Devices, methods, apparatuses and computer readable medium for communication sensing
The method addresses the resource-intensive challenges of IoT positioning by using charging efficiency measurements during beam sweeping to position ultra-low cost and ultra-low power devices without additional positioning reference signals, enhancing efficiency and reducing complexity.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/113823
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-08-18
- Publication Date
- 2025-02-27
AI Technical Summary
Existing IoT positioning methods for ultra-low cost and ultra-low power devices require additional resource-intensive positioning reference signals, leading to increased complexity, power consumption, and resource overhead.
A method where a first device measures charging efficiency during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, and transmits a measurement report to a third device, allowing for ambient IoT positioning without introducing extra positioning reference signals.
This solution enables efficient ambient IoT positioning by leveraging the charging efficiency measurement process, reducing resource consumption and complexity while maintaining accurate device positioning.
Smart Images

Figure CN2023113823_27022025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
DEVICES, METHODS, APPARATUSES AND COMPUTER READABLE MEDIUM FOR COMMUNICATION SENSINGFIELD
[0001] Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to the field of telecommunication, and in particular, to devices, methods, apparatuses and computer readable storage medium for communication sensing.BACKGROUND
[0002] With the development of communication technology, the internet of things (IoT) which refers to a communication network for connecting various devices and the technology that facilitates communication between devices themselves has been introduced. For example, the Internet of Things can integrate everyday “things” with the internet.
[0003] In some use cases, ultra-low cost and ultra-low power devices are expected to be applied to IoT applications. The ultra-low cost and ultra-low power devices may be quite simple communication equipment, for example without equipping with a digital-to-analog converter (DAC) or power amplifier (PA) circuits. In this way, the IoT devices may be deployed in a massive manner on demand. In turn, how to save the resource consumption during the running of the IoT devices is a key aspect.SUMMARY
[0004] In general, example embodiments of the present disclosure provide devices, methods, apparatuses and computer readable storage medium for communication sensing.
[0005] In a first aspect, there is provided a first device. The first device may comprise at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first device to: perform, during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from the second device. The first device is further caused to transmit, to a third device, a measurement report for the measurement.
[0006] In a second aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device may comprise at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second device to: obtain information for configuring measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from the second device. The measurement is to be performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams. The second device is further caused to transmit, to the first device, the information for configuring the measurement.
[0007] In a third aspect, there is provided a third device. The third device may comprise at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the third device to: receive, from a first device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from a second device. The measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams. The third device is further caused to transmit the measurement report to a fourth device.
[0008] In a fourth aspect, there is provided a fourth device. The fourth device may comprise at least one processor; and at least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the fourth device to: receive, from a third device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from a second device. The measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams. The fourth device is further caused to obtain, based on the measurement report, angle of departure (AoD) information for positioning the first device.
[0009] In a fifth aspect, there is provided a method implemented at a first device. The method comprises: performing, during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from the second device; and transmitting, to a third device, a measurement report for the measurement.
[0010] In a sixth aspect, there is provided a method implemented at a second device. The method comprises: obtaining information for configuring measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from the second device, wherein the measurement is to be performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; and transmitting, to the first device, the information for configuring the measurement.
[0011] In a seventh aspect, there is provided a method implemented at a third device. The method comprises: receiving, from a first device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; and transmitting the measurement report to a fourth device.
[0012] In an eighth aspect, there is provided a method implemented at a fourth device. The method comprises: receiving, from a third device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; and obtaining, based on the measurement report, angle of departure (AoD) information for positioning the first device.
[0013] In a ninth aspect, there is provided a first apparatus. The first apparatus comprises: means for performing, during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from the second device; and means for transmitting, to a third device, a measurement report for the measurement.
[0014] In a tenth aspect, there is provided a second apparatus. The second apparatus comprises: means for obtaining information for configuring measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from the second device, wherein the measurement is to be performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; and means for transmitting, to the first device, the information for configuring the measurement.
[0015] In an eleventh aspect, there is provided a third apparatus. The third apparatus comprises: means for receiving, from a first device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; and means for transmitting the measurement report to a fourth device.
[0016] In a twelfth aspect, there is provided a fourth apparatus. The fourth apparatus comprises: means for receiving, from a third device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; and means for obtaining, based on the measurement report, angle of departure (AoD) information for positioning the first device.
[0017] In a thirteenth aspect, there is provided a non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions for causing an apparatus to perform at least the method according to any of ninth to twelfth aspects.
[0018] In a fourteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: perform, during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from the second device; and transmit, to a third device, a measurement report for the measurement.
[0019] In a fifteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: obtain information for configuring measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from the second device. The measurement is to be performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; and transmit, to the first device, the information for configuring the measurement.
[0020] In a sixteenth aspect, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions, which, when executed by an apparatus, cause the apparatus at least to: receive, from a first device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from a second device. The measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; and transmit the measurement report to a fourth device.
[0021] In a seventeenth aspect, there is provided a first device. The network device comprises a performing circuitry configured to: perform, during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from the second device. The first device further comprises a transmitting circuitry configured to: transmit, to a third device, a measurement report for the measurement.
[0022] In an eighteenth aspect, there is provided a second device. The second device may comprise an obtaining circuitry configured to: obtain information for configuring measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from the second device. The measurement is to be performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams. The second device further comprises a transmitting circuitry configured to transmit, to the first device, the information for configuring the measurement.
[0023] In a nineteenth aspect, there is provided a third device. The third device may comprise a receiving circuitry configured to: receive, from a first device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from a second device. The measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams. The third device further comprises a transmitting circuitry configured to transmit the measurement report to a fourth device.
[0024] In a twenty aspect, there is provided a fourth device. The fourth device may comprise a receiving circuitry configured to receive, from a third device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from a second device. The measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams. The third device further comprises an obtaining circuitry configured to obtain, based on the measurement report, angle of departure (AoD) information for positioning the first device.
[0025] It is to be understood that the summary section is not intended to identify key or essential features of embodiments of the present disclosure, nor is it intended to be used to limit the scope of the present disclosure. Other features of the present disclosure will become easily comprehensible through the following description.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0026] Some example embodiments will now be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, where:
[0027] Fig. 1a illustrates an example network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0028] Fig. 1b illustrates another example network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0029] Fig. 1c illustrates a further example network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0030] Fig. 2 illustrates an example signaling process for positioning in a communication system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0031] Fig. 3 illustrates a specific example of signaling process for communication sensing according to some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0032] Fig. 4 illustrates flowchart of a method implemented at a first device according to example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0033] Fig. 5 illustrates an example flowchart of a method implemented at a second device according to example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0034] Fig. 6 illustrates an example flowchart of a method implemented at a third device according to example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0035] Fig. 7 illustrates an example flowchart of a method implemented at a fourth device according to example embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0036] Fig. 8 illustrates an example simplified block diagram of an apparatus that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0037] Fig. 9 illustrates an example block diagram of an example computer readable medium in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0038] Throughout the drawings, the same or similar reference numerals represent the same or similar element.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0039] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to some example embodiments. It is to be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and help those skilled in the art to understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. The disclosure described herein may be implemented in various manners other than the ones described below.
[0040] In the following description and claims, unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skills in the art to which the present disclosure belongs.
[0041] References in the present disclosure to “one embodiment, ” “an embodiment, ” “an example embodiment, ” and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0042] It may be understood that although the terms “first” and “second” etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and / or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0043] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” , “comprising” , “has” , “having” , “includes” and / or “including” , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0044] As used in this application, the term “circuitry” may refer to one or more or all of the following:
[0045] (a) hardware-only circuit implementations (such as implementations in only analog and / or digital circuitry) and
[0046] (b) combinations of hardware circuits and software, such as (as applicable) :
[0047] (i) a combination of analog and / or digital hardware circuit (s) with software / firmware and
[0048] (ii) any portions of hardware processor (s) with software (including digital signal processor (s) ) , software, and memory (ies) that work together to cause an apparatus, such as a mobile phone or server, to perform various functions) and
[0049] (c) hardware circuit (s) and or processor (s) , such as a microprocessor (s) or a portion of a microprocessor (s) that requires software (e.g., firmware) for operation, but the software may not be present when it is not needed for operation.
[0050] This definition of circuitry applies to all uses of this term in this application, including in any claims. As a further example, as used in this application, the term circuitry also covers an implementation of merely a hardware circuit or processor (or multiple processors) or portion of a hardware circuit or processor and its (or their) accompanying software and / or firmware. The term circuitry also covers, for example and if applicable to the particular claim element, a baseband integrated circuit or processor integrated circuit for a mobile device or a similar integrated circuit in server, a cellular network device, or other computing or network device.
[0051] As used herein, the term “communication network” refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as long term evolution (LTE) , LTE-advanced (LTE-A) , wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) , high-speed packet access (HSPA) , narrow band Internet of things (NB-IoT) and so on. Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) communication protocols, 5G-A, and / or beyond. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0052] As used herein, the term “network device” refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology.
[0053] The term “terminal device” refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a subscriber station (SS) , a portable subscriber station, a mobile station (MS) , or an access terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , portable computers, desktop computer, image capture terminal devices such as digital cameras, gaming terminal devices, music storage and playback appliances, vehicle-mounted wireless terminal devices, wireless endpoints, mobile stations, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , USB dongles, smart devices, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of things (loT) device, a watch or other wearable, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and applications (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and applications (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain contexts) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. In the following description, the terms “terminal device” , “communication device” , “terminal” , “user equipment” and “UE” may be used interchangeably.
[0054] In this disclosure, the term “first device” may be interchangeably used with the terms “tag” and “ambient IoT device” . The term “second device” may be interchangeably used with the terms “activator” and “illuminator” . The term “third device” may be interchangeably used with the terms “reader” and “anchor” . The term “fourth device” may be interchangeably used with the terms “LMF” .
[0055] As mentioned above, how to save the resource consumption during the running of the IoT devices is a key aspect. Especially, Ambient IoT (Internet of Things) radio access network (RAN) is studied. The motivation of the study is to support ultra-low cost and ultra-low power devices for the IoT applications. Accordingly, technology on ambient power enabled IoT is studied. The on-going study on Ambient IoT focuses on 3GPP IoT technology and is suitable for deployment in a 3GPP system, which relies on ultra-low complexity devices with ultra-low power consumption.
[0056] The Ambient IoT devices support communication with reader (device) via reflection or transmission which can be supported by very low complexity hardware. The Ambient IoT device can collect energy from environment, such as RF signals, solar energy, vibration, heat, etc., and can potentially also be equipped with a small capacity battery. Hence, the ambient IoT is a promising technique to achieve even lower cost / power requirements compared to existing cellular IoT technologies, e.g., NB-IoT, LTE-M, RedCap, and the like.
[0057] Specifically, in terms of energy storage, the following device characteristics will be considered: pure battery less devices with no energy storage capability at all, and completely dependent on the availability of an external source of energy; and devices with limited energy storage capability that do not need to be replaced or recharged manually. In addition, the device’s peak power consumption can be limited by its practical form factor for the intended use cases and shall consider its energy source.
[0058] In turn, since the ambient IoT in 3GPP enables ultra-low cost and ultra-low power ambient IoT devices, the density of such ambient IoT device deployment can be expected to be many orders of magnitudes higher compared to any known 3GPP deployment. Thus, a key element for such deployment is the localization of ambient IoT devices. It is not only required to know the identity of the ambient IoT device and to communicate with the device, but equally important is knowledge of the position of the ambient IoT device. In general, the specialized positioning reference signal (PRS) may be used for positioning the ambient IoT devices. For example, the IoT device may receive and transmit the PRS to devices, in order to positioning the IoT device by AOA, TDOA, or AOD-based positioning method. In this case, the extra positioning reference signal is introduced, the extra complexity and power is consumed and extra resource overhead is used for the PRS transmission.
[0059] That is, the conventional passive IoT positioning method at least has the following issues: it will introduce extra positioning reference signal, especially for DL-AOD based positioning, where the reference signal will be transmitted at activator with beam sweeping; the IoT device should receive PRS signal on multiple beams and transmit multiple PRS signal to anchor, which would result extra complexity and power consumption. This is not expected for IoT device; and it will introduce extra resource overhead for PRS transmission.
[0060] In view of the above and in order to improve the performance of a communication system, a scheme for positioning in a communication system (for example, an IoT communication system) is provided. In this scheme, during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, a first device performs measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from the second device. Then, the first device transmits a measurement report for the measurement.
[0061] In this way, a novel downlink (DL) -angle of departure (AOD) solution is proposed for ambient IoT positioning in the case of backscattering IoT positioning architecture to address the issue above. Specifically, by means of the measurement on the beams in a charging procedure, the first device may determine a charging efficiency per beam. In general, the beam which points to the first device accurately may have the better charging efficiency. As such, the first device may obtain information associated with angel relative to the first device utilizing the spatial characteristics of the beams.
[0062] Principle and embodiments of the present disclosure will be described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. Fig. 1A illustrates an example network environment 100 in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. The environment 100, which may be a part of a communication network, includes terminal devices and network devices.
[0063] As illustrated in Fig. 1a, the network environment 100 may include a first device 110 which may be an ambient IoT device, a second device 120 which may be a network device or a terminal device, a third device 130 which may be a terminal device or a network device, and a fourth device 140 which may be configured for a location management function (LMF) . Without any limitation, the second device 120 may be configured with spatial filter capability. That is, the second device 120 may perform communication or sensing with formed a set of beams which points in certain azimuth and elevation angles individually. For example, the second device 120 may perform a beam sweeping procedure using the set of beams. In the beam sweeping procedure, the second device 120 may transmit radio frequency signals in different beam directions (as shown in Fig. 1) in turn. In some cases, the beam sweeping procedure may be used to evaluate the channel quality or determine certain beams for subsequent operations. In the ambient IoT system, the beam sweeping procedure may be also used to charge the ambient IoT devices in the system, since the beam sweeping procedure may provide RF signals that cover a quite large area. In this disclosure, the second device 120 may perform a beam sweeping procedure for charging the ambient IoT devices. In turn, at the first device 110, during the charging procedure, the first device 110 may also measure the beams in order to facilitate the positioning of the first device 110 without introducing extra PRS.
[0064] It is to be understood that the number of devices in Fig. 1a is given only for the purpose of illustration without suggesting any limitations. The system 100 may include any suitable number of network devices and / or terminal devices adapted for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. Although not shown, it would be appreciated that one or more terminal devices may be located in the environment 100.
[0065] Communications in the network environment 100 may be implemented according to any proper communication protocol (s) , comprising, but not limited to, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , the fifth generation (5G) , 5G-Advanced or beyond (6G) , wireless local network communication protocols such as institute for electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) 802.11 and the like, and / or any other protocols currently known or to be developed in the future. Moreover, the communication may utilize any proper wireless communication technology, comprising but not limited to: multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) , orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) , time division multiplexing (TDM) , frequency division multiplexing (FDM) , code division multiplexing (CDM) , Bluetooth, ZigBee, and machine type communication (MTC) , enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB) , massive machine type communication (mMTC) , ultra-reliable low latency communication (URLLC) , carrier aggregation (CA) , dual connectivity (DC) , and new radio unlicensed (NR-U) technologies.
[0066] Fig. 1b illustrates another example network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented.
[0067] As mentioned above, it is not only required to know the identity of the ambient IoT device and to communicate with the device, but equally important is knowledge of the position of the ambient IoT device. Fig. 1b specifically shows an example of an Ambient IoT deployment based on multi-static backscattering with positioning capabilities, where the ambient IoT device can be a passive IoT device without energy storage capability at all or a semi-passive IoT device with limited energy storage capability. Without any limitation, the ambient IoT device in Fig. 1b may be the first device 110 in Fig. 1a, the activator in Fig. 1b may be the second device 120 in Fig. 1a, the Anchors in Fig. 1b may be the third device 130 in Fig. 1a, and the LMF in Fig. 1b may the fourth device 140 in Fig. 1a.
[0068] The positioning of ambient IoT devices can be based on the existing 3GPP positioning architecture where a network node (e.g., gNB) or a terminal device (UE) can be used as an activator to trigger the positioning event by sending PRS 140 to the Ambient IoT device, and one or more network nodes or / and terminal devices with known locations, which is configured to listen to the backscattered PRS 150-1, 150-2 and 150-3 from the Ambient IoT device, can be used as anchors for Ambient IoT positioning. The positioning session can be controlled and monitored by the location management function (LMF) . In this example, the anchors can report the positioning measurements such as Time of Arrival (TOA) , Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) , Angle of Arrival (AOA) , Angle of Departure (AoD) or / and Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP) , which is measured based on the backscattered PRS from the Ambient IoT device, to the LMF and then use NR-based positioning techniques determine the location of Ambient IoT device. In the example as shown in Fig. 1b, the PRS is introduced and the extra resource overhead and energy is consumed.
[0069] Fig. 1c illustrates a further example network environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented. Without any limitation, the Tag in Fig. 1c may be the first device 110 in Fig. 1a, the illuminator in Fig. 1c may be the second device 120 in Fig. 1a, and the reader in Fig. 1c may be the third device 130 in Fig. 1a.
[0070] In an example of this disclosure, gNB / TRP may be an illuminator, tag may be a very simple IoT device (passive only) , and UE or another TRP may be the Reader. Furthermore, a beam sweeping can be performed at illuminator. In turn, the tag cannot get full charged by one beam which means multiple rounds of beam sweeping are required to charge Tag. Moreover, the tag is somehow able to evaluate charge efficiency.
[0071] In turn, the example embodiment of the disclosure proposes one charge efficiency based DL-AOD method for ambient IoT positioning, which could effectively avoid introducing of extra positioning reference signal. The basic idea is to let Tag report charging efficiency to the reader, in order to help determine the AoD for IoT device (i.e., Tag) positioning. Such operation can implement the IoT positioning during the charging procedure, thus, to avoid the positioning reference signal transmission and measurement.
[0072] The principle in the example embodiment of the disclosure is a method to determine the DL AoD value for Tag. As shown in Figure 1c, the illuminator (e.g., gNB) is assumed to perform beam sweeping for energy harvest. In turn, tag evaluates how much energy can be collected by each beam, and report such information (i.e., indicating collected energy level per beam) to the LMF. Then the LMF could know DL-AoD information towards tag (e.g., beam#3 in Fig. 1c) .
[0073] Fig. 2 illustrates an example signaling process 200 for positioning in the communication system according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to Fig. 1A. It would be appreciated that although the process 200 has been described in the communication environment 100 of Fig. 1A, this process 200 may be likewise applied to other communication scenarios.
[0074] In the signaling process 200, the second device 120 obtains (210) information for configuring measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams of the second device 120. This measurement is to be performed by the first device 110 during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device 120 using the one or more beams. The information for configuring the measurement generally indicates the occasions (or time units) for measuring a beam in the one or more beams. In addition, the information may also indicate the association between the occasions and the beam. For example, the beam may be identified by a beam index or a resource identifier (ID) . In some embodiments, the beam pattern of multiple beams can be sorted in ascending or deceasing order of beam index. In this case, the beam index may be implicitly indicated by the order.
[0075] Specifically, the information for configuring the measurement may indicate a measurement configuration. The measurement configuration may comprise a measurement period for the one or more beams, the sweeping round number of the beam sweeping, a measurement time granularity for a beam of the one or more beams, and / or an identifier for a beam of the one or more beams.
[0076] In a specific example, the measurement configuration may include a measurement period the above one or more beams. The measurement period may indicate the time duration of all the transmission beams, which includes the start time occasion of measurement and the end time occasion of measurement. In addition or alternatively, the measurement configuration may include a measurement granularity per beam or per symbol / slot. The measurement granularity may indicate the minimum measurement unit. The minimum measurement unit can be one beam duration, or one symbol / slot. In addition or alternatively, the measurement configuration may include the number of sweeping rounds. For example, multiple rounds of beam sweeping may be required to charge the first device 110. In this case, the sweeping round number may be indicated.
[0077] In addition or alternatively, the information for configuring the measurement may comprise measurement rules. In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement may include a first rule which requires the first device to evaluate an energy level collected per time unit in a measurement period or per beam of the one or more beams, or a second rule which requires the first device to perform the measurement in a charging mode of the first device. For example, the measurement rule may be that the first device 110 should evaluate the collected energy level per beam or per symbol / slot during the configured measurement period. The measurement rule may be also that the first device 110 should perform the measurement during the charging procedure.
[0078] In some embodiments, the above information for configuring the measurement may be determined or obtained (210) by the second device 120 itself. In addition or alternatively, the information for configuring the measurement may be also received from the fourth device 140, for example, the LMF device. For example, the fourth device 140 may determine the information for configuring the measurement. Then, the fourth device 140 may transmit (201-1) the information 203-1 for configuring the measurement to the second device 120. The second device 120 may receive (205-1) the information 203 accordingly. In some embodiments, the information 203-1 may be transmitted in control signaling. Without any limitation, the information for configuring the measurement may be also preconfigured or predefined at the second device 120.
[0079] Still referring to Fig. 2, after obtaining (210) the information for configuring the measurement, the second device 120 transmits (213) the information 215 for configuring the measurement. The information 215 for configuring the measurement may be the same as the information as discussed above. Similarly, the information 215 for configuring the measurement may be also transmitted in control signaling. The first device 110 may receive (217) the information 215 accordingly. In this way, the first device 110 may be aware how to measure the one or more beams for the beam sweeping performed by the second device 120. In some embodiments, as mentioned above, the information for configuring the measurement may be determined by fourth device 140 and is received via the second device 120. Alternatively, the information for configuring the measurement may be also determined and transmitted by the second device 120. Alternatively, the fourth device 140 may directly transmit (201-2) the information 203-2 for configuration a measurement to the first device 110. Then, the first device 110 may receive (205-2) the information 203-2 (for example, using the LPP protocol) accordingly. In an example, the first device 110 may receive the measurement configuration and measurement rule from LMF / gNB in the detected mode before the second device 120 performs beam sweeping. For example, the fourth device 140 (i.e., the LMF) may be co-located with the second device 120 acting as a network device. Alternatively, the information for configuring the measurement may be also preconfigured or predefined at the first device 110 without being indicated by other devices. Alternatively, the fourth device 140 may directly transmit (201-2) the information 203-2 for configuration a measurement to the first device 110. Then, the first device 110 may receive (205-2) the information 203-2 (for example, using the LPP protocol) accordingly. Without any limitation, the first device 110 may obtain the information for configuring the measurement in any other manners.
[0080] After the second device 120 send the information 215 (for example, in control signaling) to the first device 110, the second device 120 will perform (220) beam sweeping for energy harvesting of the first device 110. Alternatively, if the first device 110 obtains the information for configuring the measurement in other manners, the second device 120 may perform the beam sweeping in a timing preconfigured between the first device 110 and the second device 120. In some embodiments, the second device 120 may perform, using one or more beams, the beam sweeping based on the obtained information for configuring the measurement, so that the first device 110 can be aware when to perform the measurement on the certain beams.
[0081] In turn, in some embodiments, the first device 110 may switch (225) to a charging mode. That is, after received the information for configuring the measurement, the first device 110 would switch to the charging mode to prepare for measurement. Without any limitation, the first device 110 may also perform the measurement directly in any mode without only in the charging mode. This is not limited in this disclosure. As illustrated in Fig. 1a and Fig. 1c, four Tx beam directions are assumed, the second device 120 performs sweeping from beam#1 to beam#4. The charging signal would be transmitted on one beam within one beam duration which may include several sub-frames / slots / symbols to improve the charging efficiency.
[0082] In turn, during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device 120, the first device 110 performs (230) measurement of charging efficiency of the first device 110 related to one or more beams of the second device (for example, the four beams #1 to #4) . With respect to the measurement, the first device 110 may adopt multiple alternatives.
[0083] The first device 110 may perform the measurement of the charging efficiency of the first device based on the information for configuring the measurement. In some embodiments, the first device 110 may obtain the timing configuration for the beam sweeping performed by the second device 120. In an example, the first device 110 may be aware of during which time unit a first beam of the one or more beams for the beam sweeping will be transmitted. Moreover, the beam sweeping may be performed a plurality of rounds for the charging of the first device 110. In this case, the first device 110 may determine a plurality of time units associated with a first beam. In turn, in the beam sweeping procedure, the first device 110 may calculate the energy level (of energy percentage and the like) obtained per time unit in the plurality of time units associated with the first beam. Then, the total energy levels obtained in the plurality of time units may be the energy level collected / harvested on this first beam. In this way, the first device 110 may determine the energy levels collected / harvested on other beams of the one or more beams.
[0084] In addition, the first device 110 may determine whether the charging efficiency of the first device is in a linear interval. Only if determining that the charging efficiency is in the linear interval, the first device 110 may perform the measurement. The reason is that only measurements measured in the linear interval / region are valid. For example, the charging efficient is uniform or linear in the linear interval. That is, only the measurements on beams that are obtained in the linear interval are comparable.
[0085] In a specific example, before the first device 110 performing the measurement, it need judge the energy level of its storage, for example in the linear interval of charging efficiency, then first device 110 would initiate the measurement. In addition, the first device 110 will start to perform measurement on all beams and report the measurement results (which will be further discussed in the following) in linear interval. For example, the measurements may include the harvested energy level on each beam that is collected during linear interval. In turn, when the second device 120 starts to beam sweeping, the first device 110 may start to harvest energy accordingly. However, when the energy level of its storage is not achieved to the linear region, the first device 110 will not calculate the collected energy for the measurement report. Once the energy level of its storage reaches to the linear region, the first device 110 may start to calculate the collected energy level for each beam for report to LMF. When the energy level of its storage is beyond the linear region, the first device 110 should stop the measurement. With reference to Fig. 1c, the first device 110 may collect energy on beam#1, beam#2, beam#3, and beam#4. Thus, the first device 110can obtain four energy values (i.e., E1, E2, E3, E4) . Here, the four energy values are calculated only measured in linear interval.
[0086] In addition or alternatively, the first device 110 may perform the measurement all the time, and marking measurements which are measured during the linear interval. In some embodiments, the first device 110 may associate, with a first identifier, a charging efficiency value measured when the charging efficiency is in a linear interval. In addition or alternatively, the first device 110 may also associate, with a second identifier, a charging efficiency value measured when the charging efficiency is outside the linear interval. In this case, the first device 110 may only include the information related to the charging efficiency values associated with the first identifier into the measurement report which will be transmitted subsequently.
[0087] In a specific example, the first device 110 may directly perform the measurement without any linear interval check. In this case, the first device 110 may directly perform beam measurement according to received configuration and measurement rule from LMF / gNB. Measurements in all beams directions are measured in linear interval or not. The measurements may include the energy level harvested on each beam. For example, when the second device 120 starts to beam sweeping, the first device 110 starts to harvest energy. In turn, although the energy level of the energy storage of the first device 110 may be not achieved to the linear region, the first device 110 may also calculate the collected energy. Compared to the measurement only during the linear interval, the first device 110 may mark that the measurements are in the linear interval or not. Then, only the measurements obtained in the linear interval may be reported.
[0088] As also mentioned above, the measured charging efficiency may comprise: an energy level harvested on a beam of the one or more beam during one or more associated time units; an energy percentage charged on a beam of the one or more beams during one or more associated time units; a difference between (i) a first energy level harvested or a first energy percentage charged on first beam and (ii) a second energy level harvested or a second energy percentage charged on second beam; and / or an index of a beam related to the maximum valve among energy levels harvested on one the one or more beams. In the example, in some embodiments, the charging result of each beam may be not needed. The first device 110 may get the difference energy level of multiple beams and find the beam (s) that charged the most in a sweeping round, even if some beams are not charged at all.
[0089] In addition, the first device 110 may determine that the measurement on the set of beams is unqualified for measuring the charging efficiency. In this case, the first device 110 may transmit a measurement adjustment request destined for the fourth device 140. For example, if the charging time is too short, the worst result is that maybe one quantified result cannot be obtained after each beam is fully charged. In some embodiments, the first device 110 may directly transmit the measurement adjustment request to the fourth device 140, for example using the LPP protocol. Alternatively, the first device 110 may also transmit the measurement adjustment request to the fourth device 140, via the third device 130. In this case, the charging time may need to be adjusted. Thus, the fourth device 140 may indicate the second device 120 to adjust the charging time per beam based on the measurement adjustment request from the first device 110 until the first device 110 can evaluate its energy harvest level for at least one beam. Without any limitation, the measurement adjustment request may be also carried by the measurement report which will be discussed in the following.
[0090] Still referring to Fig. 2, the first device 110 transmits (240) a measurement report 245 for the above measurement. In some embodiments, the second device 120 may request the first device 110 to transmit the measurement report 245. In this case, upon receiving this request, the first device 110 may transmit the measurement report 245. In addition or alternatively, the first device 110 may also transmit the measurement report immediately after the measurement has been finished without any trigger signaling from the second device 120. In some embodiments, the first device 110 transmits (240) a measurement report 245 to the third device 130. Then, the third device 130 may receive (220) the measurement report 245 and forward (260) the measurement report 265 to the fourth device 140. Alternatively, the measurement report 245 may be also transmitted to the fourth device 140 directly. As shown in Fig. 2, the first device 110 may transmit (272) the measurement report to the fourth device 140 directly. Then, the fourth device 140 may receive (274) the measurement report accordingly without receiving it via the third device 130.
[0091] The measurement report 245 may indicate the energy level collected per beam in the one or more beams, in order to help the fourth device 140 determine which beam of the second device 120 targets the first device 110. Alternatively, the measurement report 245 may indicate other parameters associated with power / energy harvested on the beams. Alternatively, the measurement report 245 may directly include an identifier of a beam or a resource identifier associated with the beam.
[0092] In a specific example, the measurement report may include any of the following: an energy level collected on each beam of the one or more beams, at least one energy levels collected on at least one of beams of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of energy levels are above a first threshold, a first energy level collected on a first beam of the set of beams, wherein the first energy level is the highest among the energy levels collected on the one or more beams, a power percentage charged on each beam of the one or more beams, at least one power percentage charged on a at least one beam of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of power percentages is above a second threshold, a first power percentage charged on a first beam of the one or more of beams, wherein the first power percentage is the highest among the power percentages collected on the one or more beams, at least one index for at least one beam of the one or more beams, at least one resource identifier associated with at least one index of the one or more beams, and / or an angle of departure (AoD) associated with the first device 110.
[0093] For example, the first device 110 may report all the collected energy (i.e., the E1, E2, E3, E4 as discussed with reference to Fig. 1c) in the measurement report. Alternatively, the first device may only report some collected energy level that higher than one threshold. For example, if the collected energy level on beam#3 and beam#4 (as shown in Fig. 1c) are higher than the threshold, the first device 110 may only report the collected energy level (for example, E3 and E4) to the third device 130. In addition, the first device 110 may also indicate beam index associated with the reported energy level (i.e., beam#3, beam#4) . As mentioned above, the first device 110 may obtain the beam index based on the resource identifier (ID) .
[0094] Alternatively, the first device 110 may only report the highest collected energy level and the associated with beam index (for example, beam#3) . The beam index can be obtained implicitly based on the resource ID. Alternatively, the first device 110 may even only report the beam index that associated with highest collected energy level (for example, beam#3) . The beam index can be obtained implicitly based on the resource ID. Alternatively, the first device 110 may only report the AoD (for example, the first device110 detects a peak in measurements measured in linear intervals) . Alternatively, the first device 110 may report the stored energy level or the percent of the charged power for each beam.
[0095] Still referring to Fig. 2, if the first device 110 transmits the measurement report 245 to the third device 130, then the third device 130 receives (250) the measurement report 245 accordingly. Then, the third device 130 transmits (or forward) (260) the measurement report 265 to the fourth device 140 for positioning the first device 110. The measurement report 265 may be the same as the measurement report 245. The fourth device 140 receives (270) the measurement report 265 accordingly. Alternatively, the fourth device 110 may also obtain the measurement report from the first device 110 directly. Then, based on the received the measurement 265, the fourth device 140 obtains (280) angle of departure (AoD) information for positioning the first device 110. As mentioned above, the measurement report may include information on energy level collected per beam, the beam index, resource ID associated with the beam and the like. In this case, the fourth device 140 may determine the AoD between the first device 110 and the second device 120.
[0096] In an example, the fourth device 140 may get DL-AoD based on the measurement report and beam configuration of the second device 120. If the beam direction is towards to first device 110, the most energy at this beam direction can be harvested at one certain charging time duration. Thus, the fourth device 140 may know best Tx beam direct to the first device 110 according to the collected energy. Then, the fourth device 110 may know the DL-AoD related to the first device 110 based on the best beam direction. Without any limitation, alternatively, the beam with the highest energy level will be the DL-AoD. Alternatively, the beam with the highest the percent of the charged power will be the DL-AoD. Alternatively, the fourth device 140 may determine the AoD based on the reported AoD from the first device 110. In turn, the fourth device 140 may further determine, based on at least the AoD information and beam configuration, the position of the first device.
[0097] In addition, as mentioned above, if the first device 110 transmitted the measurement configuration adjustment request to the fourth device 140 (for example, the measurement configuration adjustment request is transmitted to the fourth device 140 directly or via the third device 130) , the fourth device 140 may update the measurement configuration based on the measurement configuration adjustment request. Then, the fourth device 140 may indicate the updated measurement configuration to the first device 110 in the similar way as mentioned above.
[0098] In view of the above, a novel downlink (DL) -angle of departure (AOD) solution is proposed. Specifically, DL-AOD based positioning can be implemented during the charging process, so that avoiding to introduce the extra PRS signal transmission for IoT positioning.
[0099] Fig. 3 illustrates a specific example of signaling process 300 for communication sensing according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the process 200 will be described with reference to Fig. 1A. In Fig. 3, the tag 110 may be the first device 110, the illuminator 120 may be the second device 120, the reader 130 may be the third device 130 and the LMF 140 may be the fourth device 140.
[0100] In the signaling 300, LMF 140 may provide charging efficiency measurement configuration 301 (which may be the information 203 in Fig. 2) to the illuminator 120. Then, the illuminator 120 forwards or provides charging efficiency measurement configuration 303 (which may be the information 215 in Fig. 2) to Tag 110. Accordingly, Tag 110 receives (305) the measurement configuration. After receiving the measurement configuration, Tag 110 switches (307) to the charging mode of the Tag 110. Moreover, tag 110 performs (309) the charging efficiency measurement related to the one or beams of the second device 120 during a charging procedure based on the beam sweeping. The measurement may be the same as the operation 240 in Fig. 2. In turn, Tag 110 may provide (311) the charging efficiency report to the reader 130. Then, the reader 130 forward (313) the charging efficiency report to the LMF 140. The LMF 140, then, gets (315) DL-AoD based on the measurement report.
[0101] Fig. 4 shows a flowchart of an example method 400 implemented at a first device (for example, the first device 110) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 400 will be described from the perspective of the first device 110 with reference to Fig. 1.
[0102] At 410, the first device 110 performs, during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from the second device. At 420, the first device further transmits a measurement report for the measurement.
[0103] In some embodiments, the beam sweeping is performed for a plurality of rounds. The first device 110 may perform the charging procedure by: determining a plurality of time units associated with a first beam of the one or more beams which are repeatedly transmitted in the plurality of rounds of the beam sweeping; and obtaining information on energy that is harvested on the first beam during the plurality of time units.
[0104] In some embodiments, the measured charging efficiency comprises at least one of the following: an energy level harvested on a beam of the one or more beam during one or more associated time units; an energy percentage charged on a beam of the one or more beams during one or more associated time units; a difference between (i) a first energy level harvested or a first energy percentage charged on first beam and (ii) a second energy level harvested or a second energy percentage charged on second beam; or an index of a beam related to the maximum valve among energy levels harvested on one the one or more beams.
[0105] In some embodiments, the first device may further receive, from the second device or a fourth device, information for configuring the measurement.
[0106] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates a measurement configuration comprising at least one of the following: a measurement period for the beam sweeping; the beginning and end time of the beam sweeping; the sweeping round number of the beam sweeping; a measurement time unit for a beam of the beam sweeping; or an identifier for a beam for the beam sweeping.
[0107] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates a measurement rule comprising at least one of the following: a first rule which requires the first device to evaluate an energy level collected per time unit in a measurement period or per beam of the one or more beams; or a second rule which requires the first device to perform the measurement in a charging mode of the first device.
[0108] In some embodiments, the first device may perform the measurement by: performing, based on the information for configuring the measurement, the measurement of the charging efficiency of the first device.
[0109] In some embodiments, the first device may further switch to a charging mode of the first device after receiving the information for configuring the measurement.
[0110] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement is determined by a fourth device.
[0111] In some embodiments, the first device may perform the measurement on the set of beams by: determining whether the charging efficiency of the first device is in a linear interval; and performing the measurement based on determining that the charging efficiency is in the linear interval.
[0112] In some embodiments, the first device may perform the measurement by: associating, with a first identifier, a charging efficiency value measured when the charging efficiency is in a linear interval; and associating, with a second identifier, a charging efficiency value measured when the charging efficiency is outside the linear interval.
[0113] In some embodiments, the measurement report comprises information related to the charging efficiency value associated with the first identifier.
[0114] In some embodiments, the measurement report comprises at least one of the following: an energy level collected on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one energy levels collected on at least one of beams of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of energy levels are above a first threshold; a first energy level collected on a first beam of the set of beams, wherein the first energy level is the highest among the energy levels collected on the one or more beams; a power percentage charged on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one power percentage charged on a at least one beam of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of power percentages is above a second threshold; a first power percentage charged on a first beam of the one or more of beams, wherein the first power percentage is the highest among the power percentages collected on the one or more beams; at least one index for at least one beam of the one or more beams; at least one resource identifier associated with at least one index of the one or more beams; or an angle of departure (AoD) associated with the first device.
[0115] In some embodiments, the measurement report is destined for to a fourth device. In some embodiments, the measurement report is transmitted to the fourth device directly; and / or the measurement report is transmitted via a third device to the fourth device.
[0116] In some embodiments, the first device may further: determine that the measurement on the set of beams is unqualified for measuring the charging efficiency; and transmit a measurement adjustment request destined for a fourth device. In some embodiments, the measurement configuration adjustment request is transmitted to the fourth device directly; or the measurement configuration adjustment request is transmitted via a third device to the fourth device.
[0117] In some embodiments, there is at least one of the following: the first device is an ambient IoT device; the second device is a network device or a terminal device; the third device is a terminal device; or the fourth device is a location management function (LMF) device located at the network device or is a core network (CN) device.
[0118] Fig. 500 shows a flowchart of an example method 500 implemented at a second device (for example, the second device 120) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 500 will be described from the perspective of the second device 120 with reference to Fig. 1.
[0119] At 510, the second device 120 obtains information for configuring measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from the second device. The measurement is to be performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams. At 520, the second device 120 further transmits, to the first device 110, the information for configuring the measurement.
[0120] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates a measurement configuration comprising at least one of the following: a measurement period for the one or more beams; the sweeping round number of the beam sweeping; a measurement time granularity for a beam of the one or more beams or an identifier for a beam of the one or more beams.
[0121] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates the measurement rule comprising at least one of the following: a first rule which requires the first device to evaluate an energy level collected per time unit in a measurement period or per beam of the one or more beams; or a second rule which requires the first device to perform the measurement in a charging mode of the first device.
[0122] In some embodiments, the information for configuring measurement is determined by a fourth device, and the second device caused to obtain the information for configuring the measurement by: receiving the information for configuring the measurement from the fourth device.
[0123] In some embodiments, the second device 120 may further perform, based on the information for configuring the measurement, a beam sweeping using one or more beams.
[0124] Fig. 600 shows a flowchart of an example method 600 implemented at a third device (for example, the third device 130) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 600 will be described from the perspective of the third device 130 with reference to Fig. 1.
[0125] At 610, the third device 130 receives, from a first device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams from a second device. The measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams. At 620, the third device 130 transmits the measurement report to a fourth device.
[0126] In some embodiments, the measurement report comprises at least one of the following: an energy level collected on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one energy levels collected on at least one of beams of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of energy levels is above a first threshold; a first energy level collected on a first beam of the set of beams, wherein the first energy level is the highest among the energy levels collected on the one or more beams; a power percentage charged on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one power percentage charged on a at least one beam of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of power percentages is above a second threshold; a first power percentage charged on a first beam of the one or more of beams, the first power percentage being the highest among the power percentages collected on the one or more beams; at least one index for at least one beam of the one or more beams; at least one resource identifier associated with at least one index of the one or more beams; or an angle of departure (AoD) associated with the first device.
[0127] In some embodiments, the measurement report may comprises a measurement adjustment request.
[0128] Fig. 7 shows a flowchart of an example method 700 implemented at a fourth device (for example, the fourth device 140) in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. For the purpose of discussion, the method 700 will be described from the perspective of the fourth device 140 with reference to Fig. 1.
[0129] At 710, the fourth device 140 receives a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from a second device. The measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams. The fourth device 140 further obtains, based on the measurement report, angle of departure (AoD) information for positioning the first device.
[0130] In some embodiments, the measurement report comprises at least one of the following: an energy level collected on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one energy levels collected on at least one of beams of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of energy levels is above a first threshold; a first energy level collected on a first beam of the set of beams, wherein the first energy level is the highest among the energy levels collected on the one or more beams; a power percentage charged on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one power percentage charged on a at least one beam of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of power percentages is above a second threshold; a first power percentage charged on a first beam of the one or more of beams, the first power percentage being the highest among the power percentages collected on the one or more beams; at least one index for at least one beam of the one or more beams; at least one resource identifier associated with at least one index of the one or more beams; or an angle of departure (AoD) associated with the first device.
[0131] In some embodiments, the measurement report is received from the first device. In some embodiments, the measurement report is received via a third device.
[0132] In some embodiments, the fourth device may obtain the AoD information by: determining, based on the measurement report, a first beam of the one or more beams which is associated with the highest energy level or the highest percentage of the charged power; or retrieve the AoD information included in the measurement report.
[0133] In some embodiments, the fourth device may further determine, based on at least the AoD information, the position of the first device.
[0134] In some embodiments, the fourth device may further transmit information for configuring measurement to a second device or the first device.
[0135] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates a measurement configuration comprising at least one of the following: a measurement period for the beam sweeping; the beginning and end time of the beam sweeping; the sweeping round number of the beam sweeping; a measurement time unit for a beam of the beam sweeping; or an identifier for a beam for the beam sweeping.
[0136] In some embodiments, the fourth device may further receive a measurement configuration adjustment request from the first device; and update the measurement configuration based on the measurement configuration adjustment request. In some embodiments, the measurement configuration adjustment request is received via a third device.
[0137] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates the measurement rule comprising at least one of the following: a first rule which requires the first device to evaluate an energy level collected per time unit in a measurement period or per beam of the one or more beams; or a second rule which requires the first device to perform the measurement in a charging mode of the first device.
[0138] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 400 (for example, the first device 110) may include means for performing, at a first device and during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams of the second device; and means for transmitting, to a third device, a measurement report for the measurement.
[0139] In some embodiments, the beam sweeping is performed for a plurality of rounds, and the means for performing the charging procedure comprises: means for determining a plurality of time units associated with a first beam of the one or more beams which are repeatedly transmitted in the plurality of rounds of the beam sweeping; and means for obtaining information on energy that is harvested on the first beam during the plurality of time units.
[0140] In some embodiments, the measured charging efficiency comprises at least one of the following: an energy level harvested on a beam of the one or more beam during one or more associated time units; an energy percentage charged on a beam of the one or more beams during one or more associated time units; a difference between (i) a first energy level harvested or a first energy percentage charged on first beam and (ii) a second energy level harvested or a second energy percentage charged on second beam; or an index of a beam related to the maximum valve among energy levels harvested on one the one or more beams.
[0141] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further include means for receiving, from the second device, information or a fourth device, for configuring the measurement.
[0142] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates a measurement configuration comprising at least one of the following: a measurement period for the one or more beams; the sweeping round number of the beam sweeping; a measurement time granularity for a beam of the one or more beams or an identifier for a beam of the one or more beams.
[0143] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates a measurement rule comprising at least one of the following: a first rule which requires the first device to evaluate an energy level collected per time unit in a measurement period or per beam of the one or more beams; or a second rule which requires the first device to perform the measurement in a charging mode of the first device.
[0144] In some embodiments, the means for performing the measurement may include: means for performing, based on the information for configuring the measurement, the measurement of the charging efficiency of the first device.
[0145] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further include means for switching to a charging mode of the first device after receiving the information for configuring the measurement.
[0146] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement is determined by a fourth device.
[0147] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further include means for performing the measurement on the set of beams by: determining whether the charging efficiency of the first device is in a linear interval; and performing the measurement based on determining that the charging efficiency is in the linear interval.
[0148] In some embodiments, the means for performing the measurement may include: means for associating, with a first identifier, a charging efficiency value measured when the charging efficiency is in a linear interval; and means for associating, with a second identifier, a charging efficiency value measured when the charging efficiency is outside the linear interval.
[0149] In some embodiments, the measurement report comprises information related to the charging efficiency value associated with the first identifier.
[0150] In some embodiments, the measurement report comprises at least one of the following: an energy level collected on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one energy levels collected on at least one of beams of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of energy levels are above a first threshold; a first energy level collected on a first beam of the set of beams, wherein the first energy level is the highest among the energy levels collected on the one or more beams; a power percentage charged on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one power percentage charged on a at least one beam of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of power percentages is above a second threshold; a first power percentage charged on a first beam of the one or more of beams, wherein the first power percentage is the highest among the power percentages collected on the one or more beams; at least one index for at least one beam of the one or more beams; at least one resource identifier associated with at least one index of the one or more beams; or an angle of departure (AoD) associated with the first device.
[0151] In some embodiments, the measurement report is destined for a fourth device. In some embodiments, the measurement report is transmitted to the fourth device directly; or the measurement report is transmitted via a third device to the fourth device.
[0152] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further include: means for determining that the measurement on the set of beams is unqualified for measuring the charging efficiency; and means for transmitting a measurement adjustment request which is destined for a fourth device. In some embodiments, the measurement configuration adjustment request is transmitted to the fourth device directly; or the measurement configuration adjustment request is transmitted via a third device to the fourth device.
[0153] In some embodiments, there is at least one of the following: the first device is an ambient IoT device; the second device is a network device or a terminal device; the third device is a terminal device; or the fourth device is a location management function (LMF) device located at the network device or is a core network (CN) device.
[0154] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 400. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0155] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 500 (for example, the second device 120) may include means for obtaining, at a second device, information for configuring measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams of the second device, wherein the measurement is to be performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; and means for transmitting, to the first device, the information for configuring the measurement.
[0156] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates a measurement configuration comprising at least one of the following: a measurement period for the one or more beams; the sweeping round number of the beam sweeping; a measurement time granularity for a beam of the one or more beams or an identifier for a beam of the one or more beams.
[0157] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates the measurement rule comprising at least one of the following: a first rule which requires the first device to evaluate an energy level collected per time unit in a measurement period or per beam of the one or more beams; or a second rule which requires the first device to perform the measurement in a charging mode of the first device.
[0158] In some embodiments, the information for configuring measurement is determined by a fourth device, and the second device caused to obtain the information for configuring the measurement: receive the information for configuring the measurement from the fourth device.
[0159] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further include means for receiving, from the first device, a measurement adjustment request.
[0160] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further comprise means for performing, based on the information for configuring the measurement, a beam sweeping using one or more beams.
[0161] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 500. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0162] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 600 (for example, the third device 130) may include means for receiving, at a third device and from a first device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams of a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; and means for transmitting the measurement report to a fourth device.
[0163] In some embodiments, the measurement report comprises at least one of the following: an energy level collected on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one energy levels collected on at least one of beams of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of energy levels is above a first threshold; a first energy level collected on a first beam of the set of beams, wherein the first energy level is the highest among the energy levels collected on the one or more beams; a power percentage charged on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one power percentage charged on a at least one beam of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of power percentages is above a second threshold; a first power percentage charged on a first beam of the one or more of beams, the first power percentage being the highest among the power percentages collected on the one or more beams; at least one index for at least one beam of the one or more beams; at least one resource identifier associated with at least one index of the one or more beams; or an angle of departure (AoD) associated with the first device.
[0164] In some embodiments, the measurement report may comprise a measurement adjustment request.
[0165] In some embodiments, the apparatus further comprises means for performing other steps in some embodiments of the method 600. In some embodiments, the means comprises at least one processor and at least one memory including computer program code, the at least one memory and computer program code configured to, with the at least one processor, cause the performance of the apparatus.
[0166] In some embodiments, an apparatus capable of performing any of the method 700 (for example, the fourth device 140) may include means for receiving, at a fourth device and from a third device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams of a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; and means for obtaining, based on the measurement report, angle of departure (AoD) information for positioning the first device.
[0167] In some embodiments, the measurement report comprises at least one of the following: an energy level collected on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one energy levels collected on at least one of beams of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of energy levels is above a first threshold; a first energy level collected on a first beam of the set of beams, wherein the first energy level is the highest among the energy levels collected on the one or more beams; a power percentage charged on each beam of the one or more beams; at least one power percentage charged on a at least one beam of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of power percentages is above a second threshold; a first power percentage charged on a first beam of the one or more of beams, the first power percentage being the highest among the power percentages collected on the one or more beams; at least one index for at least one beam of the one or more beams; at least one resource identifier associated with at least one index of the one or more beams; or an angle of departure (AoD) associated with the first device.
[0168] In some embodiments, the measurement report is received from the first device. In some embodiments, the measurement report is received via a third device. In some embodiments, the means for obtaining the AoD information comprises means for determining, based on the measurement report, a first beam of the one or more beams which is associated with the highest energy level or the highest percentage of the charged power; and means for retrieving the AoD information included in the measurement report.
[0169] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further include means for determining, based on at least the AoD information and beam configuration, the position of the first device.
[0170] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further include means for transmitting, to a second device or the first device, information for configuring measurement.
[0171] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates a measurement configuration comprising at least one of the following: a measurement period for the beam sweeping; the beginning and end time of the beam sweeping; the sweeping round number of the beam sweeping; a measurement time unit for a beam of the beam sweeping; or an identifier for a beam for the beam sweeping.
[0172] In some embodiments, the apparatus may further include means for receiving a measurement configuration adjustment request from the first device; and means for updating the measurement configuration based on the measurement configuration adjustment request.
[0173] In some embodiments, the measurement configuration adjustment request is received via a third device.
[0174] In some embodiments, the information for configuring the measurement indicates the measurement rule comprising at least one of the following: a first rule which requires the first device to evaluate an energy level collected per time unit in a measurement period or per beam of the one or more beams; or a second rule which requires the first device to perform the measurement in a charging mode of the first device.
[0175] Fig. 8 is a simplified block diagram of a device 800 that is suitable for implementing embodiments of the present disclosure. The device 800 may be provided to implement the communication device, for example the first device 110 to the fourth device 140 as shown in Fig. 1a. As shown, the device 800 includes one or more processors 810, one or more memories 940 coupled to the processor 810, and one or more transmitters and / or receivers (TX / RX) 940 coupled to the processor 810.
[0176] The TX / RX 840 is for bidirectional communications. The TX / RX 840 has at least one antenna to facilitate communication. The communication interface may represent any interface that is necessary for communication with other network elements.
[0177] The processor 810 may be of any type suitable to the local technical network and may include one or more of the following: general purpose computers, special purpose computers, microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs) and processors based on multicore processor architecture, as non-limiting examples. The device 800 may have multiple processors, such as an application specific integrated circuit chip that is slaved in time to a clock which synchronizes the main processor.
[0178] The memory 820 may include one or more non-volatile memories and one or more volatile memories. Examples of the non-volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a read only memory (ROM) 824, an electrically programmable read only memory (EPROM) , a flash memory, a hard disk, a compact disc (CD) , a digital video disk (DVD) , and other magnetic storage and / or optical storage. Examples of the volatile memories include, but are not limited to, a random access memory (RAM) 822 and other volatile memories that will not last in the power-down duration.
[0179] A program 830 includes executable instructions that are executed by the associated processor 810. The program 830 may be stored in the ROM 824. The processor 810 may perform any suitable actions and processing by loading the program 930 into the RAM 822.
[0180] The embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented by means of the program so that the device 800 may perform any process of the disclosure as discussed with reference to Figs. 2 to 7. The embodiments of the present disclosure may also be implemented by hardware or by a combination of software and hardware.
[0181] In some embodiments, the program 830 may be tangibly contained in a readable storage medium which may be included in the device 800 (such as in the memory 820) or other storage devices that are accessible by the device 800. The device 800 may load the program 930 from the storage medium to the RAM 822 for execution. The storage medium may include any types of tangible non-volatile storage, such as ROM, EPROM, a flash memory, a hard disk, CD, DVD, and the like. Fig. 9 shows an example of the storage medium 900 in form of CD or DVD. The storage medium has the processor instructions 830 stored therein.
[0182] Generally, various embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented in hardware or special purpose circuits, software, logic or any combination thereof. Some aspects may be implemented in hardware, while other aspects may be implemented in firmware or software which may be executed by a controller, microprocessor or other computing device. While various aspects of embodiments of the present disclosure are illustrated and described as block diagrams, flowcharts, or using some other pictorial representations, it is to be understood that the block, apparatus, system, technique or method described herein may be implemented in, as non-limiting examples, hardware, software, firmware, special purpose circuits or logic, general purpose hardware or controller or other computing devices, or some combination thereof.
[0183] The present disclosure also provides at least one program product tangibly stored on a non-transitory readable storage medium. The program product includes executable instructions, such as those included in program modules, being executed in a device on a target real or virtual processor, to carry out process 200, the method 700 or 800 as described above with reference to Fig. 2 to Fig. 5. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, libraries, objects, classes, components, data structures, or the like that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. The functionality of the program modules may be combined or split between program modules as desired in various embodiments. Machine-executable instructions for program modules may be executed within a local or distributed device. In a distributed device, program modules may be located in both local and remote storage media.
[0184] Program code for carrying out methods of the present disclosure may be written in any combination of one or more programming languages. These program codes may be provided to a processor or controller of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus, such that the program codes, when executed by the processor or controller, cause the functions / operations specified in the flowcharts and / or block diagrams to be implemented. The program code may execute entirely on a machine, partly on the machine, as a stand-alone software package, partly on the machine and partly on a remote machine or entirely on the remote machine or server.
[0185] In the context of the present disclosure, the program codes or related data may be carried by any suitable carrier to enable the device, apparatus or processor to perform various processes and operations as described above. Examples of the carrier include a signal, readable storage medium, and the like.
[0186] The readable medium may be a readable signal medium or a readable storage medium. A readable storage medium may include but not limited to an electronic, magnetic, optical, electromagnetic, infrared, or semiconductor system, apparatus, or device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. More specific examples of the readable storage medium would include an electrical connection having one or more wires, a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random-access memory (RAM) , a read-only memory (ROM) , an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory) , an optical fiber, a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , an optical storage device, a magnetic storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. The term “non-transitory, ” as used herein, is a limitation of the medium itself (i.e., tangible, not a signal) as opposed to a limitation on data storage persistency (e.g., RAM vs. ROM) .
[0187] Further, while operations are depicted in a particular order, this should not be understood as requiring that such operations be performed in the particular order shown or in sequential order, or that all illustrated operations be performed, to achieve desirable results. In certain circumstances, multitasking and parallel processing may be advantageous. Likewise, while several specific implementation details are contained in the above discussions, these should not be construed as limitations on the scope of the present disclosure, but rather as descriptions of features that may be specific to particular embodiments. Certain features that are described in the context of separate embodiments may also be implemented in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are described in the context of a single embodiment may also be implemented in multiple embodiments separately or in any suitable sub-combination.
[0188] Although the present disclosure has been described in languages specific to structural features and / or methodological acts, it is to be understood that the present disclosure defined in the appended claims is not necessarily limited to the specific features or acts described above. Rather, the specific features and acts described above are disclosed as example forms of implementing the claims.
Claims
1.A first device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the first device at least to:perform, during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams of the second device; andtransmit a measurement report for the measurement.2.The first device of claim 1, wherein the beam sweeping is performed for a plurality of rounds, wherein the first device is caused to perform the charging procedure by:determining a plurality of time units associated with a first beam of the one or more beams which are repeatedly transmitted in the plurality of rounds of the beam sweeping; andobtaining information on energy that is harvested on the first beam during the plurality of time units.3.The first device of claim 1 or 2, wherein the measured charging efficiency comprises at least one of the following:an energy level harvested on a beam of the one or more beam during one or more associated time units;an energy percentage charged on a beam of the one or more beams during one or more associated time units;a difference between (i) a first energy level harvested or a first energy percentage charged on first beam and (ii) a second energy level harvested or a second energy percentage charged on second beam; oran index of a beam related to the maximum valve among energy levels harvested on one the one or more beams.4.The first device of claim 1, wherein the first device is further caused to:receive, from the second device or a fourth device, information for configuring the measurement.5.The first device of claim 4, wherein the information for configuring the measurement indicates a measurement configuration comprising at least one of the following:a measurement period for the beam sweeping;the beginning and end time of the beam sweeping;the sweeping round number of the beam sweeping;a measurement time unit for a beam of the beam sweeping; oran identifier for a beam for the beam sweeping.6.The first device of claim 4 or 5, wherein the first device is caused to perform the measurement by:performing, based on the information for configuring the measurement, the measurement of the charging efficiency of the first device.7.The first device of any of claims 4 to 6, wherein the information for configuring the measurement is determined by a fourth device.8.The first device of any of claims 1 to 7, wherein the first device is caused to perform the measurement on the set of beams by:determining whether the charging efficiency of the first device is in a linear interval; andperforming the measurement based on determining that the charging efficiency is in the linear interval.9.The first device of any of claims 1 to 8, wherein the first device is caused to perform the measurement by:associating, with a first identifier, a charging efficiency value measured when the charging efficiency is in a linear interval; andassociating, with a second identifier, a charging efficiency value measured when the charging efficiency is outside the linear interval.10.The first device of claim 9, wherein the measurement report comprises information related to the charging efficiency value associated with the first identifier.11.The first device of any of claims 1 to 10, wherein the measurement report comprises at least one of the following:an energy level collected on each beam of the one or more beams;at least one energy levels collected on at least one of beams of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of energy levels are above a first threshold;a first energy level collected on a first beam of the set of beams, wherein the first energy level is the highest among the energy levels collected on the one or more beams;a power percentage charged on each beam of the one or more beams;at least one power percentage charged on a at least one beam of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of power percentages is above a second threshold;a first power percentage charged on a first beam of the one or more of beams, wherein the first power percentage is the highest among the power percentages collected on the one or more beams;at least one index for at least one beam of the one or more beams;at least one resource identifier associated with at least one index of the one or more beams; oran angle of departure (AoD) associated with the first device.12.The first device of any of claims 1 to 11, wherein the measurement report is destined for a fourth device.13.The first device of claim 12, wherein at least one of the following:the measurement report is transmitted to the fourth device directly; orthe measurement report is transmitted via a third device to the fourth device.14.The first device of any of claims 1 to 13, wherein the first device is further caused to:determine that the measurement on the set of beams is unqualified for measuring the charging efficiency; andtransmit a measurement configuration adjustment request which is destined for a fourth device.15.The first device of claim 14, wherein at least one of the following:the measurement configuration adjustment request is transmitted to the fourth device directly; orthe measurement configuration adjustment request is transmitted via a third device to the fourth device.16.The first device of any of claims 4, 12-15, wherein at least one of the following:the first device is an ambient IoT device;the second device is a network device or a terminal device;the third device is a terminal device; orthe fourth device is a location management function (LMF) device located at the network device or is a core network (CN) device.17.A second device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the second device at least to:obtain information for configuring measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams from the second device, wherein the measurement is to be performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; andtransmit, to the first device, the information for configuring the measurement.18.The second device of claim 17, wherein the information for configuring the measurement indicates a measurement configuration comprising at least one of the following:a measurement period for the beam sweeping;the beginning and end time of the beam sweeping;the sweeping round number of the beam sweeping;a measurement time unit for a beam of the beam sweeping; oran identifier for a beam for the beam sweeping.19.The second device of claims 17 or 18, wherein the information for configuring measurement is determined by a fourth device, and the second device is caused to obtain the information for configuring the measurement by:receiving the information for configuring the measurement from the fourth device.20.The second device of any of claims 17 to 19, wherein the second device is further caused to:perform, based on the information for configuring the measurement, a beam sweeping using one or more beams.21.A third device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the third device at least to:receive, from a first device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams of a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; andtransmit the measurement report to a fourth device.22.The third device of claim 21, wherein the measurement report comprises at least one of the following:an energy level collected on each beam of the one or more beams;at least one energy levels collected on at least one of beams of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of energy levels is above a first threshold;a first energy level collected on a first beam of the set of beams, wherein the first energy level is the highest among the energy levels collected on the one or more beams;a power percentage charged on each beam of the one or more beams;at least one power percentage charged on a at least one beam of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of power percentages is above a second threshold;a first power percentage charged on a first beam of the one or more of beams, the first power percentage being the highest among the power percentages collected on the one or more beams;at least one index for at least one beam of the one or more beams;at least one resource identifier associated with at least one index of the one or more beams; oran angle of departure (AoD) associated with the first device.23.The third device of claim 21 or 22, wherein the measurement report comprises a measurement adjustment request.24.A fourth device comprising:at least one processor; andat least one memory storing instructions that, when executed by the at least one processor, cause the fourth device at least to:receive a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams of a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; andobtain, based on the measurement report, angle of departure (AoD) information for positioning the first device.25.The fourth device of claim 24, wherein the measurement report comprises at least one of the following:an energy level collected on each beam of the one or more beams;at least one energy levels collected on at least one of beams of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of energy levels is above a first threshold;a first energy level collected on a first beam of the set of beams, wherein the first energy level is the highest among the energy levels collected on the one or more beams;a power percentage charged on each beam of the one or more beams;at least one power percentage charged on a at least one beam of the one or more beams, wherein the plurality of power percentages is above a second threshold;a first power percentage charged on a first beam of the one or more of beams, wherein the first power percentage is the highest among the power percentages collected on the one or more beams;at least one index for at least one beam of the one or more beams;at least one resource identifier associated with at least one index of the one or more beams; oran angle of departure (AoD) associated with the first device.26.The fourth device of claim 24 or 25, wherein the measurement report is received from the first device.27.The fourth device of any of claims 24 to 26, wherein the measurement report is received, via a third device, from the first device.28.The fourth device of any of claims 24 to 27, wherein the fourth device is caused to obtain the AoD information by:determining, based on the measurement report, a first beam of the one or more beams which is associated with the highest energy level or the highest percentage of the charged power; andretrieving the AoD information included in the measurement report.29.The fourth device of claim 28, wherein the fourth device is further caused to:determine, based on at least the AoD information, the position of the first device.30.The fourth device of any of claims 24 to 27, wherein the fourth device is further cased to:transmit, to the first device or a second device, information for configuring measurement.31.The fourth device of claim 30, wherein the information for configuring the measurement indicates a measurement configuration comprising at least one of the following:a measurement period for the beam sweeping;the beginning and end time of the beam sweeping;the sweeping round number of the beam sweeping;a measurement time unit for a beam of the beam sweeping; oran identifier for a beam for the beam sweeping.32.The fourth device of any of claims 24 to 31, wherein the fourth device is further caused to:receive a measurement configuration adjustment request from the first device; andupdate the measurement configuration based on the measurement configuration adjustment request.33.The fourth device of claim 31, wherein the measurement configuration adjustment request is received, via a third device, from the first device.34.A method comprising:performing, at a first device and during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams of the second device; andtransmitting, to a third device, a measurement report for the measurement.35.A method comprising:obtaining, at a second device, information for configuring measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams of the second device, wherein the measurement is to be performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; andtransmitting, to the first device, the information for configuring the measurement.36.A method comprising:receiving, at a third device and from a first device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams of a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; andtransmitting the measurement report to a fourth device.37.A method comprising:receiving, at a fourth device and from a third device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams of a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; andobtaining, based on the measurement report, angle of departure (AoD) information for positioning the first device.38.An apparatus comprising:means for performing, during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by a second device, measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams of the second device; andmeans for transmitting, to a third device, a measurement report for the measurement.39.An apparatus comprising:means for obtaining information for configuring measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams of the second device, wherein the measurement is to be performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; andmeans for transmitting, to the first device, the information for configuring the measurement.40.An apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a first device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of the first device related to one or more beams of a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; andmeans for transmitting the measurement report to a fourth device.41.An apparatus comprising:means for receiving, from a third device, a measurement report for measurement of charging efficiency of a first device related to one or more beams of a second device, wherein the measurement is performed by the first device during a charging procedure based on beam sweeping performed by the second device using the one or more beams; andobtaining, based on the measurement report, angle of departure (AoD) information for positioning the first device.42.A non-transitory computer readable medium comprising program instructions stored thereon for performing at least the method of any of claims 34-37.
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