Nitrogen-containing saturated heterocyclic ring derivative

Abstract

The present invention relates to a therapeutic agent and / or a prophylactic agent for central nervous system diseases associated with abnormal aggregates of brain proteins, the therapeutic agent and / or the prophylactic agent containing, as an active ingredient, a compound represented by formula (1) and having an activity to suppress or reduce the accumulation of abnormal aggregates of the brain proteins, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of said compound (in the formula, R1 and R2 represent a hydrogen atom or the like; R3 and R4 represent a hydrogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group or the like; R5 represents a halogen atom, a C1-6 alkyl group or the like; R6 represents a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom or the like; X represents an oxygen atom or the like; Y represents a carbon atom or the like; m and n represent an integer of 0, 1 or the like; r and s represent an integer of 0, 1, 2 or the like; and Hy represents a pyridine ring or the like).

Description

Nitrogen-containing saturated heterocyclic derivative

[0001] The present invention relates to a nitrogen-containing saturated heterocyclic derivative or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof that has the effect of inhibiting or reducing the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in the brain, and to a therapeutic and / or preventive agent for a central nervous system disease associated with abnormal protein aggregates in the brain, which comprises the derivative as an active ingredient. The present invention also provides a method for reproducing the pathology of Parkinson's disease using neural spheroids and a method for assessing the amount of α-synuclein aggregates using the same.

[0002] In neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, abnormally aggregated proteins are formed in the brains of patients, and these aggregates are thought to be neurotoxic, causing the onset and progression of the disease.

[0003] The proteins that make up the aggregates vary depending on the disease, and α-synuclein has been reported to be the main component of the aggregates that cause Parkinson's disease. Abnormally aggregated α-synuclein is neurotoxic, and it has also been reported that aggregated α-synuclein propagates between neurons.

[0004] Although the administration of levodopa, a dopamine precursor, is a palliative treatment for Parkinson's disease, no fundamental cure has been established at present. In recent years, vigorous efforts have been made to develop disease-modifying drugs for Parkinson's disease, but no drugs currently undergoing clinical trials have been reported that can effectively inhibit or reduce the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates.

[0005] α-Synuclein aggregates are thought to be the underlying cause of Lewy body diseases, including Parkinson's disease (dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Gaucher disease, infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, etc.). Therefore, drugs that inhibit or reduce the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates are expected to be effective in ameliorating the pathology of these diseases.

[0006] To date, no in vitro evaluation system has been reported that reproduces the α-synuclein aggregates that occur endogenously in neurons. Evaluation systems for α-synuclein pathologies have often been shown by measuring the increase in the amount of phosphorylated α-synuclein upon addition of in vitro synthesized α-synuclein oligomers, making it impossible to evaluate the effect of inhibiting the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates or reducing accumulated α-synuclein aggregates.

[0007] To date, drugs such as NPT200-11 (Neuropore) and Anle138b (MODAG) have been reported to have the ability to inhibit α-synuclein aggregate formation, but these have been evaluated based on their inhibitory effect on the aggregation ability of α-synuclein when it is artificially induced to aggregate in vitro (Patent Documents 1 and 2).

[0008] Furthermore, it has been reported that (4aR,8aS)-hexahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one derivatives, such as (4aR,8aS)-6-{4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-1-carbonyl}hexahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one and (4aR,8aS)-6-[4-(5-ethylpyridin-3-yl)piperidine-1-carbonyl]hexahydro-2H-pyrido[4,3-b][1,4]oxazin-3(4H)-one, have monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) inhibitory activity and are useful for neuroinflammation, neurodegenerative diseases, and the like (Patent Document 3). Furthermore, it has been reported that (azetidin-1-yl)(phenyl)methanone derivatives such as 2-chloro-3-{3-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]azetidine-1-carbonyl}-4-[(1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)oxy]benzonitrile and 2-methoxy-3-{3-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]azetidine-1-carbonyl}-4-[(1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-yl)oxy]benzonitrile have glycine transporter 1 (GlyT1) inhibitory activity and are useful for neurodegenerative diseases and the like (Patent Document 4). However, these compounds are all different from the nitrogen-containing saturated heterocyclic derivatives of the present invention. Furthermore, these documents do not disclose or suggest anything about the nitrogen-containing saturated heterocyclic derivatives of the present invention. Furthermore, they do not suggest anything about the inhibitory or reducing effect on the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in the brain.

[0009] International Publication No. WO 2011 / 084642 International Publication No. WO 2010 / 000372 International Publication No. WO 2019 / 180185 International Publication No. WO 2016 / 073420

[0010] An object of the present invention is to provide a compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, a composition containing said compound, etc., for use in the prevention or treatment of a central nervous system disorder characterized by an inhibitory or reducing effect on the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in the brain. Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for reproducing the pathology of Parkinson's disease using neural spheroids and a method for assessing the amount of α-synuclein aggregates using said neural spheroids.

[0011] As a result of extensive research, the present inventors have found that a compound represented by the following formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof (hereinafter, where necessary, may be abbreviated as "the compound of the present invention") has the effect of inhibiting or reducing the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in the brain, and have also discovered a method for reproducing the pathology of Parkinson's disease using neural spheroids and a method for assessing the amount of α-synuclein aggregates using the same, thereby completing the present invention. Specifically, the present invention is as follows:

[0012] [Term 1] Formula (1): wherein X is oxygen or NR ７ represents R ７ is hydrogen, C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ Y represents CH or nitrogen; m represents 0, 1 or 2; n represents 0 or 1; r represents 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; s represents 0, 1 or 2; (provided that when s=0, Y is CH and r is 1, 2, 3 or 4; when s=1, Y is CH and r is 0, 1, 2 or 3; when s=2, r is 1 or 2) R １ represents hydrogen, halogen, methyl or hydroxy; R ２ represents hydrogen, halogen, methyl or hydroxy; R ３ is hydrogen or C １－３ represents alkyl, R ４ is hydrogen or C １－３ represents alkyl, wherein R ３ and R ４ may together form a bridged methylene or ethylene; R５ is a C optionally substituted with halogen or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ represents alkoxy, R ６ is hydrogen, halogen, or C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ Hy represents a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, or a pyrazine ring, wherein (I) R ５ and R ６ When Hy is 5-fluoropyridin-2-yl and m and n are 1, r is 0 and s is 1; (II) R ５ and R ６ (III) R ５ and R ６ Hy is 5-methoxypyridin-2-yl, m and n are 1, and X is NR ７ When r is 0 and s is 1, (IV) R ５ is methyl and R ６ is hydrogen, r is 0 and s is 1, with the proviso that: (I')R ５ and R ６ Hy is not 4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl or 5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl, (II') R ５ and R ６ When Hy is 5-chloropyridin-2-yl, m and n are 1, and R １ and R ２and (III') (1-isopropylpiperidin-4-yl){3-(2-methoxypyridin-3-yl)pyrrolidin-1-yl}methanone, and (IV') (3-ethoxyoxetan-3-yl)[3-{4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl]methanone, are not hydrogen, and excluding the following compounds, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0013] [Item 2] The compound according to Item 1, wherein m is 1 and n is 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0014] [Section 3] R １ and R ２ are each independently hydrogen, methyl, or fluorine, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0015] [Section 4] R １ and R ２ Item 3. The compound according to Item 1 or 2, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is hydrogen.

[0016] [Item 5] The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 4, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X is oxygen, NH, or NMe.

[0017] [Section 6] R ３ Item 6. The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 5, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is hydrogen.

[0018] [Section 7] R ４ Item 7. The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 6, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is methyl or ethyl.

[0019] [Item 8] The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 7, wherein Y is CH, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0020] [Item 9] The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 8, wherein s is 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0021] [Item 10] The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 9, wherein r is 0 and s is 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0022] [Term 11] Formula (2): wherein X represents oxygen, NH or NMe; ４ represents methyl or ethyl, R ５ is a C optionally substituted with halogen or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ represents alkoxy, R ６ is hydrogen, halogen, or C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ Hy represents a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, or a pyrazine ring, provided that R ５ and R ６ and Hy is not 5-chloropyridin-2-yl. Item 2. The compound according to item 1, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0023] [Item 12] The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 11, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Hy is a pyridine ring.

[0024] [Section 13] R ５ Item 13. The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 12, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is trifluoromethyl.

[0025] [Item 14] The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 13, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein Hy is pyridin-3-yl.

[0026] [Item 15] The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 14, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X is oxygen.

[0027] [Section 16] R ４ Item 16. The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 15, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein R is methyl.

[0028] [Item 17] The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 14, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X is NH or NMe.

[0029] [Item 18] The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 14, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein X is NMe.

[0030] [Item 19] The compound according to Item 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from the following compound group: (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 1), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 2), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 3), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 4), {4-[5-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methanone (Example 29), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[4-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 31), (1,3-dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 41), (1,3-dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 42), (1,3-Dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 43), and (1,3-Dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 44).

[0031] [Item 20] The compound according to item 1 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, selected from the following compound group: (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 1), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 2), {4-[5-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methanone (Example 29), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[4-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 31), (1,3-Dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 42), and (1,3-Dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 44).

[0032] [Item 21] A pharmaceutical comprising the compound according to any one of Items 1 to 20 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.

[0033] [Item 22] A therapeutic or preventive agent for a central nervous system disease associated with abnormal protein aggregates in the brain, comprising the compound according to any one of Items 1 to 20 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.

[0034] [Item 23] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to Item 22, wherein the central nervous system disease associated with abnormal aggregates of brain proteins is a central nervous system disease associated with tau, α-synuclein, TDP-43, or polyglutamine.

[0035] [Item 24] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to Item 22, wherein the central nervous system disease involving abnormal protein aggregates in the brain is Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Gaucher disease, infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, or spinocerebellar ataxia.

[0036] [Item 25] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to Item 22, wherein the central nervous system disease associated with abnormal protein aggregates in the brain is a central nervous system disease associated with α-synuclein.

[0037] [Item 26] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to Item 22, wherein the central nervous system disease associated with abnormal protein aggregates in the brain is Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Gaucher disease, or infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy.

[0038] [Item 27] ​​A method for treating or preventing a central nervous system disease associated with abnormal protein aggregation in the brain, comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the compound according to any one of Items 1 to 20 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0039] [Item 28] Use of the compound according to any one of Items 1 to 20 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a therapeutic or preventive agent for a central nervous system disease associated with abnormal intracerebral protein aggregates.

[0040] [Item 29] The compound according to any one of Items 1 to 20 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment or prevention of a central nervous system disease associated with abnormal aggregation of proteins in the brain.

[0041] [Item 30] A therapeutic or preventive agent for a central nervous system disease associated with abnormal aggregation of brain proteins, comprising a compound according to any one of Items 1 to 20 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with at least one drug selected from the group consisting of L-dopa, a dopamine agonist, an MAO-B inhibitor, a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, an αSyn antibody, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0042] [Item 31] A pharmaceutical agent comprising, as an active ingredient, the compound according to any one of Items 1 to 20 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treating or preventing a central nervous system disorder associated with abnormal brain protein aggregation, in combination with at least one drug selected from the group consisting of L-dopa, a dopamine agonist, an MAO-B inhibitor, a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, an αSyn antibody, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0043] [Term 32] Formula (1): wherein X is oxygen or NR ７ represents R ７ is hydrogen, C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ Y represents CH or nitrogen; m represents 0, 1 or 2; n represents 0 or 1; r represents 0, 1, 2, 3 or 4; s represents 0, 1 or 2; (provided that when s=0, Y is CH and r is 1, 2, 3 or 4; when s=1, Y is CH and r is 0, 1, 2 or 3; when s=2, r is 1 or 2) R １ represents hydrogen, halogen, methyl or hydroxy; R ２ represents hydrogen, halogen, methyl or hydroxy; R ３ is hydrogen or C １－３ represents alkyl, R ４ is hydrogen or C １－３ represents alkyl, wherein R ３ and R ４ may together form a bridged methylene or ethylene; R ５ is hydrogen, halogen, or C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ represents alkoxy, R ６ is hydrogen, halogen, or C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ and Hy represents a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, or a pyrazine ring] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof as an active ingredient.

[0044] [Item 33] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to Item 32, wherein m is 1 and n is 1.

[0045] [Section 34] R １ and R ２ Item 34. The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to Item 32 or 33, wherein each independently represents hydrogen, methyl, or fluorine.

[0046] [Section 35] R １ and R ２ Item 34. The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to Item 32 or 33, wherein is hydrogen.

[0047] [Item 36] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 35, wherein X is oxygen, NH, or NMe.

[0048] [Section 37] R ３ Item 37. The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 36, wherein is hydrogen.

[0049] [Section 38] R ４ Item 38. The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 37, wherein is methyl or ethyl.

[0050] [Item 39] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 38, wherein Y is CH.

[0051] [Item 40] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 39, wherein s is 1.

[0052] [Item 41] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 40, wherein r is 0 and s is 1.

[0053] [Term 42] Formula (2): wherein X represents oxygen, NH or NMe;４ represents methyl or ethyl, R ５ is hydrogen, halogen, or C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ represents alkoxy, R ６ is hydrogen, halogen, or C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ Item 33. The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to Item 32, wherein: Hy represents a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, or a pyrazine ring.

[0054] [Item 43] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 42, wherein Hy is a pyridine ring.

[0055] [Section 44] R ５ Item 44. The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 43, wherein is trifluoromethyl.

[0056] [Item 45] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 44, wherein Hy is pyridin-3-yl.

[0057] [Item 46] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 45, wherein X is oxygen.

[0058] [Section 47] R ４ Item 47. The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 46, wherein is methyl.

[0059] [Item 48] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 45, wherein X is NH or NMe.

[0060] [Item 49] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 45, wherein X is NMe.

[0061] [Item 50] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 49, wherein the central nervous system disease associated with abnormal aggregates of brain proteins is a central nervous system disease associated with tau, α-synuclein, TDP-43, or polyglutamine.

[0062] [Item 51] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 49, wherein the central nervous system disease involving abnormal brain protein aggregates is Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Gaucher disease, infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, or spinocerebellar ataxia.

[0063] [Item 52] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 49, wherein the central nervous system disease associated with abnormal protein aggregates in the brain is a central nervous system disease associated with α-synuclein.

[0064] [Item 53] The therapeutic or prophylactic agent according to any one of Items 32 to 49, wherein the central nervous system disease involving abnormal protein aggregates in the brain is Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Gaucher disease, or infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy.

[0065] [Item 54] A method for treating or preventing a central nervous system disease associated with abnormal protein aggregation in the brain, comprising administering to a patient in need of treatment a therapeutically effective amount of the compound according to any one of Items 32 to 49 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0066] [Item 55] Use of the compound according to any one of Items 32 to 49 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for the manufacture of a therapeutic or preventive agent for a central nervous system disease associated with abnormal aggregation of proteins in the brain.

[0067] [Item 56] The compound according to any one of Items 32 to 49 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof for use in the treatment or prevention of a central nervous system disease associated with abnormal protein aggregation in the brain.

[0068] [Item 57] A therapeutic or preventive agent for a central nervous system disease associated with abnormal aggregation of brain proteins, comprising a compound according to any one of Items 32 to 49 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with at least one drug selected from the group consisting of L-dopa, a dopamine agonist, an MAO-B inhibitor, a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, an αSyn antibody, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0069] [Item 58] A pharmaceutical agent comprising, as an active ingredient, the compound according to any one of Items 32 to 49 or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, for treating or preventing a central nervous system disorder associated with abnormal brain protein aggregation, in combination with at least one drug selected from the group consisting of L-dopa, a dopamine agonist, an MAO-B inhibitor, a catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitor, an αSyn antibody, and a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0070] [Item 59] A method for reproducing Parkinson's disease pathology in neural spheroids in three-dimensional culture using human iPS cells mutated in a synucleopathy-associated gene, comprising the step (I): (I) measuring the amount of α-synuclein aggregates from the neural spheroids.

[0071] [Item 60] A method for evaluating a drug that inhibits or reduces the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates in Parkinson's disease pathology by three-dimensionally culturing neural spheroids using human iPS cells with a synucleopathy-associated gene mutation, the method comprising the steps of: (I) measuring the amount of α-synuclein aggregates from neural spheroids;

[0072] [Term 61] Formula (3): [In the formula, R ４ represents methyl or ethyl, R ５ represents trifluoromethyl, R ６ is hydrogen, halogen, or C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３and Hy represents pyridin-3-yl.] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising the following step 1: (Step 1) reacting a compound represented by formula (4): [In the formula, R ５ , R ６ and Hy represents the same group as above.] or a salt thereof with a compound represented by formula (5): [In the formula, R ４ represents the same group as above, and A represents OH or a halogen.] or a salt thereof to produce a compound represented by formula (3) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0073] [Term 62] Formula (3): [In the formula, R ４ represents methyl or ethyl, R ５ represents trifluoromethyl, R ６ is hydrogen, halogen, or C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ and Hy represents pyridin-3-yl.] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising the following step 1: (Step 1) reacting a compound represented by formula (4): [In the formula, R ５ , R ６ and Hy represents the same group as above.] or a salt thereof with a compound represented by formula (5): [In the formula, R ４ represents the same group as above, and A represents OH.] or a salt thereof in the presence of 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide and triethylamine to produce a compound represented by formula (3) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0074] [Term 63] Formula (6): [In the formula, R ４ represents methyl, R ５represents trifluoromethyl, R ６ is hydrogen, halogen, or C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ and Hy represents pyridin-3-yl.] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising the following steps 1 to 3: (Step 1) reacting a compound represented by formula (4): [In the formula, R ５ , R ６ and Hy represents the same group as above.] or a salt thereof with a compound represented by formula (7): [In the formula, R ４ represents the same group as above, A represents OH or a halogen, and Pro represents a protecting group for an amino group.] or a salt thereof, to obtain a compound represented by the formula (8): [In the formula, R ４ , R ５ , R ６ , Hy, and Pro represent the same groups as above.] or a salt thereof, (Step 2) deprotecting the protecting group of the amino group of the compound represented by formula (8) or a salt thereof to obtain a compound represented by formula (9): [In the formula, R ４ , R ５ , R ６ and Hy represents the same group as above.] or a salt thereof, and (Step 3) a step of reacting a compound represented by formula (9) or a salt thereof with formaldehyde or an equivalent thereof in the presence of a reducing agent to produce a compound represented by formula (6) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0075] [Term 64] Formula (6): [In the formula, R ４ represents methyl, R ５ represents trifluoromethyl, R ６ is hydrogen, halogen, or C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ C optionally substituted with alkyl or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３and Hy represents pyridin-3-yl.] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, the method comprising the following steps 1 to 3: (Step 1) reacting a compound represented by formula (4): [In the formula, R ５ , R ６ and Hy represents the same group as above.] or a salt thereof with a compound represented by formula (7): [In the formula, R ４ represents the same group as above, Pro represents tert-butoxycarbonyl, and A represents OH.] or a salt thereof is condensed in the presence of 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide and triethylamine to obtain a compound represented by the formula (8): [In the formula, R ４ , R ５ , R ６ , Hy, and Pro represent the same groups as above.] or a salt thereof, (Step 2) deprotecting the protecting group of the amino group of the compound represented by formula (8) or a salt thereof with trifluoroacetic acid to obtain a compound represented by formula (9): [In the formula, R ４ , R ５ , R ６ and Hy represents the same group as above.] or a salt thereof, and (Step 3) a step of reacting a compound represented by formula (9) or a salt thereof with formaldehyde in the presence of sodium triacetoxyborohydride and acetic acid to produce a compound represented by formula (6) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0076] The present invention provides a compound represented by formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. The compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof has the effect of inhibiting or reducing the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in the brain, and is useful as a therapeutic or preventive agent for central nervous system diseases associated with abnormal protein aggregates in the brain, particularly neurodegenerative diseases associated with α-synuclein (Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Gaucher disease, infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, etc.). Furthermore, by reproducing spontaneous α-synuclein aggregates in neurons, which is a pathological condition of Parkinson's disease, the compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is useful as an evaluation method for evaluating drugs that have the effect of inhibiting or reducing the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates.

[0077] Figure 1 shows the difference in aggregate mass between neural spheroids derived from iPS cells of healthy individuals and neural spheroids derived from PLA2G6 mutant iPS cells. The vertical axis shows the aggregate mass within the neural spheroids, and the horizontal axis shows the number of days of culture. The white graph shows the aggregate mass of neural spheroids derived from healthy individuals, and the black graph shows the aggregate mass of neural spheroids derived from PLA2G6 mutant iPS cells. Figure 2 shows the difference in aggregate mass between dopaminergic neural spheroids derived from iPS cells of healthy individuals and dopaminergic neural spheroids derived from PLA2G6 mutant iPS cells. The vertical axis shows the aggregate mass within dopaminergic neural spheroids, and the horizontal axis shows the number of days of culture. The white graph shows the aggregate mass of neural spheroids derived from healthy individuals, and the black graph shows the aggregate mass of neural spheroids derived from PLA2G6 mutant iPS cells. Figure 3 shows the difference in tyrosine hydroxylase levels between dopamine neural spheroids derived from iPS cells of healthy individuals and dopamine neural spheroids derived from PLA2G6 mutant iPS cells on day 26 of culture. The vertical axis shows the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase in the dopamine neural spheroids. The white graph shows the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase in neural spheroids derived from healthy individuals, and the black graph shows the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase in neural spheroids derived from PLA2G6 mutant iPS cells. Figure 4 shows the difference in cleaved caspase 3 levels between dopamine neural spheroids derived from iPS cells of healthy individuals and dopamine neural spheroids derived from PLA2G6 mutant iPS cells on day 40 of culture. The vertical axis shows the amount of cleaved caspase 3 in the dopamine neural spheroids. The white graph shows the amount of cleaved caspase 3 in neural spheroids derived from healthy individuals, and the black graph shows the amount of cleaved caspase 3 in neural spheroids derived from PLA2G6 mutant iPS cells. Figure 5 shows the difference in aggregate mass between dopamine neural spheroids derived from iPS cells of healthy individuals and dopamine neural spheroids derived from iPS cells homozygous for the GBA1 gene mutation. The vertical axis shows the aggregate mass in the dopamine neural spheroids, and the horizontal axis shows the number of days of culture. The white graph shows the aggregate mass of neural spheroids derived from healthy individuals, and the black graph shows the aggregate mass of neural spheroids derived from iPS cells homozygous for the GBA1 gene mutation.

[0078] The present invention will be described in detail below. In the present specification, the number of carbon atoms in the definition of "substituent" is not limited to, for example, "C １－３ " etc. Specifically, "C１－３ The term "alkyl" is synonymous with alkyl having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.

[0079] Specific examples of "halogen" include fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Preferably, it is fluorine or chlorine.

[0080] "C １－３ "Alkyl" means a linear or branched saturated hydrocarbon group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms. １－２ "C alkyl". １－３ Specific examples of "alkyl" include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, etc.

[0081] "C １－３ "C" in "Alkoxy" １－３ The "C alkyl" moiety is １－３ It is synonymous with "alkyl". Preferably, "C １－２ "Alkoxy". １－３ Specific examples of "alkoxy" include methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, isopropoxy, etc.

[0082] Among the compounds of the present invention represented by formula (1), X, Y, m, n, r, s, and R １ , R ２ , R ３ , R ４ , R ５ , R ６ and R ７ The preferred compounds are as follows, but the technical scope of the present invention is not limited to the compounds listed below.

[0083] In the compound represented by formula (1), R １ , R ２ , R ３ , R ４ , R ５ and R ６ The R group may be substituted at any carbon atom if it is substitutable. １ and R ２ , and R ３ and R ４ In R, if substitution is possible, they may be substituted on the same carbon atom. ３ and R ４In the compound represented by formula (1), when Y is CH, H of CH may be substituted. In the compound represented by formula (1), the binding site (arrow) of Hy where Hy is bound to the nitrogen-containing saturated heterocycle is carbon.

[0084] X is preferably oxygen, NH or NMe, more preferably oxygen or NMe.

[0085] Y is preferably CH.

[0086] Preferably, n is 1.

[0087] m is preferably 1.

[0088] When Y is CH, r is preferably 0, 1, or 2, more preferably 0 or 1, and even more preferably 0. When Y is nitrogen, r is 1, 2, 3, or 4, and preferably 1.

[0089] When Y is CH, s is preferably 0, 1 or 2, more preferably 1 or 2, and even more preferably 1. When Y is nitrogen, s is 2.

[0090] R １ As the alkyl group, hydrogen, methyl and fluorine are preferred, and hydrogen is more preferred.

[0091] R ２ As the alkyl group, hydrogen, methyl and fluorine are preferred, and hydrogen is more preferred.

[0092] R ３ As the alkyl group, hydrogen, methyl and ethyl are preferred, and hydrogen is more preferred.

[0093] R ４ As the alkyl group, hydrogen, methyl and ethyl are preferred, methyl and ethyl are more preferred, and methyl is even more preferred.

[0094] In the ring containing X and Y, R ３ and R ４Examples of structures in which X and Y are bonded together to form a bridged methylene or ethylene include the structure of the following formula (3) together with a ring containing X and Y. In the following formula (3), the wavy line indicates the bonding site to the carbonyl in formula (1). In addition, in the following formula (3), X and Y have the same meanings as in item 1.

[0095] R ５ is preferably a C optionally substituted with halogen or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ Examples of the alkyl include alkyl, more preferably methyl which may be substituted with halogen or 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, even more preferably trifluoromethyl, methyl, or fluorine, and most preferably trifluoromethyl.

[0096] R ６ is preferably hydrogen, halogen, or C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens. １－３ Examples of the alkyl include alkyl, more preferably hydrogen, halogen, and methyl which may be substituted with 1 to 3 fluorine atoms, even more preferably hydrogen, halogen, and methyl, and most preferably hydrogen, fluorine, and methyl.

[0097] R ７ is preferably hydrogen, C １－３ Examples of R include alkyl, more preferably hydrogen, and methyl, and even more preferably methyl. ７ Another embodiment of the present invention is a C containing 1 to 5 deuterium atoms. １－３ Examples of alkyl include:

[0098] Hy is preferably a pyridine ring, more preferably pyridin-3-yl represented by the following formula (4): In the following formula (4), the arrow indicates the bonding position to the nitrogen-containing saturated ring.

[0099] Condensing agents used in the condensation reaction include 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate, 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide, etc. Preferred are 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate, and 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide.

[0100] Examples of the reducing agent include sodium borohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, etc. Preferably, sodium cyanoborohydride and sodium triacetoxyborohydride are used.

[0101] Examples of formaldehyde or its equivalent include formaldehyde, 1,3,5-trioxane, and paraformaldehyde, with formaldehyde being preferred.

[0102] Examples of the protecting group for the amino group include a tert-butoxycarbonyl group and a benzyloxycarbonyl group, and preferably a tert-butoxycarbonyl group.

[0103] Among the compounds represented by formula (1), preferred compounds include the following compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof:

[0104] One embodiment of the compound represented by formula (1) is the following (A): (A) wherein X is oxygen or NR ７ and R ７ But hydrogen, C １－３alkyl or cyclopropyl, Y is CH or nitrogen, m is 0, 1 or 2, n is 0 or 1, r is 0, 1 or 2, s is 0, 1 or 2, (provided that when s=0, Y is CH and r is 1 or 2, when s=1, Y is CH and r is 0, 1 or 2, when s=2, r is 1 or 2) R １ is hydrogen, halogen, methyl or hydroxy; R ２ is hydrogen, halogen, methyl or hydroxy; R ３ is hydrogen, or C １－３ alkyl, R ４ is hydrogen, or C １－３ alkyl, wherein R ３ and R ４ may together form a bridged methylene or ethylene; R ５ C optionally substituted with halogen or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ alkyl, R ６ C optionally substituted with hydrogen, halogen, or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ alkyl; Hy is a pyridine ring, a pyridazine ring, a pyrimidine ring, or a pyrazine ring; wherein (I) R ５ and R ６ When Hy is 5-fluoropyridin-2-yl and m and n are 1, r is 0 and s is 1; (II) R ５ is methyl and R ６ is hydrogen, r is 0 and s is 1, with the proviso that: (I')R ５ and R ６ Hy is not 4,6-dimethylpyrimidin-2-yl or 5-bromopyrimidin-2-yl, (II') R ５ and R ６ When Hy is 5-chloropyridin-2-yl, m and n are 1, and R １ and R ２and (III') (3-ethoxyoxetan-3-yl)[3-{4-(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidin-2-yl}pyrrolidin-1-yl]methanone, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein both are not hydrogen, except for the following compound:

[0105] One embodiment of the compound represented by formula (1) is the following (B): (B) wherein X is oxygen or NR ７ and R ７ But hydrogen, C １－３ alkyl, or cyclopropyl, Y is CH or nitrogen, m is 0, 1, or 2, n is 0 or 1, r is 0, 1, or 2, s is 0, 1, or 2, (provided that when s=0, Y is CH and r is 1 or 2, when s=1, Y is CH and r is 0, 1, or 2, when s=2, r is 1 or 2) R １ is hydrogen, halogen, methyl or hydroxy; R ２ is hydrogen, halogen, methyl or hydroxy; R ３ is hydrogen, or C １－３ alkyl, R ４ is hydrogen, or C １－３ alkyl, wherein R ３ and R ４ may together form a bridged methylene or ethylene; R ５ C optionally substituted with halogen or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ alkyl, R ６ C optionally substituted with hydrogen, halogen, or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ alkyl; Hy is a pyridine ring; wherein (I) R ５ and R ６ When Hy is 5-fluoropyridin-2-yl and m and n are 1, r is 0 and s is 1; (II) R ５ is methyl and R ６is hydrogen, r is 0 and s is 1, with the proviso that: (I')R ５ and R ６ When Hy is 5-chloropyridin-2-yl, m and n are 1, and R １ and R ２ and are not hydrogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0106] One embodiment of the compound represented by formula (1) is the following (C): (C) wherein X is oxygen or NR ７ and R ７ But hydrogen, C １－３ alkyl or cyclopropyl, Y is CH, m is 1, n is 1, r is 0, 1 or 2, s is 0, 1 or 2, (provided that when s=0, r is 1 or 2, when s=1, r is 0, 1 or 2, when s=2, r is 1 or 2) R １ is hydrogen, methyl or fluorine, R ２ is hydrogen, methyl or fluorine, R ３ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R ４ is hydrogen, methyl or ethyl, R ５ C optionally substituted with halogen or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ alkyl, R ６ C optionally substituted with hydrogen, halogen, or 1 to 3 of the same or different halogens １－３ alkyl; Hy is a pyridine ring; wherein (I) R ５ and R ６ When Hy is 5-fluoropyridin-2-yl, r is 0 and s is 1; ５ is methyl and R ６ is hydrogen, r is 0 and s is 1, with the proviso that: (I')R ５ and R ６ When Hy is 5-chloropyridin-2-yl, R １ and R ２and are not hydrogen, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0107] One embodiment of the compound represented by formula (1) is the following (D): (D) wherein X is oxygen or NR ７ and R ７ is hydrogen or methyl, Y is CH, m is 1, n is 1, r is 0 or 1, s is 1 or 2, (provided that when s=2, r is 1), R １ is hydrogen, and R ２ is hydrogen, and R ３ is hydrogen, and R ４ is methyl or ethyl, R ５ is halogen or methyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines, R ６ is hydrogen, halogen, or methyl optionally substituted with 1 to 3 fluorines, and Hy is pyridin-3-yl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0108] One embodiment of the compound represented by formula (1) is the following (E), which is a structure of formula (2): (E) In formula (2), X is oxygen or NMe, and R ４ is methyl, R ５ is trifluoromethyl, methyl or fluorine, R ６ is hydrogen, halogen or methyl, and Hy is pyridin-3-yl, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

[0109] One embodiment of the compound represented by formula (1) is the following compound or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 1), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 2), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 3), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 4), {4-[5-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methanone (Example 29), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[4-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 31), (1,3-dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 41), (1,3-dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 42), (1,3-dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 43), or (1,3-Dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 44).

[0110] One embodiment of the compound represented by formula (1) includes the following compounds or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof: (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 1), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 2), {4-[5-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methanone (Example 29), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[4-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 31), (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[4-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin (1,3-Dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 42), or (1,3-Dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone (Example 44).

[0111] In the present invention, "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" include acid addition salts and base addition salts. Examples of acid addition salts include inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, hydroiodide, nitrate, and phosphate, and organic acid salts such as citrate, oxalate, phthalate, fumarate, maleate, succinate, malate, acetate, formate, propionate, benzoate, trifluoroacetate, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, para-toluenesulfonate, and camphorsulfonate. Examples of base addition salts include inorganic base salts such as sodium salt, potassium salt, calcium salt, magnesium salt, barium salt, and aluminum salt, and salts with organic bases such as trimethylamine, triethylamine, pyridine, picoline, 2,6-lutidine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, tromethamine [tris(hydroxymethyl)methylamine], tert-butylamine, cyclohexylamine, dicyclohexylamine, and N,N-dibenzylethylamine. Furthermore, examples of "pharmaceutically acceptable salts" include amino acid salts with basic or acidic amino acids such as arginine, lysine, ornithine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid.

[0112] Suitable salts of the starting compounds and intermediates, and salts acceptable as pharmaceutical raw materials, are conventional non-toxic salts, including acid addition salts such as organic acid salts (e.g., acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, fumarate, citrate, tartrate, methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, formate, para-toluenesulfonate, etc.) and inorganic acid salts (e.g., hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, sulfate, nitrate, phosphate, etc.); salts with amino acids (e.g., arginine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, etc.); metal salts such as alkali metal salts (e.g., sodium salt, potassium salt, etc.) and alkaline earth metal salts (e.g., calcium salt, magnesium salt, etc.); ammonium salts; or salts of organic bases (e.g., trimethylamine salt, triethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, dicyclohexylamine salt, N,N'-dibenzylethylenediamine salt, etc.), which can be appropriately selected by those skilled in the art.

[0113] When it is desired to obtain a salt of the compound of the present invention, if the compound of the present invention is obtained in the form of a salt, it may be purified as is, or if it is obtained in the free form, it may be dissolved or suspended in an appropriate organic solvent, and an acid or a base may be added to form a salt by a commonly used method.

[0114] In the present invention, any one or more compounds represented by formula (1) １ H ２ Deuterium-converted derivatives converted to H(D) are also encompassed by the compound represented by formula (1). The present invention includes compounds represented by formula (1) or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. In addition, the compounds of the present invention may exist in the form of hydrates and / or solvates with various solvents (such as ethanol solvates), and these hydrates and / or solvates are also encompassed by the compounds of the present invention. Furthermore, the present invention includes all tautomers, all existing stereoisomers, and all crystalline forms of compound (1) of the present invention, as well as mixtures thereof.

[0115] The compounds of the present invention may include optical isomers based on optically active centers, atropisomers based on axial or planar chirality caused by restricted intramolecular rotation, other stereoisomers, tautomers, geometric isomers, etc. All possible isomers, including these, and mixtures thereof, are also included in the compounds of the present invention.

[0116] In particular, optical isomers and atropisomers can be obtained as racemates or as optically active isomers when optically active starting materials or intermediates are used. If necessary, at an appropriate stage in the production process described below, the racemates of the corresponding starting materials, intermediates, or final products can be physically or chemically resolved into their optical antipodes by known separation methods, such as a method using an optically active column or fractional crystallization. Specifically, for example, in the diastereomeric method, two diastereomers are formed from a racemate by reaction with an optically active resolving agent. These different diastereomers generally have different physical properties and can be resolved by known methods, such as fractional crystallization.

[0117] The process for producing the compound represented by formula (1) of the present invention will be explained below with examples, but the present invention is not limited to these.

[0118]

[0033] The compound of the present invention can be synthesized by a method that combines the following synthesis method and known synthesis methods. The compounds in the reaction schemes may each form a salt, and examples of such salts include those similar to the salt of the compound represented by formula (1). Note that these reactions are merely illustrative, and the compound of the present invention can also be produced by other appropriate methods based on the knowledge of those skilled in organic synthesis.

[0119] In each of the production methods described below, even if the use of a protecting group is not specifically specified, when a functional group that requires protection is present, the functional group may be protected as necessary, and the target product may be obtained by deprotecting the functional group after completion of the reaction or after a series of reactions.

[0120] Introduction and removal of the protecting group can be carried out by a method commonly used in organic synthetic chemistry (e.g., the method described in T.W. Greene and P.G.M. Wuts, "Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis," 3rd Ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York (1999)) or a method analogous thereto. Examples of the protecting group for the amino group include tert-butoxycarbonyl, benzyloxycarbonyl, p-toluenesulfonyl, o-nitrobenzenesulfonyl, 4-methoxybenzyl, and 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl.

[0121] Production Method 1 Among the compounds represented by formula (1), the compound represented by formula (1a) can be produced, for example, by the method shown below. [In the formula, R １ , R ２ , R ３ , R ４ , R ５ , R ６ , m, n, r, s, Y, and Hy are as defined above in [Item 1]; and A represents halogen or OH.]

[0122] (Step 1-1: Step for Producing Compound (1a)) Compound (1a) is produced by reacting compound (1-1) with compound (1-2) in a suitable inert solvent in the presence or absence of various condensing agents and / or bases. Compound (1-1) may be a commercially available compound or one produced by known methods (e.g., International Publication No. WO2014 / 192868). Compound (1-1) may also be one produced by Production Methods 3 to 6 described below. Compound (1-2) may be a commercially available compound or one produced by known methods (e.g., International Publication No. WO2016 / 004272). The base used in this step is appropriately selected from the bases exemplified below, and examples thereof include sodium hydride, triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, and sodium carbonate. The condensing agent used in this step can be any of a variety of condensing agents commonly used in organic synthesis reactions, including 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride, 1-hydroxybenzotriazole, 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate, and 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide. The solvent used in this step can be appropriately selected from the solvents exemplified below, including DMF, THF, dichloromethane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. The reaction time in this step is typically 5 minutes to 72 hours, preferably 30 minutes to 24 hours. The reaction temperature in this step is typically −78°C to 200°C, preferably −78°C to 80°C.

[0123] Production Method 2 Among the compounds represented by formula (1), the compounds represented by formula (1b) and formula (1c) can be produced, for example, by the method shown below. [In the formula, R １ , R ２ , R ３ , R ４ , R ５ , R ６, m, n, r, s, Y, and Hy are as defined in [Item 1] above; R ８ C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms of the same or different types １－３ represents alkyl or cyclopropyl, A represents halogen or OH; and Pro represents a protecting group for an amino group.

[0124] (Step 2-1: Step for Producing Compound (1c)) Compound (1c) is produced from compound (1-1) and compound (2-1) according to the method described in step 1-1. Compound (2-1) may be a commercially available compound or one produced by a known method (for example, International Publication No. WO2010 / 026096).

[0125] (Step 2-2: Step for Producing Compound (2-3)) Compound (2-3) is produced from compound (1-1) and compound (2-2) according to the method described in step 1-1. Compound (2-2) may be a commercially available compound or one produced by a known method (for example, International Publication No. WO2008 / 085117).

[0126] (Step 2-3: Production step of compound (1b)) Compound (1b) is produced by deprotecting the protecting group Pro of the amino group of compound (2-3) by a known method (for example, the method described in Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 3rd Edition (Theodora W. Green, Peter G.M. Wuts, published by John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1999)). Examples of the amino group substituent Pro include a tert-butoxycarbonyl group and a benzyloxycarbonyl group.

[0127] (Step 2-4: Preparation of Compound (1c)) Compound (1c) can be prepared by reacting compound (1b) with R ８The compound is produced by reacting various aldehydes, ketones, ketone equivalents, etc. corresponding to the above. Various reducing agents commonly used in organic synthesis reactions can be used as the reducing agent, including sodium borohydride, sodium triacetoxyborohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, etc. The solvent used in this step is appropriately selected from the solvents exemplified below, including toluene, THF, dichloromethane, methanol, etc. The reaction time is usually 5 minutes to 48 hours, preferably 1 hour to 24 hours. The reaction temperature is usually −78° C. to 100° C., preferably 0° C. to 80° C.

[0128] Compound (1c) can also be prepared by reacting compound (1b) with R ８ The compound can also be produced by reacting various alkyl halides or alkyl sulfonates corresponding to the above. The base is appropriately selected from the bases exemplified below, and examples thereof include potassium carbonate, cesium carbonate, sodium hydride, and lithium diisopropylamide. The solvent used in this step is appropriately selected from the solvents exemplified below, and examples thereof include DMF, dimethyl sulfoxide, THF, and 1,4-dioxane. The reaction time is usually 5 minutes to 48 hours, and preferably 1 hour to 24 hours. The reaction temperature is usually −78° C. to 100° C., and preferably 0° C. to 80° C.

[0129] Production Method 3 The compound represented by formula (1-1) can be produced, for example, by the method shown below. [In the formula, R １ , R ２ , R ５ , R ６ , m, n, and Hy are as defined in [Item 1] above; W １ and W ２ represents a halogen; and Pro represents a protecting group for an amino group.

[0130] (Step 3-1: Production step of compound (3-3)) Compound (3-3) is produced by reacting compound (3-1) with compound (3-2) in a suitable inert solvent in the presence of zinc and palladium catalysts. Compound (3-1) may be a commercially available compound or one produced by a known method (e.g., International Publication No. WO2008 / 147831). Compound (3-2) may be a commercially available compound or one produced by a known method (e.g., Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters (2006), 16(17), 4528-4532). １ and W ２ Examples of the halogen in include chlorine, bromine, and iodine. Examples of the amino group substituent Pro include a tert-butoxycarbonyl group and a benzyloxycarbonyl group. The palladium catalyst can be any of various palladium catalysts commonly used in conventional methods, including, for example, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). The solvent used in this step is appropriately selected from the solvents exemplified below, including, for example, DMF and dimethylacetamide. The reaction time is usually 5 minutes to 48 hours, and preferably 1 hour to 24 hours. The reaction temperature is usually 0°C to 100°C, and preferably 0°C to 80°C.

[0131] (Step 3-2: Preparation of Compound (1-1)) Compound (1-1) is prepared from compound (3-3) according to the method described in step 2-3.

[0132] Production Method 4 Among the compounds represented by formula (1-1), the compound represented by formula (1-1a) can be produced, for example, by the method shown below. [In the formula, R １ , R ２ , R ５ , R ６ , n, and Hy are as defined in [Item 1] above; W ２ represents a halogen; Pro represents a protecting group for an amino group; and T represents a boronic acid or a boronic ester.

[0133] (Step 4-1: Step for Producing Compound (4-2)) Compound (4-2) is produced by reacting compound (4-1) with compound (3-2) in a suitable inert solvent in the presence of a palladium catalyst. This step can be carried out in the presence of a base and / or a phosphorus ligand, as necessary. Compound (4-1) may be a commercially available compound or one produced by a known method (e.g., International Publication No. WO2019 / 163865). Examples of the amino group substituent Pro include a tert-butoxycarbonyl group and a benzyloxycarbonyl group. Various palladium catalysts commonly used in conventional methods can be used as the palladium catalyst, including, for example, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0). The base used in this step is appropriately selected from the bases exemplified below, including, for example, potassium carbonate and cesium carbonate. The phosphorus ligand used in this step can be any of various phosphorus ligands commonly used in organic synthesis reactions, including triphenylphosphine and bis(diphenylphosphino)methane. The solvent used in this step can be appropriately selected from the solvents exemplified below, including 1,4-dioxane, tetrahydrofuran, water, and mixed solvents thereof. The reaction temperature is usually 0°C to 200°C, preferably 20°C to 150°C, and the reaction can also be performed under microwave irradiation, if necessary. The reaction time varies depending on conditions such as the reaction temperature, the palladium catalyst used, the raw materials, and the solvent, but is usually 5 minutes to 72 hours, preferably 1 hour to 24 hours.

[0134] (Step 4-2: Step for Producing Compound (4-3)) Compound (4-3) is produced by reacting compound (4-2) in a suitable inert solvent in the presence of a catalyst under a hydrogen atmosphere. The solvent used in this step is appropriately selected from the solvents exemplified below, and examples thereof include methanol, ethanol, chloroform, and mixed solvents thereof. As the catalyst, various catalysts commonly used in catalytic reduction reactions can be used, and examples thereof include palladium carbon and palladium hydroxide. The reaction time is usually 5 minutes to 48 hours, and preferably 1 hour to 24 hours. The reaction temperature is usually 0°C to 100°C, and preferably 0°C to 40°C.

[0135] (Step 4-3: Preparation of Compound (1-1a)) Compound (1-1a) is prepared from compound (4-3) according to the method described in step 2-3.

[0136] Production Method 5 Among the compounds represented by formula (1-1), the compound represented by formula (1-1b) can be produced, for example, by the method shown below. [In the formula, R ２ , R ５ , R ６ , m, n, and Hy are as defined in [Item 1] above; W ２ represents a halogen; and Pro represents a protecting group for an amino group.

[0137] (Step 5-1: Step for Producing Compound (5-2)) Compound (5-2) is produced by reacting compound (3-2) with compound (5-1) in a suitable inert solvent in the presence of an alkyllithium. Compound (5-1) may be a commercially available compound or one produced by a known method (e.g., International Publication No. WO 2005 / 058888). Examples of the amino group substituent Pro include a tert-butoxycarbonyl group and a benzyloxycarbonyl group. Examples of alkyllithium include various alkyllithiums commonly used in conventional methods, such as butyllithium. The solvent used in this step is appropriately selected from the solvents exemplified below, including tetrahydrofuran and diethyl ether. The reaction time is generally 5 minutes to 48 hours, preferably 1 hour to 24 hours. The reaction temperature is generally −78° C. to 100° C., preferably −78° C. to 40° C.

[0138] (Step 5-2: Preparation of Compound (1-1b)) Compound (1-1b) is prepared from compound (5-2) according to the method described in step 2-3.

[0139] Production Method 6 Among the compounds represented by formula (1-1), the compound represented by formula (1-1c) can be produced, for example, by the method shown below. [In the formula, R ２ , R ５ , R ６ , m, n, and Hy are as defined in [Item 1] above; Q represents a halogen; and Pro represents an amino-protecting group.]

[0140] (Step 6-1: Production Step of Compound (6-1)) Compound (6-1) is produced by reacting compound (5-2) in a suitable inert solvent in the presence of a halogenating agent. Examples of the amino group substituent Pro include a tert-butoxycarbonyl group and a benzyloxycarbonyl group. Examples of the halogen in Q include fluorine and chlorine. Various halogenating agents commonly used in conventional methods can be used as the halogenating agent, including (diethylamino)sulfur trifluoride, bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride, and phosphorus oxychloride. The solvent used in this step is appropriately selected from the solvents exemplified below, including dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,4-dioxane, and toluene. The reaction time is usually 5 minutes to 48 hours, and preferably 1 hour to 24 hours. The reaction temperature is usually −78° C. to 100° C., and preferably −78° C. to 40° C.

[0141] (Step 6-2: Preparation of Compound (1-1c)) Compound (1-1c) is prepared from compound (6-1) according to the method described in step 2-3.

[0142] Production Method 7 Among the compounds represented by formula (1), the compound represented by formula (1d) can be produced, for example, by the method shown below. [In the formula, R １ , R ２ , R ３ , R ４ , R ５ , R ６ , m, n, r, s, and Hy are the same as defined in [Item 1] above.]

[0143] (Step 7-1: Step for Producing Compound (1d)) Compound (1d) is produced by reacting compound (7-1) in an appropriate inert solvent in the presence of triphosgene and a base, followed by reaction with compound (1-1). The base used in this step is appropriately selected from the bases exemplified below, and examples thereof include pyridine and triethylamine. The solvent used in this step is appropriately selected from the solvents exemplified below, and examples thereof include dichloromethane and chloroform. The reaction time is usually 5 minutes to 48 hours, and preferably 30 minutes to 24 hours. The reaction temperature is usually −78° C. to 100° C., and preferably 0° C. to 80° C.

[0144] Production Method 8 Among the compounds represented by formula (1), the compound represented by formula (1e) can be produced, for example, by the method shown below. [In the formula, R １ , R ２ , R ３ , R ４ , R ５ , R ６ , m, n, r, s, and Hy are as defined in [Item 1] above; R ８ C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms of the same or different types １－３ represents alkyl or cyclopropyl.] (Step 8-1: Step for Producing Compound (1e)) Compound (1e) is produced from compound (8-1) and compound (1-1) according to the method described in step 7-1.

[0145] Production Method 9 Among the compounds represented by formula (1), the compounds represented by formula (1e) and formula (1f) can be produced, for example, by the method shown below. [In the formula, R １ , R ２ , R ３ , R ４ , R ５ , R ６ , m, n, r, s, and Hy are as defined in [Item 1] above; R ８ C optionally substituted with 1 to 3 halogen atoms of the same or different types １－３ alkyl or cyclopropyl; Pro represents a protecting group for an amino group.

[0146] (Step 9-1: Preparation of Compound (9-2)) Compound (9-2) is prepared from compound (9-1) and compound (1-1) according to the method described in step 7-1. Examples of the amino group substituent Pro include a tert-butoxycarbonyl group and a benzyloxycarbonyl group.

[0147] (Step 9-2: Preparation of Compound (1f)) Compound (1f) is prepared from compound (9-2) according to the method described in step 2-3.

[0148] (Step 9-3: Preparation of Compound (1e)) Compound (1e) is prepared from compound (1f) according to the method described in step 2-4.

[0149] Among the raw materials or intermediates used in the production methods described above, those for which the production method is not particularly described are commercially available compounds or can be synthesized from commercially available compounds by methods known to those skilled in the art or methods similar thereto.

[0150] The base used in each step of each of the above-mentioned production methods should be selected appropriately depending on the type of reaction and raw material compound, and examples thereof include alkali bicarbonates such as sodium bicarbonate and potassium bicarbonate; alkali carbonates such as sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate; metal hydrides such as sodium hydride and potassium hydride; alkali metal hydroxides such as sodium hydroxide and potassium hydroxide; alkali metal alkoxides such as sodium methoxide and sodium t-butoxide; organometallic bases such as butyllithium and lithium diisopropylamide; and organic bases such as triethylamine, diisopropylethylamine, pyridine, 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), and 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]-7-undecene (DBU).

[0151] The solvent used in each step of the above-described production methods should be selected appropriately depending on the type of reaction and raw material compounds, and examples thereof include alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, and isopropanol; ketones such as acetone and methyl ketone; halogenated hydrocarbons such as methylene chloride and chloroform; ethers such as tetrahydrofuran (THF) and dioxane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene and benzene; aliphatic hydrocarbons such as hexane and heptane; esters such as ethyl acetate and propyl acetate; amides such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP); sulfoxides such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO); and nitriles such as acetonitrile. These solvents can be used alone or in combination. Depending on the type of reaction, organic bases such as diazabicycloundecene (DBU) can also be used as solvents.

[0152] The compound of the present invention represented by formula (1) or an intermediate thereof can be separated or purified by methods known to those skilled in the art. Examples of such methods include extraction, distribution, reprecipitation, column chromatography (e.g., silica gel column chromatography, ion exchange column chromatography, or preparative liquid chromatography), and recrystallization. Examples of recrystallization solvents that can be used include alcoholic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol; ether solvents such as diethyl ether; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate; aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and toluene; ketone solvents such as acetone; halogenated solvents such as dichloromethane and chloroform; hydrocarbon solvents such as hexane; aprotic solvents such as dimethylformamide and acetonitrile; water; or a mixture thereof. Other purification methods include those described in Volume 1 of "Experimental Chemistry Lectures" (edited by the Chemical Society of Japan, Maruzen). The molecular structure of the compound of the present invention can be easily determined by spectroscopic techniques such as nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared absorption, and circular dichroism spectroscopy, and / or mass spectrometry, with reference to the structures derived from the respective starting compounds.

[0153] Furthermore, intermediates or final products in the above-mentioned production methods can be converted into other compounds included in the present invention by appropriately converting their functional groups, particularly by extending various side chains using amino, hydroxyl, carbonyl, halogen, etc. as a foothold, and by carrying out the above-mentioned protection and deprotection as necessary. The conversion of functional groups and extension of side chains can be carried out by common methods (see, for example, Comprehensive Organic Transformations, R.C. Larock, John Wiley & Sons Inc. (1999)).

[0154] The compound of the present invention represented by formula (1) may have asymmetry or a substituent having an asymmetric carbon, and such compounds may have optical isomers. The compounds of the present invention include mixtures or isolated isomers of these isomers, and can be produced by conventional methods. Examples of production methods include a method using a raw material having an asymmetric center or a method introducing asymmetry at an intermediate stage. For example, in the case of optical isomers, optical isomers can be obtained by using optically active raw materials or by performing optical resolution or the like at an appropriate stage in the production process. Examples of optical resolution methods include a diastereomeric method in which, when the compound represented by formula (1) or an intermediate thereof has a basic functional group, a salt is formed using an optically active acid (e.g., monocarboxylic acid such as mandelic acid, N-benzyloxyalanine, lactic acid, etc.; dicarboxylic acid such as tartaric acid, o-diisopropylidenetartaric acid, malic acid, etc.; sulfonic acid such as camphorsulfonic acid, bromocamphorsulfonic acid, etc.) in an inert solvent (e.g., alcoholic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, etc.; ether solvents such as diethyl ether; ester solvents such as ethyl acetate; hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene; aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile, etc.) in a diastereomeric method in which a salt is formed using an optically active acid (e.g., monocarboxylic acid such as mandelic acid, N-benzyloxyalanine, lactic acid, etc.; dicarboxylic acid such as tartaric acid, o-diisopropylidenetartaric acid, malic acid, etc.; sulfonic acid such as camphorsulfonic acid, bromocamphorsulfonic acid, etc.). When the compound of the present invention represented by formula (1) or an intermediate thereof has an acidic functional group such as a carboxyl group, optical resolution can also be performed by forming a salt using an optically active amine (e.g., organic amine such as 1-phenylethylamine, quinine, quinidine, cinchonidine, cinchonine, strychnine, etc.).

[0155] The temperature for salt formation is selected from the range of −50°C to the boiling point of the solvent, preferably from the range of 0°C to the boiling point, and more preferably from room temperature to the boiling point of the solvent. To improve optical purity, it is desirable to first raise the temperature to near the boiling point of the solvent. When filtering out the precipitated salt, cooling can be performed as needed to improve the yield. The amount of optically active acid or amine used is preferably in the range of about 0.5 to about 2.0 equivalents relative to the substrate, preferably around 1 equivalent. If necessary, the crystals can be recrystallized in an inert solvent (e.g., alcoholic solvents such as methanol, ethanol, and 2-propanol; etheric solvents such as diethyl ether; esteric solvents such as ethyl acetate; hydrocarbon solvents such as toluene; aprotic solvents such as acetonitrile; or a mixed solvent of two or more of the above solvents) to obtain a highly pure optically active salt. Furthermore, if necessary, the optically resolved salt can be treated with an acid or base by a conventional method to obtain a free form.

[0156] In diseases with Lewy bodies such as Parkinson's disease, abnormally aggregated α-synuclein is found in the brains of patients. Therefore, the drug of the present application, which inhibits or reduces the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates, is expected to be effective in improving the pathology of these diseases.

[0157] Furthermore, these aggregates are thought to exhibit neurotoxicity, induce neuronal vulnerability and neuronal cell death, and cause the onset and progression of the disease. Therefore, the drug of the present application, which suppresses the neurotoxicity and neuronal cell death associated with α-synuclein aggregates, is expected to be effective in improving the pathology of Lewy body diseases such as Parkinson's disease.

[0158] The production of neurotransmitters is one of the neuronal functions, and a decrease in neurotransmitters indicates neuronal vulnerability, which is indicated, for example, by a decrease in the amount of tyrosine hydroxylase, which is involved in dopamine metabolism, in dopaminergic neurons.

[0159] Furthermore, electroencephalogram (EEG) abnormalities have been reported in diseases with Lewy bodies, such as Parkinson's disease. Electroencephalograms are a manifestation of synchronized neural activity. Therefore, the drug of the present application, which normalizes synchronized neural activity associated with α-synuclein aggregates, is expected to have an ameliorating effect on the pathology of these diseases.

[0160] Neural spheroids used to measure α-synuclein aggregate levels can be prepared, for example, by three-dimensionally culturing neural stem cells or dopamine (DA) neural progenitor cells generated from human iPS cells mutated in a synucleopathy-associated gene under neuronal differentiation induction. Using three-dimensionally cultured neural spheroids, the amount of high-molecular-weight α-synuclein can be measured by protein analysis using an α-synuclein antibody, thereby assessing the amount of α-synuclein aggregates. Furthermore, three-dimensionally cultured neural spheroids can be used to evaluate synchronized neuronal firing by performing imaging analysis using a fluorescent calcium probe. Furthermore, by combining the steps of measuring α-synuclein aggregate levels and measuring synchronized neuronal firing in neural spheroids, Parkinson's disease pathology can be reproduced, and drugs that inhibit or reduce the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates in Parkinson's disease pathology can be evaluated.

[0161] Differentiation of human iPS cells carrying a mutation in a synucleopathy-associated gene into neural stem cells can be induced, for example, by using PLA2G6 gene mutant cells established from an iPS cell line derived from a healthy individual (clone name 201B7, obtained from the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University), culturing them in StemFitAK03N medium (Basic03, Ajinomoto Co., Inc.) at 37°C and 5% CO2, and then inducing differentiation using PSC Neuronal Induction Medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A1647801).

[0162] As a culture medium for neural stem cells, for example, a medium having the following composition can be used. <Culture medium composition for neural stem cells> Neurobasal medium (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific, 2113049) Advanced DMEM / F-12 medium (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific, 12634028) Neural Induction Supplement (manufactured by Thermo Fisher Scientific, A1647801)

[0163] Neural stem cells can be induced to differentiate into neural spheroids, for example, by seeding neural stem cells (10,000 cells / well) into a 96-well U-shaped plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific cat#174929) and culturing them in culture medium at 37°C and 5% CO, with half of the medium replaced on days 2 and 4 after differentiation induction.

[0164] The differentiation medium for neural stem cell neural spheroids may have the following composition: <Culture medium composition for neural spheroids> BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) NeuroCult SM1 Neuronal Supplement (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#05711) N2 Supplement-A (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#07152) 20 ng / mL BDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-02) 20 ng / mL GDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-10) 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP (Nacalai, cat#11540-74) 200 nM ascorbic acid (Nacalai, cat#03420-52)

[0165] Differentiation of synucleopathy-associated gene-mutated human iPS cells into dopaminergic neural progenitor cells can be induced, for example, using a dopaminergic neural induction kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3147701) to induce dopaminergic neural progenitor cells from PLA2G6 gene-mutated cells or GBA1 gene-homozygous mutant cells established from an iPS cell line derived from a healthy individual.

[0166] Differentiation of dopaminergic neural progenitor cells into neural spheroids can be induced, for example, by culturing cryopreserved dopaminergic neural progenitor cells at 37°C and 5% CO using a Floor Plate Cell Expansion Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3165801), seeding the resulting dopaminergic neural progenitor cells (10,000 cells / well) into a 96-well U-shaped plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#174929), culturing them in a culture medium at 37°C and 5% CO, and replacing half of the medium every 3 to 4 days after differentiation induction.

[0167] The culture medium for dopaminergic neural spheroids of dopaminergic neural progenitor cells can have, for example, the following composition: <Culture medium composition for dopaminergic neural spheroids> BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) Dopaminergic Neuron Maturation Supplement (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3147401) 20 ng / mL BDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-02) 20 ng / mL GDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-10) 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP (Nacalai, cat#11540-74) 200 nM ascorbic acid (Nacalai, cat#03420-52)

[0168] The amount of α-synuclein aggregates in neural spheroids can be measured, for example, by removing the differentiation-induced neural spheroids from the culture medium, adding a TBS solution (Nacalai, cat. #12748-31) supplemented with 1% Trition X-100 (Nacalai, cat. #12967-32), extracting the protein using an ultrasonic homogenizer, and quantitatively evaluating the waveform exhibiting a molecular weight of approximately 300 kD by protein analysis under non-reducing conditions using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with an α-synuclein antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat. #AHB0261).

[0169] Measurement of neural vulnerability in neural spheroids can be carried out, for example, by transferring differentiation-induced dopamine neural spheroids to a TBS solution (Nacalai, cat#12748-31) supplemented with 1% Trition X-100 (Nacalai, cat#12967-32), extracting proteins using an ultrasonic homogenizer, and quantitatively evaluating the waveform exhibited at a molecular weight of approximately 60 kD by protein analysis under reduced conditions using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat#SM-W004) with a tyrosine hydroxylase antibody (Millipore, cat#AB152).

[0170] Neuronal cell death in neural spheroids can be measured, for example, by transferring differentiation-induced dopamine neural spheroids to a TBS solution (Nacalai, cat#12748-31) supplemented with 1% Trition X-100 (Nacalai, cat#12967-32), extracting proteins using an ultrasonic homogenizer, and quantitatively evaluating the waveform exhibited at a molecular weight of approximately 20 kD by protein analysis under reduced conditions using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat#SM-W004) with a cleaved caspase 3 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat#9664).

[0171] Abnormal neural activity in neural spheroids can be measured, for example, by measuring synchronized neural firing in three-dimensionally cultured neural spheroids using imaging analysis with a fluorescent calcium probe. Synchronized neural firing in neural spheroids can be measured, for example, by imaging analysis using an assay medium containing a fluorescent calcium probe (Molecular Devices, product name FLIPR Calcium 6 Assay Bulk Kit, cat#R8191). Examples of assay medium that can be used include Hank's buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#14065-056) containing 20 mM Hepes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#15630-080) and 0.1% bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich, cat#A9576).

[0172] The compounds of the present invention are useful as therapeutic and / or preventive agents for central nervous system diseases associated with abnormal brain protein aggregates. Examples of central nervous system diseases associated with abnormal brain protein aggregates include central nervous system diseases associated with tau, α-synuclein, TDP-43, or polyglutamine. Examples of central nervous system diseases associated with tau include Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Examples of diseases associated with α-synuclein aggregates include Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Gaucher disease, and infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. Examples of central nervous system diseases associated with TDP-43 include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal lobar degeneration. Examples of central nervous system diseases associated with polyglutamine include Huntington's disease and spinocerebellar ataxia. The compounds of the present application are preferably useful as therapeutic and / or preventive agents for Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Gaucher disease, infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Huntington's disease, or spinocerebellar ataxia. The compounds of the present application are more preferably useful as therapeutic and / or preventive agents for diseases involving α-synuclein aggregates. The compounds of the present application are even more preferably useful as therapeutic and / or preventive agents for Parkinson's disease, dementia with Lewy bodies, multiple system atrophy, Gaucher disease, or infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy. In the present invention, "prevention" refers to the administration of an active ingredient of the present invention to a healthy person who has not developed a disease, for example, with the aim of preventing the onset of a disease. "Treatment" refers to the administration of a compound of the present invention as an active ingredient to a person (patient) who has been diagnosed by a physician as having the disease.

[0173] The compound of the present invention and pharmaceuticals containing the compound can be administered orally or parenterally, either directly or after formulation using an appropriate dosage form. Examples of dosage forms include, but are not limited to, tablets, capsules, powders, granules, liquids, suspensions, injections, patches, and poultices. Pharmaceutical preparations are prepared by known methods using pharmaceutically acceptable additives. Depending on the purpose, additives that can be used include excipients, disintegrants, binders, flow agents, lubricants, coating agents, solubilizers, solubilizers, thickeners, dispersants, stabilizers, sweeteners, and flavors. Specific examples of additives include lactose, mannitol, crystalline cellulose, low-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, corn starch, partially pregelatinized starch, carmellose calcium, croscarmellose sodium, hydroxypropyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, polyvinyl alcohol, magnesium stearate, sodium stearyl fumarate, polyethylene glycol, propylene glycol, titanium oxide, and talc.

[0174] The route of administration should be the most effective for the treatment, and can be oral or parenteral, such as intravenous, topical, inhalation, or ophthalmic administration, with oral administration being preferred. Dosage forms can include, for example, tablets and injections, with tablets being preferred. The dosage and frequency of administration of these pharmaceutical compositions vary depending on the dosage form, the patient's disease and symptoms, the patient's age and weight, and other factors, and cannot be generally defined. However, typically, the amount of active ingredient per day for an adult is in the range of about 0.0001 to about 5000 mg, preferably about 0.001 to about 1000 mg, more preferably about 0.1 to about 500 mg, and particularly preferably about 1 to about 300 mg, administered once or several times a day, preferably in divided doses one to three times a day.

[0175] The compound of the present invention and a pharmaceutical composition containing the compound can be used in combination with other drugs to enhance their effects and / or reduce their side effects. For example, they can be used in combination with drugs for treating central nervous system disorders, such as L-dopa, dopamine agonists (e.g., ropinirole hydrochloride, apomorphine hydrochloride hydrate, etc.), MAO-B inhibitors (e.g., selegiline hydrochloride, etc.), catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) inhibitors (e.g., entacapone, etc.), α-Syn antibodies (e.g., prasenimab, etc.), or pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof. Hereinafter, drugs that can be used in combination with the compound of the present invention will be abbreviated as "concomitant drugs."

[0176] The administration period of the compound of the present invention, the pharmaceutical preparation containing the compound, and the concomitant drug is not limited, and they may be administered to a subject simultaneously or at staggered times. The compound of the present invention and the concomitant drug may also be used as a combination drug. The dose of the concomitant drug can be appropriately selected based on clinically used doses. The compounding ratio of the compound of the present invention to the concomitant drug can be appropriately selected depending on the subject, administration route, target disease, symptoms, combination, etc. For example, when the subject is a human, 0.01 to 100 parts by weight of the concomitant drug may be used per 1 part by weight of the compound of the present invention. Furthermore, for the purpose of suppressing side effects, the compound of the present invention may be used in combination with drugs (concomitant drugs) such as antiemetics, hypnotics, and anticonvulsants.

[0177] The present invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to examples, examples, and test examples, but the present invention is not limited thereto. In this specification, the terms "Example" and "Reference Example" may refer to compounds, such as "Example 1" being the "compound of Example 1" and "Reference Example 1" being the "compound of Reference Example 1." Note that the compound names shown in the following Reference Examples and Examples do not necessarily conform to the IUPAC nomenclature.

[0178] To simplify the description in the specification, the following abbreviations may be used in the Reference Examples, Examples, and Test Examples: Me: methyl, Et: ethyl, Pr: normal propyl, iPr: isopropyl, DMF: N,N-dimethylformamide, THF: tetrahydrofuran, TFA: trifluoroacetic acid, HATU: 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo[4,5-b]pyridinium 3-oxide hexafluorophosphate.

[0179] Symbols used in NMR include s for singlet, d for doublet, dd for doublet of doublets, t for triplet, td for doublet of triplets, q for quartet, m for multiplet, br for broad, brs for broad singlet, brm for broad multiplet, and J for coupling constant.

[0180] The measurement conditions for the high-performance liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LCMS) were as follows. The observed mass spectrometry values ​​[MS (m / z)] were calculated based on the MH ＋ The retention time is indicated as Rt (minutes). For each measured value, the measurement conditions used for the measurement are indicated as A or B.

[0181] Measurement condition A Detector: MS detector: Waters ACQUITY SQ Detector HPLC: Waters ACQUITY UPLC Column: ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm 2.1 × 30 mm Flow rate: 0.8 mL / min Oven temperature: 40 °C Measurement wavelength: 254, 220 nm Mobile phase: Solution A 0.06% formic acid aqueous solution Solution B 0.06% formic acid acetonitrile Time program: Step Time (min) 1 0.0-1.3 Solution A:Solution B = 98:2 to 4:96 2 1.3-1.5 Solution A:Solution B = 4:96 to 98:2

[0182] Measurement condition B Detector: Agilent 1200 Series, Agilent 6110 Quadruple LCMS Column: Xbridge C18 3.5 μm 4.6 × 50 mm Flow rate: 1.8 mL / min Measurement wavelength: 254, 214 nm Mobile phase: Solution A 10 mM ammonium bicarbonate aqueous solution Solution B acetonitrile Time program: Step Time (min) 1 0.0-1.5 Solution A: Solution B = 90:10 to 5:95 Oven temperature: 50 °C

[0183] Reference Example 1 5-(piperidin-4-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine To a solution of 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)pyridine (6.7 g) in cyclopentyl methyl ether / water (4 / 1) (100 mL), 5-bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (4.1 g), 1,1'-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene palladium dichloride (0.66 g), and cesium carbonate (12 g) were added and stirred at 100°C for 30 minutes. After cooling to room temperature, water was added to the reaction solution, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate. The resulting organic layer was washed with saturated brine and then dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent in the dried organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was then simply purified by aminosilica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate). The resulting crude product was dissolved in methanol (50 mL), and 10% palladium-carbon (55% wet) (0.30 g) was added. The mixture was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with methanol, and the solvent from the resulting filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. The residue was again dissolved in methanol (50 mL), and 10% palladium-carbon (55% wet) (0.30 g) was added. The mixture was stirred under a hydrogen atmosphere at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture was filtered through Celite and washed with methanol, and the solvent from the resulting filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was dissolved in chloroform (10 mL), and trifluoroacetic acid (20 mL) was added. After stirring at room temperature for 1 minute, the solvent and trifluoroacetic acid were evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by aminosilica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate → ethyl acetate / methanol) to give Reference Example 1 (3.8 g). LC / MS ([M+H]+ / Rt(min)): 231.2 / 0.50 (Measurement conditions A)

[0184] Reference Examples 2 to 11 According to the method described in Reference Example 1, the compounds shown in Table 1 were obtained using the corresponding starting compounds.

[0185] Reference Example 12 5-(azetidin-3-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine Zinc powder (0.33 g) was added to a dried Schlenk tube, and the inside atmosphere was replaced with nitrogen. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, DMF (1.0 mL) and iodine (51 mg) were added and stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. A solution of tert-butyl 3-iodoazetidine-1-carboxylate (0.19 mL) in DMF (1.0 mL) was added to the activated zinc solution, and the mixture was stirred at 40°C for 1 hour. A solution of 5-bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (0.23 g) and tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) (58 mg) in DMF (1.0 mL) was added to the prepared alkylzinc solution, and the mixture was stirred at 80°C for 2 hours. The reaction solution was cooled to 0°C, and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution was slowly added dropwise to quench the reaction. The resulting precipitate was removed by suction filtration and washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the resulting organic layer was washed with saturated brine and then dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent in the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and then chloroform (1.0 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (3.0 mL) were added to the resulting crude product and refluxed for 20 minutes. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and the solvent and trifluoroacetic acid were evaporated under reduced pressure. The resulting residue was purified by aminosilica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate) to obtain Reference Example 12 (75 mg). LC / MS ([M+H]+ / Rt(min)): 203.1 / 0.47 (measurement condition A).

[0186] Reference Example 13 4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-4-ol 5-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (2.0 g) was placed in a dry two-neck flask, and the interior was purged with nitrogen. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, dry THF (20 mL) was added and cooled to -78°C. A 2.6 mol / L n-butyllithium hexane solution (5.1 mL) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at -78°C for 1 hour. A THF (10 mL) solution of 1-Boc-4-piperidone (1.8 g) was prepared and added dropwise to the reaction solution. After the addition was complete, the temperature was raised to room temperature. After 1 hour, the reaction solution was cooled to 0°C, and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution was slowly added dropwise to quench the reaction. The reaction solution was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the resulting organic layer was washed with saturated saline and then dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent in the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was then purified by aminosilica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate 95:5-0:100). Chloroform (2.0 mL) and trifluoroacetic acid (4.0 mL) were added to the obtained crude product, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. The solvent and trifluoroacetic acid were distilled off under reduced pressure, and the obtained residue was purified by aminosilica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate → ethyl acetate / methanol) to obtain Reference Example 13 (0.23 g). LC / MS ([M+H]+ / Rt(min)): 247.1 / 0.46 (measurement condition A).

[0187] Reference Example 14 5-(4-fluoropiperidin-4-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine a) Preparation of tert-butyl 4-hydroxy-4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidine-1-carboxylate (Compound W1) 5-Bromo-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (2.0 g) was placed in a dry two-neck flask, and the inside of the flask was replaced with nitrogen. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, dry THF (20 mL) was added and cooled to -78°C. A 1.6 mol / L n-butyllithium hexane solution (6.8 mL) was added dropwise, and the mixture was stirred at -78°C for 20 minutes. A THF (20 mL) solution of 1-Boc-4-piperidone (1.76 g) was prepared and added dropwise to the reaction solution. After the addition was complete, the temperature was raised to room temperature. After 1 hour, the reaction solution was cooled to 0°C, and saturated aqueous ammonium chloride solution was slowly added dropwise to quench the reaction. The reaction solution was extracted with ethyl acetate, and the resulting organic layer was washed with saturated brine and then dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent in the organic layer was evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by aminosilica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate) to obtain Compound W1 (1.18 g). LC / MS ([M+H] / Rt(min)): 347.2 / 0.93 (measurement condition A).

[0188] b) Preparation of 5-(4-fluoropiperidin-4-yl)-2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridine (Reference Example 14) Compound W1 (0.12 g) was dissolved in chloroform (1.5 mL), and bis(2-methoxyethyl)aminosulfur trifluoride (0.24 mL) was added, followed by stirring at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction solution was concentrated and simply purified by amino silica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate). The resulting compound was dissolved in chloroform (0.50 mL), treated with TFA (1.0 mL), and stirred at room temperature for 5 minutes. The reaction solution was concentrated, and excess TFA was removed by azeotropy with toluene. The resulting crude product was purified by amino silica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate → ethyl acetate / methanol) to obtain Reference Example 14 (18 mg). LC / MS ([M+H]+ / Rt(min)): 249.1 / 0.60 (measurement condition A).

[0189] Reference Examples 15 to 21 According to the method described in Reference Example 1, the compounds shown in Table 2 were obtained using the corresponding starting compounds.

[0190] Example 1 (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone To a chloroform (1.0 mL) solution of Reference Example 1 (30 mg), 3-methyloxetane-3-carboxylic acid (18 mg), triethylamine (27 μL), and HATU (60 mg) were added and stirred at room temperature for 30 minutes. Cesium carbonate (42 mg) was then added and the mixture was stirred again at room temperature for 30 minutes. The reaction solution was purified by aminosilica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate → ethyl acetate / methanol) to obtain Example 1 (41 mg). LC / MS ([M+H]+ / Rt(min)): 329.2 / 0.75 (measurement condition A). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ: 8.72 (1H, d, J = 1.6 Hz), 8.02 (1H, dd, J = 2.0, 8.4 Hz), 7.84 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 4.83 (2H, dd, J = 6.4, 8.8 Hz), 4.55-4.52 (1H, m), 4.28 (2H, t, 6.8 Hz), 3.18-3.05 (2H, m), 3.01-2.93 (1H, m), 2.67 (1H, t, J = 12 Hz), 1.85-1.81 (2H, brs), 1.72-1.57 (5H, m).

[0191] The compound of Example 1 can also be synthesized by the following method.

[0192] To a solution of the hydrochloride (100 mg) of Reference Example 1 in ethyl acetate (1.0 mL) were added 3-methyloxetane-3-carboxylic acid (52 mg), triethylamine (0.17 mL), and a 50% solution of 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide in ethyl acetate (0.40 mL), and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction solution was purified by silica gel chromatography (elution solvent: ethyl acetate / methanol) to give Example 1 (93 mg).

[0193] Examples 2 to 32 Using the corresponding starting compounds, the compounds shown in Table 3 were obtained according to the synthesis method of Example 1.

[0194] Example 33 (3-Methylazetidin-3-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone To a solution of Reference Example 1 (50 mg) in chloroform (1.0 mL), 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-methylazetidine-3-carboxylic acid (56 mg), triethylamine (45 μL), HATU (99 mg), and cesium carbonate (71 mg) were added. After stirring at room temperature for 1 hour, the reaction solution was simply purified by amino silica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate → ethyl acetate / methanol) to obtain a crude product. The resulting crude product was dissolved in chloroform (1.0 mL), and TFA (1.0 mL) was added, followed by stirring at room temperature for 5 minutes. The reaction solution was concentrated and purified by amino silica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate → ethyl acetate / methanol) to obtain Example 33 (65 mg). LC / MS ([M+H]+ / Rt(min)): 328.2 / 0.60 (measurement condition A). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ: 8.71 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 8.00 (1H, dd, J = 8.4, 2.0 Hz), 7.83 (1H, d, J = 8.4 Hz), 4.53 (1H, d, J = 12.8 Hz), 3.87 (2H, t, J = 8.4 Hz), 3.35-3.30 (1H, m), 3.16-3.07 (3H, m), 2.97 (1H, tt, J = 12, 3.6 Hz), 2.63 (1H, t, J = 12 Hz), 1.84 (2H, d, J = 12.8 Hz), 1.65-1.47 (5H, m).

[0195] The compound of Example 33 can also be synthesized by the following method.

[0196] To a solution of the hydrochloride salt (100 mg) of Reference Example 1 in ethyl acetate (1.0 mL), 1-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)-3-methylazetidine-3-carboxylic acid (97 mg), triethylamine (0.17 mL), and a 50% solution of 2,4,6-tripropyl-1,3,5,2,4,6-trioxatriphosphorinane-2,4,6-trioxide in ethyl acetate (0.40 mL) were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction solution was simply purified by silica gel chromatography (elution solvent: ethyl acetate / methanol) to obtain a crude product. The resulting crude product was dissolved in chloroform (1.0 mL), and TFA (1.0 mL) was added, followed by stirring at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction solution was concentrated and purified by amino silica gel chromatography (elution solvent: ethyl acetate / methanol) to obtain Example 33 (90 mg).

[0197] Examples 34 to 40 Using the corresponding starting compounds, the compounds shown in Table 4 were obtained according to the synthesis method of Example 33. However, when the examples are salts, a salification step is included.

[0198] Example 41 (1,3-dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone hydrochloride To a solution of Example 33 (20 mg) in THF (0.50 mL), 36% aqueous formaldehyde solution (19 μL) and acetic acid (5.2 μL) were added. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride (39 mg) was added while stirring the solution at room temperature, and the mixture was stirred for 30 minutes. The reaction solution was purified by aminosilica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate → ethyl acetate / methanol). The resulting oily compound was dissolved in ethyl acetate (1 mL) and treated with a 4 mol / L solution of hydrochloric acid in ethyl acetate at room temperature to obtain Example 41 (15 mg). LC / MS ([M+H]+ / Rt(min)): 342.3 / 0.63 (measurement condition A). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ: 10.6 (1H, brs), 8.72 (1H, d, J = 1.6 Hz), 7.99 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 1.6 Hz), 7.86 (1H, d, J = 8.8 Hz), 4.52 (1H, d, J = 12.8 Hz), 4.13-4.12 (2H, m), 3.92-3.90 (2H, m), 3.32-3.29 (1H, m), 3.15 (1H, t, J = 12.8 Hz), 3.00 (1H, tt, J = 12, 3.2 Hz), 2.72 (3H, s), 1.91-1.83 (2H, m), 1.68-1.50 (5H, m).

[0199] Examples 42 to 48 Using the corresponding starting compounds, the compounds shown in Table 5 were obtained according to the synthesis method of Example 41. However, when the examples are not salts, the salification step is not necessary.

[0200] Example 49 (morpholin-4-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone To a solution of Reference Example 1 (30 mg) in chloroform (1.0 mL), morpholine-4-carbonyl chloride (18 μL) and N-ethyl-N-isopropylpropan-2-amine (34 μL) were added and stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction solution was purified by aminosilica gel chromatography (elution solvent: hexane / ethyl acetate → ethyl acetate / methanol) to obtain Example 49 (44 mg). LC / MS ([M+H]+ / Rt(min)): 344.2 / 0.79 (measurement condition A). 1H-NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6)δ: 8.70 (1H, d, J = 2.0 Hz), 7.98 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 2.0 Hz), 7.83 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 3.74 (2H, d, J = 13.6 Hz), 3.58 (4H, m), 3.15 (4H, m), 2.93-2.83 (3H, m), 1.82-1.79 (2H, m), 1.70-1.59 (2H, m).

[0201] Examples 50 to 59 Using the corresponding starting compounds, the compounds shown in Table 6 were obtained according to the synthesis method of Example 1.

[0202] Example 60 (1,4-oxazepan-4-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone Pyridine (95 mg) was added to a solution of 1,4-oxazepane (61 mg) in dichloromethane (2.0 mL) and the mixture was cooled to 0°C. Triphosgene (72 mg) was added, and the mixture was stirred at 0°C for 30 minutes. Diisopropylethylamine (0.23 g) and Reference Example 1 (69 mg) were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour. The reaction solution was concentrated and purified by preparative HPLC to obtain Example 60 (31 mg). LC / MS ([M+H]+ / Rt(min)): 357.9 / 1.54 (measurement condition B). 1 H-NMR (500 MHz, CDCl3)δ: 8.63 (1H, s), 7.74-7.72 (1H, m), 7.66 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 3.83-3.79 (6H, m), 3.55-3.52 (4H, m), 2.95-2.90 (2H, m), 2.86-2.81 (1H, m), 2.02-2.00 (2H, m), 1.91 (2H, d, J = 11.0 Hz), 1.80-1.72 (2H, m).

[0203] Examples 61 to 63 Using the corresponding starting compounds, the compounds shown in Table 7 were obtained according to the synthesis method of Example 60.

[0204] Examples 64 to 65 Using the corresponding starting compounds, the compounds shown in Table 8 were obtained according to the synthetic method of Example 41. However, when the examples were not salts, the salification step was not carried out.

[0205] Example 66 [3-methyl-1-(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)azetidin-3-yl]{4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone To a solution of Example 34 (46 mg) in THF (3.0 mL), 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (42 mg) and triethylamine (71 mg) were added, and the mixture was stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction solution was concentrated and purified by preparative HPLC to obtain Example 66 (19 mg). LC / MS ([M+H]+ / Rt(min)): 410.1 / 1.78 (measurement condition B). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)δ: 8.59 (1H, d, J = 4.8 Hz), 7.79 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.51 (1H, dd, J = 7.6, 4.8 Hz), 4.79 (1H, d, J = 13.2 Hz), 3.54-3.50 (4H, m), 3.41 (1H, d, J = 12.4 Hz), 3.26-3.17 (2H, m), 3.01 (2H, q, J = 9.2 Hz), 2.69 (1H, t, J = 12.8 Hz), 1.90 (2H, d, J = 12.8 Hz), 1.81-1.77 (1H, m), 1.69 (3H, s), 1.67-1.57 (1H, m).

[0206] Example 67 (1-cyclopropyl-3-methylazetidin-3-yl){4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone To a solution of Example 34 (46 mg) in ethanol (4.0 mL), (1-ethoxycyclopropoxy)trimethylsilane (73 mg), acetic acid (13 mg), and sodium cyanoborohydride (44 mg) were added and stirred at 60°C overnight. The reaction solution was cooled to room temperature, concentrated, and then purified by preparative HPLC to give Example 67 (22 mg). LC / MS ([M+H]+ / Rt(min)): 368.2 / 1.68 (measurement condition B). 1 H-NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3)δ: 8.58 (1H, dd, J = 4.4, 0.8 Hz), 7.79 (1H, d, J = 8.0 Hz), 7.50 (1H, dd, J = 8.0, 4.8 Hz), 4.81 (1H, d, J = 12.8 Hz), 3.53-3.50 (3H, m), 3.38-3.31 (2H, m), 3.25-3.12 (2H, m), 2.76-2.65 (1H, m), 1.89-1.84 (3H, m), 1.71-1.61 (2H, m), 1.59 (3H, s), 0.38-0.35 (4H, m).

[0207] Test Example 1: Reproduction of Parkinson's disease pathology (accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates) by three-dimensionally cultured neural spheroids using PLA2G6 gene-mutated human iPS cells PLA2G6 gene-mutated cells established from an iPS cell line derived from a healthy individual (clone name 201B7, obtained from the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University) were cultured at 37°C and 5% CO2 using StemFitAK03N medium (Ajinomoto Co., Basic03).

[0208] Neural stem cells were induced from the iPS cells using PSC Neuronal Induction Medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A1647801) to create a cell stock.

[0209] The cryopreserved neural stem cells were cultured in a culture medium at 37°C in 5% CO2. The culture medium for neural stem cells had the following composition:

[0210] Neural stem cell culture medium composition: Neurobasal medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, product number 2113049), Advanced DMEM / F-12 medium (Thermo Fisher Scientific, product number 12634028), Neural Induction Supplement (Thermo Fisher Scientific, product number A1647801).

[0211] Neural stem cells (10,000 cells / well) were seeded into a 96-well U-shaped plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific cat#174929) and cultured in culture medium at 37°C and 5% CO2. Half of the culture medium was replaced every 3-4 days. The culture medium for neural spheroids had the following composition:

[0212] BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) NeuroCult SM1 Neuronal Supplement (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#05711) N2 Supplement-A (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#07152) 20 ng / mL BDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-02) 20 ng / mL GDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-10) 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP (Nacalai, cat#11540-74) 200 nM ascorbic acid (Nacalai, cat#03420-52)

[0213] The differentiated neural spheroids were removed from the culture medium, and TBS solution (Nacalai, cat. #12748-31) supplemented with 1% Trition X-100 (Nacalai, cat. #12967-32) was added, and proteins were extracted using an ultrasonic homogenizer.

[0214] The amount of α-synuclein aggregates in the extracted protein was measured under non-reducing conditions by protein analysis using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with an α-synuclein antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat. #AHB0261), and the waveform corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 300 kD was quantitatively evaluated.

[0215] The amount of α-synuclein aggregates rapidly increased from day 7 to day 9 of culture. On day 9 of culture, neural spheroids generated from PLA2G6 mutant iPS cells showed more than five times the amount of α-synuclein aggregates compared to neural spheroids derived from iPS cells of healthy individuals. After day 9 of culture, the amount of aggregates showed a gradual increase. The results are shown in Figure 1.

[0216] Test Example 2: Evaluation of α-synuclein aggregate accumulation inhibition using neural spheroids generated from PLA2G6 gene-mutated human iPS cells (1) Differentiation induction from human iPS cells to neurons. Neural stem cells were induced from PLA2G6 gene-mutated cells using PSC Neuronal Induction Medium (ThermoFisher, cat#A1647801). Neural spheroids were generated from the induced neural stem cells using a three-dimensional culture method and maintained in BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) containing NeuroCult SM1 Neuronal Supplement, N2 Supplement-A, 20 ng / mL BDNF, 20 ng / mL GDNF, 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP, and 200 nM ascorbic acid. Half of the culture medium was replaced on days 2 and 4 after differentiation induction. The test compound was diluted with culture medium to a concentration twice that of the final concentration, and an equal volume of the double concentration solution was added to each well when half the volume was replaced 4 days after differentiation induction.

[0217] (2) Evaluation of α-synuclein aggregate amount. Proteins were extracted from neural spheroids 9 days after differentiation induction using TBS solution supplemented with 1% Trition X-100, and the amount of α-synuclein aggregates was measured by protein analysis using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with an α-synuclein antibody (ThermoFisher, cat. #AHB0261). The amount of aggregates in neural spheroids supplemented with DMSO solution was defined as 100%, and the amount of aggregates in neural spheroids supplemented with each test compound was measured. The amount of aggregates after the addition of representative compounds is shown in Table 9.

[0218] Test Example 3: Evaluation of the Reduction of α-Synuclein Aggregate Accumulation Using Neural Spheroids Prepared from PLA2G6 Gene-Mutant Human iPS Cells (1) Induction of Differentiation from Human iPS Cells to Neurons Neural stem cells were induced from PLA2G6 gene-mutant cells using PSC Neuronal Induction Medium (ThermoFisher, cat#A1647801). Neural spheroids were prepared from the induced neural stem cells using a three-dimensional culture method and maintained in BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) containing NeuroCult SM1 Neuronal Supplement, N2 Supplement-A, 20 ng / mL BDNF, 20 ng / mL GDNF, 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP, and 200 nM ascorbic acid. Half of the culture medium was replaced every 3 to 4 days. The test compound was diluted with culture medium to a concentration twice that of the final concentration, and an equal volume of the double concentration solution was added to each well when half the volume was replaced 10 days after differentiation induction.

[0219] (2) Evaluation of α-synuclein aggregate amount. Proteins were extracted from neural spheroids 15 days after differentiation induction using TBS solution supplemented with 1% Trition X-100, and the amount of α-synuclein aggregates was measured by protein analysis using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with an α-synuclein antibody (ThermoFisher, cat. #AHB0261). The amount of aggregates in neural spheroids to which each test compound was added was measured. The amount of aggregates (%) in neural spheroids to which a representative compound was added is shown in Table 10, with the amount of aggregates in neural spheroids to which DMSO solution was added being defined as 100%.

[0220] Test Example 4: Reproduction of Parkinson's disease pathology (accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates) using dopaminergic neural spheroids prepared from PLA2G6 gene-mutated human iPS cells Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells were induced from PLA2G6 gene-mutated cells using a dopaminergic neural induction kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3147701), and a cell stock was prepared.

[0221] The cryopreserved dopaminergic neural progenitor cells were cultured at 37°C and 5% CO2 using a Floor Plate Cell Expansion Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3165801).

[0222] First, dopaminergic neural progenitor cells (10,000 cells / well) were seeded into a 96-well U-shaped plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific cat#174929) and cultured in culture medium at 37°C and 5% CO2. Half of the medium was replaced every 3-4 days after differentiation induction. The culture medium for dopaminergic neural spheroids had the following composition:

[0223] BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) Dopaminergic Neuron Maturation Supplement (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3147401) 20 ng / mL BDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-02) 20 ng / mL GDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-10) 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP (Nacalai, cat#11540-74) 200 nM ascorbic acid (Nacalai, cat#03420-52)

[0224] The differentiated dopamine neural spheroids were removed from the culture medium, and a TBS solution (Nacalai, cat. #12748-31) containing 1% Trition X-100 (Nacalai, cat. #12967-32) was added, followed by extraction of proteins using an ultrasonic homogenizer.

[0225] The amount of α-synuclein aggregates in the extracted protein was measured under non-reducing conditions using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with an α-synuclein antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat. #AHB0261), and the waveform corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 300 kD was quantitatively evaluated.

[0226] α-Synuclein aggregates rapidly increased from day 10 to day 21 of culture. On day 21 of culture, the amount of α-synuclein aggregates in dopaminergic neural spheroids generated from PLA2G6 mutant iPS cells was more than five times higher than that in dopaminergic neural spheroids derived from iPS cells of healthy individuals. After day 21 of culture, the amount of aggregates showed a slower increase. The results are shown in Figure 2.

[0227] Test Example 5: Evaluation of α-synuclein aggregate accumulation inhibition using dopaminergic neural spheroids generated from PLA2G6 gene-mutated human iPS cells (1) Induction of differentiation from human iPS cells to neurons Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells were induced from PLA2G6 gene-mutated cells using a dopaminergic neural induction kit (ThermoFisher, cat#A3147701). Dopaminergic neural spheroids were generated from the induced dopaminergic neural progenitor cells using a three-dimensional culture method and maintained in BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) containing NeuroCult SM1 Neuronal Supplement, N2 Supplement-A, 20 ng / mL BDNF, 20 ng / mL GDNF, 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP, and 200 nM ascorbic acid. Half of the culture medium was replaced every 3 to 4 days. The test compound was diluted with culture medium to a concentration twice that of the final concentration, and an equal volume of the double concentration solution was added to each well when half the volume was replaced 21 days after differentiation induction.

[0228] (2) Evaluation of α-synuclein aggregate amount. Proteins were extracted from dopamine neural spheroids 26 days after differentiation induction using TBS solution supplemented with 1% Trition X-100, and the amount of α-synuclein aggregates was measured by protein analysis using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with an α-synuclein antibody (ThermoFisher, cat. #AHB0261). The amount of aggregates in neural spheroids to which each test compound was added was measured. The amount of aggregates (%) in neural spheroids to which a representative compound was added is shown in Table 11, with the amount of aggregates in neural spheroids to which DMSO solution was added defined as 100%.

[0229] Test Example 6: Method for Reproducing Neurovulnerability Using Dopaminergic Neural Spheroids Prepared from PLA2G6 Gene-Mutant Human iPS Cells (1) Induction of Differentiation from Human iPS Cells to Neurons Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells were induced from PLA2G6 gene-mutant cells using a dopaminergic neural induction kit (ThermoFisher, cat#A3147701). Dopaminergic neural spheroids were prepared from the induced dopaminergic neural progenitor cells using a three-dimensional culture method and maintained in BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) containing NeuroCult SM1 Neuronal Supplement, N2 Supplement-A, 20 ng / mL BDNF, 20 ng / mL GDNF, 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP, and 200 nM ascorbic acid. Half of the culture medium was replaced every 3 to 4 days.

[0230] (2) Evaluation of tyrosine hydroxylase levels Proteins were extracted from dopamine neural spheroids 26 days after differentiation induction using TBS solution supplemented with 1% Trition X-100, and the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase were measured by protein analysis using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with a tyrosine hydroxylase antibody (Millipore, cat. #AB152). The results are shown in Figure 3.

[0231] Test Example 7: Evaluation of Improvement of Neurovulnerability Using Dopaminergic Neural Spheroids Prepared from PLA2G6 Gene-Mutated Human iPS Cells (1) Induction of Differentiation from Human iPS Cells to Neurons Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells were induced from PLA2G6 gene-mutated cells using a dopaminergic neural induction kit (ThermoFisher, cat#A3147701). Dopaminergic neural spheroids were prepared from the induced dopaminergic neural progenitor cells using a three-dimensional culture method and maintained in BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) containing NeuroCult SM1 Neuronal Supplement, N2 Supplement-A, 20 ng / mL BDNF, 20 ng / mL GDNF, 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP, and 200 nM ascorbic acid. Half of the culture medium was replaced every 3 to 4 days. The test compound is diluted with culture medium to a concentration twice that of the final concentration, and an equal volume of the double concentration solution is added to each well when half the volume is replaced 21 days after differentiation induction.

[0232] (2) Evaluation of tyrosine hydroxylase levels Proteins were extracted from dopamine neuronal spheroids 26 days after differentiation induction using TBS solution supplemented with 1% Trition X-100, and the levels of tyrosine hydroxylase were measured by protein analysis using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with a tyrosine hydroxylase antibody (Millipore, cat. #AB152).

[0233] Test Example 8: Method for Reproducing Neuronal Cell Death Using Neural Spheroids Prepared from PLA2G6 Gene-Mutated Human iPS Cells (1) Induction of Differentiation from Human iPS Cells to Neurons Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells were induced from PLA2G6 gene-mutated cells using a dopaminergic neural induction kit (ThermoFisher, cat#A3147701). Dopaminergic neural spheroids were prepared from the induced dopaminergic neural progenitor cells using a three-dimensional culture method and maintained in BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) containing NeuroCult SM1 Neuronal Supplement, N2 Supplement-A, 20 ng / mL BDNF, 20 ng / mL GDNF, 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP, and 200 nM ascorbic acid. Half of the culture medium was replaced every 3 to 4 days.

[0234] (2) Evaluation of neuronal cell death. Starting from day 35 of differentiation induction, 10 μM dopamine was added to the culture medium. 40 days after differentiation induction, proteins were extracted from dopamine neuronal spheroids using a TBS solution containing 1% Trition X-100. Neuronal cell death was measured by protein analysis using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with a cleaved caspase 3 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat. #9664). The results are shown in Figure 4.

[0235] Test Example 9: Evaluation of neuronal cell death inhibition using neural spheroids generated from PLA2G6 gene-mutated human iPS cells (1) Induction of differentiation from human iPS cells to neurons Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells were induced from PLA2G6 gene-mutated cells using a dopaminergic neural induction kit (ThermoFisher, cat#A3147701). Dopaminergic neural spheroids were generated from the induced dopaminergic neural progenitor cells using a three-dimensional culture method and maintained in BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) containing NeuroCult SM1 Neuronal Supplement, N2 Supplement-A, 20 ng / mL BDNF, 20 ng / mL GDNF, 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP, and 200 nM ascorbic acid. Half of the culture medium was replaced every 3 to 4 days. Test compounds are diluted with culture medium to a concentration twice that of the final concentration, and at the time of half-exchange 35 days after differentiation induction, an equal volume of the double concentration solution is added to each well together with 10 μM dopamine.

[0236] (2) Evaluation of neuronal cell death. Proteins were extracted from dopamine neuronal spheroids 40 days after differentiation induction using TBS solution supplemented with 1% Trition X-100, and the amount of neuronal cell death was measured by protein analysis using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with cleaved caspase 3 antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, cat. #9664).

[0237] Test Example 10: Method for reproducing Parkinson's disease pathology (accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates) using neural spheroids in three-dimensional culture using GBA1 gene-mutated human iPS cells GBA1 gene homozygous mutant cells established from an iPS cell line derived from a healthy individual were cultured in StemFitAK03N medium (Ajinomoto Co., Basic03) at 37°C and 5% CO2. Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells were induced from the GBA1 gene homozygous mutant iPS cells using a dopaminergic neural induction kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3147701) to create a cell stock.

[0238] The cryopreserved dopaminergic neural progenitor cells were cultured at 37°C and 5% CO2 using a Floor Plate Cell Expansion Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3165801).

[0239] Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells (10,000 cells / well) were seeded into a 96-well U-shaped plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific cat#174929) and cultured in culture medium at 37°C and 5% CO2. Half of the medium was replaced every 3-4 days after differentiation induction. The culture medium for dopaminergic neural spheroids had the following composition:

[0240] BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) Dopaminergic Neuron Maturation Supplement (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3147401) 20 ng / mL BDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-02) 20 ng / mL GDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-10) 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP (Nacalai, cat#11540-74) 200 nM ascorbic acid (Nacalai, cat#03420-52)

[0241] The differentiated dopamine neural spheroids were removed from the culture medium, and a TBS solution (Nacalai, cat. #12748-31) containing 1% Trition X-100 (Nacalai, cat. #12967-32) was added, followed by extraction of proteins using an ultrasonic homogenizer.

[0242] The amount of α-synuclein aggregates in the extracted protein was measured under non-reducing conditions by protein analysis using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with an α-synuclein antibody (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat. #AHB0261), and the waveform corresponding to a molecular weight of approximately 300 kD was quantitatively evaluated.

[0243] The amount of α-synuclein aggregates increased rapidly from day 21 to day 40 of culture, reaching saturation on day 40 of culture, after which no change in the amount was observed. The results are shown in Figure 5.

[0244] Test Example 11: Evaluation of reduction in α-synuclein aggregate accumulation using dopaminergic neural spheroids generated from GBA1 gene-mutated human iPS cells (1) Induction of differentiation from human iPS cells to neurons Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells were induced from GBA1 gene-mutated cells using a dopaminergic neural induction kit (ThermoFisher, cat#A3147701). Dopaminergic neural spheroids were generated from the induced dopaminergic neural progenitor cells using a three-dimensional culture method and maintained in BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) containing NeuroCult SM1 Neuronal Supplement, N2 Supplement-A, 20 ng / mL BDNF, 20 ng / mL GDNF, 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP, and 200 nM ascorbic acid. Half of the culture medium was replaced every 3 to 4 days. The test compound was diluted with culture medium to a concentration twice that of the final concentration, and an equal volume of the double concentration solution was added to each well when half the volume was replaced 40 days after differentiation induction.

[0245] (2) Evaluation of α-synuclein aggregate amount. Proteins were extracted from dopamine neural spheroids 44 days after differentiation induction using TBS solution supplemented with 1% Trition X-100, and the amount of α-synuclein aggregates was measured by protein analysis using a Simple Western system (Protein Simple, cat. #SM-W008) with an α-synuclein antibody (ThermoFisher, cat. #AHB0261). The amount of aggregates in neural spheroids to which each test compound was added was measured. The amount of aggregates (%) in neural spheroids to which a representative compound was added is shown in Table 12, with the amount of aggregates in neural spheroids to which a DMSO solution was added being defined as 100%.

[0246] Test Example 12: Confirmation of abnormal synchronous firing in neural spheroids in three-dimensional culture using GBA1 gene-mutated human iPS cells GBA1 gene homozygous mutant cells established from an iPS cell line derived from a healthy individual were cultured in StemFitAK03N medium (Ajinomoto Co., Basic03) at 37°C and 5% CO2.

[0247] Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells are induced from GBA1 gene homozygous mutant iPS cells using a dopaminergic neural induction kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3147701) to create a cell stock.

[0248] Cryopreserved dopaminergic neural progenitor cells are cultured at 37°C and 5% CO2 using a Floor Plate Cell Expansion Kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3165801).

[0249] Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells (10,000 cells / well) were seeded into a 96-well U-shaped plate (Thermo Fisher Scientific cat#174929) and cultured in culture medium at 37°C and 5% CO2. Half of the medium was replaced every 3-4 days after differentiation induction. The culture medium for dopaminergic neural spheroids had the following composition:

[0250] BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) Dopaminergic Neuron Maturation Supplement (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#A3147401) 20 ng / mL BDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-02) 20 ng / mL GDNF (Peprotech, cat#450-10) 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP (Nacalai, cat#11540-74) 200 nM ascorbic acid (Nacalai, cat#03420-52)

[0251] After 40 days of differentiation induction, half of the culture medium was removed, and an equal volume of measurement medium containing a fluorescent calcium probe (Molecular Devices, product name FLIPR Calcium 6 Assay Bulk Kit, cat#R8191) was added to the remaining medium. After 30 minutes of incubation, the cells were measured. The measurement medium used was Hank's buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#14065-056) containing 20 mM Hepes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#15630-080) and 0.1% bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich, cat#A9576). Images were captured at one frame per second.

[0252] Test Example 13: Test to evaluate the improvement of synchronous firing abnormalities using dopaminergic neural spheroids created from GBA1 gene-mutated human iPS cells (1) Differentiation induction from human iPS cells to neurons Dopaminergic neural progenitor cells were induced from GBA1 gene-mutated cells using a dopaminergic neural induction kit (ThermoFisher, cat#A3147701). Dopaminergic neural spheroids were generated from the induced dopaminergic neural progenitor cells using a three-dimensional culture method and maintained in BrainPhys Neuronal Medium (STEMCELL Technologies, cat#ST-05793) containing NeuroCult SM1 Neuronal Supplement, N2 Supplement-A, 20 ng / mL BDNF, 20 ng / mL GDNF, 1 mM dibutyryl cAMP, and 200 nM ascorbic acid. Half of the culture medium was replaced every 3 to 4 days. The test compound was diluted with culture medium to a concentration twice that of the final concentration, and an equal volume of the double concentration solution was added to each well when half the volume was replaced 40 days after differentiation induction.

[0253] (2) Evaluation of synchronized firing. 44 days after differentiation induction, half of the culture medium for dopaminergic neuronal spheroids was replaced, and an equal volume of measurement medium containing a fluorescent calcium probe (Molecular Devices, product name FLIPR Calcium 6 Assay Bulk Kit, cat#R8191) was added. After 30 minutes of incubation, measurements were performed. The measurement medium used was Hank's buffer (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#14065-056) containing 20 mM Hepes (Thermo Fisher Scientific, cat#15630-080) and 0.1% bovine serum albumin (Sigma-Aldrich, cat#A9576). Images were captured at one frame per second.

[0254] The compounds of the present invention exhibit an inhibitory or reducing effect on the accumulation of α-synuclein aggregates and are therefore useful as therapeutic and / or preventive agents for central nervous system disorders characterized by an inhibitory or reducing effect on the accumulation of abnormal protein aggregates in the brain. The present invention is also useful as a method for reproducing the pathology of Parkinson's disease using neural spheroids and as a method for assessing the amount of α-synuclein aggregates using the same.

[0255] As described above, the compound represented by formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof exhibits an inhibitory or reducing effect on α-synuclein aggregates. Therefore, the compound represented by formula (1) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is useful as a therapeutic and / or preventive agent for central nervous system disorders involving α-synuclein aggregates, such as Parkinson's disease and Lewy syndrome dementia.

Claims

1. A compound selected from the following group of compounds or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof: (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone, (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone, {4-[5-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methanone, (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[4-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone, (1,3-dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone, and (1,3-Dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone.

2. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

3. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

4. 2. The compound according to claim 1, wherein the compound is {4-[5-fluoro-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}(3-methyloxetan-3-yl)methanone, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

5. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is (3-methyloxetan-3-yl){4-[4-methyl-6-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

6. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is (1,3-dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[2-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

7. 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is (1,3-dimethylazetidin-3-yl){4-[5-(trifluoromethyl)pyridin-3-yl]piperidin-1-yl}methanone, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.