Low-gloss paint composition

Abstract

To provide a coating composition that causes less emanation of formalin and can form a coating layer having a low-gloss appearance that is stable against any change in thickness and coating environment.SOLUTION: The present invention discloses: an oxidation-curable low-gloss coating composition that contains an oxidation-curable resin produced from dry oil fatty acid, semi-dry oil fatty acid or the like, silica powder, extender powder with an average particle size of 0.1-10 μm, a coloring pigment and a hydrazide compound; and a coating method that includes coating a substrate face with the low-gloss coating composition.SELECTED DRAWING: None

Description

Technical Field

[0001] The present invention relates to an oxidation-curable low-gloss paint composition.

Background Art

[0002] Paints containing an alkyd resin modified with a drying oil as a binder are called synthetic resin formulated paints in the paint industry and are widely used mainly for painting iron and wood parts because of their excellent workability and finish.

[0003] It is known that formalin is generated during the curing reaction by oxidative polymerization during film formation in the alkyd resin contained in synthetic resin formulated paints. Although the amount of its generation is extremely small, the allowable concentration of formalin in indoor environments under the Building Standards Law has been becoming stricter year by year, and various measures to suppress formalin emission during film formation have been studied.

[0004] The present applicant proposed in Patent Document 1 a paint composition in which a resin component derived from an unsaturated fatty acid is used in combination with a compound that adsorbs or decomposes an aldehyde compound and a curing accelerator. Patent Document 2 also discloses a paint composition containing an alkyd resin containing a high-oleic fatty acid as a constituent component and a formalin catcher agent.

[0005] There are also documents related to synthetic resin formulated paints. For example, Patent Document 3 discloses a paint composition containing a phenol-modified alkyd resin, a urethane-modified alkyd resin, and an alkyd resin. Patent Document 3 describes that a paint film having a high mirror glossiness in addition to quick drying property, chipping resistance, and weather resistance can be obtained by the described paint composition.

[0006] Conventionally, as described in Patent Document 3, a high-gloss and glossy appearance has been preferred in the painting of synthetic resin formulated paints. However, in recent years, there has been an increasing popularity of paints that form a paint film with a suppressed gloss and a calm atmosphere.

[0007] Synthetic resin-based paints are suitable for painting iron surfaces and are often used to paint iron doors on newly constructed buildings. While a sleek appearance is particularly required for such visible locations, applying low-gloss synthetic resin-based paints (with 30% gloss, 50% gloss, or matte finishes) to smooth iron surfaces presented a problem: even slight differences in film thickness resulted in significant variations in gloss, leading to an uneven appearance. Furthermore, painting and curing in high-humidity environments could increase the gloss level of the paint film, which was originally designed to have a controlled sheen. [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents]

[0008] [Patent Document 1] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2004-352764 [Patent Document 2] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2010-235827 [Patent Document 3] Japanese Patent Publication No. 2020-63329 [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve]

[0009] The object of the present invention is to propose a low-gloss coating composition that suppresses formalin emission and can form a coating film that has a stable low-gloss appearance even when the film thickness and coating environment fluctuate. [Means for solving the problem]

[0010] The inventors diligently investigated methods for stably forming low-gloss coatings in paints using an oxidative-curing resin as a binder component. As a result, they discovered that by combining silica, a specific average particle size extender powder, a coloring pigment, and a hydrazide compound in an oxidative-curing resin paint, formalin emission is suppressed, a desired coating appearance with reduced gloss is obtained, and the increase in gloss is suppressed even when the film thickness and painting environment fluctuate significantly.

[0011] In other words, the present invention Section 1. An oxidative-curing low-gloss coating composition comprising an oxidative-curing resin, silica powder, extender powder with an average particle size of 0.1 to 10 μm, a coloring pigment, and a hydrazide compound. Section 2. The paint composition according to item 1, wherein the oxidative curing resin uses drying oil fatty acids and / or semi-drying oil fatty acids as raw materials for production. Section 3. The coating composition according to item 1 or 2, wherein the oxidation-curing resin is an alkyd resin. Section 4. A paint composition according to any one of items 1 to 3, wherein the average particle size of the silica powder is in the range of 0.5 to 15 μm. Section 5. A paint composition according to any one of items 1 to 4, wherein the amount of silica powder is within the range of 0.5 to 10 parts by mass based on 100 parts by mass of nonvolatile content of the oxidative curing resin. Section 6. A paint composition according to any one of items 1 to 5, wherein the amount of the additive powder is within the range of 10 to 200 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of the nonvolatile content of the oxidative curing resin. Section 7. A coating method comprising applying a low-gloss coating composition described in any one of items 1 to 6 to a substrate surface, Regarding. [Effects of the Invention]

[0012] The low-gloss coating composition of the present invention suppresses the emission of formalin and provides a stable low-gloss coating even when the painting environment fluctuates significantly. The low-gloss coating composition of the present invention suppresses differences in film thickness or changes in gloss at the joints during painting, and gloss unevenness is not noticeable even when painted on a smooth substrate surface. Furthermore, the low-gloss coating composition of the present invention suppresses the increase in gloss that occurs when painting under high humidity conditions. [Modes for carrying out the invention]

[0013] The low-gloss coating composition of the present invention comprises an oxidative-curing resin, silica powder, extender powder, a coloring pigment, and a hydrazide compound.

[0014] <Oxidation-curing resin> In the present invention, the oxidation-curing resin includes all resins having oxidation polymerizability in which formalin emission is considered to occur. Specifically, a resin using a drying oil fatty acid and / or a semi-drying oil fatty acid as a production raw material may be used, and examples thereof include an alkyd resin, an acrylic-modified alkyd resin, a urethane-modified alkyd resin, a phenol-modified alkyd resin, a fatty acid-modified acrylic resin, and combinations thereof.

[0015] Examples of the alkyd resin include a resin obtained by esterifying a drying oil fatty acid and / or a semi-drying oil fatty acid, an acid component other than the drying oil fatty acid and / or the semi-drying oil fatty acid, and an alcohol component by a method known per se. Although the drying oil fatty acid and the semi-drying oil fatty acid cannot be strictly distinguished, usually, the drying oil fatty acid is an unsaturated fatty acid having an iodine value of 130 or more, and the semi-drying oil fatty acid is an unsaturated fatty acid having an iodine value of 100 or more and less than 130. On the other hand, the non-drying oil fatty acid is usually a fatty acid having an iodine value of less than 100.

[0016] Examples of the drying oil fatty acid and the semi-drying oil fatty acid include unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid, eleostearic acid, and ricinoleic acid, fish oil fatty acid, dehydrated castor oil fatty acid, safflower oil fatty acid, linseed oil fatty acid, soybean oil fatty acid, sesame oil fatty acid, poppy seed oil fatty acid, eno oil fatty acid, hemp seed oil fatty acid, grape seed oil fatty acid, corn oil fatty acid, tall oil fatty acid, sunflower oil fatty acid, cottonseed oil fatty acid, walnut oil fatty acid, rubber seed oil fatty acid, higienic acid fatty acid, and combinations thereof.

[0017] Examples of the acid component include benzoic acid, p-tert-butylbenzoic acid, (anhydrous) phthalic acid, hexahydro(anhydrous)phthalic acid, tetrahydro(anhydrous)phthalic acid, tetrachloro(anhydrous)phthalic acid, hexachloro(anhydrous)phthalic acid, tetrabromo(anhydrous)phthalic acid, trimellitic acid, "Hyemic acid" [product of Hitachi Chemical Co., Ltd.; "Hyemic acid" is a registered trademark of the company.], (anhydrous) succinic acid, (anhydrous) maleic acid, fumaric acid, (anhydrous) itaconic acid, adipic acid, sebacic acid, oxalic acid, and combinations thereof.

[0018] In addition, as the acid component, saturated fatty acids such as caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, hydrogenated coconut oil fatty acid, coconut oil fatty acid, palm oil fatty acid and other non-drying oil fatty acids can also be used in combination.

[0019] Examples of the alcohol component include ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, glycerin, trimethylolethane, trimethylolpropane, neopentyl glycol, 1,6-hexanediol, 1,6-hexanetriol, pentaerythritol, sorbitol, and combinations thereof.

[0020] Examples of the acrylic-modified alkyd resin include a resin formed by reacting an acrylic monomer component containing an acrylic monomer capable of reacting with a hydroxyl group and / or a carboxyl group contained in the alkyd resin. Examples of the urethane-modified alkyd resin include a resin formed by reacting a hydroxyl group contained in the alkyd resin with a polyisocyanate. Examples of the phenol-modified alkyd resin include a resin obtained by modifying the alkyd resin with a phenol resin.

[0021] Examples of fatty acid-modified acrylic resins include fatty acid-modified acrylic resins whose copolymer component is a fatty acid-modified monomer obtained by reacting drying oil fatty acids and / or semi-drying oil fatty acids with epoxy group-containing polymerizable unsaturated monomers, fatty acid-modified acrylic resins obtained by reacting epoxy group-containing acrylic resins with drying oil fatty acids and / or semi-drying oil fatty acids, silicone and fatty acid-modified acrylic resins obtained by further reacting the fatty acid-modified acrylic resin with a silicone compound, and fatty acid-modified urethane-modified acrylic resins obtained by further reacting the fatty acid-modified acrylic resin with a compound having an isocyanate group.

[0022] In the present invention, the oxidative curing resin is preferably contained in an amount of 10 to 80 parts by mass, more preferably 20 to 50 parts by mass, of nonvolatile content, per 100 parts by mass of nonvolatile components in the low-gloss coating composition.

[0023] In this specification, non-volatile components refer to the residue remaining after removing volatile components, and the residue may be solid or liquid at room temperature.

[0024] For example, if a sample of a known mass (e.g., 0.3 g) is used, it can be spread on a pre-weighed aluminum dish, and the residue remaining after heating the sample in an oven at 105°C for 30 minutes can be determined to be the non-volatile component.

[0025] <Silica powder> In the present invention, the silica powder is silica that is in powder form at room temperature, and may be a natural product, a synthetic product, or organically modified silica modified with fatty acids, etc. Commercially available silica powder can be used. Examples of commercially available products include the Nipsil series from Tosoh Silica Co., Ltd., the Silicea series, Silophobic series, Silosphere series from Fuji Silicea Chemical Co., Ltd., and the Mizukasil series from Mizusawa Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.

[0026] In the present invention, the average particle size of the silica powder is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 15 μm, and particularly in the range of 1.0 to 10.0 μm. Having the average particle size of the silica powder within this range allows for good paintability and suppresses the gloss of the formed coating film. In this specification, the average particle size includes not only the particle size of primary particles but also the particle size of secondary particles (aggregates), and is the D50 value of the volume-based particle size distribution. The D50 value is the particle size at which the cumulative particle size distribution from the small particle size side accounts for 50% of the volume-based particle size distribution. The measurement method is performed in accordance with JIS Z 8825 using the laser diffraction scattering method. An example of a laser diffraction scattering measuring device is the Microtrac MT3300EXII manufactured by Nikkiso Co., Ltd.

[0027] In this process, as a pretreatment, the sample is dispersed by adding it to a mixed solvent of acetone and isopropyl alcohol and applying ultrasound for 1 minute, adjusting the sample concentration to a concentration within a predetermined transmittance range set in the instrument. The transmittance range is, for example, 0.800 to 0.930.

[0028] In the present invention, the amount of silica powder blended is preferably in the range of 0.5 to 10 parts by mass, particularly 1 to 5 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of the nonvolatile content of the oxidative-curing resin contained in the paint composition. By having the amount of silica powder within this range, the paint workability is good, and the gloss of the formed coating film is suppressed, resulting in a high-quality appearance.

[0029] <Constitutional Powder> The low-gloss coating composition of the present invention contains a binder powder. Examples of the aforementioned body powders include calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, clay, talc, mica, aluminum oxide, aluminum hydroxide, alumina, zinc oxide, and combinations thereof. Among these, the use of calcium carbonate and / or barium sulfate, particularly calcium carbonate, is preferred. In the present invention, the extender powder is preferably a fine powder with a small particle size, and the average particle size is preferably in the range of 0.1 to 10 μm, and more preferably in the range of 0.2 to 4.0 μm. By using an extender powder with an average particle size range within this range, the phenomenon of increased gloss in thick film areas such as joints that occur when painting over a wide area, and the phenomenon of increased gloss of the paint film due to increased humidity in the painting environment are suppressed. The amount of the aforementioned body powder is preferably in the range of 10 to 200 parts by mass, particularly 30 to 150 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of the nonvolatile content of the oxidative curing resin.

[0030] <Coloring pigments> The low-gloss coating composition of the present invention contains a coloring pigment. The aforementioned coloring pigments can be any known pigments in the paint field without limitation, such as white pigments like titanium dioxide and zinc oxide; blue pigments like cyanine blue and induthlene blue; green pigments like cyanine green and verdigris; organic red pigments like azo and quinacridone, and red pigments like red iron oxide; organic yellow pigments like benzoinidazolone, isoindolinone, isoindoline, and quinophthalone, and yellow pigments like titanium yellow and lead yellow; black pigments like carbon black, graphite, and pine soot; and lustrous pigments like aluminum powder, copper powder, nickel powder, titanium oxide-coated mica powder, iron oxide-coated mica powder, and lustrous graphite. These can be used individually or in combination of two or more as appropriate depending on the desired color.

[0031] <Hydrazide compounds> The low-gloss coating composition of the present invention contains a hydrazide compound as a formalin catcher. By using a hydrazide compound, the amount of formalin emitted from the coating film is reduced, and a stable low-gloss coating film can be obtained even when the film thickness and coating environment fluctuate.

[0032] Examples of hydrazide compounds include saturated aliphatic carboxylic acid dihydrazides with 2 to 18 carbon atoms, such as oxalate dihydrazide, malonic acid dihydrazide, glutaric acid dihydrazide, succinic acid dihydrazide, adipic acid dihydrazide, and sebacate dihydrazide; monoolefinic unsaturated dicarboxylic acid dihydrazides, such as maleic acid dihydrazide, fumaric acid dihydrazide, and itaconic acid dihydrazide; and phthalic acid and terephthalic acid. Other examples include isophthalic acid dihydrazides, as well as pyromellitic acid dihydrazides, trihydrazides, or tetrahydrazides; nitrilotriacetate trihydrazide, citrate trihydrazide, 1,2,4-benzenetrihydrazide, ethylenediaminetetraacetate tetrahydrazide, 1,4,5,8-naphthoate tetrahydrazide; carbonate dihydrazides, bissemicarbazides, and combinations thereof.

[0033] The amount of the hydrazide compound is preferably in the range of 0.05 to 5.0 parts by mass, particularly 0.1 to 3.5 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of the nonvolatile content of the oxidative-curing resin contained in the paint composition.

[0034] <Low-gloss paint composition> The low-gloss coating composition of the present invention may optionally contain other components, such as a curing catalyst, an organic solvent, a pigment dispersant, a rust-preventive pigment, a thickener, a color separation inhibitor, an antifoaming agent, a modifying resin other than the oxidative-curing resin, a known formalin catcher other than a hydrazide compound, and a curing agent.

[0035] Among these, the curing catalyst is not particularly limited as long as it promotes oxidative curing, and known ones can be used. Specifically, examples include naphthenates and / or octylates of cobalt, barium, vanadium, manganese, cerium, lead, iron, calcium, zinc, zirconium, cerium, nickel, or tin, and combinations thereof.

[0036] Examples of the aforementioned organic solvents include weak solvents.

[0037] The term "weak solvent" is commonly used in this field and generally refers to a solvent with weak dissolving power. While it is not strictly defined, examples include those classified as Type 3 organic solvents under the Industrial Safety and Health Act.

[0038] Specific examples include, for instance, gasoline, kerosene, coal tar naphtha (including solvent naphtha), petroleum ether, petroleum naphtha, petroleum benzine, turpentine oil, and mineral spirits (including mineral thinner, petroleum spirit, white spirit, and mineral turpentine), which may be used individually or in combination of two or more.

[0039] In addition, organic solvents other than weak solvents can also be used, such as aliphatic solvents like n-butane, n-hexane, n-heptane, n-octane, cyclopentane, cyclohexane, and cyclobutane; aromatic solvents like toluene and xylene; ketone solvents like methyl isobutyl ketone; ether solvents like n-butyl ether and dioxane; ester solvents like ethyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate, and butyl carbitol acetate; and ketone solvents like methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, and diisobutyl ketone.

[0040] <Painting Method> The low-gloss coating composition of the present invention can be easily cured at room temperature, but forced drying or heat curing may be performed as needed. Room temperature refers to a temperature in which no temperature manipulation such as forced heating or cooling is performed, although this temperature varies depending on the ambient temperature of the environment in which the coating is performed, and is, for example, 5 to 40°C.

[0041] Substrates to which the low-gloss coating composition of the present invention can be applied include metal substrates such as iron, steel plates, galvanized steel, stainless steel, aluminum, and titanium; wood; and resin substrates such as plastics. However, it can also be applied to substrates such as concrete, mortar, slate, slate tiles, and ceramic building materials. These substrates may already have a coating film of a known composition.

[0042] The low-gloss coating composition of the present invention is applied by known means such as spraying, roller application, brush application, or pouring, after being diluted with thinner or the like to a viscosity suitable for application. The application amount can be adjusted as appropriate, but is generally 30-400 g / m². 2 Preferably 50-250 g / m² 2 A range within this range is preferable.

[0043] Furthermore, when painting, the low-gloss paint composition may be applied directly to the substrate surface, or a primer may be applied to the substrate surface first, and then the low-gloss paint composition may be applied as a topcoat.

[0044] The aforementioned undercoat paint is preferably selected appropriately from known paints such as primer paints and rust-preventive paints, depending on the type of substrate. [Examples]

[0045] The present invention will be further described below with reference to examples. Here, 'parts' and '%' mean 'parts by mass' and '% by mass', respectively.

[0046] Examples 1-26 and Comparative Examples 1-4 Each low-gloss paint composition (X-1) to (X-30) was prepared using the formulations listed in Table 1 and subjected to the evaluation tests described below. The results are shown in Table 1 as well.

[0047] [Table 1]

[0048] [Table 2]

[0049] (Note 1) 60% alkyd resin solution: In a three-necked flask, 587 parts soybean oil fatty acid, 251 parts phthalic anhydride, 7.5 parts maleic acid, 195 parts pentaerythritol, and 29 parts ethylene glycol were charged. After heating at 180°C for 1 hour, the temperature was raised to 230°C and the reaction was carried out for 8 hours. The solution was then diluted with mineral spirits to obtain an oxidative polymerization type alkyd resin solution with a non-volatile content of 60%. (Note 2) Sancal NA2200: Product name, manufactured by Nichitsu Co., Ltd., calcium carbonate, average particle size 1.4 μm (Note 3) Softon 1500: Product name, manufactured by Bihoku Funka Kogyo Co., Ltd., calcium carbonate, average particle size 1.5 μm (Note 4) μ-powder 3N: Product name, manufactured by Bihoku Powdering Industry Co., Ltd., calcium carbonate, average particle size 1.6 μm (Note 5) Sunlight SL700: Product name, manufactured by Takehara Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., calcium carbonate, average particle size 4.5 μm (Note 6) Sancal NA-800: Product name, manufactured by Nichitsu Co., Ltd., calcium carbonate, average particle size 7.9 μm (Note 7) Sancal NA-600: Product name, manufactured by Nichitsu Co., Ltd., calcium carbonate, average particle size 10.3 μm (Note 8) Precipitating barium sulfate PS-07: Trade name, manufactured by Guangxi Xiangzh Co., Ltd., barium sulfate, average particle size 0.7 μm (Note 9) Silicea 710: Trade name, manufactured by Fuji Silicea Chemical Co., Ltd., silica, average particle size 2.4 μm (Note 10) Silicea 350: Trade name, manufactured by Fuji Silicea Chemical Co., Ltd., silica, average particle size 3.7 μm (Note 11) Silicea 440: Trade name, manufactured by Fuji Silicea Chemical Co., Ltd., silica, average particle size 5.9 μm (Note 12) Silicea 450: Trade name, manufactured by Fuji Silicea Chemical Co., Ltd., silica, average particle size 8.0 μm.

[0050] <Evaluation Test> (1) Paintability The workability of each paint composition obtained in the examples and comparative examples when applied with a brush was evaluated according to the following criteria. ◎: Easy to move the brush and easy to apply. ○: It requires a little force to move the brush, but there's no problem. △: The brush is heavy and prone to streaking. ×: The brush is very heavy and difficult to use.

[0051] (2) Finish Each low-gloss paint composition obtained in the examples and comparative examples was applied to a 60 x 90 cm tin plate using a 6 mm short-napped roller to a dry film thickness of 30 μm, and dried for 7 days at 23°C and 50% RH to prepare test coated plates. The 60-degree specular gloss (hereinafter referred to as 60°G) of each obtained test coated plate was measured in accordance with JIS K5600-4-7 (1999), and the smoothness was visually evaluated according to the following criteria. Although the table shows different gloss levels, there is no superiority or inferiority among the gloss levels in this invention. A 50% gloss is approximately 35 ± 5 at 60°G, and a 30% gloss is approximately 15 ± 5 at 60°G. (Criteria for evaluating smoothness) ◎: No surface roughness is observed at all. ○: Very slight surface roughness is present, but it is not noticeable. △: Roughness is clearly visible on the painted surface. ×: The entire painted surface shows noticeable roughness.

[0052] (3) Suppression of gloss increase (film thickness dependent) In the above finish quality test, a test coating panel was prepared in the same manner as in the above finish quality test, except that the dry film thickness was changed from 30 μm to 60 μm, and the 60°G was measured. The difference between 60°G at a film thickness of 60 μm and 60°G at a film thickness of 30 μm (Δ60°G(60 μm - 30 μm)) was calculated and evaluated according to the following criteria. A smaller Δ60°G indicated better suppression of gloss increase due to film thickness change. ◎: Δ60°G (60μm-30μm) is 0-10 ○: Δ60°G(60μm-30μm) is greater than 10 and less than or equal to 20. △: Δ60°G(60μm-30μm) is greater than 20 and less than or equal to 30. ×: Δ60°G(60μm-30μm) is greater than 30 and less than or equal to 40.

[0053] (4) Suppression of gloss increase (humidity dependent) In the above finish quality test, test coated panels were prepared in the same manner as in the above finish quality test, except that the humidity of the painting and drying atmosphere was changed from 50%RH to 80%RH, and 60°G was measured. The difference between 60°G at 80% RH and 60°G at 50% RH (Δ60°G(80%RH-50%RH)) was calculated and evaluated according to the following criteria. A smaller Δ60°G was judged to indicate better suppression of gloss increase due to humidity changes. ◎: Δ60°G (80%RH-50%RH) is 0-20 ○: Δ60°G (80%RH-50%RH) is greater than 20 and less than or equal to 30. △: Δ60°G (80%RH-50%RH) is greater than 30 and less than or equal to 40. ×: Δ60°G (80%RH-50%RH) exceeds 40.

[0054] (5) Formalin emission The formaldehyde emission (mg / L) of each coating composition obtained in the examples and comparative examples was determined according to the desiccator method described in JIS-K-5601-4-1, and evaluated according to the following criteria. 〇: 0.12mg / L or less ×: Greater than 0.12 mg / L

Claims

1. An oxidative-curable low-gloss coating composition comprising an oxidative-curable resin, silica powder, a extender powder with an average particle size of 0.1 to 10 μm, a coloring pigment, and a hydrazide compound, The content of the oxidation-curing resin is in the range of 10 to 80 parts by mass of nonvolatile content per 100 parts by mass of nonvolatile components in the paint composition. The amount of silica powder blended is within the range of 0.5 to 10 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of nonvolatile content of the oxidative curing resin. The average particle size of the silica powder is within the range of 0.5 to 15 μm, and A paint composition in which the amount of additive powder is within the range of 10 to 200 parts by mass, based on 100 parts by mass of the nonvolatile content of the oxidative curing resin.

2. The paint composition according to claim 1, wherein the oxidative curing resin uses drying oil fatty acids and / or semi-drying oil fatty acids as raw materials.

3. The paint composition according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the oxidation-curing resin is an alkyd resin.

4. A painting method comprising applying a low-gloss paint composition according to any one of claims 1 to 3 to a substrate surface.

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