Circulating markers for parturition
By using the RNA level of specific mRNA markers in a single maternal blood sample, the method effectively predicts labor onset and guides appropriate medical interventions, addressing the inaccuracies and complexities of current methods.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/115026
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-12
- Filing Date
- 2024-08-28
- Publication Date
- 2025-03-20
AI Technical Summary
Current methods for predicting the timing of parturition and the success of induction of labor (IOL) are inaccurate and require multiple blood samples and sophisticated detection platforms, leading to unnecessary pain and resource wastage for pregnant women.
A method using the RNA level of specific circulating mRNA markers, such as GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, and PADI4, in a single maternal blood sample to predict the onset of labor and determine appropriate medical intervention.
This method achieves high-performance prediction of labor onset, allowing for more accurate determination of appropriate medical interventions, such as IOL or Cesarean section, thereby reducing unnecessary procedures and improving outcomes for pregnant women.
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Figure CN2024115026_20032025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
CIRCULATING MARKERS FOR PARTURITION
[0001] RELATED APPLICATIONS
[0002] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 538,022, filed September 12, 2023, the contents of which are hereby incorporated in the entirety for all purposes.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0003] The onset of human labor is a delicate process that is precisely timed to ensure the delivery of healthy neonates. As both preterm (<37 weeks’ gestation) and post-term pregnancy (>42 weeks) are primary causes of maternal and neonatal complications, the capacity for accurate prediction of the timing of parturition is critical in clinical practice. However, what determines the initiation of parturition, the progression from latent phase to active phase of labor, and finally an uneventful spontaneous delivery remains largely undefined. Inaccurate predictions often lead to inappropriate and untimely intervention, causing unnecessary pain for the pregnant women as well as wastage of hospital resources and manpower.
[0004] For example, induction of labor (IOL) is performed in 30%of all pregnancies for clinical benefits with a view to inducing spontaneous delivery, but failed IOL occurs in 15%-30%of women, who ended up having a Cesarean delivery. Currently, successful IOL (i.e., ending in spontaneous delivery) is predicted by clinical method (Bishop score) or ultrasonography, but both achieved limited accuracy. Recently, cell-free RNA (cfRNA) in maternal plasma has been shown to be useful for predicting the gestational age at delivery at comparable accuracy (45%) to ultrasound (57.8%) . This method requires measuring the cfRNA levels of nine genes and taking multiple blood samples from each pregnant woman, however, sophisticated detection platform (e.g., multiplex PCR, RNA-seq) and multiple hospital visits are therefore required and present challenges in practicing this method.
[0005] In this invention, the present inventors provide a new method for predicting delivery using the RNA level of only one gene and only one maternal blood sample per woman. The invention is based on the systematic identification of delivery-associated circulating RNA transcripts (DACTs) , the levels of which in peripheral blood were changed before and after the latent phase of labor in women who underwent a successful IOL. It has been illustrated that maternal blood level of a DACT before IOL is useful for the prediction of successful IOL, ending in spontaneous delivery. Thus, women predicted by the DACT test to have a low chance of successful IOL may choose to give birth directly by Cesarean delivery rather than undergoing the potentially unnecessary pain of induced labor. Further, DACTs are useful for the prediction of spontaneous labor or spontaneous preterm birth, which precedes preterm labor, where regulation of some circulating markers in common to induced labor may be involved.
[0006] BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0007] This disclosure relates to the use of RNA markers circulating in the blood stream of a pregnant woman for the purpose of predicting the timing of onset of labor and child delivery, therefore assessing whether induction of labor should be performed for the pregnant woman. In contrast to similar methods already in practice, the present inventors have identified several new circulating mRNA markers, each of which can be used alone in as few as one single blood sample taken from a pregnant woman to achieve high performance prediction of onset of labor, which in turn allows for determination of what type of medical intervention may be appropriate for individual pregnant women.
[0008] Thus, in the first aspect, the present invention provides a method for assessing mRNA level. The method includes these steps: (a) obtaining a blood, plasma, or serum sample from a pregnant woman prior to onset of labor, optionally further obtaining another blood, plasma, or serum sample from the woman during latent phase of labor; and (b) quantifying mRNA level of only one of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 in the blood, plasma, or serum sample (s) from step (a) , but no other blood, plasma, or serum sample is taken from the woman. In some embodiments, only one of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA level is determined in the sample (s) , but no other mRNA level in the sample (s) is quantified. In some embodiments, the level or levels of one or two or more reference marker level in the sample (s) are quantified and are used for normalizing the level of one of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA, but no other mRNA level in the sample (s) is quantified.
[0009] In some embodiments, only one blood, plasma, or serum sample is obtained prior to onset of labor. In some embodiments, only one of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, or TRBV15 mRNA level is quantified. In some embodiments, when the mRNA level from step (b) is lower than a standard control value corresponding to s percentile of a control group of individuals, the onset of labor in the pregnant woman is predicted as within about t hours from step (a) , with s and t listed in Tables 11A (1) and 11D (1) , respectively. For example, if the maternal blood mRNA level of GMEB2 is lower than the 10th percentile of a population of third-trimester women, then onset of the active phase of labor in the pregnant woman is predicted as within a median of 3.70 hours after blood-sampling (Fig. 2A, GMEB2, green curve) . In contrast, if the same is higher than the 10th percentile, then onset of the active phase of labor is predicted as within a median of 14.14 hours after blood-sampling (Fig. 2A, GMEB2, red curve) . In some embodiments, the method may further comprises, after step (b) , a step of performing induction of labor (IOL) on the pregnant woman, for example, if the woman is predicted to begin labor within about 2-5 hours. In some embodiments, steps (a) and (b) are performed on two pregnant women, among whom one woman has a higher level of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, or TRBV15 mRNA and one woman has a lower level of the same mRNA. In some embodiments, the method may further comprise, after step (b) , performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman with the lower mRNA level and performing a Cesarean section on the pregnant woman with the higher mRNA level.
[0010] In some embodiments, only one of TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA level is quantified. In some embodiments, when the mRNA level from step (b) is higher than a standard control value corresponding to s percentile of a control group, the onset of labor in the pregnant woman is predicted as within about t hours from step (a) , with s and t listed in Tables 11A (1) and 11C (1) , respectively. For example, if the maternal blood mRNA level of TRAPPC11 is higher than the 65th percentile of a population of third-trimester women, then onset of the active phase of labor in the pregnant woman is predicted as within a median of 8.83 hours after blood-sampling (Fig. 2A, TRAPPC11, red curve) . In contrast, if the same is lower than the 10th percentile, then onset of the active phase of labor is predicted as within a median of 16.97 hours after blood-sampling (Fig. 2A, TRAPPC11, green curve) . In some embodiments, the method may further comprise, after step (b) , a step of performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman, if she is deemed to likely begin labor within about 2-5 hours. In some embodiments, steps (a) and (b) are performed on two pregnant women, among whom one woman has a higher level of TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA and one woman has a lower level of the same mRNA. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, after step (b) , performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman with the higher mRNA level and performing a Cesarean section on the pregnant woman with the lower mRNA level.
[0011] In some embodiments, in step (a) a first blood, plasma, or serum sample is obtained from the woman prior to onset of labor and a second blood, plasma, or serum sample is obtained from the woman during latent phase of labor, and wherein a Rate of Change (RoC) is calculated as follows:
[0012] [ (log2 latent-phase RNA level) - (log2 pre-labor RNA level) ] / time between 1st and 2nd samples.
[0013] In some embodiments, only one of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, or TRBV15 mRNA level is quantified in both the first and second samples. In some embodiments, when the RoC is lower than a standard control value corresponding to s percentile of a control group, child delivery by the pregnant woman is predicted as within about t hours from the time when the first sample is obtained, where s and t are listed in Tables 11A and D, respectively. For example, if the RoC of maternal blood mRNA level of GMEB2 is lower than the 20th percentile of a population of third-trimester women, then child delivery by the pregnant woman is predicted as within a median of 9.82 hours after blood-sampling (Fig. 2F, GMEB2, green curve) . In contrast, if the same is higher than the 20th percentile, then child delivery is predicted as within a median of 22.45 hours after blood-sampling (Fig. 2F, GMEB2, red curve) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises, after step (b) , a step of performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman, for example, if the woman is predicted to deliver her child within about 2-5 hours. In some embodiments, steps (a) and (b) are performed on two pregnant women for the same mRNA, i.e., one of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, or TRBV15 mRNA, among whom one woman has a higher RoC and one woman has a lower RoC. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, after step (b) , performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman with the lower RoC and performing a Cesarean section on the pregnant woman with the higher RoC.
[0014] In some embodiments, only one of TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA level is quantified in both the first and second samples. In some embodiments, when the RoC is higher than a standard control value corresponding to s percentile of a control group, child delivery by the pregnant woman is predicted as within about t hours from the time when the first sample is obtained, where s and t are listed in Tables 11A and C, respectively. For example, if the RoC of maternal blood mRNA level of TRAPPC11 is higher than the 65th percentile of a population of third-trimester women, then child delivery by the pregnant woman is predicted as within a median of 11.15 hours after blood-sampling (Fig. 2F, GMEB2, red curve) . In contrast, if the same is lower than the 65th percentile, then child delivery is predicted as within a median of 24.60 hours after blood-sampling (Fig. 2F, GMEB2, green curve) . In some embodiments, the method further comprises, after step (b) , a step of performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman, for example, if child delivery is predicted within about 2-5 hours. In some embodiments, steps (a) and (b) are performed on two pregnant women for the same mRNA, i.e., one of TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA, among whom one woman has a higher RoC and one woman has a lower RoC. In some embodiments, the method further comprises, after step (b) , performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman with the higher RoC and performing a Cesarean section on the pregnant woman with the lower RoC. In some embodiments of the methods described above and herein, the mRNA level is quantified by reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) .
[0015] In the second aspect, the present invention provides a kit for assessing mRNA level. The kit includes (1) a first container containing a reagent for quantifying GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA in a blood, plasma, or serum sample; (2) a standard control for GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA level in the blood, plasma, or serum sample.
[0016] In some embodiments, the kit comprises two or more of reagents for quantifying mRNA level by RT-qPCR. In some embodiments, the kit further comprises an instruction manual providing instructions for the proper usage of the kit.
[0017] In the third aspect, the present invention provides uses of newly identified circulating mRNA markers, namely GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, and PADI4, in a blood sample taken from a pregnant woman, for the purpose of predicting the timing of onset of labor and child birth in the pregnant woman. In this context, these uses are detailed in the methods described above and herein.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0018] Figure 1: Maternal blood transcriptomes before labor and during the latent phase of labor. (A) RNA-seq was performed on two serially-collected whole blood samples from each woman. Differentially expressed transcripts are identified (Wilcoxon signed rank test, False Discovery Rate (FDR) -adjusted p <0.05) . Down-regulated (lower panel) and up-regulated (upper) transcripts during the latent phase. RNA levels of transcripts (rows) in women (columns) are shown as Z-score per row (red: high; grey: low) . The bar graph shows the time (hours) between blood collection and delivery. (B) Validation of RNA-seq-identified differentially expressed transcripts using reverse-transcriptase qPCR on an independent cohort. Transcripts expected to be down- (left) or up-regulated (right) during labor as suggested by the RNA-seq experiment are subjected to qPCR validation. RNA levels of target transcripts are normalized by geometric means of those of two reference genes, CNOT and EYA3. Asterisk indicates Wilcoxon signed rank test, p <0.05. (C) Log2 fold-change values in RT-qPCR against those in RNA-seq. (Spearman rho 0.77, p = 0.014) . (D, E) Correlation between the levels of transcripts in the 1st (pre-labor) maternal blood sample and time from 1st blood collection to onset of active phase or delivery, respectively. (F, G) Correlation between the levels of transcripts in the 2nd (latent-phase) maternal blood sample and time from 2nd blood collection to onset of active phase or delivery, respectively. (H, I) Correlation between rate of fold change (RoC) of transcript and time from 1st blood collection to onset of active phase or delivery, respectively. Results from Spearman rank order correlation test (rho, p) and linear regression model (R2; solid blue line p < 0.05; dotted line, insignificant) are shown. (J, K) Summary of correlation analyses and linear regression models in Figs. 1D-I.
[0019] Figure 2: Kaplan Meier analyses. Women were categorized according to high (red curves) or low (green curve) levels or rate of change (RoC) of transcripts in maternal blood using the threshold specified in Tables 11A and B. *, Logrank test p <0.05. (A, B) The levels of transcripts in the 1st (pre-labor) maternal blood sample and the time between its collection and onset of active phase or delivery, respectively. (C, D) The levels of transcripts in the 2nd (latent-phase) maternal blood sample and the time between its collection and onset of active phase or delivery, respectively. (E, F) The rate of change (RoC) of transcripts in maternal blood sample and the time between the collection of the 1st blood sample and onset of active phase or delivery, respectively. (G) Summary of Kaplan Meier analyses A to H. Green or red shade represents a positive or negative, respectively, difference in median time of event in women with high levels or rate of change / fold-change of transcript in blood, compared to counterparts with low levels or rate. The difference in median time of event with Logrank test p <0.05 are bold and enlarged. See Tables 11A and B for threshold of level or rate of change of each transcript for specifying high or low. For the women with high level or rate of change of the transcript, see Table 11C for their median time from blood sampling to parturition event (onset of active phase of labor or child delivery) . For the women with low level or rate of change of the transcript, see Table 11D for the same.
[0020] Figure 3: Pre-labor maternal blood levels of transcripts identified in the RNA-seq study and timing of onset of active phase or delivery. Key data from (A-C) down-regulated (NOMO1, TBRV15, LINC01857 mRNA transcripts) or (D-F) up-regulated (CASP4, LTB4R and MBOAT1 mRNA transcripts) during latent phase of labor.
[0021] Figure 4: Cross-validation on predictive performance of RT-qPCR assay of PDCD11 transcript. Fig. 4A: Prediction of onset of active phase within 10 hours after blood sampling (100-fold, mean sensitivity 0.870, mean specificity 0.795, mean accuracy 0.812) . Fig. 4B: Prediction of delivery within 10 hours after blood sampling (100-fold, mean sensitivity 0.870, mean specificity 0.795, mean accuracy 0.810) .
[0022] Figure 5: Gene ontology (biological processes) terms analysis of differentially expressed transcripts before onset and in latent phase of labor. Over- / under-represented biological processes with the10 greatest or lowest fold enrichment or depletion scores are shown. No fold enrichment or FDR filtering if less than 10 biological processes were identified to be associated with the input transcript lists. Differential transcripts refer to the differentially expressed (including upregulated and downregulated) transcripts.
[0023] Figure 6: Performance of delivery-associated circulating transcripts (DACTs) for the prediction of vaginal delivery after IOL in the cross-sectional validation cohort. Pre-labor maternal blood samples were collected from 100 pregnant women who planned to undergo IOL. Levels of DACTs were quantified and normalized. The subjects were balance-split into the train and test sets. In the train set, for each DACT, an optimal threshold in prediction of successful IOL (i.e., ending in vaginal delivery) was determined. Using this threshold, in the test set, the performance in prediction of successful IOL of each DACT was assessed, plotted (red curve) and compared to the performance in prediction of the same using cervical status based on Bishop score (grey dotted curve) . D1, GMEB2. D2, PDCD11. D3, IGLV1-36. D4, UPF2. D5, TRBV15. U1, TRAPPC11. U2 DHRS13. U3, SH3BP5. U4, CA4. U5, PADI4.
[0024] DEFINITIONS
[0025] As used herein, the term "biological sample" or “sample” includes sections of tissues such as biopsy and autopsy samples, and frozen sections taken for histologic purposes, or processed forms of any of such samples. Biological samples include blood and blood fractions or products (e.g., serum, plasma, platelets, red blood cells, and the like) , sputum or saliva, lymph and tongue tissue, cultured cells, e.g., primary cultures, explants, and transformed cells, stool, urine, esophagus biopsy tissue etc. A biological sample is typically obtained from a eukaryotic organism, which may be a mammal, may be a primate and may be a human subject.
[0026] In this disclosure the term "biopsy" refers to the process of removing a tissue sample for diagnostic or prognostic evaluation, and to the tissue specimen itself. Any biopsy technique known in the art can be applied to the diagnostic and prognostic methods of the present invention. The biopsy technique applied will depend on the tissue type to be evaluated (e.g., tongue, colon, prostate, kidney, bladder, lymph node, liver, bone marrow, blood cell, stomach tissue, esophagus, etc. ) among other factors. Representative biopsy techniques include, but are not limited to, excisional biopsy, incisional biopsy, needle biopsy, surgical biopsy, and bone marrow biopsy and may comprise colonoscopy or endoscopy. A wide range of biopsy techniques are well known to those skilled in the art who will choose between them and implement them with minimal experimentation.
[0027] The term "blood" as used herein refers to a blood sample or preparation from an individual being tested for the possible presence or risk of a particular medical condition, e.g., a pregnant woman being tested for a pregnancy-associated condition or for the purpose of assessing the timing of the onset of labor and child delivery. The term encompasses whole blood or any fractions of blood having varying concentrations or even no hematopoietic or any other types of cells or cellular remnants of maternal or fetal origin, including platelets. Examples of "blood" include plasma and serum. A blood sample that is essentially free of cells is also referred to as "acellular, " where no detectable quantity of blood cells is present.
[0028] The term “nucleic acid” or “polynucleotide” refers to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) or ribonucleic acids (RNA) and polymers thereof in either single-or double-stranded form. Unless specifically limited, the term encompasses nucleic acids containing known analogs of natural nucleotides that have similar binding properties as the reference nucleic acid and are metabolized in a manner similar to naturally occurring nucleotides. Unless otherwise indicated, a particular nucleic acid sequence also implicitly encompasses conservatively modified variants thereof (e.g., degenerate codon substitutions) , alleles, orthologs, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) , and complementary sequences as well as the sequence explicitly indicated. Specifically, degenerate codon substitutions may be achieved by generating sequences in which the third position of one or more selected (or all) codons is substituted with mixed-base and / or deoxyinosine residues (Batzer et al., Nucleic Acid Res. 19: 5081 (1991) ; Ohtsuka et al., J. Biol. Chem. 260: 2605-2608 (1985) ; and Rossolini et al., Mol. Cell. Probes 8: 91-98 (1994) ) . The term nucleic acid is used interchangeably with gene, cDNA, and mRNA encoded by a gene.
[0029] The term “gene” means the segment of DNA involved in producing a polypeptide chain; it includes regions preceding and following the coding region (leader and trailer) involved in the transcription / translation of the gene product and the regulation of the transcription / translation, as well as intervening sequences (introns) between individual coding segments (exons) .
[0030] As used in this application, an "increase" or a "decrease" refers to a detectable positive or negative change in quantity from a comparison value, e.g., an established standard control. An increase is a positive change that is typically at least 10%, or at least 20%, or 50%, or 100%, and can be as high as at least 2-fold or at least 5-fold or even 10-fold of the control value. Similarly, a decrease is a negative change that is typically at least 10%, or at least 20%, 30%, or 50%, or even as high as at least 80%or 90%of the control value. Other terms indicating quantitative changes or differences from a comparative basis, such as "more, " "less, " "higher, " and "lower, " are used in this application in the same fashion as described above. In contrast, the term "substantially the same" or "substantially lack of change" indicates little to no change in quantity from the standard control value, typically within ± 10%of the standard control, or within ± 5%, 2%, or even less variation from the standard control.
[0031] "Standard control" as used herein refers to a predetermined amount or concentration of a polynucleotide sequence or polypeptide, e.g., the DNA, RNA or protein of a pre-determined marker gene, that is present in an established normal disease-free tissue sample, e.g., a blood sample taken from a healthy pregnant woman with a healthy fetus with normal onset time for labor and delivery. The standard control value is suitable for the use of a method of the present invention, to serve as a basis for comparing the amount of DNA, RNA or protein of the marker gene that is present in a test sample. An established sample serving as a standard control provides an average amount of the marker DNA, RNA or protein that is typical for a particular type of biological sample of an average, healthy human without a specific disease or condition of interest as conventionally defined (e.g., preterm labor or preterm birth among pregnant women) . A standard control value may vary depending on the nature of the sample as well as other factors such as the gender, age, ethnicity of the subjects based on whom such a control value is established. In some cases, in addition to the average or mean value of a marker amount / level found in a specific type of samples obtained from a group of healthy control subjects, the standard control information may also be expressed in the form of a range of values, each corresponding to a percentile between the low end (0 percentile) to the high end (100 percentile) of the marker amount / level found in the healthy control subjects.
[0032] The term "average, " as used in the context of describing a human who is healthy, free of any particular disease or condition of interest as conventionally defined, refers to certain characteristics, especially the amount of a biomarker DNA, RNA or protein, found in the person's biological sample, that are representative of a randomly selected group of healthy humans who are free of the disease (such as preterm labor or preterm birth among pregnant women) . This selected group should comprise a sufficient number of humans such that the average amount of the marker DNA, RNA or protein in the type of sample among these individuals reflects, with reasonable accuracy, the corresponding amount of marker DNA, RNA, or protein in the general population of healthy humans. Moreover, other factors such as gender, ethnicity, medical history are also considered and preferably closely matching between the profiles of the test subject and the selected group of individuals establishing the "average" value.
[0033] The term "amount" as used in this application refers to the quantity of a polynucleotide of interest or a polypeptide of interest, e.g., a pre-selected human biomarker in its DNA, RNA or protein form, present in a sample. Such quantity may be expressed in the absolute terms, i.e., the total quantity of the polynucleotide or polypeptide in the sample, or in the relative terms, i.e., the concentration of the polynucleotide or polypeptide in the sample.
[0034] The term "treat" or "treating, " as used in this application, describes to an act that leads to the elimination, reduction, alleviation, reversal, or prevention or delay of onset or recurrence of any symptom of a relevant condition. In other words, "treating" a condition encompasses both therapeutic and prophylactic intervention against the condition.
[0035] The term "effective amount" as used herein refers to an amount of a given substance that is sufficient in quantity to produce a desired effect. For example, an effective amount of an therapeutic agent for treating or preventing a particular disease or condition is the amount of said therapeutic to achieve a detectable effect on the condition, such that the symptoms of condition are reduced, reversed, eliminated, prevented, or delayed of the onset in a patient who has been given the agent for therapeutic purposes. An amount adequate to accomplish the specific purpose is defined as the "prophylactically effective dose" or "therapeutically effective dose. " The dosing range varies with the nature of the therapeutic agent being administered and other factors such as the route of administration and the severity of a patient’s condition.
[0036] The term "about, " as used herein with a specific value, denotes a range of + / -10%of the value. For example, "about 10" denotes a range of 10 + / -10%, i.e., 9-11.
[0037] The term "subject" or "subject in need of treatment, " as used herein, includes individuals who seek medical attention due to risk of, or actual suffering from, a pre-determined disease or condition, such as a pregnancy-associated disorder (e.g., preterm labor or preterm birth among pregnant women) . Subjects also include individuals currently undergoing therapy that seek manipulation of the therapeutic regimen. Subjects or individuals in need of treatment include those that demonstrate symptoms of the condition or are at an increased risk of suffering from this condition or its symptoms. For example, a subject in need of treatment includes individuals with a genetic predisposition or family history for any one of pregnancy-associated disorder (such as preterm labor or preterm birth) , those that have suffered relevant symptoms in the past, those that have been exposed to a triggering substance or event, as well as those suffering from chronic or acute symptoms of the condition. A “subject in need of treatment” may be at any age of life.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0038] I. Introduction
[0039] The present invention provides new and improved methods for predicting IOL outcome by assessing the level of as few as one mRNA transcript in the circulating maternal blood in as few as one single blood sample taken from a pregnant woman prior to her onset of labor. Compared to routine clinical method such as Bishop score, the method disclosed herein was able to achieve improved performance with a higher area under ROC curve (AUC) . Compared to existing ultrasound-based method involving two ultrasound markers (cervical length and inner cervical elasticity) with multiparity and maternal height, the method of this invention is much simpler in operation in that it requires no specialized ultrasound equipment or trained / certified operators.
[0040] Compared to existing omics methods, the method of this invention is easy to operate and does not require sophisticated detection platform. Also in contrast to the existing methods requiring multiple blood draws from each pregnant woman, the method of this invention requires as few as only one blood sample from each woman. Furthermore, the existing methods require detection of multiple biomarkers by sophisticated instrument, whereas this method requires the measurement of only one circulating RNA marker for the prediction of a successful IOL. Thus, the method of this invention presents the significant advantage in its adaptability as an easy point-of-care test, allowing healthcare professionals to rapidly gain necessary information in order to choose the most appropriate intervention in perinatal care. None of the existing methods are capable of such.
[0041] II. General Methodology
[0042] Practicing this invention utilizes routine techniques in the field of molecular biology. Basic texts disclosing the general methods of use in this invention include Sambrook and Russell, Molecular Cloning, A Laboratory Manual (3rd ed. 2001) ; Kriegler, Gene Transfer and Expression: A Laboratory Manual (1990) ; and Current Protocols in Molecular Biology (Ausubel et al., eds., 1994) ) .
[0043] For nucleic acids, sizes are given in either kilobases (kb) or base pairs (bp) . These are estimates derived from agarose or acrylamide gel electrophoresis, from sequenced nucleic acids, or from published DNA sequences. For proteins, sizes are given in kilodaltons (kDa) or amino acid residue numbers. Protein sizes are estimated from gel electrophoresis, from sequenced proteins, from derived amino acid sequences, or from published protein sequences.
[0044] Oligonucleotides that are not commercially available can be chemically synthesized, e.g., according to the solid phase phosphoramidite triester method first described by Beaucage and Caruthers, Tetrahedron Lett. 22: 1859-1862 (1981) , using an automated synthesizer, as described in Van Devanter et. al., Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 6159-6168 (1984) . Purification of oligonucleotides is performed using any art-recognized strategy, e.g., native acrylamide gel electrophoresis or anion-exchange high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described in Pearson and Reanier, J. Chrom. 255: 137-149 (1983) .
[0045] The sequence of interest used in this invention, e.g., the polynucleotide sequence of the human GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 gene, and synthetic oligonucleotides (e.g., primers) can be verified using, e.g., the chain termination method for sequencing double-stranded templates of Wallace et al., Gene 16: 21-26 (1981) .
[0046] III. Sample Acquisition of and Marker Analysis
[0047] The present invention relates to measuring the amount of an analyte, or a biomarker of diagnostic value, such as a DNA, an RNA (e.g., mRNA) , a protein, or a molecule of another chemical nature, found in a biological sample, especially a fluid sample such as a sample of a bodily fluid (e.g., blood or any fraction thereof) , secretion, perspiration, or excretion, as a means to detect the presence, to assess the risk of developing, and / or to monitor the progression or treatment efficacy of a pre-selected disease or condition (such as a pregnancy-associated condition, for example, preterm labor or preterm birth among pregnant women) . Thus, the first steps of practicing this invention are to obtain an appropriate biological sample from a test subject and extract the analyte, e.g., mRNA or DNA or protein, from the sample.
[0048] A. Acquisition and Preparation of Samples
[0049] An appropriate biological sample is obtained from a person to be tested or monitored for a pertinent disease or condition (e.g., preterm labor or preterm birth among pregnant women) using a method of the present invention. Collection of a tissue sample or a blood sample from an individual is performed in accordance with the standard protocol hospitals or clinics generally follow, such as during a biopsy or blood draw process. An appropriate amount of tissue or blood or any other fluid is collected and may be stored according to standard procedures prior to further preparation.
[0050] The analysis of an RNA or DNA analyte found in a subject's tissue or blood sample according to the present invention may be performed using, e.g., an acellular fraction of whole blood such as plasma or serum. The methods for preparing biological samples for nucleic acid extraction are well known among those of skill in the art. For example, a subject's tissue or blood sample should be first treated to disrupt cellular membrane so as to release nucleic acids contained within the cells. On the other hand, the step of disruption of cell membrane is not needed in the case of an acellular blood fraction (e.g., plasma or serum) is used.
[0051] B. Extraction and Quantitation of RNA
[0052] There are numerous methods for extracting RNA from a biological sample. The general methods of mRNA preparation (e.g., described by Sambrook and Russell, Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual 3d ed., 2001) can be followed; various commercially available reagents or kits, such as Trizol reagent (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) , Oligotex Direct mRNA Kits (Qiagen, Valencia, CA) , RNeasy Mini Kits (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) , and Series 9600TM (Promega, Madison, WI) , may also be used to obtain RNA from a biological sample from a test subject. Combinations of more than one of these methods may also be used.
[0053] It is essential that contaminating DNA be eliminated from the RNA preparations. Thus, careful handling of the samples, thorough treatment with DNase, and proper negative controls in the amplification and quantification steps should be used.
[0054] 1. PCR-Based Quantitative Determination of RNA Level
[0055] Once RNA is extracted from a sample, the amount of a biomarker RNA may be quantified. The preferred method for determining the RNA level is an amplification-based method, e.g., by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) , especially reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) .
[0056] Prior to the amplification step, a DNA copy (cDNA) of the biomarker RNA is ususally synthesized. This is achieved by reverse transcription, which can be carried out as a separate step, or in a homogeneous reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) , a modification of the polymerase chain reaction for amplifying RNA. Methods suitable for PCR amplification of ribonucleic acids are described by Romero and Rotbart in Diagnostic Molecular Biology: Principles and Applications pp. 401-406; Persing et al., eds., Mayo Foundation, Rochester, MN, 1993; Egger et al., J. Clin. Microbiol. 33: 1442-1447, 1995; and U.S. Patent No. 5,075,212.
[0057] The general methods of PCR are well known in the art and are thus not described in detail herein. For a review of PCR methods, protocols, and principles in designing primers, see, e.g., Innis, et al., PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications, Academic Press, Inc. N.Y., 1990. PCR reagents and protocols are also available from commercial vendors, such as Roche Molecular Systems.
[0058] PCR is most usually carried out as an automated process with a thermostable enzyme. In this process, the temperature of the reaction mixture is cycled through a denaturing region, a primer annealing region, and an extension reaction region automatically. Machines specifically adapted for this purpose are commercially available.
[0059] Although PCR amplification of the target mRNA is typically used in practicing the present invention. One of skill in the art will recognize, however, that amplification of a mRNA species in a sample may be accomplished by any known method, such as ligase chain reaction (LCR) , transcription-mediated amplification, and self-sustained sequence replication or nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA) , each of which provides sufficient amplification. More recently developed branched-DNA technology may also be used to quantitatively determining the amount of mRNA species in a sample. For a review of branched-DNA signal amplification for direct quantitation of nucleic acid sequences in clinical samples, see Nolte, Adv. Clin. Chem. 33: 201-235, 1998.
[0060] 2. Other Quantitative Methods
[0061] A biomarker mRNA can also be detected using other standard techniques, well known to those of skill in the art. Although the detection step is typically preceded by an amplification step, amplification is not required in the methods of the invention. For instance, the mRNA may be identified by size fractionation (e.g., gel electrophoresis) , whether or not proceeded by an amplification step. After running a sample in an agarose or polyacrylamide gel and labeling with ethidium bromide according to well-known techniques (see, e.g., Sambrook and Russell, supra) , the presence of a band of the same size as the standard comparison is an indication of the presence of a target mRNA, the amount of which may then be compared to the control based on the intensity of the band. Alternatively, oligonucleotide probes specific to a biomarker mRNA can be used to detect the presence of such mRNA species and indicate the amount of mRNA in comparison to the standard comparison, based on the intensity of signal imparted by the probe.
[0062] Sequence-specific probe hybridization is a well-known method of detecting a particular nucleic acid comprising other species of nucleic acids. Under sufficiently stringent hybridization conditions, the probes hybridize specifically only to substantially complementary sequences. The stringency of the hybridization conditions can be relaxed to tolerate varying amounts of sequence mismatch.
[0063] A number of hybridization formats well known in the art, including but not limited to, solution phase, solid phase, or mixed phase hybridization assays. The following articles provide an overview of the various hybridization assay formats: Singer et al., Biotechniques 4: 230, 1986; Haase et al., Methods in Virology, pp. 189-226, 1984; Wilkinson, In situ Hybridization, Wilkinson ed., IRL Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford; and Hames and Higgins eds., Nucleic Acid Hybridization: A Practical Approach, IRL Press, 1987.
[0064] The hybridization complexes are detected according to well-known techniques. Nucleic acid probes capable of specifically hybridizing to a target nucleic acid, i.e., the mRNA or the amplified DNA, can be labeled by any one of several methods typically used to detect the presence of hybridized nucleic acids. One common method of detection is the use of autoradiography using probes labeled with 3H, 125I, 35S, 14C, or 32P, or the like. The choice of radioactive isotope depends on research preferences due to ease of synthesis, stability, and half lives of the selected isotopes. Other labels include compounds (e.g., biotin and digoxigenin) , which bind to anti-ligands or antibodies labeled with fluorophores, chemiluminescent agents, and enzymes. Alternatively, probes can be conjugated directly with labels such as fluorophores, chemiluminescent agents or enzymes. The choice of label depends on sensitivity required, ease of conjugation with the probe, stability requirements, and available instrumentation.
[0065] The probes and primers necessary for practicing the present invention can be synthesized and labeled using well known techniques. Oligonucleotides used as probes and primers may be chemically synthesized according to the solid phase phosphoramidite triester method first described by Beaucage and Caruthers, Tetrahedron Letts., 22: 1859-1862, 1981, using an automated synthesizer, as described in Needham-VanDevanter et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 12: 6159-6168, 1984. Purification of oligonucleotides is by either native acrylamide gel electrophoresis or by anion-exchange HPLC as described in Pearson and Regnier, J. Chrom., 255: 137-149, 1983.
[0066] IV. Establishing a Standard Control
[0067] In order to establish a standard control for practicing the method of this invention, a group of healthy persons free of a relevant condition being tested for (e.g., preterm labor or preterm birth among pregnant women) as conventionally defined is first selected. These individuals are within the appropriate parameters, if applicable, for the purpose of screening for and / or monitoring the pertinent condition (e.g., preterm labor or preterm birth) using the methods of the present invention. For example, for the purpose of testing for a pregnancy-associated condition such as preterm labor or preterm birth, the control subjects are healthy pregnant women each carrying a healthy fetus without any symptoms or elevated risks of preterm labor or preterm birth. Optionally, the individuals are of same gender, similar age, or similar ethnic background.
[0068] The healthy status of the selected individuals is confirmed by well established, routinely employed methods including but not limited to general physical examination of the individuals and general review of their medical history.
[0069] Furthermore, the selected group of healthy individuals must be of a reasonable size, such that the average amount / concentration of the biomarker in the pertinent tissue or fluid sample obtained from the group can be reasonably regarded as representative of the normal or average level of the biomarker in the same type of samples among the general population of healthy people. Preferably, the selected group comprises at least 10 human subjects. In some cases, a much larger population of healthy individuals (e.g., at least 50, 100, 200, or more individuals) serve as a control group to provide standard control value, which may be represented in a value range rather than only a single average or mean value. The values within this range represent percentiles from 0 to 100, reflecting their ranks among the entire control group from the lowest to the highest in a biomarker’s amount / concentration.
[0070] Once an average value for the biomarker is established based on the individual values found in each subject of the selected healthy control group, this average or median or representative value or profile is considered a standard control. A standard deviation is also determined during the same process. In some cases, separate standard controls may be established for separately defined groups having distinct characteristics such as age, gender, or ethnic background.
[0071] For applications where a normalization step using one or more reference marker levels is included to reduce sample-to-sample variation in the process of determining a biomarker’s amount or concentration in a test sample, the same normalization step is also carried out in the generation of the corresponding standard control value.
[0072] V. Election of Specific Means of Intervention
[0073] By illustrating the correlation of the quantity of a circulating mRNA marker in a maternal blood (e.g., plasma or serum) sample and the timing of the onset of labor and the active phase of delivery in a pregnant woman, the present invention further provides a means for a healthcare professional to determine which medical intervention to choose in order to facilitate a pregnant woman in her successful completion of her pregnancy. More specifically, when a pregnant woman is deemed by a method of this invention, based on the blood (e.g., plasma or serum) level of an mRNA species selected from the group consisting of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, and PADI4, as likely already within a short time from the onset of labor (e.g., women with low pre-labor blood level of GMEB2 mRNA entered the active phase of labor within about 2-5 hours, for example, a median of 3.7 hours, after blood-sampling, whereas their counterpart with high pre-labor blood levels of GMEB2 mRNA entered the same stage within about 12-15 hours, for example, a median of 14.1 hours, see Tables 11C and D1) and therefore likely to have a successful IOL outcome (i.e., a spontaneous delivery upon induction) , she may be subject to an IOL procedure with a reasonable expectation of a successful spontaneous delivery. Otherwise, no IOL is performed on the woman right away, who is allowed to either wait for a longer period of time before any medical intervention is applied, or, if deemed appropriate by an attending physician, undergo a C-section procedure to complete delivery.
[0074] In some cases, two or more pregnant women are tested together in accordance with the methods of this invention in order to determine their relative timing of the onset of labor or active phase of child delivery and therefore their relative likelihood of success if they receive IOL. For example, the analysis of the presence and quantity in a maternal blood (e.g., whole blood, plasma or serum) sample of a circulating mRNA selected from the group consisting of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, and PADI4 may indicate a first pregnant woman as being much closer to the onset of labor than a second woman and therefore more likely to have a successful IOL, IOL may be administered to the first woman, as deemed appropriate by an attending physician taking into consideration other relevant factors, but no IOL is administered to the second woman. Rather, the second woman may undergo a C-section, if deemed appropriate by an attending physician upon considering other relevant factors.
[0075] VI. Kits and Devices
[0076] The invention provides compositions and kits for practicing the methods described herein to assess the level of a biomarker (e.g., a circulating mRNA of predict value for the timing of the onset of labor in a pregnant woman) in a sample taken from a subject being tested, which can be used for various purposes such as for assessing the profile of the biomarker expression in this type of samples or for assessing the timing of labor / delivery or the likelihood of successful IOL among pregnant women.
[0077] Kits for carrying out assays for determining the biomarker level typically include at least one agent useful for the detection, especially quantitative detection, of the biomarker. For example, the kits include a plurality of reagents suitable for performing quantitative analysis of any one of the biomarkers specified in this application, namely a circulating mRNA selected from the group consisting of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, and PADI4, such as RT-PCR, especially RT-qPCR. These reagents may be placed in a single container, e.g., in the form of a pre-made reaction mixture, or may be placed in several separate containers, each containing one or more of the reagents.
[0078] Typically, the kits also include an appropriate standard control. The standard controls indicate the average value of a biomarker in the same type of sample (e.g., plasma or serum sample) from healthy subjects not suffering from a condition being tested for (e.g., healthy pregnant women not at any increased risk for preterm labor or preterm birth) . In some cases such standard control may be provided in the form of a set value. In addition, the kits of this invention may provide instruction manuals to guide users in analyzing test samples and assessing the test results, e.g., the timing of onset of labor or active phase of delivery, or the likelihood of a successful IOL.
[0079] In a further aspect, the present invention can also be embodied in a device or a system comprising one or more such devices, which is capable of carrying out all or some of the method steps described herein. For instance, in some cases, the device or system performs the following steps upon receiving a biological sample, e.g., a blood (such as a plasma or serum) sample taken from a pregnant woman being tested for predicting the timing of the onset of labor, assessing the likelihood of a successful IOL: (a) determining in a blood sample taken from a first pregnant woman the amount or concentration of a biomarker, which is one circulating mRNA selected from the group consisting of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, and PADI4; and (b) comparing the biomarker quantity with a standard control value or with the quantity of the same biomarker in a sample of the same type taken from a second pregnant woman; and (c) providing an output indicating whether the first woman is within a certain time (e.g., within about 2-5 hours, mean value 3.7 hours) from the onset of labor or active phase of delivery or whether the first woman is likely to have a successful IOL or whether the first or second woman is closer to the onset of labor as well as their relative likelihood of having a successful IOL. In other cases, the device or system of the invention performs the task of steps (b) and (c) , after step (a) has been performed and the biomarker quantity from step (a) has been entered into the device. Preferably, the device or system is partially or fully automated.
[0080] EXAMPLES
[0081] The following examples are provided by way of illustration only and not by way of limitation. Those of skill in the art will readily recognize a variety of non-critical parameters that could be changed or modified to yield essentially the same or similar results.
[0082] INTRODUCTION
[0083] While induction of labor (IOL) is performed in nearly a third of all pregnancies, 15%-30%of these induced women fail to deliver their babies spontaneously and ultimately have to undergo a Cesarean section (C-section) procedure to complete child delivery. There are a number of methods currently in practice for predicting successful IOL, yet each suffering from shortcomings such as limited accuracy and presenting difficulties in use due to complexity in technology and operation. For example, one recently developed method makes IOL predictions based on the analysis of cell-free mRNA species circulating in the blood of pregnant women and is able to achieve satisfactory performance. The method is not easy to practice, however, as it requires the measurement of multiple RNA transcripts as well as multiple blood draws from each pregnant woman.
[0084] In contrast to pre-existing methods, the present invention provides an improved and simpler method for predicting labor and delivery by analyzing only one mRNA species and requiring only one maternal blood sample from a pregnant woman. The present inventors first performed a systematic identification of delivery-associated circulating RNA transcripts or DACTs, the levels of which in peripheral blood are shown to increase or decrease before and after the latent phase of labor in women who are successfully induced. Each of the DACT level in maternal blood prior to induction is useful for the prediction of a successful IOL in a woman.
[0085] Compared to routine clinical method (Bishop score) , the method of this invention has achieved a higher area under ROC curve (AUC) (Fig. 6) . Compared to existing ultrasound-based method (Lu et al. 2020) , which combined two ultrasound markers (cervical length and inner cervical elasticity) with multiparity and maternal height, the method of this invention does not require ultrasound equipment, training and certification of ultrasonographers.
[0086] Compared to existing omics methods (Ngo et al. 2018; Liang et al. 2020) , the method of this invention is easy to operate and does not require sophisticated detection platform. While the existing methods require collection of multiple blood samples from each woman, the method of this invention requires collection of only one blood sample from each woman. While the existing methods require detection of multiple biomarkers by sophisticated instrument, the method of this invention only requires the measurement of one circulating RNA marker for the prediction of parturition event (e.g., spontaneous delivery after induced labor, i.e., successful IOL) . As such, the method of this invention, but not the existing method, can be easily converted into a simple point-of-care test, which does not require the sending of samples for testing in a centralized laboratory. This is particularly relevant to perinatal care, when timely and accurate results may facilitate rapid and appropriate intervention.
[0087] As reported in the literature, induction of labor (IOL) has been increasing in the past decade (25-35%of all pregnancies) . In general, IOL is administered with a view to inducing spontaneous delivery. Despite the increase in its use, failed IOL may occur in 15-30%of cases, where women required Cesarean delivery for failure to enter or progress in the active phase of labor.
[0088] Ultrasound-based methods. It has been known that the traditional method (Bishop score) for assessing cervical condition, is subjective and not a promising predictive tool of the outcome of labor induction. As an objective assessment tool, many cervical ultrasound measurements have been proposed to represent the individual components of the Bishop score, but none of them can measure the cervical stiffness. A novel tool to quantitatively assess cervical stiffness is cervical shear wave elastography, which uses ultrasound pulses to generate shear waves for measuring shear wave velocity ( ‘v’ ) that estimates stiffness / elasticity. Combining these ultrasound measurements (inner cervical elasticity and cervical length) with maternal height and multiparity, the AUC for the prediction of Cesarean section after IOL was 0.815 (Lu et al. 2020) . Despite such encouraging results, ultrasonography requires equipment and training. Thus, this method has not been widely implemented.
[0089] Omics methods. Without relying on ultrasonography, researchers have reported that certain cell-free RNA transcripts (cfRNAs) in maternal plasma may be used to predict gestational age (Ngo et al. 2018) (see, e.g., WO 2019 / 084033 A1) . Specifically, a model comprising 9 cfRNAs, namely that coding for CGA, CAPN6, CGB, ALPP, CSHL1, PLAC4, PSG7, PAPPA, and LGALS14, was built to estimate gestational age of a maternal blood sample. The cfRNA estimates of gestational age averaged over a given trimester fell within 14 days of the observed gestational age at delivery was reported with 32% (second trimester) , 23%(third trimester) and 45% (second and third trimesters) accuracy.
[0090] However, these researchers noted that all nine genes identified were necessary for accurate prediction across all subgroups of women with varying parity and fetal gender (Ngo et al. 2018) . Further, multiple samples from the same woman had been used for discovery and validation. I n the discovery cohort of 21 women, 306 blood samples were used to train the model (i.e., 306 samples / 21 women =14.7 samples per woman) . In the validation cohort of 10 women, 215 blood samples were used to assess the predictive accuracy of the model (i.e., 215 samples / 10 women =21.5 samples per woman) .
[0091] Despite that cfRNAs were shown in this research setting to be useful for predicting the gestational age at delivery at comparable accuracy (45%) to ultrasound (57.8%) (Ngo et al. 2018) , the use of multiple markers and multiple blood samples drawn from each woman may present challenge when this method is practiced in a clinical setting. In particular, the detection of multiple RNA markers usually requires multiplexed reverse-transcription quantitative PCR which relies on multiple fluorescent probes. Hence, sophisticated equipment is required to implement this method, probably in a centralized laboratory.
[0092] Besides cfRNA in maternal plasma, maternal blood metabolites have also been reported to be useful for predicting spontaneous delivery (Liang et al., 2020) (see, e.g., WO2020 / 061590) . With three metabolites, these investigators illustrated that an upcoming delivery event within 2 weeks could be predicted in the discovery and validation cohorts with area under receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUROC) of 0.88 and 0.86, respectively. However, multiple blood samples from the same woman had been used for discovery and validation. Together, 193 blood samples from 18 women had been used (i.e., 193 samples / 18 women = 10.7 samples per woman; see Fig. 5F and text in column 1 and second paragraph of Liang et al., Cell, 2020 Jun 25; 181 (7) : 1680-1692. Moreover, to practice this method, targeted chemical assays need to be developed on the small panels of identified metabolite markers that were discovered by untargeted metabolomics liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) to measure the metabolite concentration independent of batches. Therefore, the detection of metabolites requires targeted chemical assays or even sophisticated instruments (LC-MS) which are usually available only in a centralized laboratory.
[0093] Most importantly, these earlier reports relating to omics markers focus on RNA transcript or metabolite changes happening weeks but not hours before delivery, when labor occurs. In other words, pre-existing techniques are unable to specifically predict the outcome of induced labor (IOL) , but rather only a general prediction of the timing of delivery regardless of whether spontaneous delivery, Cesarean delivery or IOL was involved. The method of this invention presents a significant improvement.
[0094] BACKGROUND
[0095] The onset of human labor is a delicate process that is precisely timed to ensure the delivery of healthy neonates. As both preterm (<37 gestational weeks) and post-term pregnancy (>42 gestational weeks) are primary causes of maternal and neonatal complications (1, 2) , the capacity for accurate prediction of the timing of parturition is critical in clinical practice. However, what determines the initiation of parturition remains largely undefined. Transcriptomic studies to date have identified a complex and highly regulated alteration in the expression of various genes associated with the changes during labor in gestational tissues, including myometrium, uterine cervix, decidua, chorioamniotic membranes, and placenta (Esplin et al. 2005; Bukowski et al. 2006; Bollapragada et al. 2009; Hassan et al. 2010; Rinaldi et al. 2017) . However, as gestational tissues could only be obtained after delivery, the dynamic changes in the determinant molecules around the onset of labor have not been elucidated.
[0096] The identification of potential predictors for human parturition requires a comprehensive characterization of molecular processes that occur around the onset of labor, which marks the transition from pregnancy maintenance to the initiation of parturition. The maintenance of pregnancy involved a set of finely tuned adaptations that are readily measurable in maternal circulation using high throughput omic studies, providing significant information regarding promising methods to track gestational age according to dynamic changes in the maternal periphery (Aghaeepour et al. 2017; Romero et al. 2017; Ngo et al. 2018; Ghaemi et al. 2019; Stelzer et al. 2021) . Various physiological changes, primarily including uterine contractions, cervical dilatation, and the rupture of chorioamniotic membranes, occur at the onset of labor. However, the systemic molecular events for the maternofetal physiology during labor onset are unspecified.
[0097] Advances in RNA sequencing provided opportunities for global and deeper integration in protein-coding mRNAs with regulating signals such as non-coding RNAs and alternative RNA splice events. This technology has been applied by our team to better understand the differences in the circulating transcripts in preterm labor women ending in spontaneous preterm birth and those ending in term birth (Chim et al. 2012) , as well as the pathomechanisms of placenta in selective intrauterine growth restriction (Li et al. 2020) .
[0098] An in-depth understanding of the molecular biology involved in labor onset is key to knowing the underlying mechanisms triggering labor and is potential for the identification of predictive biomarkers. RNA sequencing is used in this study to systematically quantify the dynamic changes in the circulating RNA transcripts before and after the onset of labor and to dissect the underlying molecular regulation involved in the initiation of human parturition.
[0099] RESULTS
[0100] This observational study comprised three modules: (i) a longitudinal discovery study; (ii) a longitudinal validation study; and (iii) a cross-sectional validation study. In modules (i) and (ii) women who underwent a successful IOL (i.e., ending in vaginal / spontaneous delivery) were recruited, whereas in module (iii) women who underwent a successful IOL or an unsuccessful IOL (i.e., ending in Cesarean delivery) were both recruited.
[0101] In module (i) , the longitudinal discovery study, two peripheral blood samples were collected from each of the 18 recruited women, one before they underwent IOL and the other during the latent phase of labor. Strand-specific RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) was performed to identify any differentially expressed genes before and after the latent phase of labor which ended in vaginal delivery after IOL (i.e., delivery-associated circulating RNA transcripts or DACTs) .
[0102] In module (ii) , the longitudinal validation study, two serial maternal blood samples were collected similarly (one before IOL and another during the latent phase) but from another 27 women. Validation of the DACTs identified in module (i) was performed using reverse-transcriptase (RT) quantitative polymerase chain reactions (qPCR) on these samples independent from the discovery phase. Relationship between the maternal blood levels of differentially expressed transcripts and the timing of onset of active phase of labor or delivery were reported. Further, the potential use of the differentially expressed transcripts in prediction of the onset of active phase or delivery within a given time period was investigated.
[0103] In module (iii) , the cross-sectional validation study, one sample was collected one before IOL from another cohort of women who did not participate in the discovery and the longitudinal validation study. These women were followed until delivery and their the outcomes of labor including the final mode of delivery were recorded. Women who underwent a successful IOL were matched with women who underwent an unsuccessful IOL for clinical characteristics such as parity and cervical status at blood-taking which may confound the results of the study. Levels of DACTs were measured using RT-qPCR. Performance of each DACT in the prediction of IOL outcome (i.e., vaginal delivery or Cesarean delivery) were assessed by the cross-validation approach.
[0104] For all modules (i) to (iii) , women who required IOL in the study unit, Department of Obstetrics &Gynaecology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Hong Kong were invited to participate. Before IOL, a 1.5-mL maternal peripheral whole blood sample was drawn from the recruited women into an EDTA tube and immediately preserved in 6.5 mL of RNAlater. For modules (i) and (ii) , the second sample was collected during the latent phase, which was defined as presence of uterine contractions with the cervical dilation <3 cm. The onset of active phase was defined as cervical dilation ≥ 3cm.
[0105] Baseline characteristics of recruited women
[0106] For the discovery cohort, the 1st (pre-labor) and 2nd (latent-phase) blood samples were collected at a median (interquartile, IQR) time of 13.6 h (10.9 h -22.9 h) and 7.08 h (4.99 h -11.7 h) before delivery, respectively. For the validation cohort, the 1st and 2nd blood samples were collected at a median (IQR) time of 18.2 h (9.82 h –25.6 h) and 7.37 h (4.37 h –11.4 h) before delivery, respectively. No significant differences were found between the two cohorts in the maternal age, gravidity, parity, cervical status at recruitment, indications for induction, or time interval between blood-sampling and the onset of active phase or delivery (Table 1) . Women in the validation cohort were recruited at an earlier gestational age than in those in the discovery cohort [38.3 weeks (38.0 –40.0) vs. 41.0 weeks (38.8 –41.1) ; p =0.0010] .
[0107] Module (i) , longitudinal discovery study: RNA-seq study to identify delivery-associated circulating transcripts
[0108] Compared with the pre-labor blood samples, 3, 620 differentially expressed (428 decreased and 3, 192 increased) transcripts were identified in the latent-phase samples (Wilcoxon signed rank test, False Discovery Rate (FDR) -adjusted p-values <0.05 and | median levels | changed by >1.1-fold; Fig. 1A) . Of these, 215 transcripts had at least one exon that was changed (Wilcoxon signed rank test, FDR-adjusted p-value <0.05) in the same direction (16 down-regulated and 199 up-regulated transcripts in latent phase compared with pre-labor stage) and were defined as delivery-associated circulating transcripts (DACTs) . Of these 215 DACTs, 38 genes which encode these transcripts (Table 2) were subjected to RT-qPCR assay design (PrimerQuest Tool, Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. ) if they fulfill any of the following criteria: (i) the transcript or exon showed a FDR-adjusted Wilcoxon signed rank test p-value within the first quartile in the above comparison (Table 3) , (ii) the exon showed a Log rank test p-value <0.05 in the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with the time of onset of active phase of labor based on the pre-labor blood levels (Table 4) , or (iii) the exon showed a Log rank test p-value <0.05 in the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with the time of child delivery based on the pre-labor blood levels (Table 5) . After removal of assays with primers or probes that may bind to unintended transcripts (Primer-BLAST, NCBI) , RT-qPCR assays targeting five down-and five up-regulated transcripts with the smallest Wilcoxon adjusted p-values were ordered (Integrated DNA Technologies, Inc. ) for the validation phase. Further, reference genes with stable RNA levels in blood were shortlisted from the transcript-and exon-level data (Table 6) . EYA3 and CNOT1 were chosen based on a reasonably small biological coefficient of variation and an RNA level that is similar in magnitude compared to the ten transcripts selected above for RT-qPCR analysis.
[0109] Module (ii) , longitudinal validation study: Reverse transcriptase qPCR study to validate delivery-associated circulating transcripts
[0110] The median (IQR) log2 normalized RNA levels of the ten target RNA transcripts in maternal blood before labor and during latent phase were shown in Table 7 and Fig. 1B. Among the five transcripts with decreased levels during labor detected by RNA-seq, namely GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2 and TRBV15 mRNA, their log2 fold change measured by RT-qPCR ranged from -0.50 to -4.36 (Fig. 1B, first row of panels) . Among the five transcripts with increased levels detected by RNA-seq, namely TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4 and PADI4 mRNA, their log2 fold change measured by RT-qPCR ranged from 0.55 to 7.09 (Fig. 1B, second row of panels) . All of these changes were statistically significant (Wilcoxon signed-rank test p-value < 0.05, individual values shown in Table 7) and concordant with the RNA-seq results (Fig. 1D; Spearman rank order correlation, rho =0.77, p =0.014) . Hence, as expected, the maternal blood levels of these tested transcripts identified in the RNA-seq study were validated to be differentially expressed during labor also in the RT-qPCR study.
[0111] Maternal blood levels of delivery-associated circulating transcripts and timing of onset of active phase or delivery
[0112] Relationship between the timing of onset of active phase of labor or delivery and:
[0113] (i) maternal blood levels of transcript in the pre-labor (1st) blood sample,
[0114] (ii) maternal blood levels of transcript in the latent-phase (2nd) blood sample, or
[0115] (iii) rate of change in log2 mRNA levels from the 1st to 2nd blood sample,
[0116] was investigated in the RT-qPCR dataset of the 10 validated transcripts. For (i) , the maternal blood levels of two down-regulated transcripts, namely PDCD11 and UPF2 mRNA, were positively correlated with the time between collection of the 1st sample and onset of active phase (Fig. 1D, Spearman rho, 0.513 and 0.408; p =6.9x10-3 and 3.5x10-2, respectively) . Also, the blood levels of PDCD11 was positively correlated with the time between collection of the 1st sample and delivery (Fig. 1E, Spearman rho, 0.538; p =4.3x10-4) . Thus, lower levels of a down-regulated transcript is related to a shorter time interval from blood sampling to onset or delivery. No significant correlation was observed for the time between collection of the 1st sample and onset or delivery for other down-regulated transcripts or any up-regulated transcripts in the RT-qPCR study. For (ii) , no correlation was observed for the time between collection of the 2nd sample and onset or delivery (Figs. 1F and 1G) .
[0117] In the correlation analyses for (iii) , a rate of change (RoC) was first calculated as follows:
[0118] RoC = [ (log2 latent-phase RNA levels) - (log2 pre-labor RNA levels) ] / time between 1st and 2nd samples. Then, this RoC value and the time between blood sampling and onset or delivery were tested for correlation. The RoC values of one up-regulated transcript, namely PADI4 mRNA, were negatively correlated with the time between blood collection and onset (Spearman, rho = -0.568, p =1.6x10-3; Fig. 1H) , as well as delivery (rho = -0.548, p =3.5x10-3) (Fig. 1I) . Thus, a faster rate of change of PADI4 mRNA is related to a shorter time between collection of blood sample and onset or delivery. No other correlation was observed for the remaining 9 transcripts in the RT-qPCR study. The results from (i) to (iii) were summarized (Fig. 1J) . Further, linear regression models were built (Figs. 1D-I, blue line, p <0.05; blue dotted line, insignificant) and summarized (Fig. 1K) . Similar to Spearman, positive coefficients for 1 up-regulated transcript X 2 time axes, negative coefficients for 5 transcript X time axes, were observed. However, these models explain less than 35%of the data even for the significant models (r2, range, 0.116 to 0.345) . In addition to RoC, rate of fold-change (RoFC) was calculated as follows:
[0119] RoFC = [ (log2 latent-phase RNA levels) / (log2 pre-labor RNA levels) ] / time between 1st and 2nd samples. However, for the sake of brevity, the detailed analysis of RoFC data were not shown, except in Tables 11A-D (7-8, 11-12) , which summarize the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis of RoFC data.
[0120] Kaplan-Meier analyses on women with low-levels / RoC with respect to the timing of onset of active phase or delivery
[0121] To explore whether Kaplan-Meier survival (event) analysis may bring further insights into the relationship between the 10 transcripts in the RT-qPCR study and the timing of onset of active phase or delivery, the following procedures were adopted for RT-qPCR datasets (i) - (iii) as mentioned above. For each transcript, a threshold of RNA level was used to categorize the women as having a low or high level / RoC of the concerned transcript (Tables 9, 4, 10, 5, 11) . This threshold was the RNA level (e.g., Table 9, column 5) of a given percentile (column 6) of all women in the concerned study. Survival curve (i.e., proportion of pregnancy not yet entered the active phase of labor or not yet delivered against the time elapsed after blood collection) for women with high transcript level / RoC was plotted and compared with that of women with low transcript level / RoC. Curves were plotted (Figs. 2A-F) and results summarized (Figs. 2G and H, Table 11) .
[0122] For down-regulated transcripts in (i) , women with low pre-labor blood levels of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36 and UPF2 mRNA underwent the onset of active phase sooner than their counterparts with high levels (Fig. 2A, Tables 11 and 9; Logrank test, p <0.05) . Also, women with low blood levels of PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15 mRNA delivered sooner than those with high levels (Figs. 2B and Tables 11 and 10; Logrank test, p <0.05) . For instance, IGLV1-36 mRNA-low women, proceeded sooner to active phase (Fig. 2A; median time from blood sampling to onset of active phase, 7.53 h vs. 17.9 h) and delivery (Fig. 2B; median time from sampling to delivery, 12.0 h vs. 24.5 h) than their IGLV1-36 mRNA-high counterparts. In (ii) , no significant reduction in the timing of onset and delivery was observed in women with low latent-phase than those with high latent-phase levels (Figs 2C and D) . In (iii) , women with low RoC of GMEB2, IGLV1-36 or TRBV15 mRNA proceed sooner to active phase (Fig. 2E) than those with high rate. Similarly, women with low RoC of GMEB2, IGLV1-36 mRNA delivered sooner (Fig. 2F) than their counterpart with high rate.
[0123] Kaplan-Meier analyses on women with high-levels / RoC with respect to the timing of onset of active phase or delivery
[0124] Contrastingly, for up-regulated transcripts in dataset (i) , women with high pre-labor blood levels of TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5 and PADI4 mRNA underwent the onset of active phase sooner than their counterparts with low levels (Figs. 2A, Tables 11 and 10; Logrank test, p <0.05) . Further, women with high blood levels of TRAPPC11, DHRS13, and SH3BP5 mRNA delivered sooner than those with low levels (Figs. 2B, Tables 11 and 10; Logrank test, p <0.05) . For instance, TRAPPC11 mRNA-high women, proceeded sooner to active phase (Fig. 2A; median time from blood sampling to onset of active phase, 8.83 h vs. 17.0 h) and delivery (Fig. 2B; median time from sampling to delivery, 11.6 h vs. 22.4 h) than their TRAPPC11 mRNA-low counterparts.
[0125] In (ii) , significant reduction in the timing of onset and delivery was observed in women with high latent-phase levels of PADI4 mRNA than those with low latent-phase levels (Figs 2C and 2D) . In (iii) , women with high RoC of all 5 tested up-regulated transcripts, namely TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4 and PADI4 mRNA proceed sooner to active phase (Fig. 2E) and delivery (Fig. 2F) than those with low rate.
[0126] Pre-labor maternal blood levels of delivery-associated circulating transcripts identified in RNA-seq study and timing of onset of active phase or delivery
[0127] The pre-labor and latent-phase maternal blood RNA levels of 40 (10 down-regulated and 30 up-regulated) transcripts and exons which were related to the timing of parturition events (see next paragraph) are detailed in Table 3.
[0128] To preliminarily investigate whether an above-identified differentially expressed transcript is associated with the onset of active phase of labor or delivery, Kaplan Meier analysis was performed. For each exon, every other 5 percentile (i.e., 5th, …50th, …or 95th percentile) of maternal blood levels in the pre-labor samples was used as a threshold. Using a given threshold, the women were divided into two groups, one with high levels and another with low levels of the concerned transcript. Survival curves (i.e., proportion of pregnancy not yet entered the active phase of labor or not yet delivered against the time elapsed after pre-labor blood collection) of the two groups were compared. Among the 266 transcripts identified above, many showed a difference (Logrank test, p <0.05) in the time between blood collection and the time of onset of active phase or delivery in the women with high blood levels of a transcript than their counterparts with low levels. Kaplan-Meier analysis results of 40 transcripts (10 down-regulated and 30 up-regulated transcripts with smallest Wilcoxon adjusted p values) are detailed in Tables 4 and 5.
[0129] Module (ii) , longitudinal validation study: Prediction of the timing of onset of active phase or delivery by delivery-associated circulating transcripts
[0130] The potential use of the differentially expressed transcripts in prediction of the timing of onset of active phase or delivery was explored. To minimize over-fitting and explore how the ten RT-qPCR assays would perform in a more real-life clinical setting, cross-validation was performed on the pre-labor blood samples. Briefly, all 27 subjects in the RT-qPCR study were balance-split into the train and test sets. In the train set, for each assay, an optimal threshold in prediction of onset of active phase within a given time interval was determined. Using this threshold, in the test set, the predictive performance of the assay was assessed. This process from balance-splitting to assessment was repeated for 100 folds, each of which comprised a new combination of samples in the train and test sets. The mean sensitivity, specificity and accuracy across all 100 combinations were reported.
[0131] In women who underwent IOL and spontaneous delivery, among the 10 assays, using the PDCD11 transcript assay on their pre-labor blood samples achieved the best performance: onset of active phase within 10 hours after blood sampling was predicted at mean sensitivity of 0.870 (95%confidence interval (CI) , 0.800 –0.940) , mean specificity of 0.795 (95%CI, 0.760 –0.830) and mean accuracy 0.812 (95%CI, 0.780 –0.850) (Fig. 4A) . Further, the PDCD11 transcript assay could be used to predict delivery within 10 hours after blood sampling (100-fold, mean sensitivity 0.870 (95%CI, 0.800 –0.940) , mean specificity 0.795 (95%CI, 0.760 –0.830) , mean accuracy 0.810 (95%CI, 0.780 –0.840) (Fig. 4B) .
[0132] Gene-ontology analysis of delivery-associated circulating transcripts
[0133] The whole differentially expressed transcripts (including 3620) were associated with 192 biological processes (176 over-represented and 16 under-represented) . Figure 5A shows the over- / under-represented processes with 10 lowest FDR or 10 highest fold enrichment scores. 3192 of the 3620 differentially expressed transcripts were identified to be upregulated during the latent phase of labor, which were associated with 188 biological processes (175 over-represented and 13 under-represented) . Figure 5B shows the over- / under-represented biological processes with either 10 lowest FDR or 10 highest fold enrichment score. The remaining 428 transcripts were identified to be downregulated during the latent phase of labor, which were associated with 11 biological processes (10 over-represented and 1 under-represented) (Figure 5C) .
[0134] A total of 1651 transcripts with median levels changed by > 1.5-fold were associated with 42 biological processes (33 over-represented and 8 under-represented) . Figure 5D shows the over-represented processes with 10 lowest FDR and 10 highest fold enrichment and all the under-represented processes. 1308 of the 1497 differentially expressed transcripts were identified to be upregulated during the latent phase of labor, which were associated with 39 biological processes (33 over-represented and 6 under-represented) . Figure 5E shows the over-represented processes with either 10 lowest FDR or 10 highest fold enrichment and all the under-represented processes. The remaining 189 transcripts were identified to be downregulated, and no significant biological processes were found in the GO enrichment analysis.
[0135] Module (iii) , cross-sectional study: Prediction of vaginal delivery after IOL by delivery-associated circulating transcripts
[0136] In light of the encouraging results from the longitudinal study on women who all underwent a successful IOL, a cross-sectional study was conducted, aiming at a sample size of 100 pregnant women. The case to control ratio were maintained at approximately 1-2. The two groups were matched for exact parity, fetal sex, and gestational week at sample collection (+ 4 days) . Indication of induction of labour were matched if possible. Fifty-five mothers with successful induction (i.e., ending in vaginal delivery) and 45 mothers with failed induction (i.e., ending in Cesarean delivery) were recruited. Both the successful and unsuccessful IOL groups have similar baseline characteristics (Table 8) . No significant differences were found in maternal age (P=0.487) , gravidity (P=0.896) , parity (P=0.676) and gestational age at sampling (P=0.596) between two groups (Mann Whitney rank test) . The time between sampling to delivery was significantly differed (P=0.0002) , mothers experienced failed induction (median 23.9 hours) had longer time intervals between blood sampling and delivery than those with successful induction (median 14.6 hours) . Women with Bishop score ≥ 6 or those with spontaneous rupture of membrane were classified as having a favourable cervical status and those with Bishop score below 6 were classified as having an unfavourable cervical status. There was no significant difference in the cervical status between two groups (Fisher’s Exact Test, P =0.143) . Briefly, a blood sample was collected from each woman before IOL. The DACT results were blinded to all clinical staff and the woman. In parallel, the cervical status as traditionally determined by the Bishop score was also recorded. As before, to minimize over-fitting and explore how the ten RT-qPCR assays will perform in a more real-life clinical setting, cross-validation was performed on the pre-labor blood samples. Briefly, all 100 subjects in this cross-sectional study were balance-split into the train and test sets. In the train set, for each assay, an optimal threshold in prediction of successful IOL was determined. Using this threshold, in the test set, the performance in prediction of successful IOL of each assay was assessed. Nine of the ten tested DACT assays were shown to achieve a greater area under ROC curve (AUC) than the cervical status / Bishop score (Fig. 6) .
[0137] DISCUSSION
[0138] For the five selected genes that showed decreased RNA transcript levels as measured by RT-qPCR, in maternal blood during labor, three of them are related to the key aspects of RNA regulation: RNA transcription, mRNA nuclear export and rRNA maturation.
[0139] GMEB2 gene is a member of the KDWK gene family of combinatorial transcription modulators (18) . It also has a role in modulating the properties of glucocorticoid receptor-mediated transactivation (19-22) . In a study comparing the distribution of GMEB2 cDNA across 24 different human tissues using PCR technique, expression of GMEB2 was found to be high in placenta (23) .
[0140] PDCD11 protein is involved in a major pathway of rRNA processing in the nucleus and cytosol, essential for the generation of mature 18S rRNA (24, 25) . UPF2 protein is a part of a post-splicing multiprotein complex involved in both mRNA nuclear export and a process called nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) (26-28) . It is a eukaryotic mRNA surveillance mechanism, which recognizes premature termination codons in transcripts and initiates degradation of these transcripts.
[0141] Two of the genes that decreased in levels during labor were suggested to be involved in the immune response. IGLV1-36 encodes the V region of the variable domain of immunoglobulin light chains, which is a part of the antigen binding site (29) . The variable domains of the immunoglobulin is subjected to somatic hypermutations after exposure to antigens and thus participates in the antigen recognition process. TRBV15 is predicted to be a part of the human beta T cell receptor (TCR) , and thus involved in the cell surface receptor signaling pathway (30) .
[0142] For the five genes that showed increased RNA transcript levels in maternal blood during labor, TRAPPC11 is involved in endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, and constitutive secretory pathway (31, 32) . Subjects with variants of TRAPPC11 displayed membrane trafficking defects (33) .
[0143] DHRS13 belongs to the large short-chain dehydrogenase / reductase (SDR) family of enzymes that involve in the metabolism of steroid hormones, prostaglandins, retinoids, lipids, and xenobiotics. DHRS13 is located in membrane, and it shares highest similarity with retinol dehydrogenase. It is predicted to enable NADP-retinol dehydrogenase activity and involved in retinal metabolic process (34) . It is also found in the membrane of NK cells (35) .
[0144] SH3BP5 is related to pathways in immune response Fc epsilon RI pathway. It interacts with Bruton’s tyrosine kinase (BTK) , inhibiting the auro-and transphosphorylation activity of BTK (36) and plays a negative regulatory role in BTK-related cytoplasmic signaling in B-cells (37) . It is also suggested to be involved in B-cell receptor induced apoptotic cell death (37) . SH3BP5 also interacts with several mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (38) . It is highly expressed in reproductive organs (testis and ovary) (36) .
[0145] CA4 belongs to a large family of carbonic anhydrases that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. They are involved in a variety of biological processes, including respiration, calcification, acid-base balance, bone resorption, and the formation of aqueous humor, cerebrospinal fluid, saliva, and gastric acid (39) . CA4 is found in the rough endoplasmic reticulum, the endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment, the Golgi complex, and secretory granules. It is suggested to be transported via the classical biosynthesis or secretory pathway (40) .
[0146] PADI protein plays a key role in regulating arginine methylation and citrullination in histones (41-44) . During innate immune response to infection, it promotes profound chromatin decondensation in neutrophils by mediating formation of H1R54ci (45) . PADI is also required for the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) , which are mainly composed of DNA fibers and are released by neutrophils to bind pathogens during inflammation (46) .
[0147] Interestingly, TRAPPC11 is related to ER to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport, DHRS13 is also located in the membrane of NK cells, and CA4 is located in ER-Golgi intermediate compartment.
[0148] METHODS
[0149] Study design
[0150] This prospective observational study was approved by the Ethics Committee of the Joint Chinese University of Hong Kong –New Territories East Cluster Clinical Research Ethics Committee (CREF Ref. No.: 2015.659) . Healthy women who had induction of labor (IOL) at term followed by vaginal delivery in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong from January 2017 to August 2020 were enrolled. Informed and written consents were provided for each participant.
[0151] Study subjects
[0152] Women undergoing IOL at term were recruited for the study. Before the procedure, vaginal examination was performed to determine the Bishop score. Prostaglandin E2 was administered vaginally if the Bishop score was less than 6. If the Bishop score was 6 or above, amniotomy was performed for women with intact membranes first and synthetic oxytocin was administered intravenously. Healthy women were eligible for this study if they were within 18 to 45 years of age, carried a singleton pregnancy in cephalic presentation, and underwent IOL for obstetric and medical indications at gestational age of 37+0 weeks or more. The exclusion criteria included women complicated by multi-fetal gestation, macrosomia (estimated fetal weight ≧4200g) (47) or other contraindications for vaginal delivery; fetuses with chromosomal or structural malformation; the presence of infection or significant medical conditions such as systematic lupus erythematosus; or recent use of antibiotics or vaccination; and cesarean section.
[0153] Sample collection and processing
[0154] For each participant, 1.5 mL peripheral blood was taken in a 9 mL Vacuette K3 EDTA tube at 3 consecutive time points. The first sample (baseline) was taken before IOL. The second sample was taken during the latent phase of labor, which was defined as the presence of regular contractions and cervical dilatation remained below 3 centimeters. The third sample was taken after the commencement of active labor, which was defined as the presence of regular contractions and cervical dilatation at or greater than 3 centimeters. After the blood taking at each time point, 6.5 mL of RNA preservative (RNA-later, Thermo Fisher Scientific) was injected into the tube immediately and mixed by gentle inversion. The blood samples were stored at -80℃ until the RNA extraction was performed.
[0155] Sequencing
[0156] The sequencing reads were mapped and quantified at transcript and exon levels. Count data with 205870 transcripts were generated. Normalized RNA levels expressed in transcript per million (TPM) was applied.
[0157] Data Mining and systematic selection of markers
[0158] Paired t-test was performed on all transcript counts. Changes were detected in 9471 transcripts exons between before onset and latent phase samples. Transcripts with paired t-test p-value > 0.05 were removed before performing adjustment for multiple testing comparison. Wilcoxon signed rank test and adjustment by FDR method were then performed, and 3970 transcripts were differentially expressed.
[0159] Survival analysis with Kaplan-Meier models were performed on differential expressed exon markers with survival R package (v3.3-1) . Threshold were obtained from different percentiles ranging from 5%to 95%of normalized exon counts in all 36 samples. The threshold was then used to classified exon levels in before onset of labor into two groups (higher than or equal to threshold and less than threshold) . The time between blood sampling to onset of labor and time between blood sampling to delivery between two groups was compared using log rank test.
[0160] To further refine transcript markers that potentially distinguish phases of labor, transcripts with median levels changed by > 1.1-fold were selected, and 3620 of them fulfilled the criteria. The transcript and exon data were then integrated and markers that were significant in adjusted p-values and concordant in direction of change at both transcript and exon-level were retained. Only 266 markers were selected. Thirty up-regulated markers with the smallest adjusted p-values were further selected and all 10 down-regulated markers were included.
[0161] qPCR primer design
[0162] Of the selected 40 markers, all designed assays were input into Primer-BLAST to ensure the assays were match only to the targeted exons and no mismatch was generated. For example, designed assays for NOMO1 also match perfectly to NOMO2 and NOMO3, unintended matches to nontarget gene were resulted, NOMO1 was not selected for later validation. As we intended to test for five up-regulated and five down-regulated markers in the subsequent validation, ten markers (CA4, DHRS13, GMEB2, IGLV1-36, PADI4, PDCD11, SH3BP5, TRAPPC11, TRBV15, UPF2) with assays fulfilling the above criteria and higher fold changes between before onset and during latent phase of labor were selected.
[0163] Reference gene selection
[0164] Exon markers with normalized count below 20 and coefficient of variations below 50 were selected and their stability values were calculated using NormFinder in R (v5) . In NormFinder, the lower the stability values indicate the more stable gene. A pair of genes (EYA3 &CNOT) with similar expression level to the mean normalized exon levels (7.7) of all ten selected RT-qPCR assays, lowest average stability value and lowest average coefficient of variation was chosen. The paired stability value of the selected reference genes was 0.38 and their individual stability values of EYA3 and CNOT were 0.56 and 0.51 respectively.
[0165] Validation by reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR)
[0166] Reverse-transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) was performed on ten differentially expressed genes identified from the RNA-seq experiment. Maternal blood samples used in the validation set were obtained from 27 women independent from the RNA-seq cohort. Extraction of DNA from these samples followed the protocol used in the RNA-seq experiment. First-strand cDNA were synthesized form 468 to 1633 ng RNA (depends on sample) with random hexamers using SuperScriptTM IV First-Strand Synthesis System (ThermoFisher Scientific) .
[0167] The RT-qPCR assays were designed, optimized and performed in compliance with the MIQE guidelines (48) . In the RT-qPCR experiment, dual-labeled hydrolysis probes (6-FAM at 5’ end and Iowa Blackhole Quencher at 3’ end) and primers were designed to be intron-spanning whenever possible to avoid detecting any residual genomic DNA. Primers and probes were synthesized by Integrated DNA Technologies (IDT) . Sequences and information of the primers and probes are listed in Table 12. RT-qPCR experiments were performed on LightCycler LC480 (Roche) with TaqManTM Universal Master Mix II, with UNG (ThermoFisher Scientific) . No template controls were included in parallel for each run. Details of the experiment including thermal profile are described in Table 12.
[0168] Absolute quantitative methods were used to quantify the concentrations of RNA transcripts using a calibration curve of serially-diluted standards. To control for varying RNA input, we have normalized the concentration of the test RNA transcript to that of a list of reference genes (Table 6) , which has stable concentrations across different physiological conditions.
[0169] Statistics
[0170] To test for differences in maternal blood levels of targeted RNA transcripts before and after onset of labor as measured by RT-qPCR, the Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used. A target transcript is considered validated if significant difference was detected in samples before and after onset of labor, with the direction of change was concordant with that in the RNA-seq analysis.
[0171] Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed, using (i) time between blood-sampling and onset of active phase; and (ii) time between blood-sampling and delivery. For each target RNA transcript, a threshold was determined to separate the cohort into two groups: (i) women with blood levels of RNA transcript before onset of labor greater than or equal to the threshold, and (ii) women with blood levels of RNA transcript before onset of labor less than the threshold. Log-rank test was performed to compare the Kaplan-Meier curves between two groups for each transcript.
[0172] Gene ontology enrichment analysis
[0173] A transcriptome-wide gene set enrichment analysis was performed to cluster gene ontology (GO) annotated biological process using the online Panther software (version 16.0) with FDR correction (49) . Gene ontology annotation specifically categorizes the genes’ associated biological processes by comparing them to the whole human genome list. Several iterations of this analysis were performed including the whole list of differentially expressed transcripts the present inventors identified using RNA sequencing and sub-lists based on the direction of change and the fold changes. Significant GO-terms (FDR <0.05) associated with this gene list were presented with the fold enrichment and FDR. Fold enrichment is calculated by comparing the frequency of our genes that were annotated to certain terms to the background frequency representing the number of genes in the human genome that falls under the same terms. Fold enrichment greater than 1 represented a greater frequency, whereas fold enrichment less than 1 represented a lower frequency, in this list compared to the human genome set.
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[0241] All patents, patent applications, and other publications, including GenBank Accession Numbers or similar sequence identification numbers, cited in this application are incorporated by reference in the entirety of their contents for all purposes.
[0242] Table 1 a: including intrauterine growth restriction, hypertension, diabetes, and oligohydramnios b: including precipitate labor, postpartum haemorrhage *: Mann-Whitney rank sum test for continuous variables, and Chi-square test for categorical variables
[0243] Table 2. Transcripts with different levels in pre-labor maternal blood samples compared with latent-phase maternal blood samples. Of the 3, 620 transcripts with blood levels that were different (428 decreased and 3, 192 increased) in the latent-phase samples compared with the pre-labor samples (Wilcoxon signed rank test, False Discovery Rate (FDR) -adjusted p-values <0.05 and | median levels | changed by >1.1-fold, 215 transcripts had at least one exon that was changed (Wilcoxon signed rank test, FDR-adjusted p-value <0.05) in the same direction, and were defined as delivery-associated circulating transcripts (DACTs) . Of these 215 DACTs, 38 genes which encode these transcripts were subjected to RT-qPCR assay design if they fulfill any of the following criteria: (i) the transcript or exon showed a FDR-adjusted Wilcoxon signed rank test p-value within the first quartile in the above comparison (Table 3) , (ii) the exon showed a Log rank test p-value <0.05 in the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with the time of onset of active phase of labor based on the pre-labor blood levels (Table 4) or (iii) the exon showed a Log rank test p-value <0.05 in the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis with the time of child delivery based on the pre-labor blood levels (Table 5) .
[0244] Table 11. The use of delivery-associated circulating transcripts for the prediction of onset of labor and delivery. Women with level or rate of change of transcript specified by the threshold (A, B) as high or low showed different time-to-event in parturition (C and D, respectively) . [To be continued on next page. ]
[0245] A. Threshold of maternal blood transcript level or rate of change (shown as percentile value of the RT-qPCR study population)
[0246] B. Threshold of transcript level or rate of change (shown as normalized value of the RT-qPCR study population)
[0247] [Continued from last page. ] Table 11. The use of delivery-associated circulating transcripts for the prediction of onset of labor and delivery. Women with level or rate of change of transcript specified by the threshold (A, B) as high or low showed different time-to-event in parturition (C and D, respectively) .
[0248] C. Median time-to-event (hours) in women with high levels or rate of change of transcript, as defined by threshold above.
[0249] D. Median time-to-event (hours) in women with low levels or rate of change of transcript, as defined by threshold above.
[0250] NOTES:
[0251] f. t.p.o.: ... for the prediction of ...
[0252] 1st blood sample: Collected before onset of labor (pre-labor blood sample)
[0253] 2ndblood sample: Collected during the latent phase of labor (latent-phase blood sample)
[0254] Table 12A: Oligonucleotide sequences of forward and reverse PCR primers and hydrolysis probes for RT-qPCR assays for quantification of delivery-associated circulating transcripts (DACTs) and reference genes. All sequences for forward (-F) and reverse (-R) PCR primers and hydrolysis probes (-P) are listed from the 5' end to the 3' end. For probe, the 5' end was labeled with 6-carboxyfluorescein ( / 56-FAM / ) and 3' end with Iowa Blackhole Quencher FQ ( / 3IABkFQ / ) and internally with the ZEN internal quencher ( / ZEN / ) (Integrated DNA Technologies, Coralville, IA USA) .
[0255] Notes: All primer or probe names are given in the format of [gene name] -F / R / P, EYA3 and CNOT1 are the reference genes, while other genes are DACTs. The listed set of F, R and P for each assay when combined with the reaction condition (Table 12B) and thermal profile (Table 12C) yielded optimal results among multiple other assay targeting the same gene. E. g. For PDCD11 RT-qPCR assay, besides the listed RT-qPCR assay, there was also a previous set of PDCD11 RT-qPCR (not listed) that gave less sensitive results or smaller PCR efficiency before optimization effort, including re-designing of RT-qPCR F, R primer and probe P.
[0256] Table 12B: Reaction conditions for RT-qPCR assays for quantification of delivery-associated circulating transcripts (DACTs) and reference genes.
[0257] Notes:
[0258] Universal master mix kit: TaqManTM Universal Master Mix II, with UNG (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalogue number 4440038) .
[0259] Thermocycler-detector: 480 System (Roche)
[0260] Reaction conditions of qPCR assays: Volumes are in μL with total volume for each reaction made up to 10 μL using RNase-free water.
[0261] Table 12C: Thermal profile for RT-qPCR assays for quantification of delivery-associated circulating transcripts (DACTs) and reference genes.
Claims
1.A method for assessing mRNA level, comprising the steps of:(a) obtaining a blood, plasma, or serum sample from a pregnant woman prior to onset of labor, optionally further obtaining another blood, plasma, or serum sample from the woman during latent phase of labor; and(b) quantifying mRNA level of only one of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 in the blood, plasma, or serum sample (s) from step (a) ,wherein no other blood, plasma, or serum sample is taken from the woman.2.The method of claim 1, wherein only one blood, plasma, or serum sample is obtained prior to onset of labor.3.The method of claim 2, wherein only one of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, or TRBV15 mRNA level is quantified.4.The method of claim 3, wherein the mRNA level from step (b) is lower than a standard control value corresponding to s percentile of a control group and onset of labor in the pregnant woman is predicted as within about t hours from step (a) , where s and t are listed in Tables 11A (1) and 11D (1) , respectively.5.The method of claim 4, further comprising, after step (b) , performing induction of labor (IOL) on the pregnant woman.6.The method of claim 3, wherein steps (a) and (b) are performed on two pregnant women, among whom one woman has a higher level of mRNA and one woman has a lower level of the same mRNA.7.The method of claim 6, further comprising, after step (b) , performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman with lower mRNA level and performing a Cesarean section on the pregnant woman with higher mRNA level.8.The method of claim 2, wherein only one of TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA level is quantified.9.The method of claim 8, wherein the mRNA level from step (b) is higher than a standard control value corresponding to s percentile of a control group and onset of labor in the pregnant woman is predicted as within about t hours from step (a) , where s and t are listed in Tables 11A (1) and 11C (1) , respectively.10.The method of claim 9, further comprising, after step (b) , performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman.11.The method of claim 8, wherein steps (a) and (b) are performed on two pregnant women, among whom one woman has a higher level of mRNA and one woman has a lower level of the same mRNA.12.The method of claim 11, further comprising, after step (b) , performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman with higher mRNA level and performing a Cesarean section on the pregnant woman with lower mRNA level.13.The method of claim 1, wherein in step (a) a first blood, plasma, or serum sample is obtained from the woman prior to onset of labor and a second blood, plasma, or serum sample is obtained from the woman during latent phase of labor, and wherein a Rate of Change (RoC) is calculated as follows:[ (log2 latent-phase RNA level) - (log2 pre-labor RNA level) ] / time between 1st and 2nd samples.14.The method of claim 13, wherein only one of GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, or TRBV15 mRNA level is quantified in both the first and second samples.15.The method of claim 14, wherein the RoC is lower than a standard control value corresponding to s percentile of a control group and child delivery by the pregnant woman is predicted as within about t hours from the time when the first sample is obtained, where s and t are listed in Tables 11A and D, respectively.16.The method of claim 15, further comprising, after step (b) , performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman.17.The method of claim 13, wherein steps (a) and (b) are performed on two pregnant women for the same mRNA, among whom one woman has a higher RoC and one woman has a lower RoC.18.The method of claim 17, further comprising, after step (b) , performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman with lower RoC and performing a Cesarean section on the pregnant woman with higher RoC.19.The method of claim 13, wherein only one of TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA level is quantified in both the first and second samples.20.The method of claim 19, wherein the RoC is higher than a standard control value corresponding to s percentile of a control group and child delivery by the pregnant woman is predicted as within about t hours from the time when the first sample is obtained, where s and t are listed in Tables 11A and C, respectively.21.The method of claim 20, further comprising, after step (b) , performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman.22.The method of claim 19, wherein steps (a) and (b) are performed on two pregnant women for the same mRNA, among whom one woman has a higher RoC and one woman has a lower RoC.23.The method of claim 23, further comprising, after step (b) , performing an induction of labor on the pregnant woman with higher RoC and performing a Cesarean section on the pregnant woman with lower RoC.24.The method of any one of claims 1-23, wherein the mRNA level is quantified by reverse-transcriptase quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) .25.A kit for assessing mRNA level, comprising:(1) a container containing a reagent for quantifying GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA in a blood, plasma, or serum sample; and(2) a standard control for GMEB2, PDCD11, IGLV1-36, UPF2, TRBV15, TRAPPC11, DHRS13, SH3BP5, CA4, or PADI4 mRNA level in the blood, plasma, or serum sample.26.The kit of claim 25, comprising a plurality of reagents for quantifying mRNA level by RT-qPCR.27.The kit of claim 26, further comprising an instruction manual.
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