Fatty acid reaction products of dextrin or dextran composed with surfactants

Abstract

Compositions containing the reaction product of a saccharide polymer and a fatty acid, including a neutral surfactant or its reaction product, and dextran, a dextrin compound, or any combination thereof, may be obtained in the presence of water and a hydroxide base (optionally in the presence of a neutral surfactant). The reaction product of the saccharide polymer and a fatty acid may be present in a concentration effective to reduce the surface tension of the neutral surfactant. The composition may promote emulsification or demulsification, depending on the identity of the fatty acid, among other factors. The composition may also promote foaming under appropriate conditions. Treatment fluids containing the composition (including foamed treatment fluids) may be introduced into subterranean formations to perform treatment operations, where emulsification or demulsification of the fluid may occur. The reaction products may be incorporated into soaps and other personal care products.

Description

[Background technology]

[0001] Amphiphilic compounds, which possess both hydrophobic and hydrophilic moieties in their molecular structure, are generally referred to as "surfactants" or "surfactant compounds." Due to their molecular structure, surfactants tend to reduce the surface tension at the interface between two components. Surfactants may be used in a wide range of consumer and industrial products, including, for example, soaps, detergents, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and dispersants. Surfactants are also commonly used in the petroleum and gas industry. Among the various functions in these applications, surfactants may promote the solubility of poorly soluble solids, increase foaming, facilitate emulsification or demulsification, and / or, in certain cases, reduce viscosity. Poor biodegradability (including slow biodegradation in liquid environments) and / or poor biocompatibility of some common synthetic surfactants can affect consumer and industrial products and processes that use such surfactants.

[0002] The recovery of hydrocarbon resources (such as oil and gas) from the subsurface is often carried out in conjunction with the introduction of one or more subsurface treatment chemicals into the downhole. As used herein, the terms “to treat,” “to treat,” “to treat,” and their grammatical equivalents refer to any compound, fluid, or combination thereof that is introduced into the subsurface for the purpose of achieving a desired function and / or for a desired purpose. Appropriate treatment chemicals may be selected based on the specific conditions present or expected to be present in the downhole. Environmental and regulatory concerns may also determine which treatment chemicals may be appropriate for use in a particular location. Surfactants are a type of treatment chemical commonly used in oil fields and can perform a variety of functions in downholes.

[0003] Petroleum and other hydrocarbon resources can often exist in emulsified forms within subsurface formations. Deemulsifiers may be used to separate emulsified oil and other hydrocarbon resources to facilitate their production and / or post-production processing. Preventing emulsion formation in downholes may also be desirable in many cases.

[0004] In other cases, the introduction of an emulsified fluid into the subsurface may be desirable. Alternatively, the desired treatment result may be easily obtained by using a fluid that undergoes emulsification in the downhole, a fluid that promotes emulsification in the downhole, a fluid that inverts an existing emulsion in the downhole, or a fluid that alters the surface wetting in the downhole. For example, but not limited to, the emulsified fluid has sufficient viscosity to transport particulate matter into or out of the well (e.g., propane particles, drill chips, or crosslinking agents, as non-limiting examples). The emulsified fluid may also facilitate the separation of hydrocarbon resources bound to the matrix of the subsurface by altering the surface wetting properties. Microemulsion fluids may be advantageous in many cases due to their optical transparency and ease of handling. Microemulsion fluids may also alter the surface wetting properties in the downhole or draw hydrocarbon resources into the fluid during production.

[0005] In the applications described above, various types of surfactants can be used in the petroleum and gas industry to stabilize emulsions or to promote the demulsification of fluids. Often, surfactants capable of promoting emulsification or demulsification have entirely different chemical structures, and common surfactant compounds cannot be easily modulated to specific states that may exist in downholes. Some common surfactants are expensive, have poor water solubility, and / or may be subject to environmental and / or other government regulations. Furthermore, some emulsifiers or demulsifiers have high surface tension and intrafacial tension values ​​at critical micelle concentrations, making them difficult to pump out of downholes. These issues can pose relevant obstacles when composing consumer and industrial products containing surfactants.

[0006] Surfactants are commonly used in various industrial and consumer products to promote emulsification or demulsification, as well as to promote foam formation in aqueous fluids. The foaming properties of soaps, detergents, shampoos, and similar consumer products are common examples. Foamed processing fluids are similarly frequently used in petroleum and gas production. As used herein, the term "foam" refers to a state in which a large volume of gas is stably dispersed in a relatively small volume of liquid in the form of bubbles of varying sizes. The term "foam quality" refers to the proportion of gas in the volume of foam, which can be calculated by dividing the total volume of foam minus the volume of liquid by the total volume of foam. Ionic surfactants are one of the most commonly used types of surfactants to promote foaming. However, ionic surfactants can cause incompatibility with other types of materials (such as divalent ions), and some may be subject to regulatory restrictions, especially when used in large quantities. In addition, ionic surfactants can result in inconsistent foaming performance at high temperatures. [Brief explanation of the drawing]

[0007] The following drawings are included to illustrate certain aspects of the present disclosure and should not be regarded as exclusive embodiments. The subject matter of the disclosed invention can be equivalent to considerable modifications, changes, combinations, and equivalents in form and function without departing from the scope of the present disclosure.

[0008] [Figure 1] shows a plot of the emulsification rate as a function of time for Terero oil emulsified with Sample A. [Figure 2] shows a plot of the emulsification rate as a function of time for Terero oil emulsified with Sample B. [Figure 3] shows a plot of the emulsification rate as a function of time for Terero oil emulsified with Sample C. [Figure 4] shows a plot of the emulsification rate as a function of time for Terero oil emulsified with Sample D.

[0009] [Figure 5] shows a plot of the emulsification rate as a function of time for Wolfcamp A oil emulsified with Sample A. [Figure 6] shows a plot of the emulsification rate as a function of time for Wolfcamp A oil emulsified with Sample B. [Figure 7] shows a plot of the emulsification rate as a function of time for Wolfcamp A oil emulsified with Sample C. [Figure 8] shows a plot of the emulsification rate as a function of time for Wolfcamp A oil emulsified with Sample D.

[0010] [Figure 9] shows a plot of the surface tension as a function of concentration for Sample A. [Figure 10] shows a plot of the surface tension as a function of concentration for Sample B. [Figure 11] shows a plot of the surface tension as a function of concentration for Sample C. [Figure 12] The graph shows the surface tension as a function of concentration for sample D.

[0011] [Figure 13] The graph shows the emulsification rate as a function of time for East Texas Hutcheson #2 oil emulsified in samples E1-E4. [Figure 14] The graph shows the emulsification rate as a function of time for East Texas Hutcheson #2 oil emulsified in samples F1-F4. [Figure 15] The graph shows the emulsification rate as a function of time for East Texas Hutcheson #2 oil emulsified in samples G1-G4. [Figure 16] The graph shows a plot of emulsification rate as a function of time for East Texas Hutcheson #2 oil emulsified with samples H1-H4.

[0012] [Figure 17] The graph shows the water emulsification rates at 60 minutes for samples E1-E4, F1-F4, G1-G4, and H1-H4.

[0013] [Figure 18] The bar graph shows the Hart-DeGeorge Foam Test performance of the experimental soap formulation and the comparative soap formulation. The experimental soap formulation contains the reaction product of maltodextrin and lauric acid obtained in the presence of cocamide diethanolamine, while the comparative soap formulation contains an equivalent mass of sodium lauryl sulfate and anionic surfactants commonly used in soaps and personal care products. [Disclosure of the Invention]

[0014] This disclosure relates, in general, to surfactant technology, more specifically to compositions having low surface tension that can emulsify, deemulsify, increase the viscosity of, or foam a fluid. In some emulsion applications, the compositions may form microemulsions. Various industrial and consumer products may be formed from the compositions (including foamed or foaming compositions).

[0015] As described above, emulsion management may be desirable when producing hydrocarbon resources from subsurface layers. In some cases, the presence of emulsions may be appropriate, for example, to facilitate the transport of solids into or from subsurface layers, or to alter the surface wetting properties within the well. In other cases, it may be advantageous to break down the emulsion to enable the production of hydrocarbon resources. Various types of surfactants are used in a wide range of industrial and consumer products, and may also be used for these purposes. Often, surfactants with significantly different structures are used to promote emulsification and deemulsification. Some types of surfactants often have high surface tension (interfacial tension) and in-plane tension values, and some types of surfactants may be subject to regulatory restrictions. In addition, some types of surfactants, particularly anionic surfactants, may interact harmfully with components that may be present in the fluid (e.g., salts).

[0016] Surfactants may also be used to promote foaming of fluids. While the presence of foam in household and personal care products (e.g., soaps and detergents) is well-known, foam is also frequently used as a special processing fluid in petroleum and gas production. When surfactants are used to promote foaming in these and other applications, they can introduce the same types of problems encountered when promoting emulsification or deemulsification. Furthermore, ionic surfactants can, in certain cases, particularly at high temperatures and in the presence of certain metal cations, result in inconsistent foaming performance.

[0017] This disclosure provides biopolymer-based compounds that can be produced using additional substances (e.g., to adjust the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB)) that are modulated to promote emulsification or demulsification, depending on how the biopolymer is functionalized (including in combination with a suitable neutral surfactant). Specifically, this disclosure provides saccharide polymers containing dextran or dextrin compounds that, when reacted with fatty acids preferably under alkaline conditions and optionally in the presence of a neutral surfactant, yield reaction products having surfactant-modifying properties and unexpectedly low surface tension values ​​when present in combination with a suitable surfactant. Without being limited by theory, the reaction products may include at least one fatty acid ester of the dextran or dextrin compound that synergistically interacts with the neutral surfactant to reduce the surface tension value. While the components forming the reaction product individually tend to increase surface tension, when combined in the reaction product (presumably after further reaction of their primary alcohol functional groups), they can surprisingly decrease the surface tension of cocamide diethanolamine (CocoDEA) and similar neutral surfactants. Similar neutral surfactants that may function similarly may include, but are not limited to, other fatty acid amide alkanolamines, such as those formed from palmitic acid and ethanolamine or diethanolamine. The dextrin compounds also have primary and secondary alcohol functional groups that can react with fatty acids to form the reaction products described herein. The reaction products may be advantageous because they are bio-derived, low-cost, and can decrease surface tension when present in combination with neutral surfactants. Furthermore, the chain length of the fatty acid components in the reaction products can be useful in tuning the properties obtained from the reaction products, including determining whether emulsifying or deemulsifying properties result in a particular situation. Maltodextrin reaction products are representative of particularly useful types of dextrin-based reaction products.

[0018] Furthermore, reaction products having a sufficiently high hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) may promote foaming of formulations, including when combined with one or more suitable surfactants. Combinations of neutral surfactants with the reaction products of this disclosure may promote rapid foaming of aqueous fluids and may produce foam that is more stable than foam produced by an equivalent mass of ionic surfactants (including cationic, anionic, or amphoteric surfactants). Amphoteric surfactants may be combined with the reaction products as appropriate to improve foaming performance compared to the reaction products and neutral surfactants alone. For example, when combined with CocoDEA, other fatty acid amide alkanolamines, or their reaction products, the reaction product formed from maltodextrin and lauric acid may produce foam that is less dense and more stable than foam formed from substantially equivalent amounts of sodium lauryl sulfate (sodium dodecyl sulfate), an anionic surfactant commonly used in personal care products such as soaps and shampoos. Considering the biomolecular properties of the reaction products, foaming formulations or foaming formulations containing one or more reaction products of this disclosure may offer a more environmentally friendly method for composing soaps and other personal care products.

[0019] In addition to the fact that foaming formulations or effervescent formulations can be obtained based on neutral surfactant technology, the reaction products of this disclosure can replace all or part of more expensive surfactants and / or surfactants subject to government regulations in a variety of industrial or consumer products. For example, the reaction products of this disclosure can be an effective substitute for ethoxylated alcohol neutral surfactants. The reduction in surface tension resulting from combining the reaction products of this disclosure with neutral surfactants can be advantageous when replacing less desirable surfactants.

[0020] Maltodextrins represent a saccharide polymer that is advantageous for use in this disclosure due to their low cost, environmental friendliness, and relatively easy chemical reaction with fatty acids having a range of chain lengths. Depending on the fatty acid reacted with the maltodextrin, the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of the reaction product may range from about 5 to about 20 or more, where known molecular contributions may be used to calculate the HLB value. Thus, maltodextrin reaction products may be effective in forming emulsions in substantially aqueous or substantially oily fluids using specific fatty acids selected for reaction with maltodextrin, based on the specific state and type of hydrocarbon resources present in the downhole or required in composing a given product. Similarly, such maltodextrin reaction products may promote foaming when the HLB is sufficiently high. In addition to the property changes brought about by the size of the fatty acids, maltodextrin can be used in a range of oligomer sizes (e.g., 3 to 20 glucose monomers, or up to approximately 25 glucose monomers) that allows for some further adjustment of the emulsifying or foaming properties to be achieved. Therefore, maltodextrin reaction products can offer numerous advantages and broad applicability for use in downhole applications as well as in other applications where surfactants are commonly used, such as in soaps and other personal care products. Dextran reaction products may offer similar advantages and characteristics to maltodextrin reaction products (including the ability to produce low surface tension values) and may be formed and used under similar conditions.

[0021] Dextrin compounds suitable for use in this disclosure may contain 2 to about 20 glucose monomers, or up to about 25 glucose monomers, linked by α(1,4) glycosidic bonds. At least some of the glucose monomers are C4-C 30 Fatty acids or C4-C 20When contacted with fatty acid salts, such as salts of fatty acids, under appropriate conditions, reaction products can be formed. Without being limited by theory, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the glucose monomer may react to form fatty acid esters of the dextrin compound (occasionally present in combination with unreacted fatty acid salts in the aqueous phase). If formed, the ester reaction product may be generated at any hydroxyl group of the dextrin compound, containing either a combination of primary and / or secondary hydroxyl groups. Hydroxyl groups of neutral surfactants can react under similar conditions.

[0022] Dextran is a saccharide polymer characterized by predominantly having α(1,6) glycosidic bonds between adjacent glucose monomers, with a limited number of glucose side chains attached to the main polymer backbone via α(1,3) glycosidic bonds. The α(1,3) glycosidic bonds can introduce crosslinks between adjacent saccharide polymer chains. Depending on the biological source, the degree of branching and molecular weight of dextran may vary considerably, and any of these may be used in this disclosure. At least some of the glucose monomers in dextran are C4-C 30 Fatty acids or C4-C 20 When contacted with fatty acid salts, such as fatty acid salts, under appropriate conditions, reaction products can be formed. Without being limited by theory, in some embodiments, at least a portion of the glucose monomer may react to form fatty acid esters of dextran (occasionally present in combination with unreacted fatty acid salts in the aqueous phase). If formed, the ester reaction product can be generated at any hydroxyl group of dextran.

[0023] In some embodiments, the reaction products of the present disclosure may include dextrin compounds having 3 to about 20 glucose monomers, or up to about 25 glucose monomers, covalently linked by α(1,4) glycosidic bonds. Formula 1 below shows a general structure of a dextrin compound having only α(1,4) glycosidic bonds between adjacent glucose monomers, where the variable "a" is a positive integer in the range of 1 to about 18, thus giving 3 to about 20 glucose monomers in the dextrin backbone. For dextrin compounds containing up to 25 glucose monomers, the variable "a" may be in the range of 1 to about 23. Terminal glucose units are shown in a closed form, but may also be present in the form of the corresponding reducing sugars. [ka] Other dextrin compounds may contain only α(1,6) glycosidic bonds or a mixture of α(1,4) and α(1,6) glycosidic bonds, and such dextrin compounds may also be suitable for use in the formation of reaction products. Particularly suitable dextrins have molecular weights in the range of about 1200 to about 1400 or about 1100 to about 1500 (e.g., M n ) may have.

[0024] In some or other embodiments, the reaction product may include dextran obtained from any suitable source. The structure of dextran is shown in Formula 2 below, but for clarity, the α(1,3) glycosidic bond is not shown here. If present, the α(1,3) glycosidic bond may be formed by adding terminal glucose monomers as side chains to the α(1,6)-linked saccharide polymer backbone, forming crosslinks between adjacent α(1,6)-linked saccharide polymer backbone, or cleaving the α(1,6)-linked saccharide polymer backbone with an α(1,3) glycosidic bond, or any combination thereof. Depending on the source, up to approximately 5% of glucose monomers may be linked by α(1,3) glycosidic bonds. The linkage by α(1,3) glycosidic bonds may occur on any glucose monomer. The numbering of a single glucose monomer is shown in Formula 3 below. [ka] A suitable dextran may have a molecular weight of approximately 1200, 1400, 5000 to 50,000,000, or 100,000 to 20,000,000. Therefore, the variable "b" may be in the range of approximately 30 to 300,000, depending on the specific dextran selected. Particularly suitable dextrans have molecular weights in the range of approximately 1200 to 1400, 1100 to 1500, 100,000 to 1000,000, or 2,000,000 to 5,000,000 (e.g., M n ) may have . Another suitable dextran may have a molecular weight of about 500,000 and an activity level of about 9%. [ka]

[0025] The saccharide polymer may contain maltodextrins as described in some embodiments of the present disclosure. Maltodextrins can be characterized by their dextrose equivalent (DE) value. Dextrose equivalent is a measure of the amount of reducing sugars (e.g., glucose monomers) present in a saccharide polymer (especially dextrin) and is expressed as a percentage of dextrose. Dextrose itself is defined as having a dextrose equivalent of 100, while starch, whose functional groups are non-reducing, is defined as having a dextrose equivalent of 0. The dextrose equivalent is calculated by the molecular weight of glucose M n It can be calculated by dividing by and raising the result to 100. A higher dextrose equivalent value is characterized by a smaller number of covalently bonded glucose monomers (a shorter polymer backchain length results in a higher relative proportion of terminal reducing sugars). Maltodextrins suitable for forming reaction products with one or more fatty acids as described herein may exhibit dextrose equivalent values ​​in the range of 3 to about 25 or 3 to about 20. In more specific embodiments, the dextrose equivalent value of a maltodextrin may be in the range of about 4.5 to about 7.0, about 7.0 to about 10.0, or about 9.0 to about 12.0.

[0026] According to some embodiments, maltodextrins suitable for the formation of the reaction product can be obtained from the hydrolysis or thermal decomposition of starch (specifically, the amylose component of starch). For example, maltodextrin having formula 1 can be formed by the hydrolysis or thermal decomposition of amylose. Suitable alternative dextrins may be obtained from the hydrolysis or thermal decomposition of the amylopectin component of starch, in which case the dextrin may contain an α(1,6) glycosidic bond if it is obtained by the hydrolysis of the amylopectin side chain. The starch that can yield the dextrin may be obtained from any starch source.

[0027] Thus, the reaction product of the present disclosure may contain a first reaction component that is a saccharide polymer selected from dextran, dextrin compounds, or any combination thereof, and a second reaction component that contains one or more fatty acids. The reaction product may be obtained in the presence of water and a hydroxide base. Suitable hydroxide bases may include, for example, alkali metal hydroxides (such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, or any combination thereof). There may be a hydroxide base that is stoichiometrically in excess or stoichiometrically deficient with respect to the one or more fatty acids. Optionally, the reaction product may be formed in the presence of a neutral surfactant.

[0028] In the reaction product, the molar ratio of fatty acid to glucose monomer is in molar 脂肪酸 :molar グルコース単量体 about 0.05 or more based on, molar 脂肪酸 :molar グルコース単量体 about 0.08 or more based on, molar 脂肪酸 :molar グルコース単量体 about 0.1 or more based on, molar 脂肪酸 :molar グルコース単量体 about 0.2 or more based on, molar 脂肪酸 :molar グルコース単量体 about 0.3 or more based on, molar 脂肪酸 :molar グルコース単量体 about 0.4 or more based on, molar 脂肪酸 :molar グルコース単量体 about 0.5 or more based on, molar 脂肪酸 :molar グルコース単量体 about 0.6 or more based on, molar 脂肪酸 :molar グルコース単量体 about 0.7 or more based on, molar 脂肪酸 :molar グルコース単量体 about 0.8 or more based on, or molar 脂肪酸 :molar グルコース単量体The ratio may be approximately 0.9 or higher based on the following. The maximum ratio of fatty acids to dextrin or dextran in the reaction product may be approximately 1.0 in most cases based on the glucose monomer. The aforementioned ratio may represent the molar ratio of fatty acids reacted with the dextran or dextrin compound. In some cases, one or more hydroxyl groups per glucose monomer may react. At least a portion of the glucose monomer may remain unfunctionalized. Unreacted carboxylic acids, if present, may remain in the reaction product as free carboxylate salts of hydroxide bases. Thus, the reaction products of this disclosure may contain one or more dextrin fatty acid esters and / or one or more dextran fatty acid esters, optionally further combined with fatty acid carboxylate salts (e.g., alkali metal carboxylate salts) and hydroxide bases (e.g., alkali metal hydroxide bases). The hydroxide base may be present in at least a sufficient molar amount to react with substantially all fatty acids present to form alkali metal carboxylate salts. The hydroxide base may be neutralized with acid or removed by washing, and the reaction product may retain its ability to reduce surface tension.

[0029] The compositions of this disclosure may contain neutral surfactants and / or amphoteric surfactants in combination with the reaction products described above. Surprisingly, the reaction products of this disclosure may promote a decrease in the surface tension of the neutral or amphoteric surfactant. That is, the reaction products may be present at concentrations that are effective in reducing surface tension compared to the surface tension produced by the neutral or amphoteric surfactant alone at substantially similar concentrations. Neutral surfactants may be useful because they already have low surface tension values. When combined with a saccharide polymer during the formation of the reaction product, the alcohol group of the neutral surfactant may similarly form the reaction product, for example, together with a fatty acid.

[0030] Suitable neutral surfactants that can reduce surface tension in combination with reaction products include cocamide-based surfactants, such as cocamide diethanolamine, cocamide monoethanolamine, cocamide monoisopropanolamine, and cocamide diisopropanolamine. Cocamide diethanolamine (CocoDEA) may be a suitable neutral surfactant for use in the disclosure herein. Other suitable neutral surfactants include further fatty acid amide alkanolamines, such as palmitic acid amide diethanolamine or monoethanolamine. In the compositions of the disclosure, such neutral surfactants may be present in concentrations of about 20% by weight or less, about 10% by weight or less, or about 5% by weight or less, for example, about 1% to about 10% by weight or about 3% to about 8% by weight.

[0031] Betaine surfactants are a type of amphoteric surfactant. Since amphoteric surfactants have a net charge of 0, they may be considered to constitute neutral surfactants in this disclosure. Amphoteric surfactants (e.g., cocamidopropyl betaine) may also be present in the compositions of this disclosure, either alone or in combination with neutral surfactants, particularly when producing effervescent formulations containing reaction products. Similarly, amphoteric surfactants may have reduced surface tension when combined with reaction products.

[0032] The reaction products disclosed herein, once formed, may have a pH in the range of about 1 to about 14, for example, about 1 to about 5, about 5 to about 7, about 7 to about 9, or about 9 to about 14. A decrease in surface tension may, in some cases, result in a decrease in pH. A decrease in surface tension may also occur in the presence of a dissolved salt (e.g., potassium chloride).

[0033] The reaction products of this disclosure (which may include reaction products formed by the reaction of one or more fatty acids with dextrin compounds and / or dextran) may be prepared by a process comprising the steps of heating a saccharide polymer containing dextran, a dextrin compound (e.g., containing 3 to about 20 glucose monomers or up to about 25 glucose monomers linked to each other by α(1,4) glycosidic bonds) or any combination thereof, a fatty acid, and a hydroxide base in water; obtaining a reaction product of the saccharide polymer and fatty acid in the aqueous phase; and combining the reaction product in the aqueous phase with a neutral surfactant or, optionally, a reaction product thereof (e.g., a cocamide-based surfactant or an amphoteric surfactant). The reaction product may be combined with a neutral surfactant or amphoteric surfactant in an amount effective in reducing surface tension compared to the surfactant alone at a similar concentration. Either the reaction product of dextran or a dextrin compound may constitute a saccharide polymer suitable for forming compositions with low surface tension. Heating may be carried out at a temperature of 100°C or lower, for example, at approximately 50°C to 80°C, 60°C to 70°C, or 50°C to 60°C.

[0034] The reaction product may be formed in the presence of a neutral surfactant or an amphoteric surfactant, or the neutral surfactant or amphoteric surfactant may be added after the formation of the reaction product is complete. For example, the reaction product may be precipitated and then dissolved in an aqueous solution containing a neutral surfactant or an amphoteric surfactant. In some embodiments, since the neutral surfactant can reduce the surface tension, the reaction product may be formed in the presence of a neutral surfactant or combined with a neutral surfactant. If present during the formation of the reaction product, a reaction product of a neutral surfactant having a hydroxyl group may be formed.

[0035] When a neutral surfactant is used, the surface tension of the composition may be about 40 dyn / cm or less, about 38 dyn / cm or less, about 36 dyn / cm or less, about 34 dyn / cm or less, about 32 dyn / cm or less, about 30 dyn / cm or less, or about 28 dyn / cm or less. The surface tension may depend largely on the selected amount of neutral surfactant present, where the selected amount of neutral surfactant is chosen to provide a desirable degree of surfactant applicable to a given use. With the selected amount of neutral surfactant, the reaction product may be present in an amount sufficient to reduce the surface tension compared to the surface tension obtained for the surfactant alone at substantially the same concentration. The corresponding in-plane tension of the composition may be about 10 dyn / cm or less.

[0036] In forming the reaction product of the present disclosure, the method of the present disclosure may include the steps of combining a fatty acid, a hydroxide base, and a neutral surfactant and / or amphoteric surfactant in water to form a mixture, and heating the mixture until the fatty acid dissolves and a homogeneous mixture is formed. Subsequent steps may include combining a saccharide polymer with the homogeneous mixture and continuing heating until a sufficient amount of the reaction product is formed. The resulting aqueous mixture may be used as is, or, as appropriate, concentrated or diluted, and then combined with further components for a particular formulation. Formulations and products in which the aqueous mixture of the reaction product may be used are discussed below. In some examples, the aqueous mixture may at least partially replace another surfactant (e.g., a charged surfactant) in a particular formulation. In other examples, the aqueous mixture may at least partially replace an ethoxylated alcohol surfactant in a formulation.

[0037] Suitable fatty acids for use in forming the reaction products of this disclosure may be selected to yield reaction products having an HLB value range of about 5 to about 20. The size of the fatty acids is about C4 to about C 30 Or, approximately C4 to approximately C 20 Or, approximately C6 to approximately C 18 Or, approximately C8 to approximately C24 The range may be such that the fatty acids suitable for the formation of the reaction products according to the disclosure herein may be linear or branched, and may be saturated or unsaturated. Examples of fatty acids that may be suitable for forming the reaction products of this disclosure include, for example, butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, pelabonic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecylic acid, arachidic acid, heneicosylic acid, behenic acid, triosyl acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosylic acid, cerotic acid, carboceric acid, montanic acid, nonacosylic acid, melissic acid, crotonic acid, cervonic acid, linoleic acid, linoleric acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, and sapenoic acid. Examples include vaccenic acid, pauric acid, oleic acid, pinolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eleostearic acid, elaidic acid, gondic acid, gadolic acid, erucic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadiencoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, docosadienic acid, nervonic acid, meadic acid, adrenaline, etc., and any combination thereof. Lauric acid or a mixture of lauric acid and myristic acid may be an example of a suitable acid. Any branched variant of the aforementioned fatty acids may also be appropriately used to form the reaction products of this disclosure.

[0038] The method of the present disclosure may optionally further include steps of further combining the reaction product with water and / or adding further components, and after obtaining the reaction product in the aqueous phase, inducing foaming in the aqueous phase. Induction of foam formation in the aqueous phase may be carried out by stirring the aqueous phase in the presence of a gas (e.g., stirring or mixing in the presence of a gas), passing a gas through the aqueous phase, or a combination thereof. Neutral surfactants and / or amphoteric surfactants may be present in combination with the reaction product during foam formation.

[0039] The gas suitable for bubble formation in the presence of reaction products is not particularly limited. Suitable gases for bubble formation include, but are not limited to, air, nitrogen, carbon dioxide, helium, natural gas, or any combination thereof. In some cases, aerosol sprays may also be used.

[0040] The foam formed in accordance with the disclosure herein may have a foam quality of about 10% or more, about 20% or more, about 30% or more, about 40% or more, about 50% or more, about 60% or more, about 70% or more, about 80% or more, or about 90% or more. The upper limit of the foam quality may be about 99%, about 95%, about 90%, about 80%, about 70%, about 60%, or about 50%.

[0041] The foaming formulations or effervescent formulations of this disclosure may contain an aqueous phase containing an aqueous carrier fluid, which is described in more detail below. A foaming formulation (foamy substance) is a composition in which a gas has already been introduced and foam bubbles have already been formed. That is, a foaming formulation may contain an aqueous fluid containing a gas and the composition described herein in which the gas is mixed together as a plurality of bubbles. In contrast, an effervescent formulation is a composition that is suitable for forming bubbles after a gas has been introduced, but in which foam bubbles have not yet been formed until the gas is introduced.

[0042] The foaming formulations or effervescent formulations may further contain one or more additional surfactants (which may be cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, neutral surfactants, or any combination thereof) in addition to the reaction products of this disclosure. The foaming formulations or effervescent formulations may also contain additional ingredients used in soaps and other personal care products, examples of which are well known to those skilled in the art. Further disclosures relating to industrial and consumer products (including personal care products and their foaming variations) in which the compositions described herein may exist are discussed in more detail below.

[0043] The reaction product may be provided, supplied, mixed, or stored in solid or liquid form. The liquid form may be in a suitable fluid phase (e.g., aqueous phase), which may be emulsified or unemulsified depending on the specific formulation and intended use. The aqueous phase may also be foamy. As used herein, the terms “fluid” and “fluid phase” refer to both liquids and gels (including foamy substances), including solutions, emulsions, and suspensions of the reaction product, unless otherwise indicated. Compositions containing the reaction product of this disclosure may contain an aqueous carrier fluid. Suitable aqueous carrier fluids include, for example, fresh water, acidified water, seawater, brine (i.e., saturated salt solution), or aqueous salt solution (i.e., unsaturated salt solution). A water-miscible organic cosolvent (e.g., ethanol or ethylene glycol) may be present in combination with the aqueous carrier fluid in some embodiments. The suitable aqueous carrier fluid may be present during the formation of the reaction product, or it may be introduced after the formation of the reaction product. Underground processing work

[0044] The reaction products of this disclosure, including reaction products formed from maltodextrin, other dextrin compounds, or dextran, may be composed as subsurface treatment fluids. These treatment fluids may be used in various subsurface treatment operations to facilitate or accelerate desired results within subsurface layers. As used herein, the term “treatment fluid” refers to any fluid used in subsurface treatment operations that involves achieving a desired function and / or purpose. Unless otherwise specified, the use of the term “treatment fluid” does not imply any specific action of the treatment fluid or any of its components. Examples of treatment operations that may be facilitated by the use of the reaction products of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, excavation, stimulating, production, remediation, and erosion control operations, and may include, for example, crushing, gravel packing, acid treatment, descaling, consolidation, refurbishment, cleanup, and detour operations. Any of these treatment operations may feature emulsification, deemulsification, modification of surface wetting properties in downholes, or any combination thereof.

[0045] As used herein, the term "drilling operation" refers to the process of forming a well in a subsurface layer. As used herein, the term "drilling fluid" refers to the fluid used in drilling a well.

[0046] As used herein, the term “stimulation work” refers to any action taken within a well to increase production from the well. As used herein, the term “stimulation fluid” refers to any fluid used in a downhole during a stimulation work to increase production of hydrocarbon resources from the subsurface. In some cases, the stimulation fluid may include a fracturing fluid or an acid treatment fluid.

[0047] As used herein, the terms “cleanup operation” or “damage control operation” refer to any operation to remove foreign matter from a well to increase production. As used herein, the terms “cleanup fluid” or “damage control fluid” refer to a fluid used to remove unwanted material from a well that obstructs the flow of desired fluid. In one example, the cleanup fluid may be an acid treatment fluid for removing material generated by one or more drilling operations. In another example, the cleanup fluid may be used to remove filtration cake on the well wall. For example, the reaction products of the Disclosure may promote well cleanup by facilitating the release of hydrocarbon resources from the subsoil by altering surface wetting properties. In another embodiment, the treatment fluid containing the reaction products of the Disclosure may be introduced into the subsoil in an emulsified form and subsequently broken down (demulsified) therein to promote a desired action within the subsoil. In yet another embodiment, the treatment fluid may promote the demulsification of fluid (e.g., emulsified hydrocarbon resources) in a downhole.

[0048] As used herein, the term “fragmentation work” refers to high-pressure work that creates or extends multiple channels within a subsurface layer. As used herein, the term “fragmentation fluid” refers to a fluid with increased viscosity used in conjunction with the fragmentation work. Multiple propane particles may be present in the fragmentation fluid to maintain the channels created or extended by the fragmentation work in an open state.

[0049] As used herein, the term “repair work” refers to any work designed to maintain, increase, or restore a particular rate of production from a well, which may include stimulating or cleanup work. As used herein, the term “repair fluid” refers to any fluid used in conjunction with repair work.

[0050] As used herein, the term “acid treatment work” refers to any work designed to remove acid-soluble material (e.g., acid-soluble material containing at least a portion of the subsoil) from a well. As used herein, the term “acid treatment fluid” refers to the fluid used during an acid treatment work. Mineral acids (e.g., hydrochloric acid or hydrobromic acid) or organic acids may be present in the composition used for acid treatment of carbonate layers, while hydrofluoric acid may be present in the composition used for acid treatment of siliceous layers.

[0051] As used herein, the term “spotting fluid” refers to a fluid designed for localized treatment of subsurface layers. In one example, a spotting fluid may include a sludge inhibitor for treating a specific portion of a well, for example, to block a fissure in the well and prevent sinking. In another example, a spotting fluid may include a water control substance or a substance designed to clear blockages in drilling or extraction equipment.

[0052] As used herein, the term “finishing fluid” refers to the fluid used during the finishing stages of a well (including cementing composition and cementing fluid).

[0053] As used herein, the term "cementing fluid" refers to the fluid used during cementing operations in a well bore created by drilling a well.

[0054] The reaction products of this disclosure may also be used in conjunction with enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations. When used in conjunction with EOR operations, the reaction products of this disclosure may alter surface wetting in subsurface layers to facilitate the recovery of hydrocarbon resources from subsurface layers.

[0055] In any of the aforementioned processing operations, the processing fluid may foam. Foamed crushed fluid may be advantageous compared to a processing fluid with increased viscosity, for example, in the transport of propane particles into a well. When foamed, the processing fluid may have a foamy quality ranging from approximately 1% to approximately 99%.

[0056] The reaction products of this disclosure may be present in any of the processing fluids described above. The processing fluids of this disclosure may be characterized by a concentration of the reaction products of about 0.1 gpt (gallons per 1000 gallons) to about 10 gpt, about 0.1 gpt to about 1 gpt, or about 0.2 gpt to about 0.5 gpt. These concentrations correspond to volume percentages in the range of about 0.01% to about 1%, about 0.01% to about 0.1%, or 0.02% to about 0.05%. The selected concentration may vary depending on the specific requirements for a given processing operation and / or the unique subsurface conditions encountered in the downhole. In some examples, the reaction products may be present in concentrations effective in reducing the surface tension of neutral and / or amphoteric surfactants that are also present in the processing fluid.

[0057] The processing fluid containing the reaction products of this disclosure may further contain any number of additives that can be used in the oilfield services industry, as appropriate. Examples of additives that may be present in the processing fluid in combination with the reaction products of this disclosure include, for example, surfactants, viscosity enhancers, gelling agents, gel stabilizers, antioxidants, polymer degradation inhibitors, relative permeability modifiers, scale inhibitors, corrosion inhibitors, chelating agents, foaming agents, defoaming agents, antifoaming agents, emulsifiers, deemulsifiers, iron control agents, propane or other fine particles, particulate diverters, salts, acids, fluid loss control additives, gases, catalysts, other viscosity control agents, dispersants, flocculants, scavengers (e.g., H2S scavenger, CO2 scavenger, or O2 scavenger), lubricants, breakers, friction reducers, crosslinking agents, fillers, solubilizers, pH adjusters (e.g., buffers), hydrate inhibitors, caking agents, bactericides, catalysts, and any combination thereof. Appropriate examples of these additives will be well known to those skilled in the art. (Other products)

[0058] Compositions of this disclosure containing a reaction product of a dextrin compound, dextran, or any combination thereof, along with a fatty acid, can be formulated into a wide range of industrial or consumer products in which surfactants may be used. Given the relatively favorable properties of the biomolecules present in the compositions disclosed herein, personal care products may represent the beneficial types of products in which the compositions may be present. Exemplary industrial and consumer products in which the compositions may be present are further provided below.

[0059] An adjuvant is a composition used in combination with an active substance to enhance its effect or capabilities. In non-limiting examples, the active substance may be a pharmaceutical compound, a personal care compound, or an agricultural compound.

[0060] The compositions disclosed herein (for example, dextrin compounds or reaction products of dextran and fatty acids in combination with a neutral or amphoteric surfactant, as specified above) may be present in auxiliary compositions in which various types of surfactants may be used. The compositions disclosed herein may be used to replace surfactants used in auxiliary compositions or in combination with surfactants already present in auxiliary compositions. In auxiliary compositions, the compositions may be present in amounts of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 15% by weight, or about 5% to about 20% by weight of the total auxiliary composition.

[0061] The active compound may be present in the auxiliary composition, or the auxiliary composition may be added separately from the active compound. If added separately, the auxiliary composition may be added before or after the active compound.

[0062] Examples of suitable further components that may be present in the auxiliary composition containing the reaction product of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, other surfactants, defoaming compounds, fine particles, metal oxides (e.g., silica, alumina, titania, zirconia, etc.), electrolytes, salts, organic solvents, wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, deemulsifiers, penetrating agents, preservatives, colorants, acids, bases, buffers, chelating agents, viscosity enhancers, thixotropes, stabilizers, film-forming agents, plasticizers, preservatives, antioxidants, and any combination thereof. Other surfactants that may be present in the auxiliary composition include, but are not limited to, cationic, anionic, neutral, or amphoteric surfactants, one or a combination thereof.

[0063] A foaming agent is a composition in which a large volume of gas is stably dispersed in the form of bubbles of various sizes in a relatively small volume of liquid, or a composition (foaming formulation) that can form bubbles by appropriately introducing gas.

[0064] The compositions of this disclosure (including, for example, combinations of neutral and amphoteric surfactants in the case of foam formation as specified above, or reaction products of dextrin compounds or dextran with fatty acids in combination with a neutral or amphoteric surfactant) may be present in foaming agents in which various types of surfactants may be used. The compositions of this disclosure may be used to replace surfactants used in foaming agents or in combination with surfactants already present in foaming agents. In foaming agents, the compositions may be present in amounts of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 15% by weight, or about 5% to about 20% by weight of the total foaming agent.

[0065] The foaming agent may contain any combination of cationic surfactants, anionic surfactants, amphoteric surfactants, or neutral surfactants. The compositions disclosed herein may be present in the foaming agent as any cationic surfactant, anionic surfactant, amphoteric surfactant, neutral surfactant, or any combination of two or more of these surfactants. Alternatively, the compositions disclosed herein may replace all or some of one or more of these surfactants in the foaming agent. For example, the compositions disclosed herein may replace an anionic surfactant used in combination with an amphoteric surfactant in the foaming agent. That is, the compositions may be present in combination with one or more amphoteric surfactants in the foaming agent. The compositions may, for example, replace or be used in combination with sulfosuccinate-type surfactants in some embodiments of the foaming agent.

[0066] Examples of suitable further components that may be present in the foaming agent containing the reaction product of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, other surfactants, amines (one or a combination of primary, secondary, tertiary amines, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, ethoxylated amines, and amidoamines), foaming enhancers (e.g., amine oxides), solvents, water, salts, skin conditioners (e.g., ethylhexylglycerin, hydroxyethyl urea, urea, panthenol, glycerin, isopropyl myristate, propylene glycol, tocopherol acetate, and polyquaternium-11), moisturizers, liquefied gases, supercritical gases, acids, bases, salts, buffers, chelating agents, and any combination thereof. Suitable examples of these further components will be well known to those skilled in the art. Other surfactants that may be present in the foaming agent include, but are not limited to, one or a combination of cationic, anionic, neutral, or amphoteric surfactants.

[0067] Hard surface cleaners are compositions that can be used to remove various substances from surfaces such as glass, metal, plastic, stone, and concrete. Examples of hard surfaces that can be cleaned with hard surface cleaners include windows, countertops, electrical appliances, floors, driveways, toilets, showers and bathtubs, and sinks. The substances that can be removed from these types of hard surfaces are broad and not limited to, but include mud, grease, soap scum, limescale, and similar hard water deposits.

[0068] The compositions disclosed herein (for example, dextrin compounds or reaction products of dextran and fatty acids combined with neutral or amphoteric surfactants as specified above) may be present in hard surface cleaners in which various types of surfactants may be used. The compositions disclosed herein may be used to replace surfactants used in hard surface cleaners or in combination with surfactants already present in hard surface cleaners. In hard surface cleaners, the compositions may be present in amounts of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 15% by weight, or about 5% to about 20% by weight of the total hard surface cleaner.

[0069] Examples of suitable further components that may be present in hard surface cleaning agents containing the reaction products of this disclosure include, but are not limited to, other surfactants, foaming compounds, defoaming compounds, salts (e.g., alkali metal carbonates), organic solvents (e.g., glycols or glycol ethers), wetting agents, dispersants, emulsifiers, deemulsifiers, colorants, acids, bases, buffers, chelating agents, anti-streaking agents, alkanolamines, and any combination thereof. Other surfactants that may be present in hard surface cleaning agents include, but are not limited to, cationic, anionic, neutral, or amphoteric surfactants, one or a combination thereof.

[0070] Skin creams and lotions are compositions that can moisturize the skin or improve the appearance of the skin. Skin creams and lotions include gel formulations for application to the skin, which may have a higher viscosity than creams or lotions.

[0071] The compositions of this disclosure (for example, dextrin compounds or reaction products of dextran and fatty acids in combination with neutral or amphoteric surfactants as specified above) may be present in skin creams and lotions in which various types of surfactants may be used. The compositions may be used to replace surfactants used in the skin cream or lotion, or in combination with surfactants already present in the skin cream or lotion. In the skin cream or lotion, the compositions may be present in amounts of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 15% by weight, or about 5% to about 20% by weight of the total amount of the skin cream or lotion.

[0072] Examples of suitable further ingredients that may be present in the skin creams or lotions disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, other surfactants, emulsifiers, essential oils, waxes, fats, solvents, viscosity enhancers, monoalcohols, diols, polyols, diol ethers and polyol ethers, milk proteins, emollients, moisturizers, skin conditioners, preservatives, acids, bases, buffers, chelating agents, thickeners, vitamins, lubricants, anti-wrinkle agents, moisturizers, radical inhibitors and other antioxidants, vitamin A, vitamin E, ceramides, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, aliphatic alcohols, hyaluronic acid, sodium pyroglutamic acid, glycerin, aloe vera, fragrances, colorants, preservatives, sunscreens, and any combination thereof. Other surfactants that may be present in the skin creams and lotions may include, but are not limited to, cationic, anionic, neutral, or amphoteric surfactants, one or a combination thereof. The reaction product may replace at least a portion of one or more existing surfactants in the skin cream or lotion, or supplement the amount of one or more existing surfactants in the skin cream or lotion.

[0073] Body washes and shampoos are cleansing compositions formulated for application to the skin or hair. More generalized liquid soaps for personal cleansing have compositions similar to some body washes and shampoos and can be composed using many of the same ingredients.

[0074] The compositions of this disclosure (for example, dextrin compounds or reaction products of dextran and fatty acids combined with neutral or amphoteric surfactants as specified above) may be present in body washes, shampoos and liquid soaps in which various types of surfactants may be used. The compositions of this disclosure may be used to replace surfactants used in body washes, shampoos or liquid soaps, or in combination with surfactants already present in body washes, shampoos or liquid soaps. In body washes, shampoos or liquid soaps, the compositions may be present in amounts of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 15% by weight, or about 5% to about 20% by weight of the total body wash, shampoo or liquid soap.

[0075] Examples of suitable further components that may be present in the body washes, shampoos, or liquid soaps disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, other surfactants, conditioners, amidoamines, fragrances, colorants, essential oils, foaming agents, humectants, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, aliphatic alcohols, waxes, biocides, soaps, preservatives, acids, bases, buffers, chelating agents, thickeners, vitamins, pearlescent agents, viscosity enhancers, moisturizers, antioxidants, sunscreens, and any combination thereof. The body washes, shampoos, and liquid soaps described herein may contain water, an effective amount of composition (optionally further combined with another surfactant), 0-4% pearlescent agent, 0-1% suspension aid, 0-2% fragrance, 0-0.25% chelating agent, 0-1% preservative, 0-2% colorant, and 0-25% conditioner. Other surfactants that may be present in body washes, shampoos, and liquid soaps may include, but are not limited to, cationic, anionic, neutral, or amphoteric surfactants, one or a combination thereof.

[0076] Sunscreen is a substance that can be applied to the skin to protect it from sunlight. For application to the skin, sunscreen may be formulated as a cream or in a “stick” form with a suitable wax base.

[0077] The compositions disclosed herein (for example, dextrin compounds or reaction products of dextran and fatty acids combined with neutral or amphoteric surfactants as specified above) may be present in sunscreens in which surfactants are used. The compositions disclosed herein may be used to replace surfactants used in sunscreens or in combination with surfactants already present in sunscreens. In sunscreens, the compositions may be present in amounts of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 15% by weight, or about 5% to about 20% by weight of the total sunscreen.

[0078] Examples of appropriate additional ingredients that may be present in sunscreen include, but are not limited to, other surfactants, conditioners, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, organic UV absorbers, film-forming agents, solvents, aerosol sprays, waxes, fats, oils, moisturizers, fragrances, colorants, essential oils, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, aliphatic alcohols, preservatives, acids, bases, buffers, chelating agents, thickeners, insecticides, skin conditioners, and any combination thereof. Other surfactants that may be present in sunscreen include, but are not limited to, cationic, anionic, neutral, or amphoteric surfactants, one or a combination thereof.

[0079] Organic UV absorbers that may be present in the sunscreen in combination with the composition include, but are not limited to, para-aminobenzoic acid, avobenzone, cinoxate, dioxybenzone, homosalate, menthyl anthranilate, octyl salicylate, oxybenzone, padimate O, phenylbenzimidazole sulfonic acid, surisobenzone, trolamine salicylic acid, diethanolamine methoxycinnamate, and digalloy trioleate. (trioleate), ethyl dihydroxypropyl PABA, glyceryl aminobenzoate, dihydroxyacetone-containing lawsone, red petrolatum, ethylhexyl triazone, dioctyl butamide triazone, benzylidene malonate polysiloxane, terephthalylidene dicamphor sulfonic acid, phenyl dibenzimidazole tetrasulfonate disodium, diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate, bis-diethylamino hydroxybenzoyl benzoate, bis-benzoxazolyl phenylethylhexyl iminotriadin, drometrizole trisiloxane Sun, methylenebisbenzotriazolyltetramethylbutylphenol, and bisethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine, 4-methylbenzylidene camphor, 4-methoxycinnamate isopentyl, phenylbenzimidazole sulfonate, 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonate, 4-(2-β-glucopyranosiloxy)propoxy-2-hydroxybenzophenone, and bis-sodium phenylene-1,4-bis(2-benzimidazyl)-3,3'-5,5'-tetrasulfonate (bis-sodium phenylene-1,4-bis(2-benzimidazyl)-3,3′-5,5′-tetrasulfonate), p-ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, 4-tert-4'-methoxydibenzoylmethane, octocrylene, 2,4-bis-[{4-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-2-hydroxy}phenyl]-6-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,5-triazine, methylenebis-benzotriazolyltetramethylbutylphenol, 2,4,6-tris-[4-(2-ethylhexyloxycarbonyl)anilino]-1,3,Examples include 5-triazine, diethylaminohydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate, oxybenzone, and dihydroxydimethoxybenzophenone, as well as mixtures thereof.

[0080] Other organic UV absorbers that may be suitable for inclusion in sunscreens include, but are not limited to, bis-resorcinyl triazine; benzimidazole derivatives; 4-methylbenzylidene camphor; benzoylpiperazine derivatives; benzoxazole derivatives; diarylbutadiene derivatives; phenylbenzotriazole derivatives; benzylidene malonate; TEA-salicylate; imidazoline derivatives; naphthalate; merocyanine derivatives; aminobenzophenone derivatives; dibenzoylmethane derivatives; β,β-diphenyl acrylate derivatives; camphor derivatives; salicylate derivatives; anthranylate derivatives; and benzalmalonate derivatives.

[0081] In addition to formulations that are sunscreens on their own, the compositions of this disclosure may be present in sunscreens incorporated into other products (e.g., lotions, colognes, cosmetics, body washes, and shampoos).

[0082] Hair gels and hair sprays are formulations that can be used to fix hair in place or to detangle hair as needed. Hair sprays are in aerosol form, while gels are high-viscosity fluids that can be applied by hand.

[0083] The compositions of this disclosure (for example, dextrin compounds or reaction products of dextran and fatty acids in combination with neutral or amphoteric surfactants as specified above) may be present in hair sprays and hair gels in which various types of surfactants may be used. The compositions of this disclosure may be used to replace surfactants used in hair sprays or hair gels, or in combination with surfactants already present in hair sprays or hair gels. In hair sprays or hair gels, the compositions may be present in amounts of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 15% by weight, or about 5% to about 20% by weight of the total hair gel or hair spray.

[0084] Examples of suitable additional ingredients that may be present in hairspray or hair gel include, but are not limited to, other surfactants, cellulosic biopolymers, water-soluble polymers, polyalkylene glycols, polyalkylene glycol esters, conditioning agents, softeners, humectants, emulsifiers, opacifiers, thickeners, foam stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, chelating agents, antioxidants, anti-dandruff agents, suspending agents, proteins, fragrances, sunscreens, plant extracts, essential oils, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, aliphatic alcohols, preservatives, acids, bases, buffers, chelating agents, thickeners, vitamins, waxes, oils, aerosol sprays, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinyl acetate, vinyl acetate-crotonic acid copolymers, acrylic acid copolymers, plasticizers, alcohols, and any combination thereof. Other surfactants that may be present in hairspray and hair gel include, but are not limited to, cationic, anionic, neutral, or amphoteric surfactants, one or a combination thereof.

[0085] One or more examples of hairsprays or hair gels may contain the compositions of the present disclosure and one or more of the following: cetearyl alcohol, behentrimonium chloride, cyclopentasiloxane, dimethicone, ethylhexyl isononanoate, behenyl alcohol, meadowfoam oil, cyclohexasiloxane, olive fruit oil, almond oil, stearamidopropyl dimethylamine, behentrimonium methosulfate, amodimethicone, panthenol, glycol stearate, ceteth-2, hydroxyethylcellulose, phenoxyethanol, methylparaben, propylparaben, citric acid, mica, titanium dioxide, iron oxides, fragrances, or any combination thereof.

[0086] One or more examples of hairspray or hair gel are the compositions of the present disclosure and one or more of the following: cyclomethicone, jojoba esters, dimethicone copolyol, skim milk powder, soy protein, stearic acid, glyceryl tri(caprylate / caprate / stearate), jojoba oil, hybrid sunflower oil, cetearyl alcohol, glyceryl stearate, PEG-40 stearate, aloe vera gel, (acrylates / alkyl acrylate(C)). 10-30 It may contain crosspolymers, propylene glycol, tocopherol acetate, methylparaben, propylparaben, fragrances, or any combination thereof.

[0087] Cosmetics are formulations that can be used to alter or improve one's appearance. Examples of cosmetics include, but are not limited to, lipstick, blush, mascara, foundation, and eyeliner. Cosmetic forms may include, for example, emulsions, creams, gels, dispersions, and sticks. Suitable emulsions in cosmetics may include oil-in-water or water-in-oil emulsions.

[0088] The compositions of this disclosure (for example, reaction products of dextrin or dextran combined with a neutral or amphoteric surfactant and a fatty acid, as specified above) may be present in various types of cosmetics in which surfactants may be used. The compositions of this disclosure may be used to replace surfactants used in cosmetics or in combination with surfactants already present in cosmetics. In cosmetics, the compositions may be present in amounts of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 15% by weight, or about 5% to about 20% by weight of the total cosmetic.

[0089] Examples of appropriate additional ingredients that may be present in cosmetics include, but are not limited to, other surfactants, fragrances, preservatives, colorants, UV absorbers, water-retaining agents, emulsifiers, gelling agents, oils, thickeners, foam stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, preservatives, chelating agents, antioxidants, suspending agents, proteins, fragrances, sunscreens, plant extracts, essential oils, fats (e.g., shea butter, mango seed butter, and cocoa butter), fatty acids, fatty acid esters, aliphatic alcohols, biocides, soaps, preservatives, acids, bases, buffers, chelating agents, thickeners, vitamins, waxes (e.g., myristyl myristate, green tea leaf extract, jojoba, sunflower seed, carnauba wax, candelilla wax, and beeswax), and any combination thereof. Some examples of ingredients present in cosmetics include, for example, aliphatic higher alcohols such as cetyl alcohol, stearyl alcohol, and behenyl alcohol; higher fatty acids including caprylyl triglyceride / capric triglyceride, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, and stearic acid; hydrocarbons including ceresin; natural oils including meadowfoam seed oil, sunflower seed oil, macadamia seed oil, green tea seed oil, ginger oil, Korean ginseng oil, coconut oil, olive oil, and camellia oil; esters including phytosteryl / octyldodecyl lauroyl glutamate, isostearyl isostearate, methylheptyl isostearate, dicaprylyl carbonate, and isopropyl palmitate; ethers including dicaprylyl ether; silicone oils including dimethicone, cyclopentasiloxane, cyclohexasiloxane, phenyl trimethicone, trisiloxane, and methyl trimethicone; and hydrocarbons including squalane. Other surfactants that may be present in the cosmetic product may include, but are not limited to, cationic, anionic, neutral, or amphoteric surfactants, or any combination thereof. The cosmetic product of this disclosure may be formulated in any suitable form, including sticks, creams, powders, gels, etc.

[0090] Deodorants and antiperspirants are formulations that can be used to control body odor. The deodorants and antiperspirants of this disclosure may be formulated in stick form, gel form, powder form or aerosol form.

[0091] The compositions disclosed herein (for example, reaction products of dextrin or dextran combined with a neutral or amphoteric surfactant and a fatty acid, as specified above) may be present in deodorants and antiperspirants in which surfactants may be used. The compositions disclosed herein may be used to replace surfactants used in deodorants or antiperspirants, or in combination with surfactants already present in deodorants or antiperspirants. In deodorants or antiperspirants, the compositions may be present in amounts of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 15% by weight, or about 5% to about 20% by weight of the total deodorant or antiperspirant.

[0092] Examples of suitable further components that may be present in the deodorants or antiperspirants disclosed herein include, but are not limited to, other surfactants, aluminum salts (e.g., alum, aluminum chloride, aluminum chlorohydrate, aluminum-zirconium compounds, and aluminum-zirconium tetrachlorohydrate glycine), antimicrobial agents, parabens, alcohols, propylene glycol, hexamethylenetetramine, acids, bases, buffers, chelating agents, fragrances, preservatives, colorants, hygroscopic agents (desiccant), emulsifiers, and gelling agents. Examples include oils, thickeners, foam stabilizers, viscosity enhancers, chelating agents, antioxidants, suspending agents, fragrances, essential oils, fats, fatty acids, fatty acid esters, aliphatic alcohols, waxes, and any combination thereof. Other surfactants that may be present in deodorants and antiperspirants are, but are not limited to, cationic, anionic, neutral, or amphoteric surfactants, one or a combination thereof. The deodorants and antiperspirants of this disclosure may be formulated in any suitable form, including sticks, creams, powders, gels, etc.

[0093] Compositions of the Disclosure containing reaction products of dextrin compounds, dextran, or any combination thereof with fatty acids may find exemplary uses and formulations beyond the realm of personal care. In addition to the oilfield applications described above, the compositions of the Disclosure may be incorporated into applications where metal sequestration from fluids is required (e.g., in foam flotation processes). Foam flotation processes may be carried out in a variety of cases, such as in mining spill treatment or wastewater treatment. In such applications, the compositions of the Disclosure may be used to replace surfactants used in foam flotation or in combination with surfactants already present in the foam flotation process. In a given foam flotation process, the composition may be present in amounts of about 0.01% to about 20% by weight, about 0.1% to about 10% by weight, about 1% to about 15% by weight, or about 5% to about 20% by weight of the total foam flotation.

[0094] In some examples, the compositions of this disclosure may be used in coarse separators and cleaner circuits to facilitate clay dispersion, water adjustment, additive enhancement, and / or emulsification of metal inhibitors (e.g., Mn and Fe). Any conventional foaming agent may be used in combination with the compositions disclosed herein. Suitable foaming agents and further details regarding foaming agents will be well known to those skilled in the art.

[0095] Embodiments disclosed herein include the following:

[0096] A. A composition containing a reaction product of a saccharide polymer and a fatty acid. The composition contains a reaction product of a saccharide polymer (a saccharide polymer containing dextran, a dextrin compound, or any combination thereof) and a fatty acid, obtained in the presence of water, a hydroxide base, and a neutral surfactant.

[0097] A1. Composition A, wherein the saccharide polymer contains dextran.

[0098] A2. Composition A, wherein the saccharide polymer contains a dextrin compound.

[0099] B. A method for functionalizing polysaccharides. The method comprises: heating a saccharide polymer containing dextran, a dextrin compound, or a combination thereof, a fatty acid, a hydroxide base, and a neutral surfactant in water; and obtaining a reaction product of the saccharide polymer and the fatty acid in the aqueous phase.

[0100] B1. Method B, wherein the saccharide polymer contains dextran.

[0101] B2. Method B, wherein the saccharide polymer contains a dextrin compound.

[0102] C. Subsurface treatment method. The method includes the steps of: providing a treatment fluid containing composition A, A1, or A2; and introducing the treatment fluid into a subsurface layer.

[0103] D. Effervescent formulations. Effervescent formulations contain composition A, A1, or A2.

[0104] Soaps and detergents containing the effervescent formulation of D1.D.

[0105] E. Foaming formulation. The foaming formulation contains an aqueous fluid containing a gas and a composition A, A1, or A2 which is mixed with the gas to form multiple bubbles.

[0106] F. A method for forming foam. The method comprises the steps of: providing an aqueous fluid containing composition A, A1, or A2; and inducing foaming in the aqueous fluid.

[0107] Embodiments A, A1, A2, B, B1, B2, C, D, D1, E, and F may have one or more of the following further elements in any combination.

[0108] Element 1: The saccharide polymer contains a dextrin compound, and the dextrin compound contains maltodextrin.

[0109] Element 2: Maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of approximately 3 to 20.

[0110] Element 3: Maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of approximately 4.5 to 7.0.

[0111] Element 4: Maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of approximately 9.0 to approximately 12.0.

[0112] Element 5: Fatty acids contain approximately 4 to 30 carbon atoms.

[0113] Element 6: Fatty acids include butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, peravonic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecylic acid, arachidic acid, henicosyl acid, behenic acid, triosyl acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosylic acid, cerotic acid, carboceric acid, montanic acid, nonacosylic acid, melissic acid, crotonic acid, cervonic acid, linoleic acid, linoleric acid, linolenic acid, linolenic acid It contains at least one fatty acid selected from the group consisting of acids, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, vaccenic acid, pauric acid, oleic acid, pinolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eleostearic acid, elaidic acid, gondonic acid, gadolic acid, erucic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadienechoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, docosadienoic acid, nervonic acid, meadic acid, adrenaline, and any combination thereof.

[0114] Element 7: The neutral surfactant contains cocamidodiethanolamine.

[0115] Element 8: The molar ratio of fatty acid to dextrin in the reaction product is molar 脂肪酸 :Mole グルコース単量体 Based on this, it is approximately 0.2 or higher.

[0116] Element 8A: The molar ratio of fatty acid to dextrin in the reaction product is molar 脂肪酸 :Mole グルコース単量体 Based on this, it is approximately 0.05 or higher.

[0117] Element 9: The molar ratio of fatty acids to dextrin in the reaction product is molar 脂肪酸 :Mole グルコース単量体 Based on this, it is approximately 0.35 or higher.

[0118] Element 10: The processing fluid is emulsified when introduced into the subsurface layer, or is emulsified within the subsurface layer.

[0119] Element 11: The processing fluid contains a water-in-oil emulsion.

[0120] Element 12: The processing fluid contains an oil-in-water emulsion.

[0121] Element 13: When the processing fluid is introduced into the subsurface layer, it contains microemulsions.

[0122] Element 14: The processing fluid facilitates enhanced crude oil recovery within the subsurface.

[0123] Element 14A: The processing fluid foams.

[0124] Element 15: The method further comprises the steps of: combining a fatty acid, a hydroxide base, and a neutral surfactant in water to form a mixture; heating the mixture until the fatty acid dissolves and a homogeneous mixture is obtained; and combining a saccharide polymer with the homogeneous mixture.

[0125] Element 15A: The method further includes the step of stirring the aqueous phase to form bubbles.

[0126] Element 16: The composition contains an effervescent formulation.

[0127] Element 17: The foaming formulation contains soap.

[0128] Element 18: The step of inducing foaming includes a step of agitating an aqueous fluid to introduce a gas into the aqueous fluid.

[0129] As an unrestricted example, the following combinations of elements are applicable to A, A1, A2, B, B1, B2, C, D1, E, and F above, but are not limited to: elements 1 and 2, 3 or 4; 5 or 6 and 2, 3 or 4; 1 and 7; 1 and 8 or 9; 2, 3 or 4 and 5 or 6; 2, 3 or 4 and 7; 2, 3 or 4 and 8 or 9; 5 or 6 and 7; 5 or 6 and 8 or 9; and 7 and 8 or 9. Any of the above may be further combined with one or more of 10-18.

[0130] Further embodiments of the disclosure herein include:

[0131] A'. A composition containing a saccharide polymer reaction product with a fatty acid. The composition contains: a neutral surfactant or a reaction product thereof, and a saccharide polymer containing dextran, a dextrin compound, or a combination thereof, and a reaction product of a fatty acid. The reaction product is present at a concentration effective in reducing the surface tension of the neutral surfactant.

[0132] A1'. A composition of A' containing a saccharide polymer and dextran.

[0133] A2'. Composition of A', wherein the saccharide polymer contains a dextrin compound, preferably maltodextrin.

[0134] B'. A method for functionalizing polysaccharides. The method includes: heating a saccharide polymer containing dextran, a dextrin compound, or a combination thereof, a fatty acid, and a hydroxide base in water; obtaining a reaction product of the saccharide polymer and fatty acid in the aqueous phase; and combining a neutral surfactant or a reaction product thereof with the reaction product of the saccharide polymer and fatty acid in the aqueous phase.

[0135] B1'. Method of B', wherein the saccharide polymer contains dextran.

[0136] B2'. The method of B', wherein the saccharide polymer contains a dextrin compound (e.g., maltodextrin).

[0137] C'. Subsurface treatment method. The method includes the steps of: providing a treatment fluid containing composition A', A1', or A2', and introducing the treatment fluid into a subsurface layer.

[0138] D'. Effervescent formulation. The effervescent formulation contains composition A', A1', or A2'.

[0139] Soaps and detergents containing the effervescent formulation of D1'.D'.

[0140] E'. Foaming formulation. The foaming formulation comprises: a gas and an aqueous fluid. The aqueous fluid contains composition A', A1', or A2' which is mixed with the gas to form a plurality of bubbles.

[0141] F'. A method for forming foam. The method includes the steps of: providing an aqueous fluid containing composition A', A1', or A2'; and inducing foaming in the aqueous fluid.

[0142] Personal care products containing reaction products of G'.A', A1', or A2'.

[0143] H'. A composition containing a neutral surfactant, a hydroxide base, a saccharide polymer, and a fatty acid. The saccharide polymer contains dextran, a dextrin compound, or any combination thereof.

[0144] Embodiments A', A1', A2', B', B1', B2', C', D', D1', E', F', G', and H' may have one or more of the following further elements in any combination.

[0145] Element 1': The saccharide polymer contains a dextrin compound, and the dextrin compound contains maltodextrin.

[0146] Element 2': Maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of approximately 3 to 20.

[0147] Element 3': Maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of approximately 4.5 to approximately 7.0.

[0148] Element 4': Maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of approximately 9.0 to approximately 12.0.

[0149] Element 5': Fatty acids contain approximately 4 to 30 carbon atoms.

[0150] Element 6': Fatty acids include butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, peravonic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecylic acid, arachidic acid, henicosyl acid, behenic acid, triosyl acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosylic acid, cerotic acid, carboceric acid, montanic acid, nonacosylic acid, melissic acid, crotonic acid, cerubonic acid, linoleic acid, linoleric acid, linolenic acid, linolenic acid It contains at least one fatty acid selected from the group consisting of acids, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, vaccenic acid, pauric acid, oleic acid, pinolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eleostearic acid, elaidic acid, gondonic acid, gadolic acid, erucic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadienechoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, docosadienoic acid, nervonic acid, meadic acid, adrenaline, and any combination thereof.

[0151] Element 7': The neutral surfactant contains cocamidediethanolamine or a reaction product thereof, or the neutral surfactant contains cocamidediethanolamine.

[0152] Element 7A': The reaction product is formed in the presence of a neutral surfactant.

[0153] Element 8': The molar ratio of fatty acids to dextrin in the reaction product is molar 脂肪酸 :Mole グルコース単量体 Based on this, it is approximately 0.2 or higher.

[0154] Element 8A': The molar ratio of fatty acids to dextrin in the reaction product is molar 脂肪酸 :Mole グルコース単量体 Based on this, it is approximately 0.05 or higher.

[0155] Element 9': The molar ratio of fatty acids to dextrin in the reaction product is molar 脂肪酸 :Mole グルコース単量体 Based on this, it is approximately 0.35 or higher.

[0156] Element 10': The reaction product of the saccharide polymer is obtained in the presence of water and a hydroxide base.

[0157] Element 11': The reaction product of the saccharide polymer contains a fatty acid ester reaction product.

[0158] Element 12': The processing fluid is emulsified when introduced into the subsurface layer, or is emulsified within the subsurface layer.

[0159] Element 13': The processing fluid contains a water-in-oil emulsion.

[0160] Element 14': The processing fluid contains an oil-in-water emulsion.

[0161] Element 15': When the processing fluid is introduced into the subsurface layer, it contains microemulsions.

[0162] Element 16': The processed fluid facilitates enhanced crude oil recovery within the subsurface.

[0163] Element 16A': The processing fluid foams.

[0164] Element 17': The method further comprises the steps of: combining a fatty acid, a hydroxide base, and a neutral surfactant in water to form a mixture; heating the mixture until the fatty acid dissolves and a homogeneous mixture is obtained; and combining a saccharide polymer with the homogeneous mixture.

[0165] Element 18A': The method further includes the step of stirring the aqueous phase to form bubbles.

[0166] Element 19': The composition contains an effervescent formulation.

[0167] Element 20': The foaming formulation contains soap.

[0168] Element 21': The step of inducing foaming includes a step of agitating the aqueous fluid to introduce a gas into the aqueous fluid.

[0169] As non-limiting examples, the following combinations of examples applicable to A', A1', A2', B', B1', B2', C', D', D1', E', F', and G' above are, but are not limited to: element 1', and 2', 3', or 4'; 5', or 6', and 2', 3', or 4'; 1', and 7', or 7A'; 1', and 8', or 9'; 2', 3', or 4', and 5', or 6'; 2', 3', or 4', and 7', or 7A'; 2', 3', or 4', and 8', or 9'; 5', or 6', and 7', or 7A'; 5', or 6', and 8', or 9'; and 7', or 7A', and 8', or 9'. Any of the above may be further combined with one or more of 10' to 21'.

[0170] To facilitate a further understanding of the disclosures herein, various representative embodiments are described below. These embodiments should not be construed as limiting or defining the scope of the invention. (Examples)

[0171] Comparative Example 1: Acid-catalyzed synthesis of maltodextrin using lauric acid. A solution containing 10% by weight maltodextrin (MALTRIN M100, DE=9.0~12.0, 30% active solution) and 6.18% by weight lauric acid was prepared in DMSO. Five drops of phosphoric acid were added, and the reaction mixture was heated at 110°C for 3 hours. The reaction product was precipitated by adding three times the amount of isopropyl alcohol, and the white precipitate was collected by decantation and dried. The product was analyzed by FTIR and 1 The reaction was characterized by 1H NMR. The spectral characteristics were consistent with the conversion from maltodextrin to the reaction product.

[0172] For surface tension measurements (Table 3), the isolated reaction product was redissolved at a concentration of 13.17% by weight in the presence of 5% by weight cocamide diethanolamine (CocoDEA) and 6% by weight sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDDBS).

[0173] Comparative Example 2: Reaction of maltodextrin based on acid chloride. A solution containing 10% by weight maltodextrin (MALTRIN M100, DE=9.0~12.0, 30% active solution) and 6.75% by weight lauroyl chloride was prepared in formamide. A few drops of phosphoric acid were added, and the reaction mixture was heated at 105°C for 2 hours. The reaction product was precipitated by adding three times the amount of isopropyl alcohol to obtain an amber-colored, tar-like fluid. The product was analyzed by FTIR and 1 The reaction was characterized by 1H NMR. The spectral characteristics were consistent with the conversion from maltodextrin to the reaction product.

[0174] For surface tension measurements (Table 3), the isolated reaction product was redissolved at a concentration of 13.17% by weight in the presence of 5% by weight cocamide diethanolamine (CocoDEA) and 6% by weight sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDDBS).

[0175] Example 1A: General procedure for preparing maltodextrin reaction products under basic conditions. 296.25 g of water, 25.00 g of cocamide diethanolamine (CocoDEA), and 10.00 g of KOH (45% active solution) were combined. The reaction mixture was mechanically stirred and heated to 65°C. Then, 18.75 g of fatty acid and 150.0 g of maltodextrin (MALTRIN M100, Grain Processing Corporation, Muscatine, Iowa; DE=9.0~12.0) as a 30% active solution were added to the reaction mixture. Once the maltodextrin was dissolved, heating was stopped and the reaction mixture was stirred until it reached room temperature. The reaction products were used without further processing thereafter. Table 1 shows the maltodextrin reaction products synthesized as described above and tested in the subsequent examples. Caprylic acid is synonymous with octanoic acid, lauric acid is synonymous with dodecanoic acid, and stearic acid is synonymous with octadecanoic acid. [Table 1] For all samples except Sample A, a standard synthesis procedure was followed. For Sample A, 27.5 g of KOH (45% active) and 278.75 g of water were used, and other reaction parameters remained the same. The calculated molar ratio assumes that the total maltodextrin has a molecular weight of 162.14 g / mol, obtained by subtracting the molecular weight of water (18.02 g / mol) from the molecular weight of glucose (180.16 g / mol).

[0176] Example 1B: Another procedure for preparing the reaction product of maltodextrin under basic conditions. A solution containing 10 wt% maltodextrin (MALTRIN M100, DE=9.0~12.0, 30% active solution), 6.18 wt% lauric acid, and 1.73 wt% KOH was prepared in water. The reaction mixture was then heated at 65°C for 30 minutes. The reaction product was precipitated by adding three times the volume of isopropyl alcohol, and the white precipitate was collected by decantation and dried. The product was subjected to FTIR and 1The reaction was characterized by 1H NMR. The spectral characteristics were consistent with the conversion from maltodextrin to the reaction product. Other fatty acids may react similarly.

[0177] For surface tension measurements (Table 3), the isolated reaction products were redissolved at a concentration of 13.17% by weight in the presence of 5% by weight cocamide diethanolamine (CocoDEA) and 6% by weight sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate (SDDBS). As shown in Table 3, similar surface tension performance was achieved among the reaction products of Example 1A, Comparative Example 1, and Comparative Example 2.

[0178] Example 2: General procedure for preparing the reaction product of dextran under basic conditions. The reaction product was obtained from dextran in the same manner as described above for maltodextrin. Dextran had a molecular weight of 500,000 and an activity of 9% in solution. Table 2 shows the dextran reaction products synthesized as described above and tested in subsequent examples. Caprylic acid is synonymous with octanoic acid, lauric acid is synonymous with dodecanoic acid, palmitic acid is synonymous with hexadecanoic acid, and stearic acid is synonymous with octadecanoic acid. [Table 2]

[0179] Characterization of Comparative Examples 1 and 2 related to Example 1B. Table 3 summarizes the surface tension values ​​of the reaction products of Comparative Example 1, Comparative Example 2, and Example 1B (another preparation under basic conditions) at a concentration of 1 gpt (gallon per 1000 gallons), compared to a control sample containing 5 wt% CocoDEA or 5 wt% CocoDEA / 6 wt% SDDBS. Surface tension (ST) measurements were performed at room temperature using a tensile strength meter from Biolin Scientific. In-plane tension (IFT) measurements were performed by forming oil droplets in water using a hook-needle syringe. [Table 3] The control sample and the comparative / example samples contained the same concentration of CocoDEA or CocoDEA / SDDBS. As shown, the reaction product prepared under basic conditions (entry 5) exhibited similar performance to the reaction products obtained under acidic conditions (entries 3 and 4). In each case, the surface tension was similar to that of the control with only the surfactant-CocoDEA / SDDBS (entry 1). The surface tension value was approximately 10% lower compared to the control with only CocoDEA (entry 2). This surprising result will be discussed further below.

[0180] Emulsion performance of dextrin reaction products. In Example 1A, each reaction product prepared as described above was composed at 0.5 gpt (gallons per 1000 gallons) and 1 gpt and combined with Terero oil or Wolfcamp A oil. Terero oil is an emulsifying oil, and Wolfcamp A oil is a non-emulsifying oil. The mixtures of each oil were then emulsified, and the degree of emulsification was obtained as a function of time compared to the blank. The blank contained each oil without any further emulsifiers. Emulsification was performed at room temperature by shaking 50 mL of sample and 50 mL of oil by hand at a vibration rate of approximately 2 vibrations per second for 60 seconds. The emulsion was immediately poured into a graduated cylinder, and the heights of the aqueous layer, oil layer, and remaining emulsion layer were recorded using slow-motion photography. For Wolfcamp A oil, it was difficult to distinguish the oil layer from the emulsion layer, so the oil layer and aqueous layer were assumed to be the same. Figures 1 to 4 show plots of the emulsification rate as a function of time for Terero oil emulsified with samples A to D, respectively. Figures 5 to 8 show plots of the emulsification rate as a function of time for Wolfcamp A oil emulsified with samples A to D, respectively.

[0181] Both oils initially emulsified in the presence of maltodextrin reaction products, but over time, the emulsions broke down, albeit at different rates. Terero oil generally showed only slight changes in its emulsification behavior in the presence of reaction products formed from carboxylic acids of varying chain lengths. In contrast, in non-emulsifying Wolfcamp A oil, maltodextrin reaction products sometimes resulted in faster emulsion breakdown than the control. This result suggests that the amount of maltodextrin reaction products, particularly the specific fatty acids used for functionalization and the amount of reaction products present, can vary to varying degrees in the breakdown properties of non-emulsifying Wolfcamp A oil itself. Differences in performance may arise from variations in the hydrophilic-lipophilic balance. Furthermore, the breakdown properties may differ from those of CocoDEA alone, which almost completely destroyed Wolfcamp A oil within approximately 30 minutes at 1 gpt (data not shown).

[0182] Fluid properties of dextrin reaction products. Critical micelle concentration (CMC) and surface tension (ST) measurements were performed at room temperature using a Biolin Scientific tension meter. Figures 9 to 12 show plots of surface tension as a function of concentration for samples A to D, respectively. As shown, samples B and C reached the CMC at a reaction product concentration of approximately 0.5 gpt. The surface tension at the CMC was approximately 30 dyn / cm or slightly lower. In contrast, samples A and D tended to have lower surface tension values ​​despite higher CMCs. Therefore, the emulsion performance measurements described above were performed above the CMC for at least samples B and C. The surface tension of 0.2 wt% KCl was slightly higher than that obtained using tap water.

[0183] The surface tension properties of the individual components of the reaction mixture used to prepare Sample C were also compared to the surface tension properties of the reaction product itself. Measurements were performed at 1 gpt and 2 gpt, as shown in Table 4 below. [Table 4] As shown, maltodextrin itself (Entry 1) exhibited significantly higher surface tension compared to Sample C (Entry 8). In the absence of CocoDEA, the surface tension remained very high even in the presence of other components used to obtain the reaction product (Entry 2). 5% by weight CocoDEA significantly decreased the surface tension (Entry 4) and increased it in the presence of maltodextrin (Entry 3). Other components used to obtain the reaction mixture (without maltodextrin) were combined with 5% by weight CocoDEA, resulting in a slight increase in surface tension compared to the reaction product (Entry 4-7). In contrast, when all reaction components were present together in Sample C (Entry 8), the surface tension was lower than any other combination of reaction components tested. The decrease in surface tension in the presence of the maltodextrin reaction product is particularly surprising, considering that maltodextrin itself increases surface tension (Entry 3 and 4).

[0184] Tables 5 and 6 show the surface tension performance of sample C at 1 gpt in water and CaCl2 / water, respectively, at various pH values ​​or CaCl2 concentrations. The surface tension of sample C decreased slightly as the pH value became more acidic. [Table 5] [Table 6]

[0185] In-plane tension (IFT) measurements were performed by forming oil droplets in water using a hook-needle syringe. Measurements were taken using tap water and Wolfcamp A oil, and evaluated after 61 hours of equilibration. Table 7 below summarizes the IFT performance of sample C. [Table 7]

[0186] Emulsification performance of dextran reaction products. Each reaction product prepared as described above was composed of 1 gpt and combined with East Texas Hutchison oil #2. Each oil mixture was then emulsified, and the degree of emulsification was obtained as a function of time compared to the blank. The blank contained each oil without any further emulsifiers. Emulsification was performed at room temperature by shaking 50 mL of sample and 50 mL of oil by hand at a vibration rate of approximately 2 vibrations per second for 60 seconds. The emulsion was immediately poured into a graduated cylinder, and the heights of the aqueous layer, oil layer, and remaining emulsion layer were recorded using slow-motion imaging. Figures 13-16 show plots of emulsification rates as a function of time for East Texas Hutchison #2 oil emulsified with samples E1-E4, F1-F4, G1-G4, and H1-H4, respectively.

[0187] Figure 17 shows plots of the percentage of disemulsified water present after 60 minutes for each dextran reaction product in various weight ratios of fatty acid:dextran. As shown, various dextran reaction products were able to promote emulsification or disemulsification depending on the amount of fatty acid that reacted with a given amount of dextran. The Series E sample (caprylic acid) showed minimal emulsification. The Series F sample (lauric acid) resulted in strong emulsification at weight ratios of 1:10 and 1:5, but emulsification decreased considerably at lower fatty acid loads. Caprylic acid and lauric acid showed little emulsification at weight ratios of 1:1 and 1:2, but palmitic acid and stearic acid (Series G and Series H samples) still showed some emulsification at these weight ratios. Overall, the strongest emulsifying efficacy was observed at a weight ratio of 1:5 for all fatty acids except caprylic acid (Series E sample).

[0188] Surface tension of dextran reaction products. As shown in Table 8 below, the surface tension performance of dextran reaction products was measured at 1 gpt and 2 gpt. [Table 8] As shown, all dextran reaction products had the ability to reduce the surface tension of CocoDEA in a manner similar to that brought about by the maltodextrin reaction products described above, at least at some concentrations and fatty acid loads. At the highest fatty acid loads (samples F4, G4, and H4), the ability to reduce surface tension was considerably reduced. Therefore, the surface tension was adjustable depending on the molecular weight of the fatty acid and the degree of fatty acid load.

[0189] Example 3: Substitution of CocoDEA with a betaine surfactant. Sample C' was prepared in the same manner as Sample C above, using the procedure and similar reagent ratios as in Example 1A, except that CocoDEA was substituted with a betaine (amphoteric) surfactant (SOPALEX 360 BET) and the reaction was carried out at 50°C. Table 9 summarizes the surface tension of the reaction product compared to the betaine surfactant alone. [Table 9] Substituting the neutral surfactant CocoDEA with a betaine surfactant yielded high surface tension values ​​at each test concentration. The betaine surfactant alone provided relatively high surface tension values. Surprisingly, the reaction product could be used to somewhat reduce the surface tension compared to the betaine surfactant alone.

[0190] Example 4: Substitution of CocoDEA with an ethoxylated alcohol neutral surfactant. Sample C'' was prepared in the same manner as Sample C above, using the procedure and similar reagent ratios as in Example 1A, except that CocoDEA was substituted with an ethoxylated alcohol neutral surfactant (Tomadol 1-9) and the reaction was carried out at 50°C. Table 10 summarizes the surface tension of the reaction product compared to the ethoxylated alcohol surfactant alone. [Table 10] Ethoxylated alcohol surfactants yielded significantly higher surface tension values ​​at each test concentration than those obtained with CocoDEA at similar concentrations. The reaction products combined with ethoxylated alcohol surfactants yielded surface tension similar to that of ethoxylated alcohol surfactants alone.

[0191] Example 5: Decreased CocoDEA concentration. Sample C''' was prepared in the same manner as Sample C above, using the procedure and similar reagent ratios as in Example 1A, except that the CocoDEA concentration was reduced to one-fifth (i.e., 1% by weight) of the concentration used above. Table 11 summarizes the surface tension of the reaction product compared to the reduced-concentration CocoDEA surfactant solution alone. [Table 11] A significant increase in surface tension was observed when the CocoDEA concentration was reduced. Despite the surface tension being considerably higher than in the presence of 5% by weight of CocoDEA, the reaction product exhibited lower surface tension compared to CocoDEA itself.

[0192] Foaming performance of dextrin reaction products. Sample 1C (reaction product of maltodextrin and lauric acid) was processed into a soap formulation having the following composition: 61.1% by weight deionized water, 20.9% by weight maltodextrin / lauric acid reaction product (combined as an aqueous mixture prepared as described above), 7.5% by weight cocamidopropyl betaine, 0.5% by weight glycerin, and 10.0% by weight SOPALTERIC CS (sodium cocoamphohydroxypropyl sulfonate, Southern Chemical and Textile). For a comparative evaluation of foaming performance, a comparative soap formulation having the following composition was prepared: 20% by weight of 30% by weight sodium lauryl sulfate solution / water, 5% by weight cocoamidopropyl betaine, 0.5% by weight glycerin, 0.8% by weight NaCl, and equilibrium deionized water. The soap formulation contained approximately equal amounts of maltodextrin / lauric acid reaction product and sodium lauryl sulfate.

[0193] The foaming performance of experimental soap formulations compared to comparative soap formulations was analyzed using the Hart-DeGeorge foam test. Briefly, the Hart-DeGeorge foam test utilizes a wire screen placed between a funnel and a graduated cylinder. A set amount of foaming mixture is then introduced into the funnel, and the time required for the wire screen (850 μm mesh size) to be exposed is measured. The liquid level in the graduated cylinder is also measured at various time intervals. Therefore, lower density foams are characterized by a longer time required for the wire screen to be exposed, and a smaller volume of liquid collected in the graduated cylinder indicates that the foam is more stable.

[0194] To perform the Hart-DeGeorge foam test using experimental and comparative soap formulations, each soap formulation in a 1% active solution was prepared in separate 200 mL volumes of deionized water (soft water) at 25°C. The solutions were then blended at high speed for 1 minute. Upon completion of mixing, the resulting foam was transferred to a funnel. The time required for the wire mesh to be exposed was measured. In addition, the liquid level in the graduated cylinder was recorded at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 14 minutes. Table 12 summarizes the Hart-DeGeorge foam test performance of the experimental and comparative soap formulations. [Table 12]

[0195] Wire time data and liquid volume data are plotted in the bar graph shown in Figure 18. As shown, the experimental and comparative soap formulations yielded similar wire time performance at substantially equivalent surfactant concentrations, suggesting similar foam density. In contrast, the experimental soap formulation produced superior foam, as is evident from the smaller volume of liquid collected in the graduated cylinder.

[0196] Substitution of ethoxylated alcohol surfactant. Under the above general conditions, maltodextrin is replaced with dodecanoic acid (C 12 fatty acids) and myristic acid (C 14 The reaction product was obtained by reacting a mixture of fatty acids in the presence of CocoDEA. The reaction product was an opaque fluid, and no sedimentation was observed. Similar to certain data above, the reaction product did not result in significant emulsification of the crude oil. The reaction product was composed at the standard concentration (sample BB), as well as at half and twice the standard concentration (samples AA and CC, respectively). The surface tension, in-plane tension, and contact angle of these fluids are shown in Table 13 below.

[0197] Table 13 (Oilfield Fluids 1-3) also shows the surface tension, in-plane tension, and contact angle of three oilfield friction-reducing fluids containing ethoxylated alcohol surfactants.

[0198] The ethoxylated alcohol surfactants in oilfield friction reduction fluids 1-3 were replaced with an equivalent amount of reaction product obtained from a sample CC at twice the concentration. The surface tension, in-plane tension, and contact angle of the modified oilfield friction reduction fluids are shown in Table 13. The modified oilfield fluids are referred to as oilfield fluid 1', 2', and 3', respectively. [Table 13] As shown in Table 13, substituting the ethoxylated alcohol surfactant in oilfield fluids 1-3 with the reaction product of this disclosure resulted in a significant decrease in surface tension and in-plane tension in each case. Surprisingly, the surface tension and in-plane tension were even lower than those of the reaction product itself in sample CC. Furthermore, the friction reduction characteristics of oilfield fluids 1'-3' did not change significantly from the original oilfield fluids 1-3 (data not shown).

[0199] Unless otherwise indicated, all figures representing quantities, etc., in this specification and related claims should be understood in all cases to be modified by the term “approximately.” Therefore, unless otherwise indicated, the numerical parameters described in the specification and the appended claims are approximations that may vary depending on the desired characteristics to be obtained by embodiments of the invention. Each numerical parameter should be interpreted by applying ordinary rounding techniques, at least taking into account the reported number of significant digits, not as an attempt to limit the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the claims.

[0200] This specification presents one or more exemplary embodiments incorporating various features. For clarity, not all features of physical implementations are described or shown in this application. It is understood that in developing physical embodiments incorporating embodiments of the present invention, numerous implementation-specific decisions must be made to achieve the developer's objectives, such as compliance with system-related, business-related, government-related, and other constraints (which vary with implementation and time). While the developer's efforts may be time-consuming, such efforts are nevertheless routine for those skilled in the art and benefit from the present invention.

[0201] Various systems, compositions, means, and methods are described herein using the term "including" various components or processes, but systems, compositions, means, and methods may "essentially consist" of or "consist of" various components and processes.

[0202] As used herein, the phrase "at least one of" preceding a set of items, along with the terms "and" or "or" used to separate any items, modifies the list as a whole, rather than each individual component of the list (i.e., each item). The phrase "at least one of" allows for meanings that include at least one of any of the items, and / or at least one of any combination of the items, and / or at least one of each of the items. For example, the phrase "at least one of A, B, and C" or "at least one of A, B, or C" refers to A only, B only, or C only; any combination of A, B, and C; and / or at least one of each of A, B, and C, respectively.

[0203] Accordingly, the disclosed systems, compositions, means, and methods are adequately adapted to achieve the mentioned objectives and benefits, as well as those inherent therein. The teachings of this disclosure can be modified and implemented in different but equivalent ways, which will be obvious to those skilled in the art who are interested in the teachings herein; therefore, the specific embodiments disclosed above are merely illustrative. Furthermore, there is no intention to limit the details of the structures or designs shown herein beyond those set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specific exemplary embodiments disclosed above may be changed, combined, or modified, and it is clear that all such variations are considered to be within the scope of this disclosure. The systems, compositions, means, and methods disclosed exemplary herein can be suitably implemented in the absence of any elements not specifically disclosed herein and / or any appropriate elements disclosed herein. While systems, compositions, means, and methods are described in terms of “containing,” “including,” or “encompassing,” various components or processes, systems, means, and methods can also “essentially consist of” or “belong to” various components and processes. All the number and scope disclosed above may vary to some extent. Whenever a numerical range with lower and upper limits is disclosed, any number and any range within that range is specifically disclosed. In particular, all ranges of values ​​disclosed herein (in the form of “about a to about b,” or equivalently “about a to b,” or equivalently “about a ~ b”) should be understood to indicate all numbers and ranges encompassed within a broader range of values. Furthermore, terms in the claims have their obvious and ordinary meanings unless explicitly and clearly defined by the patentee. In addition, the indefinite article “a” or “an” used in the claims is defined herein to mean one or more of the elements it introduces. If there is any inconsistency in the use of a word or term herein, or in one or more patents or other documents that may be incorporated herein by reference, the definition consistent herein should be adopted.

Claims

1. Neutral surfactants or their reaction products; and, Reaction products of saccharide polymers and fatty acids in an aqueous phase containing dextran, dextrin compounds, or any combination thereof; A composition containing, The neutral surfactant is a fatty acid amide alkanolamine, The composition wherein the reaction product of the saccharide polymer and the fatty acid is present in the aqueous phase at a concentration effective in reducing the surface tension of the fatty acid amide alkanolamine compared to the surface tension of the aqueous phase containing only the fatty acid amide alkanolamine at the same concentration.

2. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the saccharide polymer contains a dextrin compound, and the dextrin compound contains maltodextrin.

3. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of 3 to 25.

4. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of 4.5 to 7.

0.

5. The composition according to claim 2, wherein the maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of 9.0 to 12.

0.

6. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid contains 4 to 30 carbon atoms.

7. The fatty acid relating to the reaction product of the saccharide polymer and the fatty acid is butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, peravonic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecylic acid, arachidic acid, henicosyl acid, behenic acid, triosyl acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosylic acid, cerotic acid, carboceric acid, montanic acid, nonacosylic acid, melissic acid, crotonic acid, cervonic acid, linoleic acid, linoleric acid The composition according to claim 1, comprising at least one fatty acid selected from the group consisting of linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, vaccenic acid, pauric acid, oleic acid, pinolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eleostearic acid, elaidic acid, gondic acid, gadolic acid, erucic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadienechoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, docosadienoic acid, nervonic acid, meadic acid, adrenaline, and any combination thereof.

8. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the fatty acid amide alkanolamine contains cocamide diethanolamine or a reaction product thereof.

9. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the reaction product of the saccharide polymer and the fatty acid is formed in the presence of the fatty acid amide alkanolamine.

10. The molar ratio of fatty acids to saccharide polymer in the reaction product is molar 脂肪酸 : Mole グルコース単量体 The composition according to claim 1, wherein the value is 0.2 or higher based on [the specified value].

11. The molar ratio of fatty acids to saccharide polymer in the reaction product is molar 脂肪酸 : Mole グルコース単量体 The composition according to claim 1, wherein the value is 0.35 or higher based on [the formula].

12. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the reaction product of the saccharide polymer is obtained in the presence of water and a hydroxide base.

13. The composition according to claim 1, wherein the reaction product of the saccharide polymer contains a fatty acid ester reaction product.

14. A foaming formulation containing the composition described in claim 1.

15. The foaming formulation according to claim 14, wherein the foaming formulation contains soap.

16. A personal care product containing the composition described in claim 1.

17. A step of heating a saccharide polymer, a fatty acid, and a hydroxide base in water, wherein the saccharide polymer contains dextran, a dextrin compound, or any combination thereof; A step of obtaining a reaction product of the saccharide polymer and the fatty acid in the aqueous phase; and, A step of combining a fatty acid amide alkanolamine or a reaction product thereof with the reaction product of the saccharide polymer and the fatty acid in the aqueous phase. Methods that include...

18. The method according to claim 17, wherein the saccharide polymer contains a dextrin compound, and the dextrin compound contains maltodextrin.

19. The method according to claim 18, wherein the maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of 3 to 25.

20. The method according to claim 18, wherein the maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of 4.5 to 7.

0.

21. The method according to claim 18, wherein the maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of 9.0 to 12.

0.

22. The method according to claim 17, wherein the fatty acid contains 4 to 30 carbon atoms.

23. The fatty acid in the step of heating the saccharide polymer, fatty acid, and hydroxide base is butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, peravonic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecylic acid, arachidic acid, henicosyl acid, behenic acid, triosyl acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosylic acid, cerotic acid, carboceric acid, montanic acid, nonacosylic acid, melissic acid, crotonic acid, cervonic acid, linoleic acid, lino The method according to claim 17, comprising at least one fatty acid selected from the group consisting of elaidic acid, linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, vaccenic acid, pauric acid, oleic acid, pinolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eleostearic acid, elaidic acid, gondic acid, gadolic acid, erucic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadienechoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, docosadieneic acid, nervonic acid, meadic acid, adrenalineic acid, and any combination thereof.

24. The method according to claim 17, wherein the fatty acid amide alkanolamine contains cocamide diethanolamine or a reaction product thereof.

25. The molar ratio of fatty acids to saccharide polymer in the reaction product is molar 脂肪酸 : Mole グルコース単量体 The method according to claim 17, wherein the value is 0.2 or greater based on the following.

26. The molar ratio of fatty acids to saccharide polymer in the reaction product is molar 脂肪酸 : Mole グルコース単量体 The method according to claim 17, wherein the value is 0.35 or greater based on the following criteria.

27. The method according to claim 17, wherein the reaction product of the saccharide polymer and the fatty acid is formed in the presence of the fatty acid amide alkanolamine.

28. A step of combining the fatty acid, the hydroxide base, and the fatty acid amide alkanolamine in water to form a mixture; A step of heating the mixture until the fatty acids dissolve and a homogeneous mixture is obtained; and, A step of combining the saccharide polymer and the homogeneous mixture, The method according to claim 27, further comprising:

29. The step of stirring the aqueous phase to form bubbles. The method according to claim 17, further comprising:

30. The method according to claim 17, wherein the reaction product of the saccharide polymer and the fatty acid is present in the aqueous phase at a concentration effective in reducing the surface tension of the fatty acid amide alkanolamine compared to the surface tension of the aqueous phase containing only the fatty acid amide alkanolamine at the same concentration.

31. A step of providing a processing fluid containing the composition described in claim 1; and, The process of introducing the aforementioned processing fluid into the underground layer. Methods that include...

32. The method according to claim 31, wherein the saccharide polymer contains a dextrin compound, and the dextrin compound contains maltodextrin.

33. The method according to claim 32, wherein the maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of 3 to 25.

34. The method according to claim 32, wherein the maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of 4.5 to 7.

0.

35. The method according to claim 32, wherein the maltodextrin has a dextrose equivalent value of 9.0 to 12.

0.

36. The method according to claim 31, wherein the fatty acid contains 4 to 30 carbon atoms.

37. The fatty acid relating to the reaction product of the saccharide polymer and the fatty acid is butyric acid, valeric acid, caproic acid, enanthic acid, caprylic acid, peravonic acid, capric acid, undecylic acid, lauric acid, tridecylic acid, myristic acid, pentadecylic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, nonadecylic acid, arachidic acid, henicosyl acid, behenic acid, triosyl acid, lignoceric acid, pentacosylic acid, cerotic acid, carboceric acid, montanic acid, nonacosylic acid, melissic acid, crotonic acid, cervonic acid, linoleic acid, linoleric acid The method according to claim 31, comprising at least one fatty acid selected from the group consisting of linolenic acid, arachidonic acid, docosatetraenoic acid, myristoleic acid, palmitoleic acid, sapienic acid, vaccenic acid, pauric acid, oleic acid, pinolenic acid, stearidonic acid, eleostearic acid, elaidic acid, gondic acid, gadolic acid, erucic acid, eicosenoic acid, eicosadienechoic acid, eicosatrienoic acid, eicosatetraenoic acid, docosadieneic acid, nervonic acid, meadic acid, adrenaline, and any combination thereof.

38. The method according to claim 31, wherein the fatty acid amide alkanolamine contains cocamide diethanolamine or a reaction product thereof.

39. The molar ratio of the fatty acid to the saccharide polymer in the reaction product is 0.2 or more based on mole 脂肪酸 : mole グルコース単量体 The method according to claim 31.

40. The molar ratio of fatty acids to saccharide polymer in the reaction product is molar 脂肪酸 : Mole グルコース単量体 The method according to claim 31, wherein the value is 0.35 or greater based on the following criteria.

41. The method according to claim 31, wherein the processing fluid is emulsified when introduced into the underground layer, or is emulsified inside the underground layer.

42. The method according to claim 41, wherein the processing fluid contains a water-in-oil emulsion.

43. The method according to claim 41, wherein the processing fluid contains an oil-in-water emulsion.

44. The method according to claim 41, wherein the processing fluid contains a microemulsion when introduced into the underground layer.

45. The method according to claim 31, wherein the processing fluid promotes enhanced recovery of crude oil within the underground layer.

46. The method according to claim 31, wherein the processing fluid foams.

47. A processing fluid containing the composition described in claim 1.

48. A step of providing an aqueous fluid containing the composition described in claim 1; and, The process of inducing foaming in the aqueous fluid. Methods that include...

49. The method according to claim 48, wherein the step of causing foaming includes a step of stirring the aqueous fluid to introduce gas into the aqueous fluid as a plurality of bubbles.

50. gas; and, An aqueous fluid containing the composition according to claim 1, wherein the gas is mixed together as a plurality of bubbles. A foaming formulation containing [a specific ingredient].

51. Fatty acid amide alkanolamine; Hydroxide bases; Saccharide polymers containing dextran, dextrin compounds, or any combination thereof; And, fatty acid A composition containing the following:

52. The composition according to claim 51, wherein the fatty acid amide alkanolamine contains cocamide diethanolamine.

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