Dialysis machines and procedures

Abstract

The present invention relates to a dialysis machine comprising a connection system (450) for connecting a dialysate supply source (40) to a dialysate delivery system (51), the connection system (450) comprising a first section (451) having a conduit (4510) with a first connection device (4511) at one end to a first dialysate supply source and a second connection device (4512) at the other end to allow serial connection of the first section and the second section. and a second section (452) having a conduit (4520) with a connecting device (4521) at one end connectable to a second connecting device (4512) of the first section (451), the first section (451) being disconnectable from the second section (452) such that in a disconnected state of the first section (451) from the second section (452), the connecting device (4521) of the second section (452) is connectable to a second dialysate supply source. The present invention also relates to a corresponding method.

Description

【Technical Field】 【0001】 The present invention generally relates to dialysis machines, particularly for hemodialysis, and to devices for dialysis machines and the use (operation and manipulation) of all or part of such machines. 【Background Art】 【0002】 Dialysis machines are well-known from the prior art, particularly as described in Patent Document 1. 【0003】 In the example of Patent Document 1 and as shown in FIG. 1 of the present application, it is possible to connect a dialysis fluid supply source to a dialysis fluid delivery system by a connection system 450E. 【0004】 The connection system 450E is in the form of a Y-shaped tube, whose first branch 451E enables connection to a dialysis fluid supply source for a first dialysis session, and whose second branch 452E enables connection to a new dialysis fluid supply source for a second dialysis session. The branches 451E and 452E form the legs of the Y and merge at a conduit 455E that is in fluid communication with the dialysis fluid delivery system. 【0005】 This connection system makes it possible to limit the risk of contamination by enabling one branch to be used for the first session and another branch to be used for the second session without the need to reuse an already used branch. 【0006】 However, there is a risk that an operator who disconnects the dialysis fluid supply source from the first branch after the first dialysis session may inadvertently connect a new dialysis fluid supply source to the already used first branch instead of connecting it to the unused second branch. In addition, although the unused second branch is presumed to be closed by a stopper during the first session, there is a risk that this second branch, whose stopper has been inadvertently removed and is not closed and is hanging down, will be contaminated. 【0007】 Therefore, it is desirable to further reduce the risk of contamination in the dialysis machine, especially when changing the dialysate supply source between two dialysis sessions, while the work is being performed on the machine by the user or a third party. [Prior art documents] [Patent Documents] 【0008】 [Patent Document 1] International Publication No. 2019 / 150058 [Patent Document 2] International Publication No. 2013 / 050689 [Patent Document 3] International Publication No. 2014 / 001680 [Patent Document 4] French Patent Application No. 2001604 [Overview of the project] [Problems that the invention aims to solve] 【0009】 The object of the present invention is to make available a novel dialysis machine and a corresponding novel method that can overcome all or some of the problems outlined above. [Means for solving the problem] 【0010】 Therefore, the present invention relates to a dialysis machine for processing bodily fluids such as blood or plasma, and the dialysis machine is A dialyzer comprising a housing including a body fluid passage area having a body fluid inlet and a body fluid outlet, and a dialysate passage area having a dialysate inlet and a dialysate outlet, and a membrane system between the body fluid passage area and the dialysate passage area, Dialysis fluid delivery system, A connection system for connecting a dialysate supply source to a dialysate delivery system, A conduit comprising a first connecting device at one end that is connectable to and detachable from the connector of a first dialysate supply source, and a second connecting device at the other end, wherein the conduit is a flexible conduit having a constant cross-sectional area when not compressed, and the conduit comprises a first section, The conduit has one end connected to a dialysate delivery system, and the first section can be cut from the second section, while providing a series connection between the first section and the second section (452), and the other end is equipped with a connecting device that can be cut to the second connecting device of the first section, and the conduit of the second section is a flexible conduit having a constant cross-section in the non-compressed state of the conduit (4520), the second section (452), A connection system (450) comprising, It is equipped with, Therefore, with the first section cut off and removed from the second section (452), the connection device for the second section can be connected to the connector of the second dialysate supply source and can also be disconnected from the connector of the second dialysate supply source. 【0011】 Therefore, each of the other sections that may subsequently be used for another dialysis session is not left in a free-wait state for use, as in the prior art Y-shaped solution, but instead remains connected in series with the section connected to the replenishment source to allow fluid communication between the dialysis fluid replenishment source and the dialysis fluid delivery system passing through each of the other sections. 【0012】 The second section is initially placed between the first section and the dialysis fluid delivery system. 【0013】 Designing a connection system in the form of two (or more, if the second section is composed of several series-connected sections) sections connected in series allows for limiting the risk of contamination, as the second section does not have free ends that could be dragged and contaminated. In fact, both ends of each section of the connection system are connected to another section, or (for the section closest to the supply source) to the supply source, or (for the section closest to the delivery system) to the delivery system, respectively. 【0014】 In particular, in cases where two sections are provided, both ends of the second section are connected to the first section and the delivery system. In contrast to prior art with a Y-shaped connection system, after the first dialysis session, the risk that the user connects a supply source to the first section that has already been used is limited, since removal of this first section is planned. 【0015】 In addition, since removal of the previously used section is planned to enable connection of a new supply source to the next section, the operator understands and visually confirms that the connection system for the subsequent dialysis session must be shorter than that for the previous dialysis session. Thus, the risk of forgetting to remove the section used during the previous dialysis session and connecting a new dialysis fluid supply source to this section for the subsequent dialysis session is reduced. 【0016】 The machine may have one or more of the following features employed in technically acceptable combinations. 【0017】 According to one embodiment, the dialysis fluid supply system comprises a dialysis fluid delivery system connected to a supply line, the delivery system comprising at least one flexible bag, called a chamber bag, which is intended to store dialysis fluid, and means for pressurizing the chamber bag. 【0018】 According to any feature, the device comprises a closing element that, in the closed state, makes it possible to prevent circulation of liquid inside the conduit of the first section. 【0019】 According to any feature, in the closed state, the closing element is locked and / or is of the tamper-proof type so as to damage the conduit of the first section in order to prevent reuse of the conduit after the closing element has been closed. 【0020】 According to any feature, the second section comprises an operable and deactivatable opening and closing element that makes it possible to allow or prevent circulation of liquid in the conduit of the second section. 【0021】 According to any feature, the first connecting device of the first section is a tubular element capable of engaging with an opening of a corresponding connector of a first dialysate supply source to allow liquid communication inside the tubular element, a peripheral wall portion extending at a distance around the tubular element to define an annular space for insertion of the peripheral wall portion of the connector of the first dialysate supply source, and includes. 【0022】 According to a particular aspect, a first supply source comprising a bag, a conduit, and a connector for connecting and disconnecting the first connecting device of the first section is soldered to the conduit of the first supply source that connects the connector to the bag of the first supply source. In other words, the connector of the first supply source is not removable from the conduit or the bag of the first supply source. 【0023】 According to any feature, the connecting device of the second section is a tubular element that can engage with an opening of the second connecting device of the first section to allow liquid communication inside the tubular element and, in the withdrawn state of the first section, can engage with an opening of a connector of a second dialysate supply source to allow liquid communication inside the tubular element, a peripheral wall portion extending at a distance around the tubular element to define an annular space for insertion of the peripheral wall portion of the second connecting device of the first section or, in the withdrawn state of the first section, to define an annular space for insertion of the peripheral wall portion of the connector of the second dialysate supply source and includes. 【0024】 According to any feature, the second connecting device of the first section includes a peripheral wall portion having a thread capable of cooperating with an internal thread formed on the peripheral wall portion of the connecting device of the second section. 【0025】 According to any feature, the machine is a dialysate supply line connectable to an inlet of a dialysate passage area of a dialyzer, a dialysate discharge line connectable to an outlet of a dialysate passage area of a dialyzer, and includes. 【0026】 Depending on the features, the discharge line may include conduits for connection to a discharge device such as a drainage system and / or a used dialysis fluid recovery system. 【0027】 According to any feature, the machine comprises at least one flexible bag called a small chamber bag, which stores the dialysate and forms part of the delivery system. 【0028】 According to any feature, a device called a cassette, which is insertable into and removable from a corresponding housing provided on a dialysis machine, includes at least one bag. 【0029】 According to any given feature, the machine is equipped with a frame, and a device called a cassette is removable from the machine's frame. 【0030】 The present invention also relates to a method for continuously connecting a dialysate supply source to a machine connection system according to any one of the embodiments presented above, the method comprising the following steps: The first section is configured to connect to the second section, and the second section is connected to the dialysate delivery system by the other end. The steps include: preparing a first dialysate supply source having a connector not connected to the connection system; The step of removing the stopper when the stopper closes the end of the first section opposite to the end connected to the second section, The steps include connecting the first connection device of the first section to the first dialysate supply source, After using the first dialysis fluid supply source, For example, the step of closing the first section by closing the clamping system of the first section, preferably the first section, Preferably, the first dialysate supply source is removed and the connection device of the first section is closed with the assistance of a stopper, The steps include removing the first section from the second section of the device so that the second section has a free connection device, The steps include: preparing a second dialysate supply source having a connector not connected to the connection system; The steps include connecting the connector of the second dialysis fluid supply source to the second free connection device, It includes. [Brief explanation of the drawing] 【0031】 Other features and advantages of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description, which is purely illustrative and non-limiting and should be interpreted with reference to the accompanying drawings. [Figure 1] This is a diagram of a part of a dialysis machine according to a well-known embodiment from the prior art. [Figure 2] This is a schematic diagram of a dialysis machine according to an embodiment of the present invention configured for the first dialysis session. [Figure 3] Figure 2 is a schematic diagram of a portion of a dialysis machine during the replacement of the dialyzer connection device with a new connection device that is planned to be connected to a connection device integrated with the dialysate supply and discharge lines, and in the state of removal of the corresponding section of the connection system between the previously used dialysate supply source and the dialysate delivery system. [Figure 4] Figures 2 and 3 are schematic diagrams of a dialysis machine incorporating elements of the dialysis machine according to an embodiment of the present invention, wherein the machine is configured for a second dialysis session, the dialyzer has been replaced with a new dialyzer connected to the dialysate supply and discharge lines with the assistance of a new connection device, and the new dialysate supply source is connected to the remaining section of the connection system to the delivery system. [Figure 5] This is a schematic diagram of the dialyzer of a dialysis machine according to an embodiment of the present invention during the ultrafiltration step. [Figure 6] This is a schematic diagram of the dialyzer of a dialysis machine according to an embodiment of the present invention during the reverse filtration step. [Figure 7] Figure 2 is a perspective view of a part of a dialysis machine according to an embodiment of the present invention called a cassette, showing the systems for connecting the dialysate supply and discharge lines to the dialyzer in the coupled state of the second connecting device to the first connecting device, and in the closed state of the stopper of the second connecting device, as well as the connection system for connecting the dialysate supply source to the dialysate delivery system for the first dialysis session. [Figure 8]Figure 7 shows each dialyzer connection system with the stopper of the second connector of the second connection device of each connection system in the open state. [Figure 9] This is a diagram of the connection system for the dialysate supply source configured for the first dialysis session. [Figure 10] Figure 8 shows each dialyzer connection system with the first connection device and the second connection device disconnected. [Figure 11] This diagram shows the connection system for the dialysate supply source in the disconnected state of the first section of the system, where a new dialysate supply source is connected to the free end of the second section of the system for the second dialysis session. [Figure 12] The figure shows the first connector of each connection system in Figure 8, which remains fixed to the corresponding supply or discharge line, and a new second connector which is identical to the removed second connector, and the first connector which can be connected to the first connector is shown with a stopper in the open position. [Figure 13] Figure 12 shows the dialyzer connection system in the connected state of each connection system, with the first connection device and the new second connection device, and with the stopper of the second connector of the second connection device in each connection system in the open state. [Figure 14] This diagram shows the dialysate supply source connection system with a new dialysate supply source connected to the remaining second section of the connection system for the second dialysis session. [Figure 15] This is a perspective view of a dialysate supply source housed in a support structure and connectable to a cassette of a dialysis machine, according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Figure 16] This is a schematic diagram showing several steps of a method for replacing a dialyzer and a dialysate supply source according to an embodiment of the present invention. [Modes for carrying out the invention] 【0032】 The inventive concept is described more fully below with reference to the accompanying drawings illustrating embodiments of the inventive concept. In the drawings, the size and relative size of elements may be exaggerated for clarity. Similar figures refer to similar elements throughout the drawings. However, this inventive concept is implemented in a variety of forms and should not be construed as being limited to the embodiments listed herein. Rather, these embodiments are presented so that this description is complete and conveys the scope of the inventive concept to those skilled in the art. 【0033】 Throughout the specification, any reference to “embodiments” means that any function, structure, or particular feature described in relation to an embodiment is included in at least one embodiment of the present invention. Therefore, even if the phrase “in an embodiment” appears in various places throughout the specification, it does not necessarily refer to the same embodiment. Furthermore, functions, structures, or particular features may be appropriately combined in one or more embodiments. 【0034】 Overview of the characteristics As stated above, the present invention relates to an apparatus for a dialysis machine and a corresponding method of use that enables the processing of body fluids such as blood or plasma, which reduces the risk of contamination when an operator, who may be a user or a third party, has to work with the machine, in particular when changing dialyzers (as presented below) between two dialysis sessions and / or when changing dialysate supply sources (as presented below) between two dialysis sessions. 【0035】 The term "body fluid" is understood to refer to types of fluids present in the human or animal body, such as blood or plasma. 【0036】 Dialysis machines are used to process bodily fluids such as blood or plasma. The term "bodily fluid" is understood to mean any type of fluid present in the body of a human or animal, such as blood or plasma. In the rest of this description, the bodily fluid in question is blood, but it could, needless to say, be another bodily fluid such as plasma. 【0037】 According to one embodiment, a dialysis machine may incorporate elements described in Patent Document 2 or Patent Document 1. However, the dialysis machine according to the present invention differs from those described in Patent Documents 2 and 1 in at least a system for connecting a dialysate supply source to a dialysate delivery system, preferably a system for connecting a dialysate supply line to a dialyzer inlet, and / or a system for connecting a dialysate discharge line to a dialyzer outlet, as described below. 【0038】 dialysis machine The machine comprises a dialyzer 100. A dialyzer is also commonly called a dialyzer filter. As shown in Figures 2, 5, and 6, the dialyzer 100 is in the form of a housing that includes a body fluid passage area 12 called a blood compartment, having an inlet 201 for body fluids and an outlet 202 for body fluids. The chamber also includes a dialysate passage area, also called a dialysate compartment, having a dialysate inlet 401 and a dialysate outlet 402. 【0039】 The dialysate inlet 401 and dialysate outlet 402 are scheduled to be connected to the dialysate supply line 52 and the dialysate discharge line 62, respectively, by connection systems 800 and 900 (shown below) (see Figure 7). 【0040】 Dialysis fluid is a liquid well known to those skilled in the art, and its composition is close to physiological saline. Dialysis fluid contains sufficient inorganic substances and water of bacteriological quality. This water is added to inorganic salts in powder form or concentrate in stock form to obtain the required dialysis fluid. 【0041】 Physiological saline typically consists of a mixture of water and sodium chloride. Dialysis fluid generally consists of physiological saline with glucose and ions such as potassium, magnesium, and calcium, and optionally lactate and / or bicarbonate added, according to the patient's needs. 【0042】 In a preferred embodiment, the dialysate used is a non-pyrogenic, sterile dialysate. The dialysate is sterilized, for example, by autoclave. This dialysate may consist of purified water and salt. 【0043】 The dialysate circulates in the dialysate compartment 14 in a direction generally opposite to the blood circulation in the blood compartment 12. The dialysate generally circulates in an open circuit. It is also possible to provide a loop for partial regeneration of clean dialysate from dialysate containing toxins. 【0044】 film As shown in Figures 5 and 6, the housing also includes a membrane system 3 that enables the exchange of elements (substances, molecules) between the body fluids present in the body fluid passage area 12 and the dialysate present in the dialysate passage area 14. 【0045】 From a functional standpoint, the dialyzer 100 can be diagrammed as a housing that contains a dialysis membrane 3, which separates the chambers into a blood compartment corresponding to the body fluid passage area 12 and a dialysate compartment corresponding to the dialysate passage area 14. 【0046】 The semipermeable dialysis membrane system 3 is designed to allow a portion of the blood to pass through when the difference between the local pressure in the blood compartment 12 and the local pressure in the dialysate compartment 14 is greater than a given value. This pressure difference is called the intermembrane pressure. In particular, the membrane system is designed so that only the smallest molecules, i.e., water, inorganic salts, and molecules ranging from small to intermediate molecular weight, can pass through the pores or micropores of the membrane system. 【0047】 More specifically, the membrane system 3 may comprise a membrane designed so that, when the difference between the pressure applied to at least a portion of the membrane on the blood compartment 12 side and the pressure applied to this portion of the membrane on the dialysate compartment 14 side is greater than a given threshold, this portion of the membrane allows the aqueous fraction of the blood to pass through to the dialysate compartment 14 in accordance with a convection phenomenon called ultrafiltration. Conversely, the membrane 3 is designed so that, when the difference between the pressure applied to this portion of the membrane 3 on the dialysate compartment 14 side and the pressure applied to this portion of the membrane on the blood compartment 12 side is greater than a given threshold, this portion of the membrane allows the dialysate to pass through to the blood compartment 12 in accordance with a phenomenon called reverse filtration. 【0048】 The dialysis membrane system can take the form of capillary fibers in which blood circulates inside the fibers and dialysate circulates outside. 【0049】 The blood inlet 201 is connected to arterial line L1, one end of which is connected to the patient's fistula so that blood can be drawn from the patient's body for a dialysis session. In addition, the blood outlet 202 is connected to venous line L2, one end of which is connected to the patient's vein so that blood can be reintroduced into the patient's body after treatment. The term "line" is understood to mean a tube through which fluid can circulate, possibly having several branches or sections. In certain embodiments, these lines can be connected to one another such that one line cannot be removed without the presence of another line. 【0050】 In the example shown in Figure 2, arterial line L1 is equipped with a blood pump Psg and a pressure sensor Pa, also known as an arterial pressure sensor. Venous line L2 is equipped with a pressure sensor Pv, also known as a venous pressure sensor, a bubble trap PB, and an air detector DA. It is advantageous for the pressure sensor Pv to be connected to the bubble trap PB. Preferably, this venous line L2 also includes an anticoagulant infusion system such as a heparin pump PH. 【0051】 Arterial line L1, venous line L2, and blood compartment 12 form the machine's blood circuit. 【0052】 Dialysate circuit As shown in Figure 2, the machine also includes a dialysate supply system 5 comprising a dialysate supply line 52 connected to the inlet 401 of the dialysate compartment 14, and a dialysate discharge system 6 comprising a discharge line 62 connected to the outlet 402 of the dialysate compartment 14. 【0053】 The dialysate supply system 5, the dialysate compartment 14, and the dialysate discharge system 6 form a dialysate circuit. 【0054】 As shown above, the dialysate supply line 52 is connected to the inlet 401 of the dialysate passage area 14 by the connection system 800. 【0055】 Supply line connection system As shown in detail in Figure 8, the connection system 800 comprises a first connection device 810 fixed to the supply line 52, for example by adhesive, and a second connection device 820 connectable to the first connection device 810, thereby enabling fluid communication through the first and second connection devices. The second connection device 820 can be disconnected from the first connection device 810. 【0056】 Therefore, as shown in Figures 3, 4, 12, and 13, the second connector 820 connected to the first connector 810 is connected to the dialysate inlet 401 of the dialyzer 100 for the first dialysis session, and can be disconnected from the first connector 810, which remains fixed to the supply line, for example, at the same time as (or separately from) the dialyzer being withdrawn, so that the second connector 820 can be replaced with a new second connector 820'. 【0057】 As shown in Figure 4, this new second connector 820', which is considered clean or sterile, can be connected to the first connector 810 at one end and to the dialysate inlet 401 of the new dialyzer 100' at the other end. 【0058】 In the embodiment shown in Figure 8, the second connector 820, which is detachably connectable to the first connector 810, comprises a female Hansen connector 822 and a female Luer lock connector 821. These two connectors 821 and 822 are connected to each other by a tube. In a particular embodiment, the Hansen connector conforms to the NF EN ISO 8637 standard. Preferably, the first connector 810, which is fixed to the supply line 52, comprises a male Luer lock connector 811 connectable to connector 821 and a female Luer lock connector 801 connected to the line 52 on the other side. In a particular embodiment, the Luer lock connector conforms to the NF EN ISO 594 standard. 【0059】 The connector 811 comprises a tubular element 812 that can engage with the opening of the first connector 821 of the second connecting device 820 in order to establish fluid communication with the opening of the first connector 821 of the second connecting device 820, and a peripheral wall portion 813 that extends at a distance around the tubular element 812 to define an annular space for insertion of the peripheral wall portion of the first connector 821 of the second connecting device 820 as described below. It is advantageous that the peripheral wall portion 813 has internal threads formed on at least a portion of the outer surface of the peripheral wall portion to cooperate with the threads 821a of the first connector formed on at least a portion of the outer surface of the peripheral wall portion. 【0060】 The first connector 821 of the second connecting device 820 is preferably in the form of a linear tubular element that defines an opening appearing at one end of the second connecting device 820 for receiving the tubular element 812 of the connector 811. Thus, the engagement of the peripheral wall portion of the first connector 821 between the tubular element 812 of the connector 811 of the first connecting device 810 and the peripheral wall portion 813 allows the first connector 821 to cooperate with the connector 811 of the first connecting device 810. 【0061】 The second connector 822 of the second connecting device 820, which is opposite the first connector 821, may preferably be in the form of a tubular element with a circular cross-section having a larger diameter than that of the first connector 821. The second connector 822 can be connected to the dialysate inlet 401 of the dialyzer. 【0062】 According to one embodiment, as shown in Figure 10, the second connecting device 820 has side fins 828 that facilitate gripping in order to cut the second connecting device 820. 【0063】 A stopper is fitted to the second connector 820 that allows the opening of the first connector 821 of the second connector 820 to be closed while the second connector 820 is not yet connected to the first connector 810. This stopper is removable in order to open the opening of the first connector 821 of the second connector 820 and connect the second connector 820 to the first connector 810. Such a stopper is shown in Figure 12 for the second connector 820' and is labeled 824'. 【0064】 The stopper 824' comprises a stud bolt 824a that can engage with the opening of the first connector 821' of the second connecting device 820', and a peripheral wall portion 824b that extends at a distance around the stud bolt 824a to define an annular space for insertion of the peripheral wall portion of the first connector 821'. Preferably, an internal thread is formed in the peripheral wall portion 824b to cooperate with the screw 821a'. 【0065】 The second connector 822 of the second connecting device 820, which is intended to be connected to the inlet 401 of the dialyzer 100, includes a stopper 829 that allows the opening of the second connector 822 to be closed, while being removable to open the opening of the second connector 822. It is advantageous that the stopper 829 remains attached to the second connector 822 by a mounting element such as a wire to prevent the stopper from falling or being lost. 【0066】 As shown in Figures 3, 4, 12, and 13, the second connector 820 may be removed and replaced with a new second connector 820' identical to the one removed. This limits the risk of contamination when only a portion of the connection system that may be contaminated at the level of the stopper, which remains open, needs to be changed, while the dialyzer at the end of the supply line that is to be connected to the dialyzer is changed. In particular, such a system allows for the limitation of the risk of bacteriological contamination / growth during the period when the machine is not in use (or is on standby) between the first and second dialysis sessions, as the new second connector 820' is connected and placed in the closed position of the stopper 829 during the period when the machine is not in use (or is on standby) between the first and second dialysis sessions. 【0067】 The two-part connection system 800 (and the system 900 presented below) comprises a fixed component that remains in the supply line and a component that can be connected to the dialyzer and can be detached from the fixed component. This configuration allows the dialyzer-connectable and potentially contaminated component to be replaced with a new, identical, sterile component, thus limiting the risk of contamination during dialyzer replacement. 【0068】 Dialysis fluid delivery system 51 The supply system 5 also includes a dialysate delivery system 51 connected to the supply line 52. The dialysate supply system 5 enables the delivery of dialysate to the dialysate compartment 14 via the supply line 52. 【0069】 According to one embodiment, the delivery system 51 comprises at least one flexible bag 50, called a small bag, which is intended to store dialysate. As shown in the example in the figure, the system 51 may comprise several bags. 【0070】 Preferably, the dialysate supply system 5 comprises an additional chamber bag 50' that is mounted to bypass the portion of the supply line 52 to which the chamber bag 50 is connected. 【0071】 The remaining description refers to a system 51 comprising several bags 50, 50', but it will be understood that this description also applies to a delivery system 51 comprising a single bag. Each small bag in the system 51 is intended to store dialysate and is connected to a supply line 52. 【0072】 Each small chamber bag 50, 50' is housed in a substantially sealed enclosure 500, 500' which can be placed under pressure, and possibly under vacuum. Thus, each small chamber bag 50, 50' can be placed under pressure by a pressurizing means 70 and under vacuum by a vacuum generator 80. 【0073】 The pressurizing means 70 includes a device for injecting pressurized gas, such as an air compressor or a compressed gas cylinder, which is capable of injecting pressurized gas into a sealed housing 500, 500' in which the small chamber bags 50, 50' are housed. The housing has an outlet, the opening of which can be controlled by a solenoid valve to reduce the pressure in the housing. 【0074】 The application of pressure to the small chamber bags 50, 50' and the adjustment of this applied pressure with the assistance of the pressure difference measured by the pressure reduction tube 520 ensure that a constant flow rate of dialysate is maintained in the dialysate compartment in a reliable and precise manner over a given time, thus enabling control of the reverse filtration operation. The application and adjustment of pressure to the small chamber bags 50, 50' also allows for the maintenance of a given average pressure in the dialysate compartment over a given time by adjusting the pressure applied to the discharge bags 60, 60', thus enabling control of the ultrafiltration operation. 【0075】 The two small chamber bags 50,50' can be placed under pressure / vacuum independently of each other. 【0076】 Supply line switching system For example, as shown in Figure 2, each small chamber bag 50, 50' is provided with downstream opening / closing members C1, C1' for the supply line that, when open, allow the flow of dialysate from the corresponding bag 50, 50' to the inlet 401 of the dialysate compartment under the influence of the pressure applied to the small chamber bag by the corresponding means 70, and when closed, block the flow of dialysate. 【0077】 Each downstream switching member C1, C1' in the supply line is located between the corresponding bags 50, 50' and the outlet node NS5 for connecting the two bags 50, 50'. Each small chamber bag 50, 50' also includes an upstream switching member C2, C2' that allows or blocks supply from the supply source to the small chamber bag 50, 50'. The supply source 40 may also comprise multiple supply bags. 【0078】 A connection system 450 for connecting the dialysate supply source to the dialysate discharge system 51 is described below. 【0079】 In the examples shown in Figures 2 to 4, each portion of the dialysate supply line 52 where the upstream C2, C2' or downstream C1, C1' opening / closing members are located is flexible. Each of the opening / closing members C2, C2', C1, C1' is formed by a controllable clamp that, on the one hand, clamps the wall of the flexible portion of the supply line 52 from the outside to close this portion, and on the other hand, keeps the flexible portion of the supply line 52 open. 【0080】 The presence of two small chamber bags and an alternating clamping system formed by members C1 to C2' allows for continuous and alternating replenishment of the chamber bags from the supply source 40. This enables continuous supply from one of the chamber bags to the dialysate supply line. 【0081】 When the housing of the small chamber bag 50 or 50' is placed under vacuum with the assistance of the vacuum generator 80, it is possible to aspirate the dialysis fluid stored in the supply source 40 or 40' to fill the small chamber bag 50 or 50' when the upstream opening / closing member C2 or C2' is in the open state and the corresponding downstream opening / closing member C1 or C1' is in the closed state. 【0082】 To control the flow of dialysate in the supply line 52, the control unit 10 controls the opening of one downstream member C1 or C1' of the small chamber bags 50, 50' and the closing of the corresponding downstream member C2 or C2'. The use of two parallel-mounted small chamber bags allows for the replenishment of one while the other is in use. 【0083】 According to one embodiment, the dialysate supply line 52 is equipped with a passage restriction section 520 in order to cause a pressure drop and adjust the pressure applied to the small chamber bag 50 or 50' in accordance with the pressure difference measured at the passage restriction section. In particular, the line 52 is equipped with means for measuring the pressure difference between the inlet and outlet of the passage restriction section 520. At least a portion of this restriction section 520 is formed by a calibrated tube with a constant cross-section that forms a narrowed section over a predetermined length. The passage restriction section 520 is located between the bags 50, 50' and the inlet 401 of the dialysate compartment 14. 【0084】 The connection point NS5 of the delivery system 51 to the supply line 52 is located upstream of the passage restriction section 520. 【0085】 It is advantageous for the pressurizing means to maintain a pressure in the small chamber bag 50 or 50' that is sufficient to create a flow of dialysate. The supply line is calibrated so that the flow of dialysate in this line is substantially constant with respect to a determined pressure applied to the small chamber bag 50 or 50'. 【0086】 Such a system, formed by a pressure drop tube and a pressure difference at a limiting section, allows for the determination of the flow rate of dialysate circulating in the supply line and flowing into the dialysate compartment. Thanks to the thus measured dialysate flow rate, the control unit 10 can obtain a desired flow rate of dialysate flowing into the dialysate compartment and adjust the pressure applied to the chamber bag 50 or 50' to accurately and reliably maintain this flow rate at a given value over a given time. 【0087】 A means for measuring the pressure difference at the limiting section 520 of the supply line 52 may comprise two pressure tap orifices formed in the periphery of the line 52, one upstream of the limiting section 520 and the other downstream. Each pressure tap orifice is associated with pressure sensors 523, 524. Each pressure sensor 523, 524 is positioned relative to the corresponding pressure tap orifice at a distance from the pressure tap orifice so as not to come into contact with the dialysate circulating in the lines 52, 62, and to measure the pressure in the supply line 52 at the orifice level. 【0088】 The pressure sensors 523 and 524 may be configured as described in Patent Document 2. 【0089】 Pressure measurements can be performed in the arterial line L1 and venous line L2 in the same way as pressure measurements in the limiting section 520. Therefore, the pressure sensors Pa and Pv can be fixed to a part of the frame at a distance from the pressure orifices formed in the corresponding lines L1 and L2. According to a particular embodiment, the pressure sensors Pa and Pv measure the pressure in the corresponding lines L1 and L2 without the risk of contamination. 【0090】 Dialysis fluid dispensing system The dialysate dispensing system 6 comprises a dialysate dispensing line 62 connected to the outlet 402 of the dialysate compartment 14, as described in detail below. In the example shown in detail in Figures 7 and 9, the dialysate dispensing system 6 also comprises a conduit 6100 which is intended to be connected to a recovery container or drainage system Egt at the level of an end piece 6101 (which can be closed by a stopper 6109), for example. 【0091】 Connection System 900 As shown in more detail in Figure 8, and in a similar manner to the connection system 800, the connection system 900 comprises a first connector 910 fixed to the discharge line 62 and a second connector 920 connectable to the first connector 910, thereby enabling fluid communication through the first and second connectors. The second connector 920 can be disconnected from the first connector 910. 【0092】 Therefore, the second connector 920 connected to the first connector 910 is connected to the dialysate outlet 402 of the dialyzer 100 for the first dialysis session, in order to allow for the replacement of this second connector 920 with a new second connector 920', and can be disconnected from the first connector 910, for example, at the same time as (or separately from) the dialyzer being withdrawn. 【0093】 This new second connector 920', which is considered clean or sterile, can be connected to the first connector 910 at one end and to the dialysate outlet 402 of the new dialyzer 100' at the other end. 【0094】 In the embodiment shown in Figure 8, the second connector 920, which is detachably connectable to the first connector 910, comprises a female Hansen connector 922 and a female Luer lock connector 921. These two connectors 921 and 922 are connected to each other by a tube. In a particular embodiment, the Hansen connector conforms to the NF EN ISO 8637 standard. Preferably, the first connector 910, fixed to the discharge line 62, comprises a male Luer lock connector 911 connectable to connector 921 and a female Luer lock connector 901 on the other side connected to line 52. In a particular embodiment, the Luer lock connector conforms to the NF EN ISO 594 standard. 【0095】 In the examples shown in Figures 2 to 15, the connection system 900 comprises the same elements as those of the connection system 800 presented above. 【0096】 The connector 911 comprises a tubular element 912 that can engage with the opening of the first connector 921 of the second connecting device 920 in order to be in fluid communication with the opening of the first connector 921 of the second connecting device 920, and a peripheral wall portion 913 that extends at a distance around the tubular element 912 to define an annular space for insertion of the peripheral wall portion of the first connector 921 of the second connecting device 920 as described below. 【0097】 Preferably, as shown in Figure 10, the first connector 921 is provided with a screw 921a on at least a portion of the outer surface of the peripheral wall that can cooperate with an internal screw formed on the inside of the wall 913. 【0098】 The first connector 921 can cooperate with the connector 911 of the first connecting device 910 by engaging the peripheral wall portion of the first connector 921 with the tubular element 912 and peripheral wall portion 913 of the connector 911. 【0099】 The second connector 922 of the second connecting device 920, which is opposite the first connector 921, may preferably be in the form of a tubular element with a circular cross-section having a larger diameter than that of the first connector 921. The second connector 922 can be connected to the dialysate outlet 402 of the dialyzer. 【0100】 According to one embodiment, as shown in Figure 10, the second connecting device 920 has side fins 928 that facilitate gripping in order to remove the second connecting device 920. 【0101】 With the second connector 920 not yet connected to the first connector 910, the second connector 920 includes a stopper that allows the opening of the first connector 921 of the second connector 920 to be closed and is removable to open the opening of the first connector 921 of the second connector 920. This stopper is shown in Figure 12 as 924' for the second connector 920'. 【0102】 The stopper 924' comprises a stud bolt 924a that can engage with the opening of the first connector 921' of the second connecting device 920', and a circumferential wall portion 924b that extends at a distance around the stud bolt 924a to define an annular space for insertion of the circumferential wall portion of the first connector 921', and which preferably has an internal thread formed thereon to cooperate with the screw 921a. 【0103】 The second connector 922 of the second connecting device 920 includes a stopper 929 that allows the opening of the second connector 922 to be closed, while being removable to open the opening of the second connector 922. It is advantageous that the stopper 929 is attached to the second connector 922 by a mounting element such as a wire to prevent the stopper from falling or being lost. 【0104】 During the stop or waiting period between two dialysis sessions before connecting the new dialyzer 100', the stopper 929' of the second connection device 920' may remain closed. 【0105】 Similar to the connection system 800, the connection system 900 makes it possible to limit the risk of bacterial contamination / growth of the corresponding line 62 between the first session and the second session. 【0106】 System for opening and closing the discharge line The machine is equipped with a preferably clamp-type system for opening and closing the dialysate discharge line 62. When open, the opening / closing system allows circulation of dialysate in the discharge line 62, which is present at the outlet 402 of the dialysate compartment 14 for filling one of the discharge bags 60 or 60', and when closed, it prevents the circulation of dialysate in the discharge line 62, so that the dialysate passes through the membrane 3 to the blood compartment due to sufficient pressure in the dialysate compartment. 【0107】 In the example shown in Figure 2, the dialysate discharge system 6 comprises at least one preferably flexible discharge bag 60 having an inlet and an outlet connected to the dialysate discharge line 62. The opening / closing system comprises an upstream opening / closing member C5 located between the outlet 402 of the dialysate compartment 14 and the discharge bag 60. An opening / closing member may also be provided in the line 62. 【0108】 The dialysate dispensing system 6 is advantageous to have at least one other dispensing bag 60' that is mounted to bypass dispensing bag 60. Thus, dispensing bags 60 and 60' are located on two branching paths of the dispensing line 62. In other words, starting from the outlet of the dialysate compartment 14, the dispensing line 62 separates into two parallel branching paths upstream of dispensing bags 60, 60', one for dispensing bag 60 and the other for dispensing bag 60'. As will be presented in detail below, these two branching paths merge downstream of bags 60, 60' and upstream of the cross-sectional limiting section 620. 【0109】 The opening and closing system includes another upstream opening and closing member C5' located between the other discharge bags 60' and the inlet node NE6 for connecting the discharge bags 60,60'. 【0110】 Similar to the upstream members C5 and C5', each discharge bag 60, 60' is equipped with a downstream opening / closing member C6, C6' located between the corresponding discharge bag 60, 60' and the outlet node NS6 for connecting the discharge bags 60, 60'. 【0111】 Each portion of the dialysate discharge line 62 where the upstream C5, C5' or downstream C6, C6' opening / closing members are located is flexible. Each of the upstream C5, C5' or downstream C6, C6' members for opening and closing the dialysate discharge line 62 is formed by a controllable clamp that, on the one hand, clamps the wall of the flexible portion of the discharge line 62 from the outside to close this portion, and on the other hand, keeps the flexible portion of the discharge line 62 open. 【0112】 A set of opening and closing members associated with the discharge bags 60, 60', upstream C5, C5' and downstream C6, C6', allows the discharge bags 60 or 60' to be filled when the upstream member C5 or C5' is open and when the downstream member C6 or C6' is closed, and allows the discharge bags 60 or 60' to be emptied when the upstream member C5 or C5' is open. 【0113】 In cases where the discharge system 6 is formed by one or more discharge bags 60, 60', the discharge line 62 is considered to be open when dialysate can flow through the line to fill this bag or one of these bags. 【0114】 Means for discharging the dialysate and other fluids present in the discharge bags 60, 60' can be formed by gravity, and / or, preferably by pressurizing means 70 common to those used to pressurize the chamber bags 50, 50', if the configuration of the discharge bags is suitable for this purpose. In the latter case, each of these bags 60, 60' is housed in a substantially sealed housing 600, 600' that can be pressurized by the pressurizing means 70. The housing has an outlet, the opening of which is controllable by a solenoid valve to reduce the pressure in the housing. 【0115】 Each housing 600, 600' containing the discharge bags 60, 60' may be arranged to be connected to a vacuum generator 80. The vacuum generator 80 and / or pressurizing means 70 allows pressure or vacuum to be applied to the discharge bags 60 or 60' to adjust the average pressure in the dialysate compartment 14, for example, during the ultrafiltration stage. In this example, the downstream member C6 or C6' of the discharge bag 60 or 60' used to adjust the average pressure in the dialysate compartment 14 is closed, while the corresponding upstream member C5 or C5' is open. 【0116】 The vacuum generator 80 may be a common type used to place the housing of the dialysis fluid supply system 5 under vacuum and the housing of the discharge system 6 under vacuum. 【0117】 This machine is equipped with means for determining the amount of dialysate and liquid recovered in an empty discharge bag 60 or 60'. 【0118】 According to one embodiment, the means for determining the amount of dialysate and liquid recovered in the discharge bags 60, 60' comprises a passage restriction section 620 formed in the dialysate discharge line 62 and located downstream of the discharge bags 60, 60', and means for measuring the pressure difference at the passage restriction section 620. 【0119】 The means for measuring the pressure difference at the limiting section 620 of the discharge line 62 may be similar to those associated with the limiting section 520 of the supply line 52. 【0120】 Therefore, the means for measuring the pressure difference at the limiting section 620 of the discharge line 62 may comprise two pressure tap orifices formed in the peripheral wall of the line 62, one upstream of the limiting section 620 and the other downstream. In a particular embodiment, each pressure tap orifice is associated with a pressure sensor positioned to measure the pressure of the line 62 at the orifice, while being distanced from the orifice so as not to come into contact with the dialysate circulating in the line 62. 【0121】 In a manner similar to that used to measure the pressure difference at the limiting section 520, filters that are permeable to air but impermeable to infectious agents and liquids may be interposed between each pressure sensor 623, 624 and the corresponding pressure tap orifice. In particular, each pressure sensor 623, 624 is mounted in a cavity of the machine frame with the assistance of hollow support pieces which are to be coupled to conduits 621, 622 connected to the corresponding pressure tap orifice. 【0122】 The pressure sensors 623 and 624 associated with the limiting section 620 enable determination of the pressure difference at the limiting section 620, and therefore the flow rate of dialysate and liquid discharged from the discharge bags 60 and 60', and by measuring the corresponding flow time, it is possible to determine the amount of dialysate and liquid recovered in the discharge bag 60 or 60'. 【0123】 supply source The dialysate supply source used in a given dialysis session is preferably one or a set of supply bags having a volume greater than that of a small bag 50,50', for example 150 ml, for example 5 liters. 【0124】 According to one embodiment, as shown in Figure 15, each supply source 40, 40' comprises a plurality of bags 41 called supply bags and a connecting device 49 called an interconnecting octopus, which has a plurality of conduits for connecting the supply bags to each other at the level of end pieces 411, preferably by a rapid release fitting, such as a Luer lock fitting. According to one embodiment, each dialysate supply source 40, 40' can be housed in a support structure 140 having a stage. An example of a support structure having a stage is described in Patent Document 3. Thus, as shown in Figure 15, each supply bag 41 of the supply source is placed on the stage of the support structure 140. 【0125】 The supply source 40 comprises a conduit 414 with a connector (or fitting) 415 that can be connected to and disconnected from the first section 451. The supply source 40' comprises a conduit 414' with a connector 415' (preferably identical or similar to connector 415) that can be connected to and disconnected from the second section 452 of the connection system 450 presented below. Preferably, with the supply bag positioned on the support structure 140, the conduit 414 is located at the level of the lowest supply bag 41. For the purpose of the first session, the connector 415 of the supply source 40 is connected to the first section 451. Preferably, the connector 415 is not removable. For example, it is soldered to the conduit 414 of the supply source 40. With the first section 451 removed from the second section 452, it becomes possible to connect the connector 415' (of the same type as connector 415) of the supply source 40' to the second section 452. Connector 415' is also detachable from the second section 452 and is preferably fixed to the conduit 414' of the supply source 40' in a non-removable manner. 【0126】 Supply source connection system The machine is equipped with a connection system 450 between the dialysate supply source 40 and the dialysate supply line 52, particularly at the level of a connector 456 (Figure 14) that communicates with the inlet 511 of the dialysate delivery system 51, in order to supply dialysate to the bags of the dialysate delivery system 51. In the examples shown in Figures 2 and 4, the dialysate supply source used for the first dialysis session is labeled 40, and a separate supply source used for the second dialysis session is labeled 40'. 【0127】 The dialysate supply source used in a given dialysis session is preferably one or a set of supply bags having a volume greater than that of a small bag 50,50', for example 150 ml, for example 5 liters. 【0128】 As shown in Figures 2 to 4, 7, 9, 11, and 14, the connection system 450 comprises a first section 451 having a conduit 4510 having one end that can be connected to a corresponding connector 415, for example, a female connector, which is provided with a conduit 414 for the first dialysate supply source 40, via a connector 4511, preferably a Luer lock type connector, for example, a male connector. The Luer lock type connector conforms to the NF EN ISO 594 standard. 【0129】 Connector 4511 is, A tubular element 4511a that can engage with the opening of a corresponding fitting (connector) for a dialysate supply source in order to enable liquid communication inside the tubular element, In order to define an annular space for insertion of the peripheral wall portion of the connector of the dialysis fluid supply source, a peripheral wall portion 4511b extends at a distance around the tubular element 4511a, It is equipped with. 【0130】 The conduit 4510 of the first section 451 has a connector 4512 at its other end, which is configured to connect to the connector of the second section 452 of the connection system 450. 【0131】 According to one embodiment, as shown in Figure 9, the first section 451 includes a clamping system C451 that is initially in an open position and can be operated to close the conduit 4510, thereby damaging the conduit 4510, and / or lock into a closed position. The system C451 is also called an anti-tampering locking member. The use of such an anti-tampering locking member C451 provides assurance that the first section 451, in particular the corresponding conduit 4510, will not be reused. 【0132】 The connection system 450 also includes a second section 452 comprising a conduit 4520 having one end that can be connected to a second dialysate supply source 40'. 【0133】 Therefore, this end of the second section 452 is equipped with, for example, a male Luer lock type connector 4521. 【0134】 Connector 4521 is, A tubular element 4521a that can engage with the second connector opening 4512 of the first section 451 in order to enable liquid communication inside the tubular element, A peripheral wall portion 4521b extends at a distance around the tubular element 4521a to define an annular space for insertion of the peripheral wall portion of the connector of the dialysis fluid supply source, It is equipped with. 【0135】 Preferably, the other end of the second section 452 is connected to a connector 456 that is in fluid communication with the inlet 511 of the delivery system 51. 【0136】 According to a preferred embodiment, the second section 452 is equipped with a clamping system C452 for opening and closing the second section 452. 【0137】 For the first dialysis session, as shown in Figure 9, the dialysate supply source 40 is connected to the first section 451 of the connection system 450 by a conduit 414 having a connector adapted for connection to the connector 4511 of the first section 451. The connector of the conduit 414 is preferably a female Luer lock connector, for example, of the type denoted 4512,821,921. 【0138】 During this first dialysis session, the dialysate flowing in from the supply source is supplied to the delivery system 51 connected to the supply line 52, and the clamp system C451 is opened, similar to the clamp system C452. Thus, the dialysate can flow from the supply source 40 to the delivery system 51 by passing through the first section 451 and the second section 452. 【0139】 It is advantageous that the conduits 4510 and 4520 of the connection system 450 are in the form of flexible tubes so that they can be clamped. The conduits 4510 and 4520 have a cross-section with a constant (outer or inner) diameter along their entire length when not clamped (or not compressed). In other words, the conduits 4510 and 4520 do not have an intermediate reservoir or pocket (for example, liquid) between their ends. 【0140】 The replenishment inlet 511 of the dialysis fluid delivery system 51 may correspond to a node connecting the inlets of bags 50, 50'. 【0141】 After a given first dialysis session, the system C451 is closed by the operator (user or third party) to disable section 1 451, and section 1 451 is disconnected from section 2 452 for disposal (disconnection of connector 4512 from connector 4521). 【0142】 Then, for a given second dialysis session, the second section 452 is connected to another dialysate supply source 40' having characteristics similar to or identical to those of the dialysate supply source 40. 【0143】 In other words, the supply source 40 is withdrawn along with section 452 to which it was connected, and the supply source 40' is connected to the subsequent section 451 of the connection system 450. 【0144】 It will be understood that the connection system 450 has a large number of consecutive divisions so that it is possible to perform the same number of dialysis sessions as there are divisions, by removing used divisions after each dialysis session so that subsequent divisions can be used in the next dialysis session. For this purpose, the second division itself may be formed by multiple divisions (subdivisions) connected in series. 【0145】 It will be understood that bags 50,50' are supplied by dialysis fluid supply sources 40,40' located on the outside of the enclosure, particularly on the outside of cassette 9. 【0146】 As shown above, and as shown in Figure 15, each supply source 40 or 40' comprises a plurality of bags 41 called supply bags. 【0147】 As shown above, each section 451 or 452 of the connection system 450 can thus be selectively connected to the conduit 414 of the lowest supply bag with the supply bag positioned on the support structure 140. 【0148】 This combination of the connection system 450 and the dialysate delivery system 51 equipped with a flexible bag avoids the need to open the housing 500, 500' and thus access the cassette, not only during a dialysis session but also between two consecutive sessions, as long as there is an unused compartment in the connection system. In fact, during a session with supply source 40 and during a subsequent session with supply source 40', the cassette, and therefore the small bag, can be left in the machine without the need for replacement. 【0149】 cassette As shown in Figure 7, part of the machine is in the form of a cassette 9 having a main body 900. The cassette 9 is a cassette that is removable from the frame of the machine and is intended to be inserted into the housing of the frame. The cassette 9 particularly comprises one or more bags 50, 50', the main body 900, and a supply line 52. According to a particular embodiment, the cassette 9 also comprises a dialysate discharge line 62 and one or more discharge bags 60, 60' of the discharge system. 【0150】 In the example shown in the figure, cassette 9 comprises, in particular, dialysate lines 52, 62 and bags 50, 50', 60, 60'. The cassette may also include a system 450 for connecting dialysate supply sources 40, 40' to a discharge system 51, and / or systems 800, 900 for connecting a dialyzer. 【0151】 According to one embodiment, the pressure sensors 523, 524, 623, and 624 shown in Figures 2 to 4 are fixed to the machine frame. When the cassette 9 is inserted into the machine, the pressure measuring conduit is in air communication with the pressure sensor. Air communication means that the sensor and the corresponding pressure measuring conduit are positioned so that the sensor can measure the pressure generated in the conduit, and therefore the pressure generated in the line at the location where the corresponding pressure tap orifice is provided. 【0152】 control unit As described above, the machine also includes a control unit 10, such as a programmable logic controller. The control unit may be configured to perform dialysis steps, as described in Patent Document 2 or Patent Document 1. 【0153】 In addition to the initiation and return phases, a dialysis session may also include a dialysis phase that comprises multiple ultrafiltration steps alternating with the reverse filtration step. Examples of machine operation during a dialysis session that comprises multiple ultrafiltration steps alternating with the reverse filtration step are described in Patent Document 2 or Patent Document 1. However, it should be noted that the dialysis phase may include, for example, an exchange phase between the blood compartment and the dialysate compartment by osmosis, and may not include the reverse filtration phase and / or the ultrafiltration phase. 【0154】 For the dialysis phase, the control unit 10 controls, in particular, means for pressurizing bags 50, 50' and clamp systems C1, C2; C1', C2', C5, C6; C5', C6' for opening and closing the supply system 5 and the discharge system 6. In a dialysis session, the initiation phase corresponds to the arrival of blood into the blood compartment of the dialyzer. For this initiation phase, the control unit controls the blood pump Psg. 【0155】 The dialysis session ends during the return phase, when the blood present in the blood circuit (the patient's venous and arterial lines and blood compartments) is returned to the patient. During this return phase, the control unit also controls the blood pump Psg, and a bag of saline solution is connected to line L1 to ensure that the blood is returned without the risk of air introduction. 【0156】 According to one embodiment, as described in Patent Document 4, filed on February 18, 2020, but not yet published, the control unit 10 is further configured to perform a method for cleaning and discharging air from the extracorporeal circuit of the dialysis machine, for example, by performing a cleaning and / or air removal step. 【0157】 The control unit 10 is in the form of an electronic computer system comprising, for example, a processor such as a microprocessor, working memory, and data memory. The control unit may be in the form of a microcontroller. 【0158】 In other words, the described functions and steps can be executed in the form of a computer program or via hardware components (e.g., a programmable gate array). In particular, functions and steps performed by a control unit or its modules can be performed by instruction sets or computer modules stored in memory for execution by a processor or controller, or by dedicated electronic components or FPGA or ASIC type components. It is also possible to combine computer components and electronic components. 【0159】 When it is stated that a unit, means, or module of a unit is configured to perform a given operation, this means that the unit includes computer instructions and corresponding execution means that enable the performance of the operation, and / or that the unit comprises corresponding electronic components. 【0160】 The control unit also has a data input interface. It may be configured to allow the input of data regarding patients and / or machine consumables. 【0161】 Other components or means In the example shown in the figure, the dialysis machine also includes conventional components to ensure reliable and efficient handling of the bodily fluids being processed, particularly a blood leak detector FS located in the discharge line 62. It is advantageous for the control unit 10 to be configured such that the flow meters are calibrated relative to one another. 【0162】 Each housing 500, 500' is equipped with means for heating or preheating the housing. Each housing 500, 500', 600, 600' is also equipped with air filters F1, F2, F3, F4 and associated vent valves V2, V5, V8, V11, and pressure sensors P7, P8, P9, P10. 【0163】 The pressurizing means 70 comprises the following elements: a compressed air tank R1, a pressure sensor P11 for tank R1, a compressor Pa1, a check valve for compressed air Ar1, and a compressed air filter and silencer S. 【0164】 The vacuum generator 80 includes an air vacuum tank R2, a pressure sensor P12 for tank R2, a vacuum pump Pa2, a check valve Ar2 for the air vacuum, and an air filter and silencer Si2 for the air vacuum. 【0165】 The supply line 52 also includes means Ch3 for heating the dialysate, which is associated with means for measuring temperatures T1, T2, T3. The discharge line 62 includes means T4, T5 for measuring temperature downstream of bags 60, 60'. 【0166】 The venous line L2 is also advantageous if it is equipped with an opening / closing member CV such as a clamp. The machine may be equipped with a bypass line L10 and one or more associated opening / closing members Vbp. The bypass line L10 may be used to initiate and calibrate the dialysate circuit and to avoid injecting defective dialysate into the dialysate due to, for example, temperature problems. 【0167】 It is advantageous if the dialysis fluid discharge line is connected to a recovery container or drainage system Egt. 【0168】 method According to one embodiment, the execution of a dialysis session using the dialysis machine described above comprises the steps described below. As stated above, when technically permissible, the order of certain steps may be reversed, and the method may include other additional steps between the two steps described. In the method described below, the cassette is permitted to be used for an extended period after the completion of the first dialysis session for the execution of a second dialysis session using the same cassette, thereby reducing the risk of contamination during operator intervention to change the dialyzer and / or change the dialysate supply source. 【0169】 For the purpose of initial use of cassette 9, step 1600 involves the user opening the door of the dialysis machine to insert cassette 9 into the corresponding housing (as shown in Figure 7, for example). 【0170】 The presence of stoppers 829 and 929 limits the risk of contamination of connectors 820 and 920 when the cassette is removed from its packaging for initial use, before it is installed in the machine, and before it is connected to the dialyzer. 【0171】 As shown in Figures 2 and 8, the user opens the stoppers 829 and 929, connects the supply line 52 to the inlet 401 of the dialysate passage area 14 of the dialyzer 100 via the connection system 800, and connects the discharge line 62 to the outlet 402 of the dialysate passage area 14 of the dialyzer 100 via the connection system 900 (step 1610). 【0172】 Since clamping systems C451 and C452 are in the open position, conduits 451 and 452 are not being clamped. 【0173】 The user places the dialysis fluid supply bag 41 from the supply source 40 onto the support structure 140. The user connects the supply bags 41 to each other with the assistance of the interconnecting octopus 49. 【0174】 The user places and connects the saline solution bag to line L1 upstream of pump Psg. 【0175】 The user connects the venous line L2 and arterial line L1 of the extracorporeal circuit to the dialyzer 100. 【0176】 For the purpose of the first dialysis session, as shown in Figures 2 and 9, the user connects the first section 451 of the connection system 450 to the supply source 40 as needed (step 1620). According to a preferred embodiment, the connection system 450 is provided (delivered) with the first section 451 and the second section 452 already connected to each other, and the second section 452 is also connected to the delivery system 51. The clamp system C452 of the second section remains open so that dialysate from the supply source 40 is supplied to the delivery system 51 via sections 451 and 452 of the connection system. Note that the clamp system C451 also remains open until the first dialysis session is completed. 【0177】 Therefore, for this first dialysis session, connector 4511 of the first section 451 is connected to connector 415 of the first dialysate supply source 40, while the second section 452 is in fluid communication with the first section 451 via connectors 4512 and 4521. The clamp systems C451 and C452 are in the open position. 【0178】 To start the machine, the user performs a switchover on the machine. The control unit obtains data about consumables or their batches, such as data identifying the dialysate supply source, dialyzer, extracorporeal circuit, and cassette, for example, by inputting into the data interface and / or by reading from memory. 【0179】 Users can configure settings using an input interface, including inputting actual "dry" weight data so that the control unit can determine the amount of excess aqueous fraction to be removed from bodily fluids. 【0180】 As described above, when the conditions for performing a dialysis session are met, the control unit can instruct the execution of the first dialysis session, which includes the sequence of start, dialysis, and return. A step of cleaning consumables by circulating dialysate in the dialysate circuit, particularly in the cassette, may precede the start sequence. In parallel, saline solution is circulated in the extracorporeal circuit (blood lines and blood compartments) to clean it. The patient can then be connected to line L1. 【0181】 At the end of the first session, the control unit controls the purging of the dialysate present in the delivery system 5 and the discharge system 6. 【0182】 The machine then enters a potentially intermittent standby state. 【0183】 After the first dialysis session, the user removes certain consumable elements of the machine, such as the arterial line L1, the venous line L2, and the dialyzer. The cassette 9 remains in the machine, however, as shown in Figures 3, 4, and 12, the operator disconnects connectors 820 and 920 from the supply line 52 and discharge line 62 of the dialyzer 100, as shown in Figure 10, in order to replace connectors 820 and 920 with new connectors 820' and 920' connected to connectors 810 and 910, respectively, and the stoppers 829' and 929' are initially in the closed position. 【0184】 The user can also remove the first supply source 40 (step 1630). Preferably, after the first session, before or after the removal of the supply source, the tamper-evident clamping system C451 is closed. 【0185】 Preferably, the end of the connection system formed by the connector 4511 is closed by a stopper 4519 that is present in the connector 4511 from the beginning and has been removed beforehand to allow connection of the first supply source 40 before proceeding to the first dialysis session. 【0186】 In order to perform the second dialysis session, in step 1640, the first section 451 of the connection system 450 is removed as shown in Figure 11, and the connector 4521 of the second section 452 is opened so that the connector 415' of another supply source 40' can be connected. 【0187】 Preferably, the first section 451 is removed just before the second section 452 of the connection system 450 is connected to the second dialysate supply source 40'. 【0188】 Therefore, for the execution of the second dialysis session, the second section 452 of the connection system 450 is connected to the second dialysate supply source 40', as shown in Figure 14 (step 1650). According to one embodiment, the supply bags of the supply source 40' are interconnected with the assistance of an interconnecting octopus, similar to the supply source 40. To allow free fluid communication inside the second branch 452, the user opens the clamp system C452 (which has been closed beforehand after the first dialysis session). 【0189】 A new venous line L2' and arterial line L1' are connected to the new dialyzer 100'. The user installs and connects a new bag of saline solution. 【0190】 Then, in order to connect the supply line 52 to the inlet 401 of the dialysate passage area 14 of the new dialyzer 100' and the discharge line 62 to the outlet 402 of the dialysate passage area 14 of the new dialyzer 100', the stoppers 829', 929' of the new connectors 820', 920' are opened as shown in Figure 13. 【0191】 Similar to the first session, the user can input parameters for the second dialysis session with the assistance of the input interface. 【0192】 As explained above, when the conditions for executing a new dialysis session are met, the control unit 10 can instruct the execution of a second dialysis session, which includes the sequence of start, dialysis, and return. 【0193】 The stoppers 829' and 929' for parts 820' and 920' available in the second session protect the parts from contamination when they are removed from their unit packaging before the start of the second session. 【0194】 The present invention is not limited to the embodiments shown in the drawings. 【0195】 Furthermore, the term “comprising” does not exclude other elements or steps. In addition, any feature or step described in reference to one of the embodiments described above may also be used in combination with other features or steps of the other embodiments described above. [Explanation of symbols] 【0196】 3. Membrane system 9 Cassettes 10 Control Unit 12 Body fluid passage area 14 Dialysate passage area 40,40' Dialysate supply source 50 Flexible Bags 51 Dialysis fluid delivery system 52 Dialysis fluid supply line 62 Dialysis fluid discharge line 100,100' dialysis machine 201 Body fluid inlet 202 Body fluid outlet 401 Dialysis fluid inlet 402 Dialysate outlet 414 Conduit 415,415' Connector 450 Connection Systems 451 Division 1 4510 Conduit 4511 First connection device 4511a Tubular element 4511b Peripheral wall section 4512 Second connection device 4512a screw 4519 Stopper 452 Second division 4520 Conduit 4521 Connection device 4521a Tubular element 4521b Peripheral wall section 456 Connector 6100 Conduit 6101 End piece 800 Connection Systems 801 Connector 811 connector 810 First connection device 820,820' Second connection device 821 First connector 822 Second connector 829 Stopper 900 Connection System 910 First connection device 920 Second connection device 929 Stopper C451 Closing element C452 Closing element EGT Drainage System

Claims

[Claim 1] A dialysis machine for processing bodily fluids such as blood or plasma, A dialyzer (100, 100') comprising a housing including a body fluid passage area (12) having a body fluid inlet (201) and a body fluid outlet (202), a dialysate passage area (14) having a dialysate inlet (401) and a dialysate outlet (402), and a membrane system (3) between the body fluid passage area and the dialysate passage area (14), Dialysis fluid delivery system (51), A connection system (450) for connecting a dialysate supply source (40) to the dialysate delivery system (51), A first section (451) comprising a conduit (4510) having a first connecting device (4511) at one end that is connectable to and detachable from the connector (415) of a first dialysate supply source (40), and a second connecting device (4512) at the other end, wherein the conduit (4510) is a flexible conduit having a constant cross-section when the conduit (4510) is not compressed, and the first section (451) comprises a conduit (4510), The second section (452) comprises a conduit (4520) having one end connected to the dialysis fluid delivery system (51), which allows the first section (451) to be separated from the second section (452), and having a connecting device (4521) at the opposite end that is detachably connected to the second connecting device (4512) of the first section (451) in order to provide a series connection between the first section (451) and the second section (452), wherein the conduit (4520) of the second section (452) is a flexible conduit having a constant cross-section when the conduit (4520) is not compressed, and A connection system (450) comprising, It is equipped with, Therefore, with the first section (451) cut off and removed from the second section (452), the connecting device (4521) of the second section (452) is connectable to the connector (415') of the second dialysate supply source (40') and can be cut off from the connector (415') of the second dialysate supply source (40'). Dialysis machine. [Claim 2] The machine according to claim 1, wherein the connection system comprises a closing element (C451) that enables the circulation of liquid inside the conduit (4510) of the first section (451) to be prevented when closed. [Claim 3] The machine according to claim 2, wherein the closing element (C451) is of the tamper-proof type so as to prevent reuse of the conduit after the closing element (C451) is closed, and / or damage the conduit (4510) of the first section (451). [Claim 4] The machine according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the second section (452) comprises an operable and deoperable opening / closing element (C452) that enables or prevents the circulation of liquid through the conduit of the second section (452). [Claim 5] The first connecting device (4511) of the first section (451) is, A tubular element (4511a) that can engage with the opening of the corresponding connector (415) of the first dialysate supply source (40) in order to allow liquid communication inside the tubular element (4511a), A peripheral wall portion (4511b) extending at a distance around the tubular element (4511a) defines an annular space for insertion of the peripheral wall portion of the connector of the first dialysis fluid supply source, The machine according to claim 1 or claim 2, comprising the following: [Claim 6] The connecting device (4521) of the second section (452) is, A tubular element (4521a) that can engage with the opening of the second connecting device (4512) of the first section (451) in order to allow liquid communication inside the tubular element (4521a), and in the withdrawn state of the first section (451), can engage with the opening of the connector (415') of the second dialysate supply source (40') in order to allow liquid communication inside the tubular element (4521a), A peripheral wall portion (4521b) extending at a distance around the tubular element (4521a) to define an annular space for insertion of the peripheral wall portion of the second connecting device (4512) of the first section (451), or, in the withdrawn state of the first section (451), to define an annular space for insertion of the peripheral wall portion of the connector (415') of the second dialysis fluid supply source (40'), The machine according to claim 1 or claim 2, comprising the following: [Claim 7] The machine according to claim 6, wherein the second connecting device (4512) of the first section (451) comprises a peripheral wall portion having a screw (4512a) that can cooperate with an internal screw formed on the peripheral wall portion (4521b) of the connecting device (4521) of the second section (452). [Claim 8] A dialysate supply line (52) that can be connected to the inlet (401) of the dialysate passage area (14) of the dialysate machine (100), A dialysate discharge line (62) that can be connected to the outlet (402) of the dialysate passage area (14) of the dialysate machine (100), The machine according to claim 1 or claim 2, which is a machine comprising the following: [Claim 9] The machine according to claim 8, wherein the discharge line (62) comprises a conduit (6100) for connection to a discharge device such as a drainage system (Egt) and / or a used dialysis fluid recovery system. [Claim 10] The machine according to claim 1 or claim 2, comprising at least one flexible bag (50) called a small chamber bag, which is intended to store dialysis fluid and forms part of the delivery system (51). [Claim 11] The machine according to claim 10, wherein the at least one bag is insertable into and removable from a corresponding housing provided in the dialysis machine and is included in a device called a cassette. [Claim 12] A dialysis machine according to claim 11, comprising a frame, wherein the device called a cassette is removable from the frame of the machine.

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