Wavelet-based encoding of video sequences and wavelet-based decoding of bitstreams

Abstract

Disclosed are an encoder for encoding a video sequence having successive frames into a bitstream, a method for encoding a video sequence having successive frames into a bitstream, a decoder for decoding the bitstream to reconstruct the video sequence having successive frames, and a method for decoding the bitstream to reconstruct the video sequence having successive frames.

Claims

1. A decoder for decoding a bitstream (BS) to reconstruct a video sequence (VS) containing consecutive frames (FR), wherein the decoder (11) For each of the aforementioned frames (FR), from the bitstream (BS), An encoded quantized wavelet filtered frame (EQWF) comprising multiple bands (BA), each of which comprises multiple encoded quantized wavelet coefficients, wherein the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients of the multiple bands (BA) representing a group of rows in the frame (FR) form a presync (PR), and the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients of the encoded quantized wavelet filtered frame (EQWF) are calculated using one coding mode (CM) out of a plurality of coding modes (CM), and A table comprising a plurality of tables (TAs), each of the plurality of tables (TAs) relating to one coding mode (CM) among the plurality of coding modes (CMs), and each of the tables (TAs) including, for each band (BA) of the coded quantized wavelet filtered frame (EQWF), a gain value (GV) relating to the coding mode (CM) to which each table (TA) relates, For each presync (PR) band (BA), the coding mode (CM) of the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients is, A data stream receiver (12) configured to extract each of the quantization parameters (QP) of the presyncte (PR), A decoding processor (13) configured to generate a decoded quantized wavelet filtered frame (DQWF) for each of the encoded quantized wavelet filtered frames (EQWF), wherein each of the decoded quantized wavelet filtered frames (DQWF) includes a plurality of decoded quantized wavelet coefficients, the plurality of decoded quantized wavelet coefficients being calculated by decoding the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients of each of the encoded quantized wavelet filtered frames (EQWF), An inverse quantization processor (14) is configured to generate an inverse quantization wavelet filtered frame (DWF) for each of the decoded quantization wavelet filtered frames (DQWF), wherein each of the inverse quantization wavelet filtered frames (DWF) includes a plurality of inverse quantization wavelet coefficients, and the inverse quantization processor (14) is configured to calculate each of the inverse quantization wavelet coefficients according to a quantization value (QV) which is a non-negative integer. The inverse quantization processor (14) is configured to calculate the quantization value (QV) of each of the decoded quantized wavelet coefficients according to the quantization parameter (QP) of the presyncte (PR) of each of the decoded quantized wavelet coefficients, according to the coding mode (CM) of the presyncte (PR) and the bandwidth (BA) of the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients corresponding to each of the decoded quantized wavelet coefficients, and according to one of the gain values ​​(GV) from the plurality of tables (TA). The inverse quantization processor (14) is configured to extract the gain value (GV) for each of the decoded quantization wavelet coefficients from the table (TA) among the plurality of tables (TA) related to the coding mode (CM) of each of the decoded quantization wavelet coefficients, depending on the bandwidth (BA) of each of the decoded quantization wavelet coefficients, An inverse wavelet transform processor (15) is configured to generate one frame (FR) from the consecutive frames (FR) for each of the inversely quantized wavelet filtered frames (DWF), wherein each of the frames (FR) includes a plurality of pixels, and each of the pixels of the frame (FR) generates an inversely time-transformed inversely quantized wavelet filtered frame, by applying one or more inversely quantized wavelet filters to each of the inversely quantized wavelet filtered frames (DWF) and to each of the inversely quantized wavelet filtered frames (DWF) preceding one or more inversely quantized wavelet filters. A decoder comprising: an inverse wavelet transform processor, which calculates data calculated from a rethaled frame (DWF) by applying an inverse time transform operation to the data calculated from the rethaled frame (DWF), and by applying an inverse discrete wavelet transform to the inverse time transformed inverse quantized wavelet filtered frame, wherein the inverse time transform operation is applied such that each of the pixels is calculated using one of a plurality of decoding modes, and the decoding mode of one of the pixels corresponds to the coding mode (CM) in which the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients corresponding to one of the pixels are calculated.

2. The decoder according to claim 1, wherein the inverse quantization processor (14) is a dead zone inverse quantization processor.

3. The decoder according to claim 1, wherein the inverse quantization processor (14) is a uniform inverse quantization processor.

4. The inverse quantization processor (14) applies 2 to each of the decoded quantization wavelet coefficients. Ｔ The decoder according to claim 1, configured to calculate each of the inverse quantized wavelet coefficients by multiplying by, where T is the quantized value (QV).

5. The decoder according to claim 1, wherein at least one bandwidth (BA) of at least one presyncte (PR) comprises a plurality of TDC selection groups (TSGs), each containing k encoded quantized wavelet coefficients, the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients of one of the TDC selection groups (TSGs) are computed using one submode (SM) of the coding mode (CM), and the data stream receiver (12) is configured to extract from the bitstream (BS) of one of the TDC selection groups a bit shift parameter (BSP) which is an integer and depends on the frame (FR) and the submode (SM) of each of the TDC selection groups (TSGs).

6. The decoder according to claim 5, wherein the value of k is 32.

7. The decoder according to claim 1, wherein each of the tables (TA) includes, for each band (BA) of the encoded quantized wavelet filtered frame (EQWF), a band weight (BW) associated with the coding mode (CM) to which each of the tables (TA) is associated.

8. The decoder according to claim 7, wherein the data stream receiver (12) is configured to extract each refinement parameter (RP) of the presyncte (PR) from each bitstream (BS) of the frame (FR), and the inverse quantization processor (14) is configured to calculate each quantization value (QV) of the presyncte (PR) according to the refinement parameter (RP) for each presyncte (PR).

9. The decoder according to claim 8, wherein the data stream receiver (12) is configured to extract an amplitude control parameter (AC) from the bitstream (BS) for each of the frames (FR), and the inverse quantization processor (14) is configured to calculate the quantization value (QV) for each of the presynctes (PR) depending on the amplitude control parameter (AC) for each of the frames (FR).

10. The inverse quantization processor (14) calculates the quantized value (QV) for the bandwidth (BA) of one presyncte (PR) of the frame (FR) using the formula T = clamp (q [p] - g [i, m] - X (w [i, m] < r [p]) , 0, 2 Br - 1), It is configured to calculate according to the formula, where m is the coding mode (CM), T is the quantization value (QV), g[i,m] is the gain value of the i-th band (BA) taken from the table (TA) associated with each coding mode (CM), w[i,m] is the band weight (BW) of the i-th band (BA) taken from the table (TA) associated with each coding mode (CM), and Br is the frame (FR) The decoder according to claim 9, wherein the amplitude control parameter (AC) is X, where X is an index function, which is 1 if the index is true and 0 otherwise, clamp is a function that restricts the output calculated from the first argument to the interval indicated by the second and third arguments, q[p] is the quantization parameter (QP) of the p-th presyncte (PR), and r[p] is the refinement parameter (RP) of the p-th presyncte (PR).

11. At least one bandwidth (BA) of at least one presyncte (PR) comprises a plurality of TDC selection groups (TSGs), each containing k encoded quantized wavelet coefficients, wherein the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients of one of the TDC selection groups (TSGs) are computed using one submode (SM) of the coding mode (CM), and the data stream receiver (12) is configured to extract from the bitstream (BS) of one of the TDC selection groups a bit shift parameter (BSP) which is an integer and depends on the frame (FR) and the submode (SM) of each of the TDC selection groups (TSGs). The inverse quantization processor (14) calculates the quantized value (QV) for one of the TDC selection groups (TSG) of the frame (FR) using the formula T = clamp (q [p] + b [m’] - g [i, m] - X (w [i, m] < r [p]) , 0, 2 Br - 1), The decoder according to claim 10, configured to calculate according to the formula, where m' is the submode (SM) of the TDC selection group (TSG) and b is the bit shift parameter (BSP) for the submode (SM) of the TDC selection group (TSG).

12. The inverse quantization processor (14) is a uniform inverse quantization processor, wherein at least one band (BA) of at least one presyncte (PR) comprises a plurality of TDC selection groups (TSGs), each containing k encoded quantization wavelet coefficients, the encoded quantization wavelet coefficients of one of the TDC selection groups (TSGs) are computed using one submode (SM) of the coding mode (CM), and the data stream receiver (12) is configured to extract from the bitstream (BS) of one of the TDC selection groups a bit shift parameter (BSP) which is an integer and depends on the frame (FR) and the submode (SM) of each of the TDC selection groups (TSGs). The inverse quantization processor (14) calculates intermediate inverse quantization wavelet coefficients according to the quantization value (QV) of the bandwidth (BA) of the presyncte (PR) of each TDC selection group (TSG), and multiplies the intermediate inverse quantization wavelet coefficients by 2. ｂ［ｍ’］ The decoder according to claim 1, configured to calculate the inverse quantization wavelet coefficient of one of the TDC selection groups (TSGs) of one of the frames (FRs) by multiplying by m', where m' is the submode (SM) of the TDC selection group (TSG) and b is the bit shift parameter (BSP) of the submode (SM) of the TDC selection group (TSG).

13. The decoder according to claim 1, wherein the decoding processor (13) is a variable-length decoder or an entropy decoder.

14. A method for decoding a bitstream (BS) to reconstruct a video sequence (VS) containing consecutive frames (FR), wherein the method is: For each of the aforementioned frames (FR), from the bitstream (BS), An encoded quantized wavelet filtered frame (EQWF) comprising multiple bands (BA), each of which comprises multiple encoded quantized wavelet coefficients, wherein the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients of the multiple bands (BA) representing a group of rows in the frame (FR) form a presync (PR), and the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients of the encoded quantized wavelet filtered frame (EQWF) are calculated using one coding mode (CM) out of a plurality of coding modes (CM), and A plurality of tables (TAs), each of the plurality of tables (TAs) relating to one coding mode (CM) among the plurality of coding modes (CMs), and each of the tables (TAs) includes, for each band (BA) of each presyncte (PR) of the coded quantized wavelet filtered frame (EQWF), a plurality of tables relating to the coding mode (CM) to which each table (TA) relates, For each presync (PR) band (BA), the coding mode (CM) of the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients is, The steps include using a data stream receiver (12) to extract each of the quantization parameters (QP) of the presyncte (PR), A step of using a decoding processor (13) to generate a decoded quantized wavelet filtered frame (DQWF) for each of the encoded quantized wavelet filtered frames (EQWF), wherein each of the decoded quantized wavelet filtered frames (DQWF) includes a plurality of decoded quantized wavelet coefficients, the plurality of decoded quantized wavelet coefficients being calculated by decoding the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients of each of the encoded quantized wavelet filtered frames (EQWF), For each of the decoded quantized wavelet-filtered frames (DQWF), an inverse quantization processor (14) is used to generate an inverse quantized wavelet-filtered frame (DWF), wherein each of the inverse quantized wavelet-filtered frames (DWF) includes a plurality of inverse quantized wavelet coefficients, and the inverse quantization processor (14) is configured to calculate each of the inverse quantized wavelet coefficients according to a quantization value (QV) which is a non-negative integer. The inverse quantization processor (14) calculates the quantization value (QV) of each of the decoded quantized wavelet coefficients according to the quantization parameter (QP) of the presyncte (PR) of each of the decoded quantized wavelet coefficients, according to the coding mode (CM) of the presyncte (PR) and the bandwidth (BA) of the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients corresponding to each of the decoded quantized wavelet coefficients, and according to one of the gain values ​​(GV) from the plurality of tables (TA). The inverse quantization processor (14) takes the steps of: extracting the gain value (GV) for each of the decoded quantized wavelet coefficients from the table (TA) among the plurality of tables (TA) related to the coding mode (CM) of each of the decoded quantized wavelet coefficients, depending on the bandwidth (BA) and presync (PR) of each of the decoded quantized wavelet coefficients; A method comprising the step of using an inverse wavelet transform processor (15) to generate one frame (FR) of the consecutive frames (FR) for each of the inverse quantized wavelet filtered frames (DWF), wherein each of the frames (FR) includes a plurality of pixels, and each of the pixels of the frame is computed by applying an inverse time transform operation to each of the inverse quantized wavelet filtered frames (DWF) and one or more inverse quantized wavelet filtered frames (DWF) preceding each of the inverse quantized wavelet filtered frames (DWF) to generate an inverse time transformed inverse quantized wavelet filtered frame, wherein the inverse time transform operation is applied such that each of the pixels is computed by using one of a plurality of decoding modes, the decoding mode of one of the pixels corresponds to the coding mode (CM) in which the encoded quantized wavelet coefficients corresponding to one of the pixels are computed.

15. A computer program for performing the method according to claim 14 when executed on a processor.

16. An encoder for encoding a video sequence (VS) containing consecutive frames (FR) into a bitstream (BS), wherein the encoder (1) A wavelet transform processor (2) configured to generate a wavelet-filtered frame (WF) for each of the frames (FR), the wavelet transform processor (2) comprising a plurality of bands (BA), each of the bands (BA) comprising a plurality of wavelet coefficients, each representing a group of rows in the frame (FR), the wavelet coefficients of the plurality of wavelet coefficients in the plurality of bands forming a presyncte (PR), and each of the wavelet coefficients of the wavelet-filtered frame being calculated by applying a discrete wavelet transform operation to the frame (FR) to generate an intermediate wavelet-filtered frame, and by applying a time transformation operation to each of the intermediate wavelet-filtered frames and to data calculated from one or more intermediate wavelet-filtered frames preceding each of the intermediate wavelet-filtered frames, the time transformation operation being applied such that each of the wavelet coefficients is calculated using one of a plurality of coding modes, A mode selection processor (3) configured to provide the wavelet transform processor (2) with a coding mode (CM) used to calculate each wavelet coefficient for each presyncte (PR) of the wavelet coefficients, wherein the mode selection processor (3) is configured to select the coding mode (CM) according to the band (BA) to which each wavelet coefficient belongs and according to the presyncte (PR) to which each wavelet coefficient belongs. A quantization processor (4) configured to generate a quantized wavelet-filtered frame (QWF) for each of the wavelet-filtered frames (WF), wherein each of the quantized wavelet-filtered frames (QWF) includes a plurality of quantized wavelet coefficients, and the quantization processor (4) is configured to calculate each of the quantized wavelet coefficients according to a quantization value (QV) which is a non-negative integer, wherein the quantization value (QV) depends on the coding mode (CM) of each of the wavelet coefficients. A plurality of tables (TAs), each of the tables (TAs) relating to one coding mode (CM) among the plurality of coding modes (CMs), and each of the tables (TAs) including, for each band (BA) of each presyncte (PR) among the frames (FRs), a gain value (GV) relating to the coding mode (CM) to which the respective table (TA) relates, A rate allocator (5) configured to calculate the quantized value (QV) of each of the wavelet coefficients according to the quantization parameter (QP) of the presyncte (PR) of each of the wavelet coefficients, wherein the quantization parameter (QP) is determined iteratively by the rate allocator (5) to control the data rate of the bitstream (BS), and the rate allocator (5) retrieves the gain value (GV) of each of the wavelet coefficients from one of the tables (TA) associated with the coding mode (CM) of each of the wavelet coefficients according to the bandwidth (BA) of each of the wavelet coefficients, and the quantized value (QV) is calculated according to the retrieved gain value (GV), An encoding processor (6) configured to generate an encoded quantized wavelet filtered frame (EQWF) for each of the quantized wavelet filtered frames (QWF), wherein each of the encoded quantized wavelet filtered frames (EQWF) includes a plurality of encoded quantized wavelet coefficients, An encoder comprising: a data stream producer (7) configured to embed into a bitstream (BS) the encoded quantized wavelet filtered frame (EQWF); a plurality of tables (TA); the coding mode (CM) for each band (BA) of each presyncte (PR) of the wavelet coefficients; and the quantization parameter (QP) for each of the presynctes (PR).

17. The encoder according to claim 16, wherein the quantization processor (4) is a dead zone quantization processor.

18. The encoder according to claim 16, wherein the quantization processor (4) is a uniform quantization processor.

19. The quantization processor (4) sets each of the wavelet coefficients to 2 Ｔ The encoder according to claim 16, configured to calculate each of the quantized wavelet coefficients by dividing by T, where T is the quantized value (QV).

20. The encoder according to claim 16, wherein at least one bandwidth (BA) of the presync (PR) comprises a plurality of TDC selection groups (TSGs), each having k wavelet coefficients, the wavelet coefficients of one of the TDC selection groups (TSGs) are calculated using one submode (SM) of the coding modes (CM) determined by the mode selection processor (3), and the data stream producer (7) is configured to embed in the bitstream (BS) a bit shift parameter (BSP) for one of the TDC selection groups, which is an integer and depends on the submode (SM) of each of the TDC selection groups (TSGs).

21. The encoder according to claim 20, wherein the value of k is 32.

22. The encoder according to claim 16, wherein the encoder (1) comprises a rate provider (8) configured to provide the maximum data rate (MDR) to the rate allocator (5), and the rate allocator (5) is configured to calculate the quantization value (QV) such that the data rate of the bitstream (BS) is less than or equal to the maximum data rate (MDR).

23. Each of the tables (TA) includes, for each band (BA) of one of the frames (FR), a band weight (BW) associated with the coding mode (CM) to which each of the tables (TA) is associated, and the rate allocator (5) is configured such that, when the data rate is less than the maximum data rate (MDR), additional data rates are allocated to one or more bands (BA) by reducing the quantization value (QV) of one or more bands (BA) in accordance with the band weight (BW) taken from the tables (TA), the encoder according to claim 22.

24. The encoder according to claim 23, wherein the rate allocator (5) is configured to calculate the quantized value (QV) of each of the wavelet coefficients in accordance with a refinement parameter (RP) for the presyncte (PR) of each of the wavelet coefficients, the refinement parameter (RP) being determined iteratively by the rate allocator (5) to control the data rate of the bitstream (BS), and the datastream producer (7) is configured to embed each of the refinement parameters (RP) of the presyncte (PR) into the bitstream (BS).

25. The encoder according to claim 24, wherein the rate allocator (5) is configured to calculate the quantization value (QV) of each of the wavelet coefficients according to a predetermined amplitude control parameter (AC) for each of the frames (FR), and the data stream producer (7) is configured to embed each of the amplitude control parameters (AC) of the frames (FR) into the bitstream (BS).

26. The rate allocator (5) uses the formula to determine the quantization value (QV) for the bandwidth (BA) of one presyncte (PR) of the frame (FR). T = clamp (q [p] - g [i, m] - X (w [i, m] < r [p]) , 0, 2 Br - 1), It is configured to calculate according to the formula, where m is one of the coding modes (CM), T is the quantization value (QV), g[i,m] is the gain value (GV) of the i-th band (BA) taken from the table (TA) associated with each coding mode (CM), w[i,m] is the band weight (BW) of the i-th band (BA) taken from the table (TA) associated with each coding mode (CM), and Br is the frame The encoder according to claim 25, wherein the amplitude control parameter (AC) of (FR), X is an index function, which is 1 if the index is true and 0 otherwise, clamp is a function that restricts the output calculated from the first argument to intervals indicated by the second and third arguments, q[p] is the quantization parameter (QP) of the p-th presyncte (PR), and r[p] is the refinement parameter (RP) of the p-th presyncte (PR).

27. At least one band (BA) of the presync (PR) includes a plurality of TDC selection groups (TSGs), each containing k wavelet coefficients, wherein the wavelet coefficients of one of the TDC selection groups (TSGs) are calculated using one submode (SM) of the coding modes (CM) determined by the mode selection processor (3), and the data stream producer (7) is configured to embed in the bitstream (BS) a bit shift parameter (BSP) for one of the TDC selection groups, which is an integer and depends on the submode (SM) of each of the TDC selection groups (TSGs). The rate allocator (5) determines the quantized value (QV) for one of the TDC selection groups (TSG) of the frame (FR) using the formula T = clamp (q [p] + b [m’] - g [i, m] - X (w [i, m] < r [p]) , 0, 2 Br - 1), The encoder according to claim 26, configured to calculate according to the formula, where m' is the submode (SM) of the TDC selection group (TSG) and b is the bit shift parameter (BSP) for the submode (SM) of the TDC selection group (TSG).

28. The quantization processor (4) is a uniform quantization processor, wherein at least one band (BA) of the presyncte (PR) comprises a plurality of TDC selection groups (TSGs), each containing k wavelet coefficients, the wavelet coefficients of one of the TDC selection groups (TSGs) are calculated using one submode (SM) of the coding mode (CM) determined by the mode selection processor (3), and the data stream producer (7) is configured to embed a bit shift parameter (BSP), which is an integer and depends on the submode (SM) of each of the TDC selection groups (TSGs), into the bitstream (BS). The quantization processor (4) sets each of the wavelet coefficients to 2 ｂ［ｍ’］ The encoder according to claim 16, wherein m' is the submode (SM) of the TDC selection group (TSG), and b is the bit shift parameter (BSP) of the submode (SM) of the TDC selection group (TSG), by dividing by b, and the encoder is configured to calculate the intermediate quantized wavelet coefficients of one of the TDC selection groups (TSG) in one of the frames (FR) by quantizing the intermediate quantized wavelet coefficients according to the quantized value (QV) of the band (BA) of the presync (PR) of the TDC selection group (TSG).

29. The encoder according to claim 16, wherein the encoding processor (6) is a variable-length encoder or an entropy encoder.

30. A method for encoding a video sequence containing consecutive frames (FR) into a bitstream (BS), wherein the method is: Steps of using a wavelet transform processor (2) for each of the frames (FR) to generate a wavelet-filtered frame (WF) comprising a plurality of bands (BA), each of the bands (BA) comprising a plurality of wavelet coefficients, each representing a group of rows of the frame (FR), the wavelet coefficients of the plurality of wavelet coefficients of the plurality of bands (BA) forming a presyncte (PR), and each of the wavelet coefficients of the wavelet-filtered frame (WF) being calculated by applying a discrete wavelet transform operation to the frame (FR) to generate an intermediate wavelet-filtered frame, and by applying a time transformation operation to each of the intermediate wavelet-filtered frames and to data calculated from one or more intermediate wavelet-filtered frames preceding each of the intermediate wavelet-filtered frames, wherein the time transformation operation is applied such that each of the wavelet coefficients is calculated using one of a plurality of coding modes (CM), A step of using a mode selection processor (3) to provide the wavelet transform processor (2) with a coding mode (CM) used to calculate each wavelet coefficient for each presyncte (PR) of the wavelet coefficients, wherein the mode selection processor (3) is used to select the coding mode (CM) according to the band (BA) to which each wavelet coefficient belongs and according to the presyncte (PR) to which each wavelet coefficient belongs. A step of using a quantization processor (4) to generate a quantized wavelet filtered frame (QWF) for each of the wavelet filtered frames (WF), wherein each of the quantized wavelet filtered frames (QWF) includes a plurality of quantized wavelet coefficients, and the quantization processor (4) is used to compute each of the quantized wavelet coefficients according to a quantization value (QV) which is a non-negative integer, wherein the quantization value (QV) depends on the coding mode (CM) of each of the wavelet coefficients. A step of providing a plurality of tables (TA), each of the tables (TA) relating to one coding mode (CM) among the plurality of coding modes (CM), and each of the tables (TA) including, for each band (BA) of the frame (FR), a gain value (GV) relating to the coding mode (CM) to which the respective table (TA) relates; A step of using a rate allocator (5) to calculate the quantized value of each of the wavelet coefficients according to the quantization parameter (QP) of the presyncte (PR) of each of the wavelet coefficients, wherein the quantization parameter (QP) is iteratively determined by the rate allocator (5) to control the data rate of the bitstream (BS), the rate allocator (5) retrieves the gain value (GV) of each of the wavelet coefficients from a table (TA) of a plurality of tables (TA) related to the coding mode (CM) of each of the wavelet coefficients according to the bandwidth (BA) of each of the wavelet coefficients, and the quantized value (QV) is calculated according to the retrieved gain value (GV), A step of using an encoding processor (6) to generate an encoded quantized wavelet filtered frame (EQWF) for each of the quantized wavelet filtered frames (QWF), wherein each of the encoded quantized wavelet filtered frames (EQWF) includes a plurality of encoded quantized wavelet coefficients. A method comprising the step of using a data stream producer (7) configured to embed the encoded quantized wavelet filtered frame (EQWF), the plurality of tables (TA), the coding mode (CM) for each band (BA) of each presyncte (PR) of the wavelet coefficients, and the quantization parameter (QP) for each of the presynctes (PR) into the bitstream (BS).

31. A computer program for performing the method described in claim 30 when executed on a processor.

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