INTENSIVE PHOTOHETEROTROPHIC CULTURE PROCESS IN HIGH SALINITY FOR CRUSTACEANS.

Abstract

The present invention relates to an intensive photoheterotrophic culture process in high salinity for crustaceans, specifically white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. The system allows for better production control by reducing water exchange and discharges into the environment, thus controlling the introduction of harmful agents (pathogens, toxins, predators) and enabling shrimp farming in extreme (desert) regions, where the salinity of the culture system increases significantly due to temperature, solar radiation, and winds, and where there is a lack of fresh water.

Description

DB PROCESS INTENSIVE PHOTOTROPHIC CULTIVATION WITH HIGH SALINITY FOR CRUSTACEANS TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION 5 This invention relates to the technical fields of biotechnology and aquaculture, since it refers to an intensive photoheterotrophic cultivation process in alpha salinity for crustaceans, specifically white shrimp LitGp&na&us 10 vaánainei. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION '< N Shrimp farming has been classified into 15 intensity categories according to the use of resources such as feed, aeration, energy, land, and water. Semi-intensive production systems, which are common in Ecuador and Central America, have adopted a risky production system that requires significant resources to reduce the risk of overproduction. and prevent disease outbreaks. These systems sometimes benefit from specific subsidies that translate into system externalities, where the producer does not have to bear all the costs (for example, the availability of concessions or allocations of cheap land, permits, simplified or subsidized discharges), or from premiums in specific shrimp markets of lower intensity. At the other end of the spectrum are the fully enclosed, hyper-intensive systems, popular in North America and Europe, which are very biologically safe and have virtually no direct interaction with the environment. More intensive methods resemble precision agriculture and are more environmentally friendly due to their more efficient use of resources per unit weight of crop produced (Boyd et al., 2017; Boyd et al., 2018). 5 Biosecurity, environmental and economic concerns in the shrimp industry have led to a concerted effort to develop new technologies that generate more efficient production strategies (Boyd & Clay, 10: 2002; Chamberí a in, 2Θ121 FAO 2006). Most intensive systems depend on the quality of supplemental feeds (Tacón, 2002), the development of heterotrophic flocs (Avnimelech, 2007) and the reduction of water exchange (Fruder, Mcalpine-Hos-s & Tacón, 2001; Sandifer & Hopkin®, 15 1994; Shishehchian, 2012). However, in semi-arid regions, such as in northwestern Mexico, high evaporation rates pose a challenge to a significant reduction in water exchange as a measure of salinity (Martínez et al., 1995, 1997, 1998a; Moreno-Fígueroa et al., 2017, 2010). CTBNOR has contributed to the generation of scientific knowledge in order to implement a more efficient production technology with a clear value proposition for the 25 producers; making less use of land, water, energy and supplementary feed, which will result in greater benefits (Moreno-Kgueroa et al., 2018; Villarreal et al., 2012). Since feed represents one of the most significant costs - from an operational point of view in cultivation Due to the increase in the cost of fishmeal and fish oil, GISNOR has carried out work aimed at replacing fishmeal, cod meal and soybean meal with red shrimp meal Fleuroncodes planipes 5 (Villarreal et al, 2004; Villarreal et al, 2006). From this work, a patent was obtained for the Extraction Process of Concentrates of Red Shrimp (Fleuroncodes planipes) Meal on a Dry Basis, granted to CIBNQR (Villarreal et al, 2018). In the field of production, CTBNOR and the University of Sonora (UNISON) carried out various investigations to optimize the use of energy used for water exchange and the aeration system in white shrimp X. vannamei and F. a. Sartinez-Córdova et al. (1995) conducted an experiment in a semi-arid region (Bahía de Kino in Sonora, Mexico) and demonstrated that water exchanges of less than 5% negatively affected the survival and performance of white shrimp, X. vannamei, if aeration was not provided. A subsequent study (Martínez-Cordova et al., 1997) demonstrated that aeration of 6 hours per day and a water recirculation rate of 5% was sufficient to increase survival and performance to the levels obtained with a water exchange rate of 15%. On the other hand, Martínez et al. (1998a) evaluated the effect of aeration on chlorophyll a, zooplankton, and benthos in ponds of brown shrimp, X. caiiforniensis. Zooplankton abundance was higher in environments with 6 and 12 hours of daytime aeration. The highest abundances of organisms Diatonic. They were recorded in treatments with 6 and 12 hours of aeration. The results suggest that aeration has a significant effect on both water quality and the abundance of biotic communities in the ponds. This effect is not only related to the incorporation of oxygen into the water column, but also to the resuspension of organic matter at the bottom of the pond. Survival was not affected by the different aeration rates evaluated. This contrasts with the results obtained by Martinez-Códova et al. (1997), who reported that aeration had a direct effect on the survival and growth of white shrimp. 10 vannaatel during the summer. It is important to note that dissolved oxygen levels in warmer waters are usually lower, and the effect of aeration is more significant. The positive effect of 6 and 12 hours of aeration on the growth of brown shrimp is probably due to the improvement in water quality and strengthening of biotic communities in the ponds. In order to optimize the use of supplementary feeds in shrimp farming, Martínez-Córdova et al. (1998b) evaluated 20 different feeding strategies in the cultivation of brown shrimp E. da 1.1 family. The best results were obtained with the strategy of feeding with natural food and feeding with feeding baskets. The growth, survival, yield and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of the shrimp were slightly lower than those obtained in semi-intensive farms in Mexico and other countries with tropical species during the summer. On the other hand, the response of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthos to four aeration rates was evaluated in white shrimp (X. vannamei) culture ponds with less than 5% daily water exchange. The abundance of phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthos was greater in treatments with 0 hr of aeration / day. The abundance of benthos decreased over the culture period for all treatments. Shrimp showed better growth with 5 hr of aeration / day; survival and performance were similar in ponds with 6, 12 and 24 hr of aeration- and lower with 0 hr of aeration (Martxnex-Córdova et al, 1998c·. Other experimental evaluations will be carried out to measure the response of intensive white shrimp (L. vannamei) culture to the partial and total replacement of the formulated diet with live insects. A better response was observed in the treatment with 50% substitution of the formulated feed with live insects, followed by the treatment.<v4.> with a formulated diet and with 75% of the M..u<. ón respectively. Furthermore, no negative effect was observed with insect substitution in the physiological state of the >-*va»-·>-> (evaluated by parameters in bemolinfa). However, the 20 caimans fed exclusively on insects had poor growth and the lowest physiological parameters, and a lower post-harvest quality compared to the rest of the treatments (Martin-Córdova et al, 2012). On the other hand, in order to use a local shrimp species, the alternating culture of white shrimp, Litchehaisus vinnasei, and brown shrimp, Farfantpetfaeus californissis, was evaluated during the summer-autumn and autumn-winter seasons in Sonora, Mexico (Martines et al., 1999). Two stocking densities (20 and 30 shrimp / m²) were evaluated in both species. The results showed that the alternating culture The cross-pollination of these two species is feasible, and the brown shrimp substitution was not negatively affected by the previous cultivation of white shrimp in aspects such as pathogen transmission or deterioration of water quality. The growth rate (0.885–1.02 g / week), survival (66.71–77.8%), and yield (2,203–2,462 kg / ha) of the white shrimp were comparable to those reported for most semi-intensive commercial farms. In the case of the brown shrimp, during the autumn-winter season, the three parameters were lower (growth rate 0.44 g / week; survival rate 50.2%–52.1%; and yield 1,260–1,536 kg / ha, respectively). Growth and survival rates in both species were higher at the lower density. These results can contribute to improving the economic viability of Shrimp farming in non-tropical regions due to the possibility of using the infrastructure during the autumn-winter season, which is not normally used. From 2003 to 2008 CXEÍ4QR carried out 3 cultivation cycles (1 / year) on intensive cultivation of white shrimp L. vannamei in 20 earthen ponds without water exchange. In order to intensify the cultivation, the following objectives were set: use of water efficiently, reduce energy expenditure, optimize the use of the carrying capacity of the ponds, increase the yield and maintain profitability. Earthen ponds of 25 1 Ha of water surface were used and replicated, the stocking density was 64-86 EZ / mz, aeration of 18 Hp / Héi, feed with 35% HC content, a mixed culture system {micro.oa.lga / .ha-terotró.flco} was managed, 3 al.lmerrtacw during 17022 4 days of culture, coí 2 precpsechss of shrimp, The weight of the 30 shrimp obtained at the end of the culture varied from 19-23 g> the survival of 75-36%, and the yield of 8.1-9.9 ton. / Ha, ~7~ with EGA 1.7-1.3,. The pre-reduction costs were 2.2-2.1 USD / kg and the selling price was 4.4-4.0 üSD$ / kg {Villafreal et al, 2012}. Additionally, the circadian activity of digestive enzymes was a good predictor of the demand for food in the culture pond. The physiological response of the shrimp showed improved nutritional condition and reduced susceptibility to stress under this production scheme. The Water Quality Index (WQI) never reached critical levels. This index is a tool that allows for the reduction of 10 risk factors. Pathological monitoring of the shrimp during the 2006-2008 culture cycles showed no presence of White Spot Syndrome Virus (WSSV) or Infectious Hematopoietic Necrosis Virus (IHHHV). An increase in heterotrophic bacteria was recorded in the water (18 x 10⁻¹¹ J⁰ml) and in the shrimp intestine, without an increase in pathogenic bacteria, such as coliforms. Finally, the economic evaluation of this production scheme showed a better profit per unit ($104,902) and benefit-cost ratio (1).56), compared to other intensive and intensive systems. In 2010-2011, CISÑOR collaborated with a South Baja Californian company, El Camarón Sureño. In 2010, two cultivation cycles were carried out (1: March-July and 2: July-November) in 65.3 hectares of earthen ponds. In cycle 1, 21 ponds of 3 hectares each were used, stocked with 60 shrimp / m², with a daily water exchange of approximately 25%, 18 HP / ha of aeration, feed with 40% and 35% crude protein, four feedings (8, 11, 14, and 17 hours), 120 days of cultivation, and harvesting at 13 g of shrimp weight. In cycle 2... The same ponds and culture structures were used, except for the density, which was 84 P1-15 / πι2, and two partial harvests were carried out at shrimp weights of 10 and 13 g. For the first and second cycles, the obtained weights were 15.6 and 21.6 g respectively, a biomass of β<7 and 10.2 ton / Ha, which represented 566.8 and 666.1 tons in cycles 1 and 2 respectively, totaling 1,232.*'' tons annually. The production cost was between 2.9 and 3.1 USD / kg and the selling price was 4.97 OSp$ / kg. In 2011, two intensive cultivation cycles were carried out at the Southern Shrimp farm. Table 1 shows the zones, pond sizes, and management conditions during cultivation. Table 1. Areas located in each sky and candi ciernes of «anejo during intensive shrimp farming Mancó t. vaaríaseei. Zone I (Mar-Octj 2gh«3 XI (Mar*Oct) Kona XIX €σ«η~Νον) .estanques φί tierra í 3 w Ha¿ EstsaqUeS de í i.1 Ho' »ensí.rS«d >3« si«nVsxa: 7Í3 £-1^^^ $15-15-d. A'ie «-ΧίίηΐίΡr-si .11¾ 7L ^Υϊϊϊ; 3$husband; OS <3®m«5rrí:Us· necar&l', 'ie a«va: 35i Ke'caísfeio ás agua: 3SS Airea-tionc· 0 KP / .KB aireacióní H? / Hs ¡13 6? Ait«aei*n; 30 HF / Ha lia hí AlñuebKó; -·ύ o- on. Alisenlo: 40 & 3SS VC Μίδ^είσ: 4 0 i 33⁄4^ PC Aiiwn: -»rcn : * v*.c®s / dd.* {8, 11.·, .1.4 ,y 17 ΐ9, π; 14 y 17 hrsj A1 xfTuen tei 6rt; 4 -vee«& / dj a 11, 14 y .17 Bies áe cuiUro: 240 Dijssj ;24G Ύ 5^ ti'? i VÚ : 154 Ccseyísas fací-juís: 3 Go«e <YigiS par r: ; 5 ' 3 ρΑΓ,.ΙΛίΡΙ: i The results obtained in 3011 are shown, in Table 2. -9Table 2. Productive variables sustained in the intensive cultivation of white pa^arón 1. vannatnei in 2011 in gjxanja El Camarón Surefio*·. ÍBstJ Siojasa Moroasa í toa / s&s) Tasa cxrsac?. FOR i í o Hr / sa; 3$. <: 39. S s ü U . >> 1.4 1,4 ΐΧ ÍZ7 jm / Hú; te. > 38.9 i . HS lS í .8 til <S0HS‘ / Ha; Total 42. S .144..5 29.8 1.7 The highest weight (39.5 g) was obtained at the lowest density of 5 crops and without aeration, with water exchange on demand according to the oxygen levels recorded in the water during the cultivation period; however, the yield was the lowest (8.1 ton / Ha). The highest yield was obtained with 27 HP / Ha (20 tons / Ha) with an average weight of 38.9 g. With 30 HP / Ha and 10% aeration, 18.8 ton / Ha was obtained in a cycle of 154 days in summer-all, unlike the 240 days of the other treatments. The production cost in zone I, without aeration and water exchange on demand, was 3.3 £ / kg; and for zones II and III the cost was 2.7 £ / kg with a selling price of 4.97 £ / kg. From these evaluations we conclude that the use of aeration systems and intensification in shrimp farming is more profitable (Villar-real et al, 2012). In 2011, shrimp farming intensification trials were conducted at C1BNOR in 1,000 m² ponds lined with 20% HDPE, with 0% water exchange and 18 Hp / Ha of aeration and a 147-day culture period. The yields achieved were 1, 1, and 25 tons / Ha, respectively, for stocking densities of 60, 153, and 180 snails / m². The results show that 30 tons / Ha / year is feasible. It was possible to increase the yield from 25 to 16 and 25 tons / Ha with stocking densities of 153 and 180 snails / m² in 147-day cycles. The results achieved represented — 3.0 — my progress ixnpcr t-inte that can contribute to improving the viability of shrimp farming in the country (Villarreal et al., 2015b), Given the previous advances, the need to develop a cultivation process that improves profitability, reduces environmental impact, and enhances the standard of living for those involved in the sector is evident. This requires intensive systems with low water exchange, aeration, probiotics, the use of easily digestible feeds, and a selection program. Therefore, the cultivation process of the present invention is an effective solution to the identified problem. The present invention has as its object the design of an intensive photoheterotrophic cultivation process in high salinity for crustaceans, specifically white shrimp Xi tcpesaens vannaaei. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES Figure 1. Sand filter system at 20 microns and 650 gpm flow rate. Figure 2. Comparison of white shrimp growth in surface and bottom aeration systems in 1,000 m2 ponds. Figure 3. Oxygen saturation values ​​under two aeration systems in interactive shrimp culture with photoheterotrophic management, in 1,000 m2 ponds. Figure 4. 15 HP pump system in the concrete shed located on the beach adjacent to CIBNOR. Figure 5. Reservoirs with a water surface area of ​​1,000 m2 in BioHelis. -11Figuxa 6. Sand filter system at 2Q mieras and 650. gpm Je £1U3o in BióRe1is. H'gu£a T / Estínque with a.feeders aufora-áticp's used in .the evaluation and recharge process of feed. Light.. Filling and preparation of 1# 000 »2 tanks, for the evaluation of feeding frequency. Figure 9. Probiotics applied to shrimp farming during feeding frequency evaluation. Figure 10. Harvesting process of ponds at the end of the fattening period and recording of biological response variables for the evaluation of feeding frequency Figure 11. Variation of the surface area at 8 o'clock in ponds with feeding 3 times / day (A1, A2J), feeding 2 times / day (F1, F2) and feeding 4 times a day (C1, C2). The line ν'' and the number represent the moment when the aeration level went from 20 hp / ha to 40 hp / ha. Figure 12. Temperature variation at 6 pm in ponds with 3 times / day feeding (I1, A2), 2 times / day feeding (I1, P2) and 4 times / day feeding (IC1, C2). The red line and the number represent the time when the aeration level went from 20 hp / ha to 40 hp / ha. Figure 13. Variation of dissolved oxygen concentration recorded at 8 am in ponds with feeding 3 times / day (Al, A2), with feeding 2 times / day (O1, 22) and with feeding 4 times / day (Cl, C2). The red line and the number represent the moment when the aeration level went from 20 hp / ha to 40 hp / ha. Figure 14. Variation of dissolved oxygen concentration recorded at 6 pm in ponds with 3 times / day feeding (Al, A2J), with 2 times / day feeding (Pl, 22) and with 4 times / day feeding (Gl, C2). The red line and the number —12— represent the point at which the aeration level went from 20 hp / Ha to 45 hp / ha. Figure 15. Variation of pH values ​​recorded at 8 am in ponds with 3 times / day feeding (Al, A2), with 2 times / day feeding (El, P2) and with 4 times / day feeding (Q, C2). 16. Variation of pH values ​​recorded at 6 pm in ponds with feeding 3 times / day (Al, A2), with feeding 2 times / day (P1, P2) and with feeding 10 4 times / day (Cl, C2). The red line and the number represent the moment when the aeration level went from 20 hp / ha to 40 hp / ha. Figure 17. Variation of salinity over time, during the fattening of Litopenseus vannamei with feeding of 15 3 times / day (Al, A2) , with feeding of 2: times / day (Pl, F2) and with feeding of 4 times / day {Cl, C2}. Figure 1S. Variation of values ​​of arabid, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, phosphate, alkalinity and silica over time, during the fattening of litopenaeus vannamei, with feeding 20 of 3 times / day (Al, AZ) , with feeding, of 2 times / day (Fl, P2) and with feeding of 4 times / day (Cl, ü2). Figure 19. Variation of turbidity, total suspended solids, settleable solids, BOD5, Chlorophyll-a, heterotrophic bacteria, Lactobacillus spp. and Vidrio spp., over time, during the fattening of Litgpenaeus vannamei, with feeding 3 times / day (A1, A2), with feeding 2 times / day (P1, P2) and with feeding 4 times / day (Cl, C2). Figure 20. Increase in turbidity over time during the fattening of Litgpenaeus vannamei with feeding 3 times / day (A1, A2), with feeding 2 times / day (CP1, P2) and with feeding 4 times / day (Cl, C2). —13— 21» Weight gain over time during the fattening of Litopenaeus -vannaaeí with feeding 3 times / day (A) , with feeding 2 times / day (P) and with feeding 4 times / day (C). . Figixra 22. Pond? of 1,000 p2 in BioHells watts at the end of the evaluation with different feeding frequencies» DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an intensive heterotrophic culture process in high salinity for crustaceans, specifically for the cultivation of white shrimp Litcepenaeus vanamei. This process optimizes production through the biosecure management of the intensive shrimp culture system with a photoheterotrophic strategy, which limits water scarcity in desert and semi-desert regions. The system of the present invention allows access to shrimp culture in extreme (desert) regions, where the salinity of the culture system increases significantly due to temperature, solar radiation, and winds, and there is a lack of fresh water that could help control the problem. The process of the present invention is an intensive, biosecure shrimp farming system for desert and semi-desert regions, where the management of environmental variables allows for more efficient production. In comparison with traditional systems that use water recirculation, the proposed system does not generate organic waste that must be continuously removed from the system, unlike existing intensive heterotrophic systems. The production process of the present invention is bio-based -1410 for desert and semi-desert regions, where the management of environmental variables of the system allows for a more efficient production of the species, compared to traditional systems, and what, unlike existing intensive heterotrophic systems, does not generate organic waste that must be continuously removed from the system. The modulation of the system allows for the management of intensive cultivation without water exchange, without generating significant waste (organic matter) and without significant applications of supplementary inputs that must be monitored or renewed later. Table 3 shows the cultivation specifications in the intensive photoheterotrophic system at high and minimum salinity. water change.. Table 3. íspasiflcaeíóiubs of emission «n irt tenslvo in aitía salinidad y sii.rniBirj ele. ESpeci^icaCien J TwnA\<. <it>uj i dad díf pr«:..?.ucc:ióT. í H a I 2Q Süíísñ1¾ -íjrsnques de 2 na 10 Rendí fst i sí sí t» ΐ or< / t * / ciclos 2 Densidad dé cultivo lorg / m?' 120 | M x'eacñnrs f Η P / H;as Recáetelo de agua (t / díal 1 . ​The photoheterotrophic hypersaline intensive production sisrsna with minimal seawater replacement of the present invention, eomprerí <ie al menos el uso de seis estanques de 1000 m2 revestidos con HDPE, en donde la salinidad utilizada para el cultivo oscila entre 37 a 45 ± 2 g / L·, y el —15— nivel de agua se rKántlens con adición semanal de agua de mar filtrada, equivalente al 1,6% por día. El procesó de la presente invención cuenta con un 95% de confianza (modelo eetocástico) de que el sistema produce entre 12,1 y 14,7 t / Ha 5 con un peso individual final medio de 13,1 g y una supervivencia media de 84,2% de camarón blanco .51 torvOsaus vaíinamei. El proceso de cultivo de La presente invención mantiene, a compuestos nitrogenados entre los niveles óptimos de cultivo (1JH3-E.H4 + = 0.73 ± 0.43 mg / E, N-NQ2_ = 0.09 ± 0.95 mg / I., N10 NO3_ — 3.221 p.ll mgA) - Asimismo, las Bacterias heterótrofas (6.6 1 3.4 x 105 OFC' / ml) y clorofila (108.5 1 80.2 pg / L) show a similar development pattern, indicating a strong It was shown that the photoheterotrophic system can be used, under hypersaline conditions, typical of semi-arid regions, to systematically produce between 12.1 and 14.7 t / ha in 15 weeks (Moreno-Figuéroa et al., 2017, 2018). Vi 1larreal, et al·., 2015bj . It allows for consistent shrimp production and achieves a 10.5% reduction in production costs, improving the economic viability of the crop. Modulating variables allows for increased system production under conditions normally considered suboptimal or extreme, reducing environmental impact compared to intensive heterotrophic systems that require routine removal of organic matter, thus improving profitability compared to traditional intensive production systems that use up to 30% water exchange per day. Technology allows for the optimization of the production process through the control of water quality variables, increasing usage! — 16— of aeration, the limited incorporation of seawater in specific pulses and the efficient management of the amount of supplemental feed supplied, based on the response of the system, defined by the levels of certain water quality variables, and by the expression of selected genes in the organism. The system allows for better production control by reducing water exchange and discharges to the annuity, allowing control of the entry of harmful agents (pathogens, toxins, predators); Sustainability: The need for inputs (e.g., fertilizer, molasses) is limited to generate specific cultivation phases (phototrophic or heterotrophic), decreasing costs, on the one hand, and a reduction in organic matter, which allows the elimination of water discharges during cultivation, reducing the impact on the soil. The intensive photoheterotrophic cultivation process in high salinity for white shrimp XXtopenaeas vannamei of the present invention is characterized in that it comprises the use of an aeration system composed of: i) At least 6 PVC membrane-lined tanks fed with 20-micron filtered seawater via a pumping subsystem with a 25-micron evaporation loss replacement supply and a 5% / day water exchange rate, where the water is moved at a 30° angle to the bottom of the tank with the aid of a venturi and a propeller. 3 of the tanks have a microporous mesh at the bottom, and ii) A plurality of pipes supplying air to three tanks i), where the air is supplied to the —17— tennos lOHPZHa The cultivation of white spur is carried out at afta tetapelatora between 27.0 and SlAC, dissolved oxygen (mg) between 2 and 8, a pH between 8: and 5 and salinity between 4.5 and 48.0 / 00 per pond. AsimiSKO uses a nitrite concentration (mg / L) of 0.73 to 0.43, nitrates (mg / L) of 0.09 ± 0.05 and ammonium (mg / L) between 2.0 and 8.0 per pond, the stocking density for shrimp rearing is at least 120 PL / m³, and is carried out with an alkalinity (mg / L) between 125 and 270, a sodium concentration (mg / L) between 6 and 31, a chlorpophyllin content (mg / L) between 108.5 and 80.2, and marine heterotrophic microorganisms (10® VEC / mL) at least 2.2 and lactobacillus spp (ufü / mL) at least 3.8. EXAMPLES: Examples of embodiments of the present invention, without this representing a limitation, include the following: Example 1. Intensive photoheterotrophic cultivation process in high salinity for intensive shrimp fattening, with reduced water exchange rate. rá) Aeration System. Shrimp postlarvae were used in a local commercial laboratory. For the test, 6 ponds of 50 x 20 m (1,000 m²) and 1.7 a average depth were used, lined with PVC membrane. Each pond was supplied with -18independent of seawater filtered to 20 Meras ímdiante filters de arenané j (Figura 1) , coming from the BioHelis pumping system, establishing a supply to replace losses due to evaporation and water exchange of 5% / day. Two aeration systems were compared in triplicate. The EX Surface System uses a 2 hp Aire-Qp tide aerator in each pond. This system injects air through a venturi and a propeller that moves the water at an angle of 3° to the bottom of the pond. The system is effective at moving water up to 1.00 m away and with a maximum depth of 2.5 m. The Bottom System used a 6 HP turbo blower that distributes, flowing PVC hydraulic pipe, 6 air volume to three: tanks, each with a mesh at the bottom of the 'tank' of 1 tocroporous hose. At greater depth the oxygen transfer efficiency improves, up to a depth of 2.2 m. The stocking density of shrimp was ISO shrimp / m2 for each pond. The post-larvae were fattened from PL15 until reaching 0.5 g, in a period of 20 days, in the intensive shrimp nursery tank system. Highly digestible feed (ZIEGLER®) with 35% crude protein was provided twice daily (8 am–4 pm). Temperature, pH, and dissolved oxygen were monitored daily (7:30 am–4:00 pm) using a Hydrolab DS5X probe. Ammonium, nitrite, nitrate, phosphate, alkalinity, and hardness levels were evaluated using a HACH / Erre-11 2000 monitoring system, and the C:N balance was estimated based on the equations proposed by (Avnimelech, 1999). Growth rate was evaluated using an OHAUS digital scale (precision ± 0.001 g), and the population was estimated using random samples at different points in the pond. At the end of the evaluation, -19 Determine the weight, survival, and harvest yield. The growth obtained is shown in Figure 2, where it can be observed that the bottom aeration treatment reached 11.6 g in 11 weeks of culture, compared to 7.8 g in the surface aeration treatment. Figure 3 shows the oxygen values ​​recorded during the culture; Tables 4-7 show the recorded values ​​of the physicochemical parameters of water quality in the evaluated treatments. 10 Table 4. 8ai:á®liters of totajígues of 1,000 m2 in intensive cultivation. of caasaté with photo-heterethric management. 24-hour ventilation, with a surface ventilation system. ^x^áunjsioiío^ 0S=00 14:00 20 = 00 pro» WS CBS +x>s T 'C 2 7.7 9 2.8 2 ¿'Λ 2.79 36.15 3. OS Dissolved Oxygen (W) 2 .80 o; salinity " / 00 48.30 4.02 •0.79 T7oo 4 8.4 4 3.49 Talóle. 5. fiaisuBétHis gu isrúaos dé eátaááscss ds X, QóO «2 <:·.·.: cultivo λ n L vss ; v·:. cié caserén eon manejo fóte-LetérOtrófieó. Aireación 24 toras, bayo 2 glstemas de aíréédigr - Bottom- Superé i <sx e prcm pxrorn +DS Nitritos jag / t 0 - 0 s 0.15 0.1 3 0.32 Ws. trato® mg / X. 0 , üi 0..-S4 o. as til i íaonio mg / I. 8.13 6,75 8.13 V. 33 -20 Tab Airing 12 hours, with bottom airing system. Par-ám®tros | 08:00 14:00 j 20:00 | ρ ΚΌϊΙΐ WS 5>roí^ +DS I prose +»s τ c 37. eo ¿xigiimp Di w ÍW> Oxígpeno DisueitoqüStüsS” (%) | "o 3 63 "77771 3.20 j 30.3 3. Tm ------------- ¢ / 43 3.2 9 .1 ♦ 4 6 111.92 '0 ; 7 6> 22.2 6 pH |. 8.66 'galiniáed' e / Qd |. iS.OS 0. c? Table 7. Chemical parameters of 1,000 ton ponds in intensive shrimp farming with photo-beta-trophic management. Aeration for 12 hours, under two aeration systems. Bottom Surface Par as»€at.re>s ±DS pr-óss I +DS Nitrites mg / L 8 - 6 3 3.0'1 nitqcsfeas jng / ϊ. 6.03 D-. 01. 0 v 0 3 | C, 13 Ammonium mg / L 2 60 2.4 8 2.97 j 2.54 W b) Power Supply Frequency The purpose of this test was to optimize the use of feed, through feeding frequencies, in the high salinity intensive photoheterotrophic shrimp farming system. i) Seawater pumping and filtration system. The water for filling the ponds is taken from La Paz Bay, 600 m from the shoreline, using 3 centrifugal pumps of 15 HP, with an 8-inch suction, located in a concrete shed on the beach. The water pipeline to —21— Iqs reservoirs in BioHelis s® were carried out with PAD pipe and 6-inch PVC valves on each pump (Figure 4). Two reservoirs with a water surface area of ​​1,000 m2 (50 x 20 m and 1.5 m deep, covered with a 40,000 gauge membrane (Figure 5), receive the water 500 m away from the pumping system. Once in the reservoirs, the water is filtered through mechanical silica sand filters (20 microns), with a flow rate of 650 gpm (Figure 0). xx) Ponds. Two ponds with a water surface area of ​​1,000 ml (50 x 20 m) and a depth of 1.5 m were used, lined with 40,000-gauge geomembrane. Each pond has independent water supply and drainage, using 6-inch PVC pipes and a quick-closing valve for flow control. The central drain is located at the deepest end and in the center of the pond. iii) Organizations For 1® evaluation, postlarvae (FLEO) of white shrimp, Litopenaeus vapnamei, were acquired from the company Larvas Gran Mar, 20 SA belonging to the Mexican Aquaculture Group (GAM), with a certified aquaculture health certificate, free of WSSV, TSV, YHV, IMNV, NHP. The stocking density for pre-nursery was 120 PL / m². The organisms were stocked in the ponds after a 25-minute acclimation period to the temperature and salinity of the culture pond for 1 hour. Stocking was carried out directly from the -22 transporter to the 1,000 m2 ponds, using 1.5 inch hoses. The precarious phase was carried out in a tank for 28 days, until reaching an average weight of 0.2 g. The feed during this phase was based on a commercial micro-pelletized feed for pre-nursery, with 35% crude protein, Ziegler® brand, twice a day (8:00 am and 6:00 pm). The aeration supplied was constant and equivalent to 20 HP / Ha. Once the pre-pregnancy period was completed, the feeding frequency evaluation began, for a period of 105 days. Experimental design: As indicated above, the test was carried out in S ponds, in which 3 treatments were implemented per replicate: 1) Feeding twice a day (ñ) (8:00 hr and 18 hr). 2) Feeding 3 times a day, according to the circadian rhythm (P) (8:00 hr, 18 hr and 24 hr) (casillas et al,2004). 3) Feeding 4 times a day (C) (8:00 hr and 18 hr). The feed was provided to the ponds in the 3 treatments, by means of automatic feeders, placed in the center and at the ends of each pond. Figure 7 shows the automatic feeders and the feed refill process in the feeders. Pond Management —23— One week prior to stocking, the ponds were filled to an average operating level of 1.35 m (1.5 m in the deep part, 1.2 m in the shallow part) with filtered seawater from the reservoirs. In each reservoir, a 300-micron mesh screen was placed on the water inlet valve to prevent the entry of predators. From there, the water was pumped to the ponds through the silica sand filter system, reaching a filtration level of between 40 and 20 microns (Figure S). During filling, fertilization of the water was initiated to promote natural productivity, with an application rate of 5 kg / ha / day, using NutriLake® brand commercial fertilizer. The water exchange rate during the cultivation period was equivalent to 1.5% / day. in order to maintain a salinity of around 45 ppt and maintain an operating level of 15 due to evaporation loss. Once the ponds were stocked, a mixture of commercial probiotics, Alibio-AC®, Alibio 2135®, and Alibio Bionutre®, fermented according to the supplier's instructions, was applied daily for one week. After the first week, the probiotic mixture was applied twice a week (Figure 9). The ponds had 2 aeration units, with a capacity to supply the equivalent of 20 or 40 HP / Ha of aeration, by means of 1 aspirator type aerator and 1 paddle type aerator, 25 of 2 HP each. To feed the shrimp, a commercial feed for intensive cultivation, brand: Ziagler®, with 352 of crude protein, was used, according to the treatments described and through the automatic feeders, to cover the hourly requirements of -24 defined feeding. The amount of feed was calculated according to the supplier's feeding table and adjusted according to the shrimp's growth. For this purpose, a random sample of 120 shrimp per pond was taken weekly, at three different points, with a 5 mm mesh cast net. The weight of the shrimp was recorded individually on a Scout analytical balance with a precision of 0.01 g. Biological scraping variables. The biological response variables were final weight, survival, biomass, growth rate, and feed conversion ratio. These were calculated at the end of the culture period, using the total harvest from the ponds (Figure 10). Variables in the parameters ¢1 sico~*gsiirnxaos of water quality. Dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity, and temperature were measured three times daily (8:00 am, 12:00 pm, and 6:00 pm) using a YSI Professional Flus® multiparameter probe. Ammonium, nitrites, nitrates, phosphates, alkalinity, and silicon were determined with a YSI 9500 direct-read photometer®. Chlorophyll-a was determined by fluorescence using a Flyd.ro lab DSSX® multiparameter probe. Total suspended solids were estimated gravimetrically (APHA, MMA & WEF, 2005). For the analysis of settleable solids, Imhoff cones were used following the procedure established in the Standard. Mexicana MMX-AA-004~SCF.T.-2QO^ Turbidity was measured using a digne iccll. BOD5 was determined by measuring the amount of molecular oxygen used during a 5-day incubation period for the biochemical degradation of organic matter and the oxygen used to oxidize organic compounds (ABHA, AWA & WSF, 2005). A Lieder® binocular microscope and a 0.1 µm Neubauer chamber were used to evaluate the phytoplankton community. The bacterial community was determined by the colony counting method using surface inoculation and dispersion on the following media: TCBS agar (bacteria of the genus Cibrius), Agar 2216 (marine heterotrophic bacteria), and MRS medium (bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus). The electrical consumption of the aeration equipment used during the test was recorded at the beginning, middle, and end of the experimental evaluation in order to compare consumption efficiencies. A millimetric meter was used for this purpose. The water flow velocity generated by the different aeration systems was measured on three occasions: at the beginning, halfway through the cultivation period, and one week before the end of the evaluation. A current meter was used for this purpose. Statistical analysis of the information The statistical analysis of the data obtained for each response variable was performed using the programs StatSoft, Inc. (2004) and STATIST1CA (data analysis software, system), version 6. Shapiro-Wilk normality test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's tests of significant difference were performed to determine linear relationships between the variables studied. Results -2 6Water quality. The water quality parameters recorded during the evaluation were within the optimal ranges established for the species (Boyd and Clay, 2002) in intensive culture. Table 8 shows the average values ​​of the physicochemical water quality parameters recorded during the fattening of Litopenaens vannamei with different feeding frequencies. There were no significant differences (p>0.05) between the treatments evaluated. Table S. Approximate values ​​{* Standard deviation; of the perimeters of water quality. during the fattening (103 days) of Vi feppenaeus vapnara&.í with different feeding frequencies. Parameter >- 'UtO {tedia* iK'sv'.a-one ast » A1. imert t: ac.i on 3 vfu-X d7líí Al ..r^ation dl« Supply 2 ve ufe y / d the {Ai (Bj 1 O Temperature ("0 08 r 00 sin ; o . S 27.4 +:3.8 27.4 i 1.8 pm ... 1.8 2 9.7 i 1.7 Oxlganp áisaelto íissW; 7.3 + V. 3 7.6 ± 0.3 06:00 pm 7.8 1 0.4 3.0: ic.v 8.0 i.3 0 λ · Vi 0Ό S 47.0 / 0.6 ot . st- 10.4 0.75 50.3 0.71 · 0.1 Arachnic «o-ioniaadp OgZO xl y) X íi > 01. 0.Ó1 ± Ó.Ó1 0.01 ±0.01 Mtr.ií;os ΐ.1os ΐ,(X 0 j : O ον 0.11 3 0.07 fel 11 r« o oís {mg / 0 > 3.0 1 0.7 3.3 i I.7 4 XQ -X - 1X9 ± 30S M ss ch-e Ímg / X) 13.9 t 7.8 16.1 .· SG 20.2 ± 11.0 T-ιr di de2; (cm) 2 8 i 17 10 i 18 31 i '15 | Total suspended solids ig / L; 119 í 83 7 - ± €4 7 6 1 4 9 So 1 1 <B;óís $$ / A) 4.0 * 2.7 4.8 i 2.9 £.5 5; j DBG 5 img / l; 1S.1 1 5.4 17,1 ±8,9 15.2 i 8.8 j Clorofila-a ímg / Xó 37.0 1 SO'.3 173,2' 1 132 147.3 ± | 113,8 feterótrofas Barloas' (10* ܱC / ^±} 8.2 ± 3.6 8.7 + 4.0 4 ,9 ± 2,7' ±¿W coba SI lid spp iuf cZhW) 45.7 1 50.8 27.1 ·. . 34.9 ± 57,8 | ' / abrió CIO’ u£c / snI4 1 . ít 1 1.41 0.99 a ' ’. 1.39 é 2.18 1 The temperature varied from 26.4 to 30.7 °C from morning to afternoon. Figures 11 and 12 show the variation of recorded temperatures at 3 a.m. and 6 p.m. respectively in ponds 5 with different feeding frequencies... The temperature difference observed in the ponds did not show a difference in shrimp growth. The oxygen levels produced or were .nrsO.t ... vidό*1 CO ?' : i i. >. m Ίe 3 rng / 1, regardless of the treatment and recording time (8 am and 5 pm). This is suitable for white shrimp, for the temperature and salinity levels recorded. The aeration used in the test was equivalent to 20 HP / Ha, during the first 32 days and 40 HP / Ha for the remaining 7 3 days. The lowest oxygen levels were recorded from day 15 to day 32 of the grow-out, at which time the second aerator was turned on, with which the dissolved oxygen values ​​increased (Figures 13 and 14). There were no differences in the levels recorded with the different frequencies of the aeration. The average pH value was found in the range of 7.4 to 8, with the lowest values ​​recorded in the treatment with 3 feedings / day. There were no significant differences between treatments. For this type of culture system, pH values ​​of 7 to 7.5 are desirable (Boyo and Clay, 2012) and are characteristic of stable photoheterotrophic systems that maximize performance. Figures 15 and 16 show the variation of pH values ​​recorded at 8 am and 6 pm, respectively, during the fattening of Litopenaeus vannamei with different feeding frequencies. CIBÑOR's proposal, based on previous tests, suggested a low water exchange scheme with salinities above 35 ppt. Grow-out began with a salinity between 44.5 and 46.3 ppt, with a peak of 48.5 ppt, and an average of 46.5 ppt in the evaluated treatments (Table 8). Figure 17 shows the variation of salinity over time during the grow-out of Litténaeus vannamei with different feeding frequencies. As a culture strategy to maintain stable salinity and not affect shrimp growth, water exchanges were implemented in pulsed Sabanales ponds, starting on day 13 of grow-out. At the end of the... In the evaluation, the ree-ambid was equivalent to 1.6% of a 25-liter water exchange per day. This value is significantly lower than others. Valorea reporta-dea for intensive systems with low water exchange' ip. oj. Boyd and CLAy, 2UA) . Figure 18 shows the variation of the values ​​of ammonium, ammonia, nitrites, nitrates, phosphate, alkalinity and -29 silica levels were recorded over time during the fattening of Litopenaeus vaúnamei with different feeding frequencies. Ammonium, ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate levels remained below the levels considered toxic to shrimp and significantly lower than those reported for insensitive systems with low water exchange (Soya and Clay, 2002). For intensive shrimp production with a photo-heteratrophic system, it is recommended to maintain alkalinity levels above 80 mg / L and below 300 mg / L. In the present evaluation, the pulsed water exchange strategy resulted in no significant differences between treatments, with the average alkalinity around 190 mg / L. Phosphate levels reached 5 mg / L in ponds 1S around day 70 of culture, a value associated with the amount of feed used according to the size of the shrimp. Silica levels, for their part, reached 49 mg / L on day 42 of culture, which is associated with low nitrate and high chlorophyll levels, which probably represents the point 20 of the cycle from microalgae to bacteria in the photoheterotrophic system. The turbidity of the culture water started at values ​​of 70 to 100 c®, reaching values ​​of 10 to 35 at the end of the culture period. This is related to the increase in organic load in the intensive 2S system. There were no significant differences between the treatments, remaining within the recommended values ​​for the species. Although there are variations between the weekly records of the ponds, there is a clear trend in which suspended and settleable solids increase as the culture progresses until day 70, stabilizing until -30 at the end of the culture. This is expected, based on the increase in shrimp biophthase and the amount of supplemental feed used, on the one hand, and the aeration capacity used. There were no differences between the treatments 5 (Table 6). The biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) showed average values ​​of 16 mg / 1 (Table 8J, increasing towards the middle of the culture (Figure 1θ), when the aeration capacity keeps the levels below the maximum values ​​recommended for the intensive cultivation of the species. Given that the system used is a mixed culture system, in which there is a changing concentration of microalgae and bacteria, variations in the reported amount of Chlorophyll a are expected. The peaks occurred around day 50 (Figure 19). The highest average value was recorded in the treatment with 2 feedings / day and the lowest in the treatment with 3 feedings / day, showing no statistically significant differences between them (Table 8). Figure 18 shows the variation of turbidity, total suspended solids, settleable solids, BOD5, Chlorophyll-a, heterotrophic bacteria, Lactobacillus spp. and Vibrio spp., over time, during the fattening of Litopenaens vannaaei, with different feeding frequencies. As expected in this culture system, the total of 25 biotrophic bacteria showed cyclical variation during fattening (Figure 18). This is related to the carbon-nitrogen (C:N) ratio available in the system. The values ​​are within the recommended range for the -31 Intensive cultivation of the species. In the case of Lactobacilli, the average values ​​between treatments were not different. Peak values ​​were recorded around day 32 of fattening, coinciding with the activation of the second aerator in the 5 'ndiro' tanks. The start-up of the second aeration unit generates greater water movement, resuspension of organic matter, and higher oxygen values. On the other hand, bacteria of the genus Vitoria registered an increase from day 32, when the second aerator was activated, subsequently showing a cyclical behavior. The average values ​​were not statistically different between treatments, but remained below the critical levels for intensive systems. Yields Figure 20 shows the weight gain over time during the fattening of Liténaeus vannamei with different feeding frequencies. Figure 21 shows the average weight gain of the shrimp per treatment. The average weights at the end of the culture for the treatments were not significantly different (P>0.05). Table 9 presents a summary of the response of productive variables of Litopenaeus vannamei with different feeding frequencies. Survival showed significant differences, with the lowest being for the treatment with 25 feedings 3 times / day {A}. On the other hand, biomass, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and absolute growth rate (AGR) for the different treatments evaluated did not show significant differences. Based on the above, it is established that, given the management conditions, cultivation time, and harvested weight, the maximum carrying capacity of the ponds was reached in all the evaluated treatments. Consistently, 13.2 a.m. were achieved. S 13.4 too / Ha, regardless of the frequency of food. Table 3. Average (+ standard deviation) of the production parameters of titopetases v^ with different feeding frequencies, after It takes 105 days to fatten up. Variable (A) w (C) Fine weight! (g) 13.87 i 0.75a 13.17 i 0.23a 12.95X0.41® TCÁ (g / day) 0.1403 ± Ó.013 0.1317 ± 0.002' 0.1333 + 0.0002' Survival (%) 80 ± 0.7a 86.49 ± 2.12b 86.5 + 0.76 Biomass (tcn / Haj 13.23 ±0.06 13.86 + 0.006a 13.44 + 0.003® FCA 1.51 + 0.007® 1.54 ±0.007' 1.52 ± 0.007® χθ * Average values ​​in each row with the same tetra are not significantly different (p>0.0S). Use of Electrical Energy in the System To record variations in energy consumption in the aeration equipment, the amperage and voltage were measured at the beginning, on day 15 and at the end of the shrimp fattening. Table 8 shows the amperage and voltage values ​​recorded during the fattening of Litopenaeus in the different treatments evaluated. According to Tables 9 and 10, it can be seen that the amperage and voltage values ​​measured during the evaluation did not show significant differences between the treatments. The values ​​were within the expected ranges for the equipment—33—based on the type of motor used. No trend toward increase or decrease in the amperage and voltage values ​​was identified over time, indicating that the equipment worked properly during the evaluation, and that the Increased biomass and the amount of feed supplied did not result in modifications to the electrical charge. Table 3. Values ​​g® amperage and voltage registered for the fattening of litopanaáns vannasTseí with He 3 «e«es7 day (Al, ·A2), with a feed of 2 Vacés / dl-a |F1, P2) and with a feed of 4 vac®s / dia CC1, i: Day 1 Day 50 j Day 00 jl Treatment© । Amperage Voltage Amperage Voftsje j Amperage Voitaje i (Al) 1 5.37 220 4.67 223 4.80 225 ÍA2) 4.97 222 4.10 228 J 4.37 226 (^1) 1 5.07 222 5.30 228 | 5.30 228 j (P2) 1 S.10 221 4.73 236 j 4.80 225 j (€1) 1 5.50 222 5.13 228 5.20 229 j (C2) j 5.03_____ 221 4.S7 ' 226 1 4.93 225 | The operation of the aerators was constant during the first 32 days. This equates to SO HF / Ha of aeration and the remaining 73 days with 2 aerators, which 15 equates to 40 HP / Ha. The calculation of kW consumed during the test was based on the method described by Boyd and Clay (2002), which assumes a 90% efficiency of the regulators. The kW usage was calculated as follows: (X HP / 0.9G) X 0.745 WHP 'X 24 hours / day. So we have: —34— .(20 ΗΡ / 0.90) Giving a total of 70,725.2 KWí.x / Ha, in 105 days of fattening. Table 1Q, RandiMlentós and rcequerlfeiénfcCí of KWh.r per kí.Ipgram of produced, in ponds with aeration equipment d® 2: hp. Shrimp Biomass Pond (kg / Ha) (KWhr / Kg) <A1) 13,760 5.1 (ÁZ) 12,900 5.5 (Pl) 13,330 5.3 ÍP2) 13,330 5.3 ÍC1) 13,760 5.1 (C2) 13,330 5.3 Promedto 13,402 5-3 The average yield is >13,402 kg / Ha and the energy requirement of KWh / kg of shrimp was 5.2. Boyd and Clay (2002) report a requirement of 4.35 KW'h.rZkg of shrimp for a yield of 13,600 kg / Ha. Water requirement Water use during the evaluation was very efficient, as no water exchange was used. Water was added in pulses every 5-7 days, starting on day 10 of cultivation, to maintain salinity at 4-6 ppt and recover water losses due to evaporation. The average operating level in the ponds was 1.25 m. The pulsed water additions represented filling the pond 2.6 times (3,350 m³). The average yield across the different treatments was 20-1,340 kg / ha, thus the water requirement per kilogram. The water requirement for shrimp production is 2.5 m³ / kg. Boyd and Clay (2002) report a requirement of 2.3 m³ / kg of harvested shrimp. This evaluation was carried out with a salinity range of 43-49 ppt and 5 shrimp lines selected to withstand high salinity. Boyd and Clay (2002) present operating results between 16 and 39 ppt. At higher salinity levels, there is a lower oxygen saturation capacity in the water, and the shrimp has a higher metabolic requirement in order to maintain homeostasis and ionic balance. Current speed d® Water flow velocities were measured at the beginning, middle, and end of the crop cycle. These measurements were taken at 30, 60, 90, and 120 m in the water column and at 3 different points: 2, 4, and 6 m away from the aerator. Figure 22 shows the empty ponds after harvest at the end of the evaluation with different feeding frequencies. The speed generated by the aerators and the good handling of the feed did not allow significant sediment accumulation at the bottom of the ponds. Table 10 compares the shrimp production parameters obtained in the present evaluation, feeding frequency and photo-hete-r?c.ytf system with the results reported for Belise Aquaculture by Boyd and Gléy (2002), and a traditional semi-intensive shrimp farming system. The productive parameters obtained during the evaluation were satisfactory when compared to those obtained by Belize Aquaculture and a traditional semi-intensive system. The water addition was similar to that used by Belize Aquaculture and significantly lower than that used in a traditional semi-intensive system (Table 11). The culture time was shorter in this evaluation compared to the other two systems. The culture density was similar to that used by Belize Aquaculture and significantly higher than in a traditional system. The salinity range during the evaluation (43–48 ppt) was higher in this evaluation, compared to that reported for the other two systems. The temperature range during the test was similar between the compared systems. The water requirement per kilogram of shrimp produced was 2.5 m³, a value similar to that reported by Beiize Aquaculture (2.3 m³) and significantly lower than that used in a traditional system with water exchange. The yield of 13.4 tons / ha was higher than that obtained by Beiize Aquaculture and significantly higher than that obtained in a traditional semi-intensive system. —37— 11. Conjuring parameters for a hecetotrophic forum system, clay Í20D21 for Belgium, Aquacq.ltsx® and a shrimp sesai-íáteftsiva. sduceiñ.n of. the present evaluation highlighted reported by Boyd and traajcixmaA production system Variable j | Photoheterotrophic BEUZE AQUACULTURE SEMlíntsh&Vo | Ponds (Ha) | 0.1 | 0.065-1.6 | 1-3 | Water addition (% / day of total) | 1.6 | 3 | 15 | Cultivation time (days) | 105 | 1 | 139 | 120 | 160 | Density (org / m³) | 120 | 135-130 | 8-15 | Salinity range (ppt) | 43-48 | 19-39 | 20-38 | Temperature range (°C) | 25-33 | 23-32 | 23-30 | Water requirement (m³ / kg) | 2.5 | 2.3 40-100 1 Electrical requirement i ...............r 35 0* (Kwhr / Kg) i | Yield (ton / Ha) | 13.4 [ 11.2 0.9-3 *Consumodé dieses para recambio de agua. Conclusion: The yields achieved in the evaluation with different feeding frequencies in the photoheterotrophic system showed no significant differences in terms of productive variables, including final weight, survival, TCA, biomass, and FCA. Based on the system management conditions, final weight, and consistency of yields during the evaluation, it was established that the ponds reached the maximum projected carrying capacity of 13.4 tons / ha. The 1S power supply frequencies evaluated produced very similar yields. Water quality remained within the recommended optimal values ​​for the species in this type of system, regardless of the feeding frequency applied. Salinity was maintained at levels above 40 ppt when using a minimum water exchange system of 38. The cost and income assessment shows that the feeding frequency of 3 years / day produced a net income 36% higher than similar ponds operated with 4 and 2 feedings / day. 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Claims

1. An intensive, high-salinity, heterotrophic cultivation process for white shrimp (Litqpenáeas vannaeii), characterized in that it comprises an aeration system composed of: iii) At least 6 tanks with PVC membrane lining with seawater feed filtered to 20 microns through a pumping subsystem with a 10% supply for evaporation loss replacement and water exchange of 5% / day, wherein the water moves at an angle of 30° towards the bottom of the tank with the aid of a venturi and a propeller. 3 of the tanks have a 15 micropore mesh at the bottom; and ii) A plurality of pipes that supply air to three tanks i), wherein the air is supplied at least at 20 HP / Ha.

2. The intensive photoheterotrophic culture process in high salinity for white shrimp Lit. cpenaeus vannael of claim 1, characterized in that the white shrimp culture is carried out at a temperature between 27.0 and 31°C, dissolved oxygen (mg) between 2 and 8, a pH between 5 and 9, and salinity between 45 and 48.0 / 100 per pond.

3. The intensive photoheterotrophic cultivation process in high salinity for white shrimp of claims 1 and 2, characterized in that a concentration of Nitrites (mg / L) of 0.73 ± 0.43, Nitrates (mg / L) of 0.09 and 0.05 and ammonium (mg / L) between 2.0 and 8.0 per pond is used.

4. The intensive photoheterotrophic cultivation process in high salinity for white cantaloupe (Míqpenacus v¿;naaj®ei) of claims 1 to 3, characterized by the fact that the seeding density for precrops is at least ISOPL / ®.

5. The intensive photoheterotrophic cultivation process in high salinity for white shrimp Litopenaeus vaánaaeí of references 1 to 4, characterized in that the shrimp cultivation is carried out with an alkalinity (mg / L) between 125 and 270, a concentration of sali (mg / L) between 6 and 31, a chlorophyll-a content (mg / L) between 108.5 ± 80.2 10 , marine heterotrophic microorganisms (10s CFU / ml) of at least 2.2 and Lactobacillus spp {cfu / ml.) of at least 3.8.