front plate 120...Transparent face protection 140, 180, 190...double-sided anti-reflective laminate< / ra>

Claims

1. A transparent laminate comprising a functional layer and a low refractive index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, the low refractive index layer contains low refractive index particles, a surface of the low refractive index layer forming a surface of the transparent laminate; At least one of the functional layer and the low refractive index layer contains an antifogging material containing an ether component, When an anti-fogging test is performed in which the transparent laminate is left in an environment of −15° C. for 5 minutes and then moved to an environment of 20° C. or higher and 25° C. or lower and a relative humidity of 40% or higher and 70% or lower and left therein for 5 minutes, the surface of the transparent laminate does not fog up, and ΔY1, which is the absolute value of the difference in luminous reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate before and after the anti-fogging property test, is 0.2% or less; The luminous reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate before the anti-fogging test is 2.0% or less, A transparent laminate, wherein the ratio of the arithmetic mean roughness to the maximum height on the surface of the transparent laminate is 0.02 or more and 0.15 or less.

2. A transparent laminate comprising a functional layer and a low refractive index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, the low refractive index layer contains low refractive index particles, at least one of the functional layer and the low refractive index layer contains a polymer of an ionizing radiation polymerizable compound containing an ester component and an antifogging material containing an ether component; In a spectrum by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the surface of the transparent laminate, －１ ~1700cm －１ 1150 cm for the first peak intensity in the first wavenumber region －１ ~1000cm －１ the ratio of the second peak intensity in the second wave number region is 1.25 or more and 2.20 or less, The luminous reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate is 2.0% or less, A transparent laminate, wherein the ratio of the arithmetic mean roughness to the maximum height on the surface of the transparent laminate is 0.02 or more and 0.15 or less.

3. A transparent laminate comprising a functional layer and a low refractive index layer having a refractive index lower than that of the functional layer, the low refractive index layer contains low refractive index particles, at least one of the functional layer and the low refractive index layer contains a polymer of an ionizing radiation polymerizable compound containing an ester component and an antifogging material containing an ether component; the transparent laminate contains a material having a urethane skeleton, In the absorption spectrum by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the surface of the transparent laminate, －１ ~1560cm －１ There is a peak in the third wavenumber region of 1780 cm －１ ~1700cm －１ 1150 cm for the first peak intensity in the first wavenumber region －１ ~1000cm －１ the ratio of the second peak intensity in the second wave number region is 0.01 or more and 0.40 or less, The luminous reflectance Y of the surface of the transparent laminate is 2.0% or less, A transparent laminate, wherein the ratio of the arithmetic mean roughness to the maximum height on the surface of the transparent laminate is 0.02 or more and 0.15 or less.

4. 4. The transparent laminate according to claim 1, wherein the indentation hardness at the surface of the transparent laminate is 20 MPa or more and 100 MPa or less, and the composite elastic modulus at the surface of the transparent laminate is 0.15 GPa or more and 1.5 GPa or less.

5. The transparent laminate according to claim 1 , wherein the low refractive index layer has a thickness of 200 nm or less.

6. The transparent laminate according to claim 1 , wherein the functional layer has a thickness of 3 μm or more.

7. The transparent laminate according to claim 1 , wherein the functional layer contains a hydrophilic group, and the low refractive index layer is adjacent to the functional layer.

8. The transparent laminate according to claim 1 , wherein the surface of the transparent laminate has a contact angle with water of 90° or more.

9. The transparent laminate according to claim 1 , wherein the low refractive index layer contains hollow silica particles.

10. The transparent laminate according to claim 1 , wherein the functional layer is a hard coat layer.

11. The transparent laminate according to claim 1 , further comprising a substrate provided on a surface of the functional layer opposite to a surface on the low refractive index layer side.

12. The transparent laminate according to claim 11 , wherein the substrate comprises a resin or glass.

13. The transparent laminate according to claim 1 , which is used for an image display device, a transparent face protector, a transparent film curtain, or a transparent partition.

14. An image display device comprising: a display panel; and a light-transmitting front panel disposed on a viewer's side of the display panel with an air layer interposed between the display panel and the front panel, An image display device, wherein the front panel comprises a substrate and the transparent laminate according to claim 1 , which is disposed on at least one of the display panel side and the viewer side of the substrate.

15. A double-sided antireflection laminate having an antireflection function on both sides, The transparent laminate according to any one of claims 1 to 12; an anti-reflection film disposed on a back surface side opposite to the front surface of the transparent laminate; a transparent adhesive layer that bonds the transparent laminate and the anti-reflection film; A double-sided anti-reflective laminate comprising:

16. The double-sided anti-reflective laminate according to claim 15, wherein the double-sided anti-reflective laminate is used in a transparent facial protector, and the surface of the transparent laminate is positioned on the face side.

17. The double-sided antireflection laminate according to claim 15 or 16, wherein the double-sided antireflection laminate has a total light transmittance of 90% or more.

18. 18. The double-sided anti-reflection laminate according to claim 15, wherein the double-sided anti-reflection laminate has a double-sided reflectance of 0.1% or more and 2% or less, and the luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate is equal to or greater than the luminous reflectance of the anti-reflection film.

19. 19. The double-sided anti-reflection laminate according to claim 15, wherein the double-sided anti-reflection laminate has a double-sided reflectance of 0.1% or more and 2% or less, and ΔY2, which is the absolute value of the difference between the luminous reflectance of the transparent laminate and the luminous reflectance of the anti-reflection film, is 1.0% or less.

20. A support member; The double-sided anti-reflection laminate according to any one of claims 15 to 19 attached to the support member, A transparent facial protector in which the surface of the transparent laminate is positioned on the face side.

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