Windshield and vehicle

Abstract

A windshield and a vehicle. The windshield comprises an optical sensor (200) and laminated glass (100); the optical sensor (200) is mounted inside a vehicle; an optical window (101) is present in the field of view of the optical sensor (200); the laminated glass (100) comprises outer-layer glass (110), a bonding layer (130), and inner-layer glass (120) which are stacked; and the inner-layer glass (120) is provided with a first through hole (121), wherein the optical window (101) is located in the first through hole (121), and the MTF value of the optical window (101) is greater than or equal to 0.3.

Description

Windshield and vehicle

[0001] This application claims priority to Chinese patent application number 202311192201.1, filed on September 15, 2023, entitled “Windshield and Vehicle,” the entire text of which is hereby incorporated by reference. Technical Field

[0002] The present application relates to the technical field of glass products, and in particular to a windshield and a vehicle. Background Art

[0003] Autonomous driving or assisted driving requires extensive data collection of the vehicle's surroundings, and optical sensors mounted on the windshield are crucial data acquisition devices. As the requirements for autonomous driving continue to increase, optical sensors must accurately capture images from farther away. Consequently, the need for higher pixel counts is increasing. This, coupled with the need for long-range, narrow-angle optical sensors, places higher demands on the windshield's optical distortion to minimize image distortion.

[0004] Judging from the required values ​​for the optical distortion of windshields, the requirements for the optical distortion of windshields are becoming increasingly stringent, from the early requirement that the optical distortion of windshields be less than 200mdpt (diopter), to the requirement that the optical distortion of windshields be less than 150mdpt, 120mdpt, 100mdpt, and even smaller values ​​than 100mdpt.

[0005] In the related art, most optical sensor manufacturers fail to consider the impact of the car windshield on the optical sensor's image clarity. As a result, after the optical sensor is actually installed on the car, the windshield significantly affects the clarity of the image captured by the optical sensor. This is particularly noticeable for high-pixel, narrow-angle optical sensors. When the optical sensor's image clarity is affected by the windshield, this can affect the vehicle's Advanced Driving Assistance System (ADAS) algorithm's ability to accurately identify and judge the image captured by the optical sensor, causing deviations in the ADAS algorithm.

[0006] MTF (Modulation Transfer Function) is a function that shows how modulation intensity changes with spatial frequency. MTF is often used to directly evaluate the performance of optical sensors. The higher the MTF value, the better the clarity of the image captured by the optical sensor.

[0007] The existing windshield and optical sensor installed on the vehicle have an MTF value of about 0.1 in the optical window domain corresponding to the windshield. The image obtained by the optical sensor is not clear enough, which causes a huge deviation in the algorithm of the car's ADAS system and cannot meet the requirements of autonomous driving above L3 level.

[0008] Summary of the Invention

[0009] According to various embodiments of the present application, a windshield and a vehicle are provided.

[0010] In a first aspect, embodiments of the present application provide a windshield comprising an optical sensor and laminated glass. The optical sensor is mounted within a vehicle interior. An optical window is located within the field of view of the optical sensor. The laminated glass comprises an outer layer of glass, an adhesive layer, and an inner layer of glass, the inner layer of glass having a first through-hole. The optical window is located within the first through-hole, and the optical window has an MTF value greater than or equal to 0.3.

[0011] In a second aspect, the vehicle provided in an embodiment of the present application includes the above-mentioned windshield, and the optical sensor is installed inside the vehicle and faces the optical window. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0012] Various other advantages and benefits will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the detailed description of the preferred embodiment below. The accompanying drawings are for illustration purposes only and are not to be considered as limiting the present application. The same reference numerals are used throughout the drawings to represent the same components. In the drawings:

[0013] FIG1 is a vertical cross-sectional schematic diagram of a windshield according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0014] FIG. 2 is an enlarged schematic diagram showing that the shape of the first through hole shown in FIG. 1 is a trapezoid.

[0015] FIG3 is an enlarged schematic diagram showing that the first through hole shown in FIG1 is circular in shape.

[0016] FIG. 4 is an enlarged schematic diagram showing that the shape of the first through hole shown in FIG. 1 is an ellipse.

[0017] FIG5 is an enlarged schematic diagram showing that the first through hole shown in FIG1 is in a rectangular shape.

[0018] FIG6 is a partial enlarged schematic diagram of the windshield shown in FIG1 .

[0019] FIG. 7 is a schematic horizontal cross-sectional view of the windshield shown in FIG. 1 .

[0020] FIG8 is a schematic diagram of various test points of the optical window of the windshield according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0021] FIG9 is a front view schematic diagram of the windshield according to an embodiment of the present application when viewed from inside the vehicle to outside the vehicle.

[0022] FIG10 is a partial enlarged schematic diagram of the windshield shown in FIG9 .

[0023] FIG11 is another vertical cross-sectional schematic diagram of the windshield according to an embodiment of the present application.

[0024] Explanation of the reference numerals: laminated glass 100; optical window 101; outer glass 110; inner glass 120; first through hole 121; adhesive layer 130; second through hole 131; first shielding layer 140; third through hole 141; extension portion 1401; second shielding layer 150; anti-reflection layer 160; thermal insulation layer 170; optical sensor 200. DETAILED DESCRIPTION

[0025] To make the above-mentioned objects, features, and advantages of the present application more clearly understood, the specific embodiments of the present application are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. The following description sets forth many specific details to facilitate a full understanding of the present application. However, the present application can be implemented in many other ways than those described herein, and those skilled in the art can make similar improvements without violating the scope of the present application. Therefore, the present application is not limited to the specific embodiments disclosed below.

[0026] In a first aspect, the present application provides a windshield, comprising:

[0027] Optical sensors, installed inside the vehicle;

[0028] Laminated glass having an optical window within the field of view of the optical sensor, the laminated glass comprising an outer layer of glass, an adhesive layer, and an inner layer of glass, wherein the inner layer of glass has a first through hole;

[0029] The optical window is located in the first through hole, and the MTF value of the optical window is greater than or equal to 0.3.

[0030] In some embodiments, the relative position of the laminated glass and the optical sensor satisfies the following conditions:

[0031] After the windshield is installed on the vehicle, the angle between the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the laminated glass and the central axis of the optical sensor is α; the vertical field of view angle of the optical sensor is β; the length of the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the first through hole is a; and the length of the intersection line between the vertical field of view of the optical sensor and the outer glass is b;

[0032] Wherein, a≥b+10, b=K1×[1 / tan(α-β / 2)-1 / tan(α+β / 2)], K1 is a constant and K1=12~18.

[0033] In some embodiments, the relative position of the laminated glass and the optical sensor satisfies the following conditions:

[0034] The horizontal field of view angle of the optical sensor is γ; the width of the first through hole in the horizontal field of view direction of the optical sensor is m; the length of the intersection line between the horizontal field of view of the optical sensor and the outer glass is n;

[0035] Wherein, m≥n+10, n=K2×tan(γ / 2) / sin(α), K2 is a constant and K2=24~36.

[0036] In some embodiments, the angle α is 20° to 45°, the angle β is 17° to 65°, and the angle γ is 28° to 120°.

[0037] In some embodiments, the minimum gap distance between the optical sensor and the inner glass is c, and c is 2 mm to 5 mm.

[0038] In some embodiments, the adhesive layer is provided with a second through hole, the second through hole is connected to the first through hole and the optical window is located in the second through hole.

[0039] In some embodiments, the laminated glass further includes a first shielding layer disposed between the outer glass and the bonding layer, the first shielding layer having a third through hole, the third through hole being connected to the second through hole, and the optical window being located in the third through hole.

[0040] In some embodiments, the laminated glass further includes a second shielding layer, and the second shielding layer is disposed on a side of the inner glass away from the bonding layer.

[0041] In some embodiments, the contour area of ​​the optical window is smaller than the contour area of ​​the third through hole, the contour area of ​​the third through hole is smaller than or equal to the contour area of ​​the first through hole, and the contour area of ​​the second through hole is greater than or equal to the contour area of ​​the first through hole.

[0042] In some embodiments, the laminated glass further comprises an anti-reflection layer disposed on a side of the outer layer of glass close to the bonding layer, the anti-reflection layer being located within the third through hole and at least covering the optical window, the anti-reflection layer being used to reduce the reflectivity of the outer layer of glass to the optical signal emitted and / or received by the optical sensor.

[0043] In some embodiments, the laminated glass further comprises an electric heating element disposed on a side of the outer glass close to the bonding layer, wherein the electric heating element is located in the third through hole and at least covers the optical window.

[0044] In some embodiments, the laminated glass further comprises a heat-insulating layer comprising at least one metallic silver layer, a silver alloy layer, or a transparent conductive oxide layer, and the heat-insulating layer avoids the optical window.

[0045] In some embodiments, the outer layer of glass is clear glass or extra-clear glass, and the inner layer of glass is clear glass or tinted glass;

[0046] The total iron content of the transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.08%, and the visible light transmittance of the transparent glass is greater than or equal to 80%; the total iron content of the ultra-clear glass is less than or equal to 0.015%, and the visible light transmittance of the ultra-clear glass is greater than or equal to 91%; the total iron content of the tinted glass is greater than or equal to 0.1%, and the visible light transmittance of the tinted glass is greater than 70%.

[0047] In some embodiments, the optical sensor is a visible light camera with a pixel greater than or equal to 2 million, and an MTF value of the visible light camera at 1 / 2 Nyquist frequency is greater than or equal to 0.6.

[0048] In some embodiments, the optical window has a first transmittance TL1 for visible light with a wavelength of 440nm to 700nm at an incident angle of 0 to 70°, and the optical window has a transmittance TL2 for visible light with a wavelength of 600nm to 700nm at an incident angle of 0 to 70°, TL1 ≥ 50%, and the ratio of TL2 to TL1 TL2 / TL1 ≥ 0.8.

[0049] In a second aspect, an embodiment of the present application provides a vehicle, comprising the windshield described above, wherein the optical sensor is installed inside the vehicle and faces the optical window.

[0050] 1 , which is a vertical cross-sectional view of a windshield according to an embodiment of the present application, includes an optical sensor 200 and laminated glass 100 .

[0051] The optical sensor 200 is installed inside the vehicle. The laminated glass 100 has an optical window 101 within the field of view of the optical sensor 200. The light emitted and / or received by the optical sensor 200 passes through the optical window 101 of the laminated glass 100 to collect environmental data outside the vehicle.

[0052] The laminated glass 100 includes an outer layer of glass 110 , an adhesive layer 130 , and an inner layer of glass 120 , which are stacked together. The inner layer of glass 120 is provided with a first through hole 121 .

[0053] The optical window 101 is located in the first through hole 121 , and the MTF value of the optical window 101 is greater than or equal to 0.3.

[0054] In this application, after the windshield is installed on a vehicle, the outer layer of glass 110 is located on the outside of the vehicle, and the inner layer of glass 120 is located on the inside of the vehicle. The adhesive layer 130 connects the outer layer of glass 110 and the inner layer of glass 120 to form a laminated glass structure that meets automotive glass standards. The outer layer of glass 110 has a surface facing away from the adhesive layer 130 and a surface facing the adhesive layer 130. The surface of the outer layer of glass 110 facing away from the adhesive layer 130 is the outer surface of the laminated glass 100. The inner layer of glass 120 has a surface facing away from the adhesive layer 130 and a surface facing the adhesive layer 130. The surface of the inner layer of glass 120 facing away from the adhesive layer 130 is the inner surface of the laminated glass 100.

[0055] It is understandable that the windshield described in this application can be the front windshield of a vehicle or the rear windshield of a vehicle. Specifically, this application is described in detail based on the front windshield as an example.

[0056] This application does not impose any specific restrictions on the thickness and material of the outer layer of glass 110, the material of the bonding layer 130, or the thickness and material of the inner layer of glass 120. Optionally, the thickness of the outer layer of glass 110 is greater than or equal to 2.1 mm (millimeter) and less than or equal to 5 mm. The material of the outer glass layer 101 may include at least one of soda-lime glass, high-aluminum glass, lithium-aluminum glass, and borosilicate glass. The material of the bonding layer 130 may be polyvinyl butyral (PVB) or ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA), or may also be an ionotropic polymer film (SGP). The thickness of the inner layer of glass 120 is greater than or equal to 0.7 mm and less than or equal to 2.1 mm. Similarly, the material of the inner layer of glass 120 may include at least one of soda-lime glass, high-aluminum glass, lithium-aluminum glass, and borosilicate glass. The thickness of the outer layer of glass 110 may be the same as or different from the thickness of the inner layer of glass 120. Preferably, the thickness of the outer layer of glass 110 is greater than the thickness of the inner layer of glass 120. The material of the outer glass 110 and the material of the inner glass 120 may be the same or different.

[0057] It should be noted that, since the first through hole 121 is opened on the surface of the inner glass 120 , the area of ​​the outer glass 110 corresponding to the first through hole 121 is relatively thin. Based on this, by correspondingly increasing the thickness of the outer glass 110, the thickness of the outer glass 110 is made 0.5 mm to 4.3 mm thicker than that of the inner glass 120. For example, the thickness of the outer glass 110 is 2.1 mm and the thickness of the inner glass 120 is 1.6 mm. For another example, the thickness of the outer glass 110 is 3.0 mm and the thickness of the inner glass 120 is 1.1 mm. For another example, the thickness of the outer glass 110 is 3.5 mm and the thickness of the inner glass 120 is 0.7 mm. Preferably, the thickness of the outer glass 110 is 1 mm to 3 mm thicker than that of the inner glass 120. This increases the thickness of the region of the outer glass 110 corresponding to the first through hole 121, reduces the risk of stress concentration at the contour boundary of the first through hole 121 during use of the laminated glass 100, and improves the overall mechanical properties and structural strength of the laminated glass 100.

[0058] The outer glass 110 and the inner glass 120 may be processed through an automotive glass bending process to obtain a certain curvature. Examples of the automotive glass bending process include a self-weight forming process at a temperature of at least 500°C or a press forming process at a temperature of at least 500°C. The bent outer glass 110 and the inner glass 120 are then laminated together with an adhesive layer 130 and subjected to a lamination process. The outer glass 110, the adhesive layer 130, and the inner glass 120 are bonded together to form a composite glass, thereby obtaining the final laminated glass 100.

[0059] The inner glass 120 is provided with a first through-hole 121. It will be appreciated that the first through-hole 121 extends through two opposing surfaces of the inner glass 120. The optical sensor 200 collects environmental data from the vehicle's exterior through the optical window 101 within the first through-hole 121. The optical sensor 200 can be mounted using a corresponding mounting bracket on the surface of the laminated glass 100 closest to the vehicle's interior, near the center of the top edge of the laminated glass 100, to facilitate a larger field of view. The optical sensor 200's shooting direction is toward the first through-hole 121.

[0060] To ensure the overall strength of the laminated glass 100 and better protect vehicle occupants, the area of ​​the first through hole 121 is S1, and the area of ​​the laminated glass 100 is S. Preferably, S1 and S satisfy the following relationship: 0.0004 ≤ S1 / S ≤ 0.15. This also meets the minimum field of view (FOV) requirement for the optical sensor 200 to acquire environmental data outside the vehicle and reduces the manufacturing difficulty of the laminated glass 100. Alternatively, S1 and S may satisfy the following relationship: 0.0005 ≤ S1 / S ≤ 0.1, or 0.001 ≤ S1 / S ≤ 0.008.

[0061] It is understood that the detection light emitted by the optical sensor 200 passes through the first through-hole 121 and the optical window 101 of the laminated glass 100 to detect objects outside the vehicle. The detection light emitted or reflected by the objects outside the vehicle passes through the optical window 101 of the laminated glass 100 and the first through-hole 121 and enters the optical sensor 200. In this way, the optical sensor 200 can collect environmental data outside the vehicle and transmit the collected environmental data to the vehicle's ADAS (Advanced Driving Assistance System). The ADAS system's algorithm performs corresponding data processing on the environmental image data to provide assisted driving. The environmental data can be image data or point cloud data.

[0062] 1 and 2 , light emitted and / or received by the optical sensor 200 must pass through the field of view of the optical sensor 200. The optical window 101 of the laminated glass 100 corresponds to the field of view of the optical sensor 200 in the forward field of view. In other words, the field of view of the optical sensor 200 forms the optical window 101 in the laminated glass 100. To ensure that light emitted and / or received by the optical sensor 200 can pass smoothly through the laminated glass 100, the inner glass 120 is provided with a first through-hole 121 at a position corresponding to the optical window 101. The optical window 101 is located within the first through-hole 121.

[0063] 2 to 5 , the shape of the first through hole 121 can be one of a trapezoid, a circle, an ellipse, a square, and a rectangle. The area enclosed by the dotted line in the first through hole 121 is the optical window 101 formed on the laminated glass 100 in the field of view of the optical sensor 200. As shown in FIG2 , the first through hole 121 is a trapezoid, and preferably, the four corners of the trapezoid are rounded corners with a radius greater than or equal to 5 mm. As shown in FIG3 , the first through hole 121 is a circle. As shown in FIG4 , the first through hole 121 is an ellipse. As shown in FIG5 , the first through hole 121 is a rectangle, and preferably, the four corners of the rectangle are rounded corners with a radius greater than or equal to 5 mm.

[0064] It is understandable that the field of view of the optical sensor 200 has a field of view angle FOV (Field Of View), which is used to represent the size of the field of view of the optical sensor 200. The field of view angle FOV of the optical sensor 200 includes a vertical field of view angle β and a horizontal field of view angle γ. In order to enable the optical sensor 200 to obtain clearer environmental image data, reduce the probability of causing deviations to the algorithm of the vehicle's ADAS system, and meet the requirements of autonomous driving above L3 level, this application adjusts the relative positions of the outer glass 110, the inner glass 120 and the optical sensor 200, the size parameters of the optical window 101 and the first through hole 121, so that the MTF value of the optical window of the laminated glass 100 is greater than or equal to 0.3. The MTF value of the optical window of the laminated glass 100 can be measured according to the standard ISO12233. A specific example of the measurement method can be: the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 are in a simulated assembly state or actually assembled in a vehicle, a standard test image is placed outside the vehicle and in front of the laminated glass 100, the standard test image on the outside of the laminated glass 100 is collected by the optical sensor 200, a plurality of MTF test points are set corresponding to multiple points in the image, and the MTF value corresponding to each MTF test point is obtained by testing and calculating with a corresponding MTF test device. The MTF value corresponding to each test point on the image is the MTF value of the optical window 101.

[0065] In some embodiments of the present application, refer to FIG6 , which is an enlarged schematic diagram of a vertical cross-section of the windshield shown in FIG1 . After the windshield is installed on a vehicle, the angle α between the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the laminated glass 100 and the central axis of the optical sensor 200 is defined as the optical axis of the optical sensor 200. The line connecting the top and bottom ends of the laminated glass 100 can be referred to as an extension of the inner surface of the laminated glass 100 in FIG6 , and the central axis of the optical sensor 200 can be referred to as the horizontal dashed line in FIG6 . The vertical field of view of the optical sensor 200 is defined as β, which is the field of view of the optical sensor 200 in the vertical cross-section. The length of the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the first through hole 121 is defined as a, which is equal to the maximum dimension of the first through hole 121 along the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the laminated glass 100. The length of the intersection of the vertical field of view of the optical sensor 200 and the outer glass 110 is b, that is, the maximum dimension of the optical window 101 along the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the laminated glass 100 is b. The relative positions of the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 satisfy the following conditions: a ≥ b + 10, b = K1 × [1 / tan(α - β / 2) - 1 / tan(α + β / 2)]. In other words, along the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the laminated glass 100, the difference between the dimensions of the first through hole 121 and the dimensions of the optical window 101 is greater than or equal to 10 mm. This ensures that the MTF value of the optical window 210 is not affected by the inner glass 120, thereby improving the detection quality of the optical sensor 200 and meeting the MTF requirements of high-precision cameras with narrow field of view angles.

[0066] In the present application, K1 is a constant and K1 = 12 to 18. Optionally, K1 can be one of 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, and 18. The units of a and b are both millimeters (mm).

[0067] In the embodiment of the present application, α is greater than or equal to 20° and less than or equal to 45°. β is greater than or equal to 17° and less than or equal to 65°. For example, α can be 20°, 24°, 30°, 35°, 40°, 42°, 45°, etc. β can be 17°, 20°, 25°, 30°, 40°, 50°, 65°, etc. It should be understood that the vertical field of view angle β of the optical sensor 200 is an inherent value of the optical sensor 200 after leaving the factory. Its value depends on the manufacturer of the optical sensor 200, and the optical sensor 200 can be purchased directly according to actual needs. Based on the relative position of the laminated glass 100 and the relevant dimensional parameters satisfying the above formula, α is limited to 20° to 45°. While enabling the use of a high-precision camera with a narrow field of view, the MTF value of the optical window 101 can be improved to a certain extent, such that the MTF value of the optical window 101 is greater than or equal to 0.3.

[0068] Further, referring to Figure 7, Figure 7 is a schematic horizontal cross-section of a windshield according to an embodiment of the present application. The horizontal field of view angle of the optical sensor 200 is γ, which is the field of view angle of the optical sensor 200 in the horizontal cross-section. The width of the first through-hole 121 in the horizontal field of view of the optical sensor 200 is m, and the length of the intersection of the horizontal field of view of the optical sensor 200 and the outer glass 110 is n. The relative position of the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 also satisfies the following conditions: m ≥ n + 10, n = K2 × tan(γ / 2) / sin(α). That is, along the horizontal field of view, the difference between the size of the first through-hole 121 and the size of the optical window 101 is greater than or equal to 10 mm. This ensures that the MTF value of the optical window 210 is not affected by the inner glass 120, thereby improving the detection quality of the optical sensor 200 and meeting the MTF requirements of high-precision cameras with narrow field of view.

[0069] In the present application, K2 is a constant and K2 = 24 to 36. Optionally, K2 can be one of 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, and 36. The units of m and n are both millimeters (mm).

[0070] Optionally, γ is greater than or equal to 28° and less than or equal to 120°. For example, γ can be one of 28°, 40°, 65°, 74°, 89°, 97°, 120°, etc. Similarly, the horizontal field of view angle γ of the optical sensor 200 is an inherent value that exists when the optical sensor 200 leaves the factory. Its value depends on the manufacturer of the optical sensor 200, and the optical sensor 200 can be directly purchased according to actual needs. By making γ greater than or equal to 28° and less than or equal to 120°, while realizing the selection of a high-precision camera with a narrow field of view, the MTF value of the optical window 101 can be improved to a certain extent, so that the MTF value of the optical window 101 is greater than or equal to 0.3.

[0071] 8 , taking the case where the vertical projections of the optical window 101 and the first through hole 121 relative to the outer glass 110 are both isosceles trapezoids, nine MTF test points are set on the two diagonals of the optical window 101. The intersection of the two diagonals is the first test point T0, which is defined as 0.00center. The remaining eight test points are T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7, and T8. Test point T1 is a point 50 mm to the left and 50 mm upward from test point T0. Test point T2 is a point 70 mm to the left and 70 mm upward from test point T0. Test point T3 is a point 50mm to the right and 50mm upward from test point T0, test point T4 is a point 75mm to the right and 75mm upward from test point T0, test point T5 is a point 50mm to the right and 50mm downward from test point T0, test point T6 is a point 75mm to the right and 75mm downward from test point T0, test point T7 is a point 50mm to the left and 50mm downward from test point T0, and test point T8 is a point 75mm to the left and 75mm downward from test point T0.

[0072] The optical sensor 200 then captures a standard test image of the exterior of the laminated glass 100. Accordingly, the nine MTF test points described above correspond to pixels in the image captured by the optical sensor 200. The MTF values ​​corresponding to each pixel are calculated using a corresponding MTF test device, i.e., the MTF values ​​corresponding to the nine MTF test points. MTF tests were conducted on multiple sets of embodiments according to ISO 12233, and the test results are shown in Table 1 below:

[0073] Table 1: MTF values ​​at 9 MTF test points of Examples 1-15

[0074] It should be noted that, in the above-mentioned embodiments 1 to 15, the relative position of the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 and related parameters satisfy a≥b+10 and / or m≥n+10.

[0075] MTF tests were conducted on several sets of comparative examples. Comparative Examples 1 to 7 differed only from Examples 1 to 15 in that the laminated glass 100 lacked the first through-hole 121. Comparative Examples 8 to 14 differed only from Examples 1 to 15 in that the relative positions of the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200, as well as related parameters, did not satisfy either a ≥ b + 10 or m ≥ n + 10. MTF tests were conducted on these sets of comparative examples according to ISO 12233. The test results are shown in Table 2 below:

[0076] Table 2: MTF values ​​of 9 MTF test points for comparative examples 1-14

[0077] It can be easily seen from Table 1 and Table 2 that in Examples 1 to 15, the MTF values ​​corresponding to the nine MTF test points are all greater than or equal to 0.3, even greater than or equal to 0.4, and even greater than or equal to 0.5.

[0078] In Comparative Examples 1 to 7, because the laminated glass 100 lacks the first through-hole 121, at least three of the nine MTF test points in Comparative Examples 1-7 have MTF values ​​less than 0.3, at least four, and even at least five. Furthermore, the MTF values ​​at some test points are less than 0.2, even less than 0.15, and even less than 0.1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the optical window 101 of the laminated glass 100 in Comparative Examples 1-7 clearly cannot meet the requirements of the optical sensor 200 for obtaining clearer environmental image data, and even less than the requirements for autonomous driving at Level 3 and above.

[0079] In Comparative Examples 8 to 14, although the laminated glass 100 is provided with the first through hole 121, the relative position of the laminated glass 100 and the optical sensor 200 and related parameters do not satisfy either a≥b+10 or m≥n+10. Compared with Comparative Examples 1-7, the MTF values ​​of the 9 MTF test points in Comparative Examples 8-14 are significantly reduced in the number of test points with MTF values ​​less than 0.3, but there are still 1-2 test points with MTF values ​​less than 0.3. The optical window 101 of the laminated glass 100 in Comparative Examples 8-14 cannot meet the requirement of the optical sensor 200 to obtain clearer environmental image data, and cannot meet the requirements of autonomous driving above L3 level.

[0080] Furthermore, referring to FIG6 , the minimum gap distance between the optical sensor 200 and the inner glass 120 is c, which is 2 mm to 5 mm. The minimum gap distance between the optical sensor 200 and the inner glass 120 can be understood as the distance from the point on the optical sensor 200 closest to the inner glass 120 to the inner glass 120. Specific examples include 2 mm, 2.5 mm, 3 mm, 3.5 mm, 4 mm, 4.5 mm, 5 mm, etc. This ensures that the optical sensor 200 is as close as possible to the inner glass 120 while facilitating the positioning and size of the first through hole 121. In the present application, the constants K1 and K2 can be determined based on the distance c between the optical sensor 200 and the inner glass 120. For example, when the distance c is equal to 2 mm, the constant K1 is 12 and the constant K2 is 24. For another example, when the distance c is equal to 5 mm, the constant K1 is 18 and the constant K3 is 36. When the distance c is greater than 2 mm and less than 5 mm, K1 can take a value greater than 12 and less than 18 based on the actual design, and K2 can take a value greater than 24 and less than 36 based on the actual design.

[0081] 1 , 6 and 7 , the adhesive layer 130 defines a second through hole 131 . The second through hole 131 is connected to the first through hole 121 , and the optical window 101 is located in the second through hole 131 .

[0082] Specifically, the dimension of the second through hole 131 along the target axis (i.e., the line connecting the top and bottom ends of the laminated glass 100) can be greater than or equal to a, and / or the dimension of the second through hole 131 along the horizontal direction can be greater than or equal to m. In other words, the outline area of ​​the second through hole 131 can be greater than or equal to the outline area of ​​the first through hole 121.

[0083] In this embodiment, the adhesive layer 130 is provided with a second through hole 131, the second through hole 131 is connected to the first through hole 121, and the optical window 101 is located in the second through hole 131. This can prevent the softening and deformation of the adhesive layer 130 caused by heating, pressurization and other processes during the production process of the vehicle window glass 10 from affecting the optical quality of the optical window 101, and prevent the adhesive layer 130 from affecting the clarity of the image captured by the optical sensor 200.

[0084] Furthermore, referring to Figures 1, 6 and 7, the laminated glass 100 also includes a first shielding layer 140 arranged between the outer glass 110 and the bonding layer 130. The first shielding layer 140 is provided with a third through hole 141, which is connected to the second through hole 131 and the optical window 101 is located in the third through hole 141.

[0085] Specifically, the outer glass 110, the first shielding layer 140, the adhesive layer 130, and the inner glass 120 are stacked in sequence. The third through hole 141 of the first shielding layer 140 communicates with the first through hole 121 of the inner glass 120 and the second through hole 131 of the adhesive layer 130. The first shielding layer 140 can be used to shield components within the vehicle, ensuring a consistent color around the windshield and improving the surrounding appearance. It can also block solar radiation, prevent aging of components within the vehicle, and increase product stability and service life. The material of the first shielding layer 140 is preferably at least one of black ceramic ink, brown ceramic ink, black ultraviolet ink, and brown ultraviolet ink. It can be formed by screen printing, inkjet printing, or other methods. The thickness of the first shielding layer 140 is in the micron range, for example, 5 to 40 microns.

[0086] In one embodiment, after the outer glass 110, the first shielding layer 140, the adhesive layer 130, and the inner glass 120 are stacked to form the laminated glass 100, a laser drilling process may be used to sequentially form a first through hole 121 in the inner glass 120, a second through hole 131 in the adhesive layer 130, and a third through hole 141 in the first shielding layer 140. Of course, in other embodiments, a laser drilling process may also be used to first form the first through hole 121 in the inner glass 120, the second through hole 131 in the adhesive layer 130, and the third through hole 141 in the first shielding layer 140, and then the outer glass 110, the first shielding layer 140, the adhesive layer 130, and the inner glass 120 are stacked to form the laminated glass 100.

[0087] It should be noted that because the first through-hole 121 is punched into the inner glass 120 and the second through-hole 131 is punched into the adhesive layer 130, the first through-hole 121 and the second through-hole 131 have corresponding contour boundaries. This creates a noticeable aesthetic issue for people outside the vehicle looking through the outer glass 110 toward the interior of the vehicle. Specifically, the inner glass 120 with the first through-hole 121 and the adhesive layer 130 with the second through-hole 131 create an overall cosmetic defect for the laminated glass 100. To address this issue, the contour boundaries of the third through-hole 141 of the first shielding layer 140 can overlap the contour boundaries of the first through-hole 121 and the second through-hole 131. This allows the shielding layer defined by the contour boundaries of the third through-hole 141 to shield the contour boundaries of the first through-hole 121 and the second through-hole 131, thereby improving the overall appearance of the laminated glass 100.

[0088] 9 and 10 , the first shielding layer 140 is disposed around the edge of the surface of the outer glass 110 on the side closest to the interior of the vehicle (the inner surface of the outer glass), and a T-shaped shielding area extends from the top center position toward the center of the outer glass 110. This is because the optical sensor 200 is typically integrated into the top center position of the windshield. To accommodate the vehicle's appearance and component placement requirements, these components can be shielded by the T-shaped shielding area of ​​the first shielding layer 140. In order to allow the optical sensor 200 to collect data on the vehicle's external environment through the first through hole 121 and the second through hole 131, a third through hole 141 is provided in the T-shaped shielding area of ​​the first shielding layer 140. That is, the third through hole 141 is not covered by the first shielding layer 140, and the optical window 101 is located within the third through hole 141.

[0089] In some embodiments, the contour area of ​​the optical window 101 is smaller than the contour area of ​​the third through hole 141 , and the contour area of ​​the third through hole 141 is smaller than or equal to the contour area of ​​the first through hole 121 .

[0090] Specifically, the dimension of the third through hole 141 along the extension direction of the target axis is greater than or equal to b and less than or equal to a, and / or the dimension of the third through hole 141 along the horizontal direction is greater than or equal to n and less than or equal to m. In other words, the contour area of ​​the third through hole 141 can be greater than or equal to the contour area of ​​the optical window 101. Typically, the contour area of ​​the third through hole 141 is slightly larger than the contour area of ​​the optical window 101. This can avoid a reduction in the field of view due to insufficient contour area of ​​the third through hole 141, and can also avoid excessive external stray light entering the optical sensor 200 and causing poor image quality due to excessive contour area of ​​the third through hole 141. Preferably, the contour of the third through hole 141 is 1 mm to 20 mm larger than the contour of the optical window 101. Specific examples include 1 mm, 2 mm, 3 mm, 5 mm, 8 mm, 10 mm, 15 mm, 20 mm, etc., and preferably 1 mm to 10 mm.

[0091] Furthermore, the contour area of ​​the third through hole 141 is smaller than or equal to the contour area of ​​the first through hole 121 to achieve a better shielding effect. In Figures 9 and 10, the first shielding layer 140 has an extension portion 1401 extending into the first through hole 121, making the contour area of ​​the third through hole 141 smaller than the contour area of ​​the first through hole 121. The extension portion 1401 can be a continuous printing ink or a spaced-apart dot ink, preferably a spaced-apart dot ink, which can further improve the optical quality of the optical window 101.

[0092] In some embodiments of the present application, referring to Figures 1, 6, and 7, the laminated glass 100 further includes a second shielding layer 150, which is disposed on a side of the inner glass 120 away from the adhesive layer 130. Specifically, the second shielding layer 150 may be disposed only at the top center of the side of the inner glass 120 away from the adhesive layer 130 (the inner surface of the inner glass 120), and may be consistent in shape with the T-shaped shielding area of ​​the first shielding layer 140. Alternatively, the second shielding layer 150 may be disposed around all four edges of the inner surface of the inner glass 120, and may extend a T-shaped shielding area from the top center toward the center of the inner surface of the inner glass 120.

[0093] Specifically, the outer glass 110, the first shielding layer 140, the adhesive layer 130, the inner glass 120, and the second shielding layer 150 are stacked in sequence. The second shielding layer 150 is preferably made of at least one of black ceramic ink, brown ceramic ink, black ultraviolet ink, and brown ultraviolet ink. It can be formed by screen printing, inkjet printing, or other methods. The thickness of the second shielding layer 150 is in the micron range, for example, 5 to 40 microns.

[0094] Furthermore, referring to Figure 11, the laminated glass 100 also includes an anti-reflection layer 160 arranged on the side of the outer glass 110 close to the bonding layer 130. The anti-reflection layer 160 is located in the third through hole 141 and at least covers the optical window 101. The anti-reflection layer 160 is used to reduce the reflectivity of the outer glass 110 to the optical signal emitted and / or received by the optical sensor 200, thereby improving the detection quality of the optical sensor 200.

[0095] Furthermore, the laminated glass 100 further includes an electric heating element (not shown) provided on a side of the outer glass 110 close to the adhesive layer 130 . The electric heating element is located in the third through hole 141 and covers at least the optical window 101 .

[0096] Specifically, the electric heating element may include an electric heating wire, an electric heating plate, or the like, such as a tungsten wire. The electric heating element is used to heat the optical window 101, thereby achieving defogging and defrosting effects on the optical window 101 and improving the detection quality of the optical sensor 200.

[0097] Furthermore, referring to FIG. 11 , the laminated glass 100 further includes a heat-insulating layer 170 . The heat-insulating layer 170 includes at least one metallic silver layer, a silver alloy layer, or a transparent conductive oxide layer. The heat-insulating layer 170 avoids the optical window 101 .

[0098] It should be noted that the thermal insulation layer 170 can be used to reflect infrared rays, and can even achieve electrical heating by adding a busbar. The thermal insulation layer 170 can be directly deposited onto the side of the outer glass 110 close to the bonding layer 130 (the inner surface of the outer glass 110) or the side of the inner glass 120 close to the bonding layer 130 (the outer surface of the inner glass 120) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or physical vapor deposition (CVD), for example, by magnetron sputtering deposition. In addition, the thermal insulation layer 170 is preferably able to withstand high-temperature heat treatment, such as heat treatment processes such as bending or tempering. Specifically, when the thermal insulation layer 170 includes a transparent conductive oxide layer, the transparent conductive oxide layer can be selected from indium tin oxide (ITO), fluorine-doped tin dioxide (FTO), aluminum-doped zinc dioxide (AZO), antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO), etc. The thermal insulation layer 170 further includes at least two dielectric layers, each of which is a metallic silver layer, a silver alloy layer, or a transparent conductive oxide layer located between the two dielectric layers. The dielectric layer is made of an oxide, nitride, or oxynitride selected from at least one of Zn, Ti, Si, Al, Sn, Se, Zr, Ni, In, Cr, W, Ca, Y, Nb, Cu, and Sm. For example, the dielectric layer may be zinc tin oxide (ZnSnOx), aluminum-doped zinc oxide (AZO), titanium oxide (TiOx), silicon zirconium nitride (SiZrN), silicon aluminum nitride (SiAlN), or silicon aluminum oxide (SiAlO).

[0099] Furthermore, the outer glass 110 is clear glass or extra-clear glass, and the inner glass 120 is clear glass or tinted glass. The total iron content of the clear glass is less than or equal to 0.08%, and the visible light transmittance of the clear glass is greater than or equal to 80%. The total iron content of the extra-clear glass is less than or equal to 0.015%, and the visible light transmittance of the extra-clear glass is greater than or equal to 91%. The total iron content of the tinted glass is greater than or equal to 0.1%, and the visible light transmittance of the tinted glass is greater than 70%.

[0100] Optionally, the optical sensor 200 can be used to collect data about the vehicle's external environment. For example, the optical sensor 200 can be a visible light camera, a near-infrared camera, a thermal imager, a lidar, a gesture detection sensor, etc., to better realize the vehicle's intelligence and safety performance.

[0101] The optical sensor 200 is a visible light camera with a pixel count greater than or equal to 2 million. The MTF value of the visible light camera at 1 / 2 Nyquist frequency is greater than or equal to 0.6. Specifically, the photosensitive chip of the visible light camera can be a complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) or a charge coupled device (CCD). The pixel count of the visible light camera can be 2 million pixels, 5 million pixels, 8 million pixels, etc. The size of the photosensitive chip of the visible light camera can be 2 / 3" (8.8mm*6.6mm), 1 / 1.7" (7.4mm*5.6mm), 1 / 1.8" (7.2mm*5.3mm), etc. A larger photosensitive chip can be preferred to receive more light signals. The focal length, aperture number, and viewing angle of the lens parameters of the visible light camera should meet the requirements of the usage scenario. The maximum optical distortion of the visible light camera lens is less than 3%, and the modulation transfer function (MTF) value of the visible light camera at 1 / 2 Nyquist frequency is greater than or equal to 0.6, thereby meeting the requirements of high-definition image acquisition.

[0102] In order to further meet the needs of high-definition image acquisition, especially to meet the image acquisition needs of visible light cameras with pixels greater than or equal to 5 million or even greater than or equal to 8 million, it is preferred that the optical window 101 has a first transmittance TL1 for visible light with a wavelength of 440nm to 700nm incident at an incident angle of 0 to 70°, and TL1 ≥ 50%. Specific examples include TL1 = 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, and even TL1 ≥ 70%. Furthermore, the transmittance TL2 of the optical window 101 for visible light with a wavelength of 600nm to 700nm incident at an incident angle of 0 to 70°, the ratio of TL2 to TL1 TL2 / TL1 ≥ 0.8, the ratio of TL2 to TL1 is also commonly referred to as the red light ratio, and specific examples include TL2 / TL1 = 0.80, 0.81, 0.82, 0.83, 0.84, 0.85, 0.86, 0.88, etc., preferably TL2 / TL1 ≥ 0.85.

[0103] In addition, an embodiment of the present application further provides a vehicle, which includes the above-mentioned windshield, and the optical sensor 200 is installed inside the vehicle and faces the optical window 101.

[0104] Vehicles can be cars, buses, trucks, tractors, special transport vehicles and special vehicles, etc. Of course, vehicles can also include wheels, chassis, engines, etc.

[0105] The optical sensor 200 is located on the side of the inner glass 120 facing away from the adhesive layer 130. It is understood that the optical sensor 200 is located inside the vehicle and can be secured to the surface of the inner glass 120 facing away from the adhesive layer 130, or to a roof rail, using a bracket or the like. The optical sensor 200 is oriented toward the first through hole 121.

[0106] The technical features of the above-mentioned embodiments can be combined arbitrarily. In order to make the description concise, not all possible combinations of the technical features in the above-mentioned embodiments are described. However, as long as there is no contradiction in the combination of these technical features, they should be considered to be within the scope of this specification.

[0107] The above-described embodiments merely represent several implementation methods of the present application. While the descriptions are relatively specific and detailed, they should not be construed as limiting the scope of the patent application. It should be noted that a person of ordinary skill in the art may make various modifications and improvements without departing from the spirit of the present application, and these modifications and improvements fall within the scope of protection of the present application. Therefore, the scope of protection of the present patent application shall be determined by the appended claims.

Claims

1. A windshield, characterized in that: include: An optical sensor (200) is installed inside the vehicle; A laminated glass (100) having an optical window (101) within the field of view of the optical sensor (200), the laminated glass (100) comprising an outer layer of glass (110), an adhesive layer (130) and an inner layer of glass (120) which are stacked, the inner layer of glass (120) being provided with a first through hole (121); Wherein, the optical window (101) is located in the first through hole (121), and the MTF value of the optical window (101) is greater than or equal to 0.

3.

2. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that: The relative position of the laminated glass (100) and the optical sensor (200) satisfies the following conditions: After the windshield is installed on the vehicle, the angle between the line connecting the top and bottom of the laminated glass (100) and the central axis of the optical sensor (200) is α; the vertical field of view angle of the optical sensor (200) is β; the length of the line connecting the top and bottom of the first through hole (121) is a; the length of the intersection line between the vertical field of view of the optical sensor (200) and the outer glass (110) is b; wherein a≥b+10, b=K1×[1 / tan(α-β / 2)-1 / tan(α+β / 2)], K1 is a constant and K1=12-18.

3. The windshield according to claim 2, characterized in that: The relative position of the laminated glass (100) and the optical sensor (200) satisfies the following conditions: The horizontal field of view angle of the optical sensor (200) is γ; the width of the first through hole (121) in the horizontal field of view direction of the optical sensor (200) is m; the length of the intersection line between the horizontal field of view of the optical sensor (200) and the outer glass (110) is n; wherein m≥n+10, n=K2×tan(γ / 2) / sin(α), K2 is a constant and K2=24~36.

4. The windshield according to claim 3, characterized in that: The α is 20° to 45°, the β is 17° to 65°, and the γ is 28° to 120°.

5. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that: The minimum gap distance between the optical sensor (200) and the inner glass (120) is c, and c is 2 mm to 5 mm.

6. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that: The bonding layer (130) is provided with a second through hole (131), the second through hole (131) is connected to the first through hole (121), and the optical window (101) is located in the second through hole (131).

7. The windshield according to claim 6, characterized in that: The laminated glass (100) further comprises a first shielding layer (140) arranged between the outer layer of glass (110) and the bonding layer (130), the first shielding layer (140) being provided with a third through hole (141), the third through hole (141) being connected to the second through hole (131), and the optical window (101) being located in the third through hole (141).

8. The windshield according to claim 7, characterized in that: The laminated glass (100) further comprises a second shielding layer (150), wherein the second shielding layer (150) is arranged on a side of the inner glass (120) away from the bonding layer (130).

9. The windshield according to claim 7, characterized in that: The contour area of ​​the optical window (101) is smaller than the contour area of ​​the third through hole (141), the contour area of ​​the third through hole (141) is smaller than or equal to the contour area of ​​the first through hole (121), and the contour area of ​​the second through hole (131) is greater than or equal to the contour area of ​​the first through hole (121).

10. The windshield according to claim 7, characterized in that: The laminated glass (100) further comprises an anti-reflection layer (160) disposed on a side of the outer layer of glass (110) close to the bonding layer (130); the anti-reflection layer (160) is located in the third through hole (141) and at least covers the optical window (101); the anti-reflection layer (160) is used to reduce the reflectivity of the outer layer of glass (110) to an optical signal emitted and / or received by the optical sensor (200).

11. The windshield according to claim 7, characterized in that: The laminated glass (100) further comprises an electric heating element arranged on a side of the outer layer of glass (110) close to the bonding layer (130), wherein the electric heating element is located in the third through hole (141) and at least covers the optical window (101).

12. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that: The laminated glass (100) further comprises a heat-insulating layer (170), wherein the heat-insulating layer (170) comprises at least one metal silver layer, a silver alloy layer or a transparent conductive oxide layer, and the heat-insulating layer (170) avoids the optical window (101).

13. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that: The outer layer of glass (110) is transparent glass or extra-transparent glass, and the inner layer of glass (120) is transparent glass or tinted glass; The total iron content of the transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.08%, and the visible light transmittance of the transparent glass is greater than or equal to 80%; the total iron content of the ultra-transparent glass is less than or equal to 0.015%, and the visible light transmittance of the ultra-transparent glass is greater than or equal to 91%; the total iron content of the colored glass is greater than or equal to 0.1%, and the visible light transmittance of the colored glass is greater than 70%.

14. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that: The optical sensor (200) is a visible light camera with a pixel greater than or equal to 2 million, and the MTF value of the visible light camera at 1 / 2 Nyquist frequency is greater than or equal to 0.

6.

15. The windshield according to claim 1, characterized in that The optical window (101) has a first transmittance TL1 for visible light with a wavelength of 440nm to 700nm incident at an incident angle of 0 to 70°, and a transmittance TL2 for visible light with a wavelength of 600nm to 700nm incident at an incident angle of 0 to 70°, TL1≥50%, and a ratio of TL2 to TL1 TL2 / TL1≥0.

8.

16. A vehicle, characterized in that: The vehicle comprises a windshield according to any one of claims 1 to 15, and the optical sensor (200) is installed inside the vehicle and faces the optical window (101).

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