Wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument for visual simulation of ocular aberrations and method for visual simulation of ocular aberrations

Abstract

Disclosed is a wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument (101, 201, 701, 707, 709, 801, 808, 810) for visual simulation of ocular aberrations and a method for visual simulation of ocular aberrations. The instrument comprises: - at least one phase modulator (303, 406, 507, 607, 906) for simultaneously modulating two pupils, in order to correct ocular aberrations and simulate vision by means of phase profiles, - a binocular optical assembly for displaying visual stimuli, generating input and output pupils and measuring ocular aberrations of any order, - a processing and control unit (703, 803) for connectivity and processing, and - at least one image capture device. The associated method consists in generating phase profiles for binocular visual simulation, simultaneously measuring ocular aberrations, and ensuring wired, wireless and mobile control of the instrument.

Description

[0001] DESCRIPTION

[0002] Wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument for visual simulation of ocular aberrations and method for visual simulation of ocular aberrations

[0003] Field of the invention

[0004] The present invention relates to a wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument for visual simulation of ocular aberrations for a real-world scene or stimulus image and measurement of ocular aberrations. The present invention also relates to a method for performing visual simulation, measuring ocular aberrations, and enabling mobile control and operation of the instrument.

[0005] Background of the invention

[0006] The quality of vision perceived by the human eye is primarily limited by its optics. Optical aberrations reduce the quality of the image produced on the retina and are one of the main causes of vision problems worldwide. Visual simulation is the process of measuring and correcting ocular aberrations using optoelectronic techniques, such as adaptive optics. Adaptive optics allows aberrations to be measured and corrected with great precision and in real time. Visual simulation using adaptive optics techniques is usually implemented through digitally controlled phase modulators that are liquid crystals or deformable mirrors. Ophthalmic instruments that allow aberration measurement and correction using adaptive optics are known as visual simulators. One of the first demonstrations of such an instrument was presented at E.J. Fernández, S. Manzanera, P. Piers, P.Artal, "Adaptive optics visual simulator," J. Refrac. Surgery, 18, 634–638 (2002). Later developments in visual simulation instruments demonstrated measurement and correction beyond low-order aberrations and introduced visual simulation for higher-order aberrations. A key technique widely used for aberration measurement is the Hartmann-Shack sensor. Its early use in human eyes was presented by Liang, B. Grimm, S. Goelz, and J. F. Bille, "Objective measurement of WA's of the human eye with the use of a Hartmann-Shack wave-front sensor." J. Opt. Am. A 11, 1949–1957 (1994) and J. Liang and D. R. Williams, "Aberrations and retinal image quality of the normal human eye." J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 14, 2873–2883 (1997). To date, the Hartmann-Shack sensor is widely used in visual simulators and other relevant ophthalmic instruments for the objective assessment of ocular aberrations.Patent document US 7264354 B2 presents an electronically controlled phoropter for visual simulation that incorporates optoelectronic lenses. The optical power of the optoelectronic lenses is controlled by the examiner by varying the electrical signal supplied to the lenses. The presented instrument can only correct defocus and cannot simulate the correction of astigmatism or other complex aberrations.

[0007] US Patent 4943162 A discloses an instrument that facilitates visual correction using a rotating multi-lens configuration. It features an instrument having two stacked cylindrical lenses that rotate symmetrically to compensate for the correction of spherical defocus and astigmatism in the subject.

[0008] US patent document 8911084 B2 discloses a binocular vision simulation instrument that uses a phase modulator to correct aberrations of any type for both eyes simultaneously. The instrument can simulate corrections for both low-level and high-level aberrations. The instrument assembly is large and has the form factor of a tabletop ophthalmic instrument.

[0009] US patent document 7914148 B2 discloses a method and associated instrument for simulating the optical effect of a selected ophthalmic lens design. The instrument has the form factor of a pair of glasses and uses an image projector and a display screen to show the resulting simulated image.

[0010] US Patent 5,495,305 A discloses specialized contact lenses that produce visual distortions to allow the subject to simulate vision under different visual conditions. The disclosed invention primarily focuses on visual simulation of distortions and artifacts that can arise after an ocular surgical procedure.

[0011] US Patent 1,136,0313 B1 discloses a binocular system and a method for a wearable instrument for automatically correcting spherical refraction in near-eye displays. The invention uses adaptive optics lenses to electronically correct the subject's spherical refraction in virtual reality and augmented reality displays. US Patent 1,093,2901 B2 discloses a method and associated system that uses a femtosecond pulse laser focused on an optical polymer material or fabric to manipulate its refractive index and demonstrate various types of visual corrections.

[0012] Patent document US 10898073 B2 discloses a binocular optoelectronic instrument for visual simulation and presbyopia correction. The disclosed invention uses optoelectronic lenses and pupil tracking to automatically correct vision for different viewing distances.

[0013] Patent document US 10386645 B2 presents a wearable instrument for checking, identifying, and compensating for ocular pathologies that affect a patient's vision. The disclosed device is a glasses-type device and features digital displays that provide customized visual field enhancement for the subject.

[0014] US patent document 8876289 B2 discloses an instrument for visual simulation of multifocal corrections. The instrument comprises a combination of a Badal system, beam splitters, and mirrors to allow the simulation of different optical powers for near and far vision.

[0015] US patent document 7697212 B2 presents an invention for simulating the correction and optimization of higher-order aberrations for human eyes when using various optical instruments such as binoculars, telescopes and microscopes.

[0016] US patent document 9681800 B2 discloses an invention for a transparent adaptive optics phoropter. The instrument comprises a plurality of optical elements, also including an adaptive optics lens, in which the focal power is electronically controlled. The diffractive element is used to transmit light scattered by the human eye to the wavefront sensor.

[0017] Since the earliest demonstrations of visual simulation, a variety of visual simulation instruments of various modalities have been presented. However, most of the inventions disclosed to date have featured tabletop instruments that are immobile, bulky, and require sophisticated handling. Furthermore, existing wearable visual simulation and correction instruments have focused primarily on focal power correction and simulation only. Summary of the Invention

[0018] The object of the invention is to provide a wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument and an associated method for simulating visual corrections and measuring ocular aberrations to enable perception of visual stimuli presented with optical corrections.

[0019] The invention features a wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument for the measurement and visual simulation of ocular aberrations comprising:

[0020] - at least one phase modulator for the simultaneous modulation of two pupils, to perform the correction of ocular aberrations and simulate vision by means of phase profiles,

[0021] - a binocular optical assembly for the presentation of visual stimuli, the generation of entrance and exit pupils and the measurement of ocular aberrations of any order

[0022] - a processing and control unit for connectivity and processing, and

[0023] - at least one image capture device.

[0024] The invention also features a method for visual simulation of ocular aberrations, utilizing a wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument of the invention, comprising the following steps:

[0025] - generation of phase profiles for binocular visual simulation,

[0026] - simultaneous measurement of ocular aberrations, and

[0027] - control and operation of the instrument.

[0028] Therefore, the present invention provides a wearable binocular instrument for simulating visual corrections for any ocular aberration that is fully mobile, compact, robust, and capable of performing objective and subjective testing. The instrument can provide realistic visual simulation thanks to its transparent features. The instrument is highly portable due to its wearable form factor and has no moving components.

[0029] The instrument allows for simulation of vision of real-world scenes or stimulus images and also facilitates simulated vision correction, as would be performed after an eye undergoing a surgical procedure, such as interocular lens implantation or refractive surgery. Brief description of the figures

[0030] The accompanying figures are provided solely as an example of the wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument and associated method disclosed in this invention. The figures are not intended to limit the scope of protection as identified in the claims, nor should they be referred to alone in an effort to interpret the scope identified in said claims.

[0031] FIG. 1 shows the schematic diagram of a helmet-type binocular instrument illustrating an embodiment of the invention.

[0032] FIG. 2 shows the schematic diagram of a binocular glasses-type instrument illustrating an embodiment of the invention.

[0033] FIG. 3 shows the schematic diagram of the arrangement of an open-view binocular instrument illustrating an embodiment of the invention.

[0034] FIG. 4 shows the schematic diagram of the arrangement of one of the two modules of the binocular closed vision instrument illustrating an embodiment of the invention.

[0035] FIG. 5 shows the schematic diagram of the arrangement of the open-view binocular instrument utilizing a p¡ phase modulator and a dual-pass configuration, indicating an embodiment of the invention.

[0036] FIG. 6 shows the schematic diagram of the arrangement of one of the two modules of the binocular instrument using a p¡ phase modulator and a double-pass configuration indicating an embodiment of the invention.

[0037] FIG. 7A, FIG. 7B and FIG. 7C show schematic diagrams of variations of an open viewing binocular instrument having respectively a wired connection to the control unit, a wireless connection to the control unit and an integrated control unit illustrating different embodiments of the invention.

[0038] FIG. 8A, FIG. 8B and FIG. 8C show schematic diagrams of variations of a closed-view binocular instrument having respectively a wired connection to the control unit, a wireless connection to the control unit and an integrated control unit illustrating different embodiments of the invention.

[0039] FIG. 9 shows the schematic diagram of the optical arrangement of the open vision binocular instrument using a single phase modulator for both eyes by means of active shutters and sequential operation in time, illustrating an embodiment of the invention.

[0040] Detailed description of the invention

[0041] The present invention provides a wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument for visual simulation and measurement of ocular aberrations of any type, and a method associated with the wearable instrument. The disclosed instrument has closed vision and open vision variations with tethered, wireless, and mobile operation capabilities. The disclosed instrument has a wearable form factor that may be in the form of a head-mounted headset 101 , as illustrated in FIG. 1 , or in the form of goggles 201 , as illustrated in FIG. 2. FIG. 3 shows the open vision instrument.

[0042] FIG. 3 shows the open-view variation of the binocular wearable instrument that simulates a real-world live view. The open-view wearable instrument includes a pair of fixed-size diaphragms, facing the actual view, that serve as the left and right entrance pupils (301 and 302). A pair of lenses 304 is used to conjugate the entrance pupil with a phase modulator 303 in which phase profiles are induced. The modified pupil is then passed through another pair of lenses to produce the left and right exit pupils (307 and 308), which match the pupils of the subject's left and right eyes, respectively. Plane mirrors 306 and prisms 305 are positioned between the lenses to bend the optical path and ensure the transparent arrangement of the instrument.

[0043] FIG. 4 shows the detailed arrangement and components of one of the modules of a binocular closed-view instrument. The binocular closed-view instrument includes a stimulus display screen 401, such as a microdisplay, for presenting the computer-generated stimulus image, such as acuity charts. A fixed-size diaphragm serving as the entrance pupil 402 of the instrument is positioned at a predefined distance from the microdisplay. Immediately after the diaphragm, a collimating lens 403 is positioned and used to collimate the light coming from the microdisplay to achieve a predefined field of view. A pair of small first achromatic lenses 405 are then positioned in sequence to conjugate the entrance pupil to the phase modulator 406 where the phase profiles are transmitted. Flat mirrors 404 are used between the different optical components to bend the optical path at different locations.The phase modulator 406 is followed by a second pair of achromatic lenses 405' to transfer the modified entrance pupil and generate the exit pupil 407. The focal length of the achromatic lenses is chosen such that a predetermined magnification is achieved by conjugating the entrance pupil with the modulated pupil and the exit pupil. A field stop 412 is also positioned between the modulated pupil and the exit pupil. When the instrument is worn, the pupil of the subject's eye is aligned with the generated exit pupil. The closed-view instrument module also contains a wavefront sensor, preferably a Hartmann-Shack sensor 409, a third pair of achromatic lenses 405', and an illumination source 410 for objective measurement of aberrations. In addition, a hot mirror 408 is attached before the exit pupil, separating the viewing and measurement paths.The working wavelength range of the third pair of lenses 405" also covers the near-infrared region. Similarly, the illumination source 410 is also infrared.

[0044] FIG. 5 shows the variation of the open vision wearable binocular instrument incorporating a p¡ phase modulator 507 wherein the optical assembly provides triple conjugation between the entrance pupil and the exit pupil. The instrument contains separate but symmetrical modules (501 and 502) for each of the eyes. Full phase modulation for full visual simulation is achieved in two steps where partial pupil modulation is performed in the first step and full phase modulation is achieved in the second step. A plurality of lenses 508, plane mirrors 510, and prisms 509 are incorporated to perform optical conjugation, bend the optical paths, and achieve a transparent configuration.

[0045] FIG. 6 shows another version of one of the two modules of the closed-view binocular instrument using a phase modulator 607 for wavefront manipulation and a double-pass pupil configuration for complete phase modulation. This version uses an assembly of mirrors 602, lenses 606, and prisms 605 in a configuration such that pupil conjugation is performed twice within the system. The first phase modulation step is performed on the first conjugate pupil and the second phase modulation step is completed on the second conjugate pupil where both conjugate pupils use different areas of the same phase modulator.

[0046] The present invention also provides a method for visual simulation and measurement of ocular aberrations using the binocular wearable instrument presented above comprising a phase of simulating visual corrections, a phase of measuring ocular aberrations in binocular adjustments, and another phase of controlling the operation of the instrument as discussed below:

[0047] Visual simulation:

[0048] The subject being corrected wears the binocular instrument, ensuring that the pupils of the subject's eye are aligned with the exit pupils of the instrument and that the subject's eyes do not accommodate.

[0049] The phase profile for aberration correction is transmitted to the phase modulator panel, which is in conjunction with the entrance and exit pupils, and the incoming stimulus wavefront is manipulated accordingly. The incoming stimuli are either a computer-generated image displayed on a microdisplay or a real-world view seen through the instrument.

[0050] The modified wavefront is transmitted to the respective eye, allowing visual simulation of the applied aberration / correction, in which the induced aberrations can be identical or different for each eye.

[0051] Measuring aberrations:

[0052] The measurement of aberrations is carried out using objective or subjective methods.

[0053] In the objective method, the aberrations of the subject's eyes are measured by incident light first reflecting off the retina and recorded by the wavefront sensor, which is part of the instrument's optical assembly.

[0054] In the subjective method, aberrations are evaluated by performing visual simulation for a variety of aberrations, and the visual correction that provides the best corrected visual acuity is chosen as the subjectively measured aberration. Instrument control and operation:

[0055] The wearable instrument is controlled and operated in three ways.

[0056] The first method relies on the instrument connecting to a control and processing unit, such as a computer, tablet, or smartphone, via a wired interface. The control and processing unit is operated by the tester, who directs and monitors the test procedure, and the phase profile for the visual simulation is transmitted to the instrument. Overall instrument control and backend processing are managed by the anchored control and processing unit.

[0057] The second method relies on the instrument connecting to a control and processing unit via a wireless interface. The control and processing unit is operated by the examiner, and the phase profile for the visual simulation is transmitted to the instrument. The overall operation of the instrument is managed through the wireless processing and control unit.

[0058] The third method involves using a compact processing and control unit integrated into the wearable instrument. The subject operates the instrument using an input interface such as a touch panel. The phase profiles for visual correction are generated within the instrument, and all processing and control steps are performed on the instrument.

[0059] The associated method for controlling and operating the instrument is illustrated in FIGS. 7A through 7C and FIGS. 8A through 8C for the open vision and closed vision instrument variations, respectively. Both of these instrument variations utilize one of three different modes of instrument operation. FIGS. 7A and FIG. 8A illustrate the connection of the instrument (701 and 801) to the control unit (703 and 803) via a wired interface (706 and 807). FIGS. 7B and FIG. 8B illustrate wireless connectivity (708, 809) between the instrument (707 and 808) and the control unit (703 and 803). In both modes of operation, control of the instrument is handled by the examiner (704 and 804) performing the vision simulation tests. FIGS. 7C and FIG. 8C illustrate versions of the instrument (709, 810) in which the control unit is integrated, and all processing steps are performed within the instrument.Furthermore, these variations of the instrument do not require an examiner and are operated by the subject (702 and 802), through the input interface (710 and 811) integrated with the instrument.

[0060] Another version of the open vision instrument arrangement, shown in FIG. 9, includes a simple phase modulator 906 together with active shutters 903 and beam splitters 907 to modulate the left entrance pupil 901 and the right entrance pupil 902 one by one in a time-sequential pattern. It also includes a lens 904 and a plane mirror 905. Also shown are a left exit pupil 908 and a right exit pupil 909.

[0061] In the wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument of the invention, the image capture device is used to obtain images of the eyes.

[0062] The imaging device can be used for real-time monitoring of pupils.

[0063] The image capture device may be a wavefront sensing camera that measures ocular aberrations.

[0064] The instrument of the invention may contain a power supply and an energy storage component.

[0065] In the detailed description of the present invention, reference is made to the following reference numerals:

[0066] 101 - Helmet-type binocular instrument

[0067] 102- Subject of test

[0068] 103- Left eye module

[0069] 104- Right eye module

[0070] 201 - Binocular instrument type glasses

[0071] 202- Left entrance pupil

[0072] 203- Right entrance pupil

[0073] 204- Left exit pupil

[0074] 205- Right exit pupil

[0075] 301 - Left entrance pupil

[0076] 302- Right entrance pupil

[0077] 303- Phase modulator 304- Lens

[0078] 305- Prisms

[0079] 306- Flat mirror

[0080] 307- Left exit pupil

[0081] 308- Right exit pupil

[0082] 401 - Stimulus presentation screen

[0083] 402- Entrance pupil

[0084] 403- Collimating lens

[0085] 404- Flat mirror

[0086] 405- Lens

[0087] 4O5'-Lens

[0088] 405”-Lens

[0089] 406- Phase modulator

[0090] 407- Exit pupil

[0091] 408- Hot Mirror

[0092] 409- Hartmann-Shack Sensor

[0093] 410- Laser

[0094] 411 - Beam splitter

[0095] 412- Field stop

[0096] 501 - Left eye module

[0097] 502- Right eye module

[0098] 503- Left entrance pupil

[0099] 504- Right entrance pupil

[0100] 505- Left exit pupil

[0101] 506- Right exit pupil

[0102] 507- Phase modulator p¡

[0103] 508- Lens

[0104] 509- Reflector prism

[0105] 510- Flat mirror

[0106] 601 - Stimulus presentation screen

[0107] 602- Flat mirror

[0108] 603- Collimating lens

[0109] 604- Entrance pupil

[0110] 605- Prism

[0111] 606- Lens

[0112] 607- Polyphase modulator

[0113] 608- Exit pupil 609- Hot mirror

[0114] 610- Hartmann-Shack Sensor

[0115] 701 - Open vision binocular instrument with wired connectivity

[0116] 702- Subject of test.

[0117] 703- Processing and control unit

[0118] 704- Examiner

[0119] 705- Real-world stimuli

[0120] 706- Anchored Connection

[0121] 707- Open vision binocular instrument with wireless connectivity

[0122] 708- Wireless Interface

[0123] 709- Open vision binocular instrument with integrated processing and control unit

[0124] 710- Input interface for instrument control

[0125] 801 - Close-vision binocular instrument with wired connectivity

[0126] 802- Subject of test.

[0127] 803- Processing and control unit

[0128] 804- Examiner

[0129] 805- Virtual stimuli with uncorrected aberration

[0130] 806- Virtual stimuli with corrected aberration

[0131] 807- Tethered Connection

[0132] 808- Close-vision binocular instrument with wireless connectivity

[0133] 809- Wireless Interface

[0134] 810- Closed-view binocular instrument with integrated processing and control unit

[0135] 811 - Input interface for instrument control

[0136] 901 - Left entrance pupil

[0137] 902- Right entrance pupil

[0138] 903- Active shutters

[0139] 904- Lens

[0140] 905- Flat mirror

[0141] 906- Phase modulator

[0142] 907- Beam splitter

[0143] 908- Left exit pupil

[0144] 909- Right exit pupil

Claims

CLAIMS 1. Wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument (101, 201, 701, 707, 709, 801, 808, 810) for the visual simulation of ocular aberrations, characterized in that it comprises: - at least one phase modulator (303, 406, 507, 607, 906) for the simultaneous modulation of two pupils, to perform the correction of ocular aberrations and simulate vision by means of phase profiles, - a binocular optical assembly for the presentation of visual stimuli, the generation of entrance and exit pupils and the measurement of ocular aberrations of any order, - a processing and control unit (703, 803) for connectivity and processing, and - at least one image capture device.

2. A wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument (101, 201, 701, 707, 709, 801, 808, 810) according to claim 1, wherein said binocular optical assembly creates two entrance pupils (202, 203; 301, 302; 503, 504; 901, 902) and two exit pupils (204, 205; 307, 308; 505, 506;908, 909) and said at least one phase modulator (303, 406, 507, 607, 906) is optically conjugated with two entrance pupils and two exit pupils, wherein said at least one phase modulator (303, 406, 507, 607, 906) manipulates the phase of two exit pupils simultaneously and independently, such that the manipulation of the phase of both exit pupils is equal to or different from each other, wherein the optical conjugation of the entrance and exit pupils is performed through the binocular optical assembly, comprising lenses (304, 405, 508, 606, 904) and mirrors (306, 404, 510, 602, 905), wherein the visual simulation of ocular aberrations, ophthalmic elements and visual conditions are It is performed in binocular configuration, and in which the processing and control unit (703, 803) is responsible for the operation and backend processes associated with the instrument (101, 201, 701, 707, 709, 801, 808, 810).; 3. A binocular ophthalmic wearable instrument according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the wearable instrument is in the form of a headset (101).

4. A binocular ophthalmic wearable instrument according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the wearable instrument is in the form of glasses (201).

5. A binocular ophthalmic wearable instrument according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the wearable instrument is of the closed vision type (801, 808, 810).

6. A wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument according to claim 5, wherein the stimuli for both eyes are presented on the screen of a microdisplay (401).

7. A wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the instrument is of the open or transparent viewing type (701, 707, 709).

8. A wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument according to claim 7, wherein the stimuli for both eyes are live views of the real world.

9. A wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the at least one phase modulator (303, 406, 507, 607, 906) is digitally controlled.

10. The binocular wearable ophthalmic instrument of claim 9, wherein the at least one phase modulator (303, 406, 507, 607, 906) is a transmissive liquid crystal, a reflective liquid crystal, or a reflective liquid crystal capable of performing phase modulation p¡.

11. The binocular wearable ophthalmic instrument of claim 10, wherein the at least one phase modulator (303, 406, 507, 607, 906) is a reflective liquid crystal capable of performing p¡ phase modulation, wherein the at least one phase modulator is used in double-pass pupillary conjugation for full phase modulation.

12. A wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument according to claim 9, wherein a pair of phase modulators is used, wherein each phase modulator is used exclusively for one eye.

13. A wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument according to claim 9, wherein only one phase modulator is used to modulate the pupils of both eyes.

14. The wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument of claim 13, wherein the phase modulator is used sequentially for both eyes in a time multiplexing configuration.

15. A binocular wearable ophthalmic instrument according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the wearable instrument (707, 808) is wirelessly connected to the processing and control unit (703, 803).

16. A binocular ophthalmic wearable instrument according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the wearable instrument (701, 801) is connected by cable to the processing and control unit (703, 803).

17. A binocular ophthalmic wearable instrument according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the wearable instrument (709, 810) has an integrated input interface and a processing and control unit and is operated by the subject.

18. A wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the image capture device is used to obtain images of the eyes.

19. The wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument of claim 18, wherein the image capture device is used to perform real-time monitoring of the pupils.

20. A wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument according to claim 18, wherein the image capture device is a wavefront sensing camera that measures ocular aberrations.

21. A wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the instrument contains a power source and an energy storage component.

22. Method for visual simulation of ocular aberrations, using a wearable binocular ophthalmic instrument (101, 201, 701, 707, 709, 801, 808, 810) of claims 1 to 21, comprising the following steps: - generation of phase profiles for binocular visual simulation, - simultaneous measurement of ocular aberrations, and - control and operation of the instrument.

23. Method for visual simulation of ocular aberrations according to claim 22, wherein the control and operation of the instrument (101, 201, 701, 707, 709, 801, 808, 810) can use a wired interface, a wireless interface or can be performed by a processing and control unit integrated into the wearable instrument.

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