Pre-lithiated oxide anodes and methods of making and use thereof

Abstract

Described herein are pre-lithiated oxide anodes and methods of making and use thereof. Also described are methods for preparing the pre-lithiated oxide anode, the method including: adding a Li source into a synthesis of an oxide powder to form a pre-lithiated oxide powder; and forming the pre-lithiated oxide anode from the pre-lithiated oxide powder.

Description

[0001]PRE-LITHIATED OXIDE ANODES AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USE THEREOF CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims priority to, and the benefit of, U.S. Provisional Application No. 63 / 538,340, filed on September 14, 2023, the content of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety. BACKGROUND Oxide based anode experience capacity loss in the first few cycles due to the reaction of the oxide with Li. This loss in capacity is sometimes referred to as Li loss, as Li that have reacted with the oxide are not reversible and therefore excess Li is often required in a full cell to mitigate this loss of total Li. Devices with improved properties are needed. The compositions, methods, and devices discussed herein addresses these and other needs. SUMMARY In accordance with the purposes of the disclosed compositions, methods, and devices as embodied and broadly described herein, the disclosed subject matter relates to pre-lithiated oxide anodes and methods of making and use thereof. Described herein are methods for preparing a pre-lithiated oxide anode. In some embodiments, the methods described herein can include adding a Li source into a synthesis of an oxide powder to form a pre-lithiated oxide powder; and forming the pre-lithiated oxide anode from the pre-lithiated oxide powder. In some embodiments, the methods described herein can include contacting an oxide powder with a chemical reducing agent including a Li source to form a pre-lithiated oxide powder, and forming the pre-lithiated oxide anode from the pre- lithiated oxide powder. In some embodiments, the methods described herein can include contacting an oxide anode with a chemical reducing agent including a Li source for a period of time to form the pre-lithiated oxide anode. Described herein are also pre-lithiated oxide anodes made by the methods described herein. Described herein are also methods for mitigating capacity loss in batteries including oxide anodes, the method can include preparing a pre-lithiated oxide anode described herein. Described herein are also devices including the pre-lithiated oxide anode described herein. In some embodiments, the device can be a battery. Described herein are batteries including the pre-lithiated oxide anode made by the methods described herein. Described herein are systems that can include one or more of the batteries described herein. In some embodiments, the system is an energy storage system. Described herein are also articles including one or more of the batteries described herein. Additional advantages of the disclosed compositions, devices, and methods will be set forth in part in the description which follows, and in part will be obvious from the description. The advantages of the disclosed compositions, devices, and methods will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the appended claims. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only and are not restrictive of the disclosed devices and methods, as claimed. The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES The accompanying figures, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate several aspects of the disclosure, and together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. Figure 1A-1B are graphs showing capacity loss of devices including oxide anodes. Figure 2 is a diagram of the pre-lithiation strategy where chemical reducing agents are added onto the oxide powder or the oxide electrode. Figure 3 are graphs showing results using an example of the pre-lithiation strategy where chemical reducing agents are added onto the electrode cast. Figure 4 are photographs of pre-lithiation strategy where chemical reducing agents are added onto the electrode cast. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The compositions, methods, and devices described herein may be understood more readily by reference to the following detailed description of specific aspects of the disclosed subject matter and the Examples included therein. Before the present compositions, methods, and devices are disclosed and described, it is to be understood that the aspects described below are not limited to specific synthetic methods or specific reagents, as such may, of course, vary. It is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular aspects only and is not intended to be limiting. Also, throughout this specification, various publications are referenced. The disclosures of these publications in their entireties are hereby incorporated by reference into this application in order to more fully describe the state of the art to which the disclosed matter pertains. The references disclosed are also individually and specifically incorporated by reference herein for the material contained in them that is discussed in the sentence in which the reference is relied upon. In this specification and in the claims that follow, reference will be made to a number of terms, which shall be defined to have the following meanings. Throughout the description and claims of this specification the word “comprise” and other forms of the word, such as “comprising” and “comprises,” means including but not limited to, and is not intended to exclude, for example, other additives, components, integers, or steps. As used in the description and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise. Thus, for example, reference to “a composition” includes mixtures of two or more such compositions, reference to “an agent” includes mixtures of two or more such agents, reference to “the component” includes mixtures of two or more such components, and the like. “Optional” or “optionally” means that the subsequently described event or circumstance can or cannot occur, and that the description includes instances where the event or circumstance occurs and instances where it does not. Ranges can be expressed herein as from “about” one particular value, and / or to “about” another particular value. By “about” is meant within 5% of the value, e.g., within 4, 3, 2, or 1% of the value. When such a range is expressed, another aspect includes from the one particular value and / or to the other particular value. Similarly, when values are expressed as approximations, by use of the antecedent “about,” it will be understood that the particular value forms another aspect. It will be further understood that the endpoints of each of the ranges are significant both in relation to the other endpoint, and independently of the other endpoint. Values can be expressed herein as an “average” value. “Average” generally refers to the statistical mean value. By “substantially” is meant within 5%, e.g., within 4%, 3%, 2%, or 1%. “Exemplary” means “an example of” and is not intended to convey an indication of a preferred or ideal embodiment. “Such as” is not used in a restrictive sense, but for explanatory purposes. It is understood that throughout this specification the identifiers “first” and “second” are used solely to aid in distinguishing the various components and steps of the disclosed subject matter. The identifiers “first” and “second” are not intended to imply any particular order, amount, preference, or importance to the components or steps modified by these terms. References in the specification and concluding claims to parts by weight of a particular element or component in a composition denotes the weight relationship between the element or component and any other elements or components in the composition or article for which a part by weight is expressed. Thus, in a compound containing 2 parts by weight of component X and 5 parts by weight component Y, X and Y are present at a weight ratio of 2:5, and are present in such ratio regardless of whether additional components are contained in the compound. A weight percent (wt. %) of a component, unless specifically stated to the contrary, is based on the total weight of the formulation or composition in which the component is included. The term “or combinations thereof” as used herein refers to all permutations and combinations of the listed items preceding the term. For example, “A, B, C, or combinations thereof” is intended to include at least one of: A, B, C, AB, AC, BC, or ABC, and if order is important in a particular context, also BA, CA, CB, CBA, BCA, ACB, BAC, or CAB. Continuing with this example, expressly included are combinations that contain repeats of one or more item or term, such as BB, AAA, AB, BBC, AAABCCCC, CBBAAA, CABABB, and so forth. The skilled artisan will understand that typically there is no limit on the number of items or terms in any combination, unless otherwise apparent from the context. As used herein, the terms “active component” and “active material” are used synonymously, and refer to a material that reacts with a working ion (e.g., lithium) under conditions typically encountered during charging and discharging of a battery (e.g., a lithium ion battery). Two or more active components can be present as the majority components of the amorphous glasses described herein. As used herein, the terms “inactive component” and “inactive material” are used synonymously, and refer to a material that does not react with a working ion (e.g., lithium) under conditions typically encountered during charging and discharging of a battery (e.g., a lithium ion battery). Two or more inactive components can be present as minority components of the amorphous glasses described herein. As used herein, the term “metal” refers to both metals and metalloids such as silicon and germanium. The metal is often in an elemental state. As used herein, the term “lithiation” refers to the process of adding lithium to an amorphous glass described herein (i.e., lithium ions are reduced). Likewise, the term “sodiation” refers to an analogous process where sodium is added to an amorphous glass described herein. As used herein, the term “delithiation” refers to the process of removing lithium from an amorphous glass described herein (i.e., lithium ions are oxidized). Likewise, the term “desodiation” refers to an analogous process where sodium is removed from an amorphous glass described herein. As used herein, the term “charging” refers to a process of providing electrochemical energy to a battery. As used herein, the term “discharging” refers to a process of removing electrochemical energy from a battery (i.e., discharging is a process of using the battery to do useful work). As used herein, the term “cathode” refers to the electrode where electrochemical reduction occurs during the discharging process. During discharging, the cathode undergoes lithiation. During charging, lithium atoms are removed from this electrode. As used herein, the term “anode” refers to the electrode where electrochemical oxidation occurs during the discharging process. During discharging, the anode undergoes delithiation. During charging, lithium atoms are added to this electrode. Methods Described herein are methods for preparing a pre-lithiated oxide anode, the method including adding a Li source into a synthesis of an oxide powder to form a pre-lithiated oxide powder; and forming the pre-lithiated oxide anode from the pre-lithiated oxide powder. In some embodiments, the adding step can include adding the Li source into an oxide powder slurry including the oxide powder to form a pre-lithiated oxide powder slurry. In some embodiments, the forming step can include drying a pre-lithiated oxide powder slurry to form the pre-lithiated oxide anode. In some embodiments, forming the pre-lithiated oxide anode further includes applying a pre-lithiated oxide powder slurry on a top surface of a substrate and drying the pre-lithiated oxide powder slurry on the top surface of the substrate to form the pre- lithiated oxide anode on the top surface of the substrate. In some embodiments, the method can include adding the Li source into an oxide powder slurry including the oxide powder to form a pre-lithiated oxide powder slurry, applying a pre- lithiated oxide powder slurry on a top surface of a substrate, and drying the pre-lithiated oxide powder slurry on the top surface of the substrate to form the pre-lithiated oxide anode on the top surface of the substrate. In some embodiments, the substrates can include a current collector. Suitable current collectors can include, but are not limited to, a metallic material, such as a material including aluminum, nickel, copper, silver, alloys thereof, and / or the like. In some embodiments, the Li source can include Li, or a lithium compound. In some embodiments, the Li source can include a lithium compound such as LiNO3. Described herein are also methods for preparing a pre-lithiated oxide anode, the method including contacting an oxide powder with a chemical reducing agent including a Li source to form a pre-lithiated oxide powder, and forming the pre-lithiated oxide anode from the pre- lithiated oxide powder. Described herein are also methods for preparing a pre-lithiated oxide anode, the method including contacting an oxide anode with a chemical reducing agent including a Li source for a period of time to form the pre-lithiated oxide anode. In some embodiments, the method can further include rinsing the pre-lithiated oxide anode with a solvent. In some embodiments, the method can further includes drying the pre-lithiated oxide anode after the rinsing step. In some embodiments, the period of time can include at least 6 hours (e.g., at least 12 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 36 hours, or at least 48 hours). In some embodiments, the period of time can include 48 hours or less (e.g., 36 hours or less, 24 hours or less, 12 hours or less). The period of time can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, in some examples, the period of time can include from 6 hours to 48 hours (e.g., from 6 hours to 36 hours, from 6 hours to 24 hours, from 6 hours to 12 hours, from 12 hours to 24 hours, from 12 hours to 36 hours, from 12 hours to 48 hours, from 24 hours to 36 hours, from 24 hours to 48 hours, or from 36 hours to 48 hours). Described herein are methods including pre-lithiation of an oxide anode. In some examples, the methods include adding Li directly into the synthesis of an oxide powder or the oxide anode. In some examples, the method includes adding a lithium compound, such as LiNO3, directly into the synthesis of an oxide powder or the oxide anode. In some examples, the method includes adding Li directly into the synthesis of an oxide powder, thereby forming a pre-lithiated oxide powder, and forming the oxide anode from the pre-lithiated oxide powder. In some examples, the method includes contacting an oxide powder or the oxide anode with a chemical reducing agent including Li. In some examples, the method includes contacting the oxide powder with the chemical reducing agent including Li, thereby forming a pre-lithiated oxide powder, and forming the oxide anode from the pre-lithiated oxide powder. In some examples, the method includes contacting the oxide anode with the chemical reducing agent including Li, thereby pre-lithiating the oxide anode. Also described herein are methods for mitigating capacity loss in batteries including oxide anodes, for example the method any of the methods described herein (e.g., including pre- lithiation of the oxide anode). In some examples, the chemical reducing agent includes LiBH4, LiAlH4, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the chemical reducing agent is provided at a concentration of at least 0.5 times that of the weight of the oxide powder or the oxide anode (e.g., at least 2.5 times, at least 5 times, at least 10 times, at least 15 times, at least 20 times, at least 25 times, at least 30 times, at least 35 times, at least 40 times, at least 45 times, at least 50 times, at least 55 times, at least 60 times, at least 65 times, at least 70 times, at least 75 times, at least 80 times, at least 85 times, at least 90 times, or at least 95 times). In some examples, the chemical reducing agent is provided at a concentration of 100 times or less (e.g., 95 times or less, 90 times or less, 85 times or less, 80 times or less, 75 times or less, 70 times or less, 65 times or less, 60 times or less, 55 times or less, 50 times or less, 45 times or less, 40 times or less, 35 times or less, 30 times or less, 25 times or less, 20 times or less, 15 times or less, 10 times or less, 5 times or less, or 2.5 times or less). In some examples, the chemical reducing agent is provided at a concentration of from 0.5 to 100 times that of the weight of the oxide powder or the oxide anode (e.g., from 0.5 to 75 times, from 0.5 to 50 times, from 0.5 to 25, from 0.5 to 12.5 times, from 0.5 to 10 times, from 0.5 to 5 times, from 0.5 to 2.5 times, from 5 to 75 times, from 5 to 50 times, from 5 to 25, from 5 to 12.5 times, from 5 to 10 times, from 10 to 75 times, from 0.5 to 50 times, from 10 to 25, from 10 to 12.5 times, from 25 to 75 times, from 25 to 50 times, or from 50 to 75 times). Oxide anodes for lithium batteries are known in the art. For example, the oxide anode and / or an oxide powder can include any suitable oxide anode and / or oxide powder, such as those described in Reddy et al. Chem. Rev.2013, 113(7), 5364-5457, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for its description thereof. Examples of suitable oxides for oxide anodes and / or oxide powders can include, but are not limited to, TiO2, Nb2O5, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), MgTi2O5, LiTiNbO5, TiNb2O7, LiTi2P3O12, AlNbO4, PNb9O25, VNb9O25, GeNb18O47, LiNbO3, CuNbO3, MgNb2O6, CaNb2O6, LiNb3O8, TiNb2O7(TNO), SnO, SnO2, M2SnO4(M = metal, such as Mg, Mn, Co, or Zn), ASnO3(A = Ca, Sr, Ba, Co, or Mg), CdSnO3, Li2SnO3, A2Sn2O7 (A = Y or Nd), K2(M,Sn)8O16 (M = Li, Mg, Fe, Mn, Co, or In), SnP2O7, LiSn2P3O12, Sn2P2O7, Sn3P2O8, Sb2O3, Sb2O4, Sb2O5, MSb2O6 (M = Co, Ni, or Cu), VSb2O4, (M1 / 2Sb1 / 2Sn)O4(M = V, Fe, or In), BiSbO4, SbPO4, MSb2O4(M = Ni or Co), SiO, SiO2, GeO2, LiGe2P3O12 (LGP), Li1.5(Al0.5Ge1.5)P3O12 (LAGP), ZnO, CdO, In2O3, MO (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu), M3O4 (M = Co, Fe, or Mn), M2O3 (M = Fe, Cr or Mn), MO2 (M = Mn, Mo or Ru), AB2O4(A = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu; B = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or Cu; A ≠ B), MBO3(M = Fe or Cr), Fe3BO6, M3B2O6(M = Co, Ni, or Cu), ZnM2O4(M = Co, or Fe), CdFe2O4, Fe2O3, MgFe2O4, TiO, VO, NbO, VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5, VnO2n-1, LiMVO4 (M = Ni, Co, Zn, Cd), MVO4 (M = metal, such as Cr, Fe, Al, In, Y), Co2V2O7, MnV2O6, Mn(V,Mo)2O6, CoV2O6, LiVMoO6, MMoO4(M = Ca, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, or Zn), (Li,A)Mo3O8(A = rare earths, Gd-Lu, Sc, Y, In, or Ga), (M2)Mo3O8 (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Mg, Zn, or Cd), CaFe2O4, Ca2Fe2O5, Fe(II)C2O4, Co(II)C2O4, FeOOH, TiOF2, NbO2F, niobium titanium oxide (NTO), derivatives thereof, and combinations thereof. In some examples, the oxide anode and / or an oxide powder can include TiO2, Nb2O5, Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), MgTi2O5, LiTiNbO5, TiNb2O7, LiTi2P3O12, AlNbO4, PNb9O25, VNb9O25, GeNb18O47, LiNbO3, CuNbO3, MgNb2O6, CaNb2O6, LiNb3O8, TiNb2O7(TNO), SnO, SnO2, Mg2SnO4, Mn2SnO4, Co2SnO4, Zn2SnO4, CaSnO3, SrSnO3, BaSnO3, CoSnO3, MgSnO3, CdSnO3, Li2SnO3, Y2Sn2O7, Nd2Sn2O7, K2(Li,Sn)8O16, K2(Mg,Sn)8O16, K2(Fe,Sn)8O16, K2(Mn,Sn)8O16, K2(Co,Sn)8O16, K2(In,Sn)8O16, SnP2O7, LiSn2P3O12, Sn2P2O7, Sn3P2O8, Sb2O3, Sb2O4, Sb2O5, CoSb2O6, NiSb2O6, CuSb2O6, VSb2O4, (V1 / 2Sb1 / 2Sn)O4, (Fe1 / 2Sb1 / 2Sn)O4, (In1 / 2Sb1 / 2Sn)O4, BiSbO4, SbPO4, Ni Sb2O4, CoSb2O4, SiO, SiO2, GeO2, LiGe2P3O12 (LGP), Li1.5(Al0.5Ge1.5)P3O12 (LAGP), ZnO, CdO, In2O3, MnO, FeO, CoO, NiO, CuO, Co3O4, Fe3O4, Mn3O4, Fe2O3, Cr2O3, Mn2O3, MnO2, MoO2, RuO2, MnFe2O4, MnCo2O4, MnNi2O4, MnCu2O4, FeMn2O4, FeCo2O4, FeNi2O4, FeCu2O4, CoMn2O4, CoFe2O4, CoNi2O4, CoCu2O4, NiMn2O4, NiFe2O4, NiCo2O4, NiCu2O4, CuMn2O4, CuFe2O4, CuCo2O4, CuNi2O4, FeBO3, CrBO3, Fe3BO6, Co3B2O6, Ni3B2O6, Cu3B2O6, ZnCo2O4, ZnFe2O4, CdFe2O4, Fe2O3, MgFe2O4, TiO, VO, NbO, VO, V2O3, VO2, V2O5, VnO2n-1, LiNiVO4, LiCoVO4, LiZnVO4, LiCdVO4, CrVO4, FeVO4, AlVO4, InVO4, YVO4, Co2V2O7, MnV2O6, Mn(V,Mo)2O6, CoV2O6, LiVMoO6, CaMoO4, MnMoO4, FeMoO4, CoMoO4, NiMoO4, ZnMoO4, (Li,Sc)Mo3O8, (Li,Y)Mo3O8, (Li,Gd)Mo3O8, (Li,Tb)Mo3O8, (Li,Dy)Mo3O8, (Li,Ho)Mo3O8, (Li,Er)Mo3O8, (Li,Tm)Mo3O8, (Li,Yb)Mo3O8, (Li,Lu)Mo3O8, (Li,In)Mo3O8, (Li,Ga)Mo3O8, Mn2Mo3O8, Fe2Mo3O8, Co2Mo3O8, Ni2Mo3O8, Mg2Mo3O8, Zn2Mo3O8, Cd2Mo3O8, CaFe2O4, Ca2Fe2O5, Fe(II)C2O4, Co(II)C2O4, FeOOH, TiOF2, NbO2F, niobium titanium oxide (NTO), derivatives thereof, or combinations thereof. In some examples, the oxide anode and / or oxide powder can include Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), LiMn2O4, LiCoO2, Li(Ni0.8Co0.2)O2, Li-(Co1 / 2Ni1 / 2)O2, Li(Co1 / 3Ni1 / 3Mn1 / 3)O2, derivatives thereof, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the oxide anode and / or oxide powder can include a high entropy oxide, for example as described by Xiao et al. Nano Energy, 2022, 84, 106962, which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for its description thereof. In some examples, the oxide anode can include a layered oxide. In some examples, the oxide anode and / or oxide powder can include a silicon oxide, a tin oxide, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the oxide anode and / or oxide powder can include SnO, SnO2, Mg2SnO4, Mn2SnO4, Co2SnO4, Zn2SnO4, CaSnO3, SrSnO3, BaSnO3, CoSnO3, MgSnO3, CdSnO3, Li2SnO3, Y2Sn2O7, Nd2Sn2O7, SiO, SiO2, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the oxide anode and / or oxide powder can include SiOx, SnOx, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the oxide anode and / or oxide powder can include SnO, SnO2, SiO, SiO2, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the oxide anode and / or oxide powder can include SiOx, SnOx, or anodes described in PCT / US2019 / 044759 (corresponding U.S. Patent Application No. 2021 / 0305557), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for its description thereof, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the oxide anode and / or oxide powder can include the compositions described in PCT / US2019 / 044759 (corresponding U.S. Patent Application No.2021 / 0305557), which is hereby incorporated herein by reference for its description thereof. In some examples, the oxide anode and / or oxide powder can include particles formed from an amorphous glass. The amorphous glass can be formed from a mixture including two or more active components and two or more amorphous forming components. The particle size and particle size distribution of the particles can vary. The particles can have any suitable shape or combination of shapes. For example, the particles can have an oblate shape, a prolate shape, a bladed shape, an equant shape, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the particles can be non-fibrous. Elongate particles and fibers can be characterized in terms of their aspect ratio. “Aspect ratio,” as used herein, refers to the length divided by the diameter of a particle or fiber. In some examples, the particles can have an aspect ratio of 10 or less, such as an aspect ratio of 5 or less or an aspect ratio of 2 or less. In some examples, the particles can be substantially spherical in shape. The population of particles can have an average particle size. “Average particle size” and “mean particle size” are used interchangeably herein, and generally refer to the statistical mean particle size of the particles in a population of particles. For a particle with a substantially spherical shape, the diameter of a particle can refer, for example, to the hydrodynamic diameter. As used herein, the hydrodynamic diameter of a particle can refer to the largest linear distance between two points on the surface of the particle. For particles having non-spherical shapes, the diameter of a particle can refer, for example, to the smallest cross-sectional dimension of the particle (i.e., the smallest linear distance passing through the center of the particle and intersecting two points on the surface of the particle). Mean particle size can be measured using methods known in the art, such as evaluation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy, and / or dynamic light scattering. In some examples, the particles can include a population of microparticles. For example, In some examples, the particles can include a population of microparticles having an average particle size of at least 1 micron (e.g., at least 2 microns, at least 3 microns, at least 4 microns, at least 5 microns, at least 6 microns, at least 7 microns, at least 8 microns, at least 9 microns, at least 10 microns, at least 11 microns, at least 12 microns, at least 13 microns, or at least 14 microns), as determined by SEM. In some examples, the particles can include a population of microparticles having an average particle size of 15 microns or less (e.g., 14 microns or less, 13 microns or less, 12 microns or less, 11 microns or less, 10 microns or less, 9 microns or less, 8 microns or less, 7 microns or less, 6 microns or less, 5 microns or less, 4 microns or less, 3 microns or less, or 2 microns or less), as determined by SEM. The particles can include a population of microparticles having an average particle size ranging from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, in some examples, the particles can include a population of microparticles having an average particle size of from 1 micron to 15 microns (e.g., from 1 micron to 5 microns), as determined by SEM. In some examples, the particles can include a population of nanoparticles. For example, In some examples, the particles can include a population of nanoparticles having an average particle size of at least 25 nm (e.g., at least 50 nm, at least 100 nm, at least 150 nm, at least 200 nm, at least 250 nm, at least 300 nm, at least 350 nm, at least 400 nm, at least 450 nm, at least 500 nm, at least 550 nm, at least 600 nm, at least 650 nm, at least 700 nm, at least 750 nm, at least 800 nm, at least 850 nm, at least 900 nm, or at least 950 nm), as determined by SEM. In some examples, the particles can include a population of nanoparticles having an average particle size of less than 1 micron (e.g., 950 nm or less, 900 nm or less, 850 nm or less, 800 nm or less, 750 nm or less, 700 nm or less, 650 nm or less, 600 nm or less, 550 nm or less, 500 nm or less, 450 nm or less, 400 nm or less, 350 nm or less, 300 nm or less, 250 nm or less, 200 nm or less, 150 nm or less, 100 nm or less, or 50 nm or less), as determined by SEM. The particles can include a population of nanoparticles having an average particle size ranging from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, in some examples, the particles can include a population of microparticles having an average particle size of from 25 nm to less than 1 micron (e.g., from 100 nm to 750 nm), as determined by SEM. In some examples, the population of particles is a monodisperse population of particles. In some examples, the population of particles is a polydisperse population of particles. In some instances where the population of particles is monodisperse, greater that 50% of the particle size distribution, more preferably 60% of the particle size distribution, most preferably 75% of the particle size distribution lies within 10% of the median particle size. In some examples, the two or more active components can include at least 51 mol % (e.g., at least 55 mol %, at least 60 mol %, at least 65 mol %, at least 70 mol %, at least 75 mol %, at least 80 mol %, at least 85 mol %, at least 90 mol %, or at least 95 mol %) of the amorphous glass. In some examples, the two or more active components can include 99 mol % or less (e.g., 95 mol % or less, 90 mol % or less, 85 mol % or less, 80 mol % or less, 75 mol % or less, 70 mol % or less, 65 mol % or less, 60 mol % or less, or 55 mol % or less). The two or more active components can be present in the amorphous glass in an amount ranging from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, in some examples, the two or more active components can include from 51 mol % to 99 mol % (e.g., from 80 mol % to 95 mol % of the amorphous glass. In some examples, the two or more amorphous forming components can include at least 1 mol % (e.g., at least 5 mol %, at least 10 mol %, at least 15 mol %, at least 20 mol %, at least 25 mol %, at least 30 mol %, at least 35 mol %, at least 40 mol %, or at least 45 mol %) of the amorphous glass. In some examples, the two or more amorphous forming components can include 49 mol % or less (e.g., 45 mol % or less, 40 mol % or less, 35 mol % or less, 30 mol % or less, 35 mol % or less, 20 mol % or less, 25 mol % or less, 10 mol % or less, or 5 mol % or less). The two or more amorphous forming components can be present in the amorphous glass in an amount ranging from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, in some examples, the two or more amorphous forming components can include from 1 mol % to 49 mol % (e.g., from 5 mol % to 25 mol %, or from 5 mol % to 20 mol %) of the amorphous glass. The two or more active components and the two or more amorphous forming components can be present in the amorphous glass at a molar ratio of from 1.1:1 to 50:1, such as from 1.1:1 to 25:1, from 2:1 to 25:1, from 2:1 to 20:1, from 4:1 to 20:1, from 5:1 to 15:1, or from 5:1 to 10:1. The two or more active components can include silicon, tin, lead, antimony, germanium, gallium, indium, bismuth, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the two or more active components can include silicon, tin, antimony, germanium, or any combination thereof. In some examples, the two or more active components can include silicon. In some examples, the two or more active components can include tin. In some examples, the amorphous glass can include a SiSn-based glass (e.g., a glass that includes silicon, tin, optionally one or more additional active components, and two or more amorphous forming components). In the case of SiSn-based amorphous glasses, the two or more active components include silicon and tin, and the silicon and the tin can be present a molar ratio of from 1.1:1 to 20:1 (e.g., from 2:1 to 15:1 or from 3:1 to 12:1). The two or more amorphous forming components can include electrochemically inactive components that favor glass formation. In some examples, suitable amorphous forming components can include, but are not limited to, transition metals, rare earth metals, or a combination thereof. Examples of suitable amorphous forming components include iron, aluminum, titanium, copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese, zirconium, yttrium, boron, niobium, molybdenum, tungsten, or any combination thereof. Other possible amorphous forming components can include chromium, tantalum, lanthanum, cerium, and Misch metal (i.e., a mixture of rare earth metals). In some examples, the two or more amorphous forming components can include one or more lanthanides. For example, the one or more lanthanides include from 1 mol % to 25 mol % (e.g., from 5 mol % to 20 mol % or from 10 mol % to 20 mol %) of the amorphous glass. In some examples, the two or more amorphous forming components can include one or more Group 4 elements. For example, the one or more Group 4 elements can include from 1 mol % to 15 mol % (e.g., from 1 mol % to 10 mol % or from 2 mol % to 8 mol %) of the amorphous glass. In some examples, the two or more amorphous forming components include one or more Group 13 elements. For example, the one or more Group 13 elements can include from 1 mol % to 8 mol % (e.g., from 2 mol % to 6 mol % or from 3 mol % to 4 mol %) of the amorphous glass. In some examples, the amorphous glass includes a glass defined by the formula below: SixSny1AFMa2AFMb3AFMc4AFMdwherein1AFM,2AFM,3AFM, and4AFM represent different elements, each chosen from iron, aluminum, titanium, copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese, gallium, indium, zirconium, and yttrium; x is from 50 to 90; y is from 1 to 40; a is from 0.5 to 20; b is from 0.5 to 15; c is from 0 to 10; and d is from 0 to 10. In some examples, x can be at least 50 (e.g., at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, or at least 85). In some examples, x can be 90 or less (e.g., 85 or less, 80 or less, 75 or less, 70 or less, 65 or less, 60 or less, or 55 or less). In some examples, x can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, in some examples, x can be from 50 to 90 (e.g., from 60 to 80). In some examples, y can be at least 1 (e.g., at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35). In some examples, y can be 40 or less (e.g., 35 or less, 30 or less, 25 or less, 20 or less, 15 or less, 10 or less, or 5 or less). In some examples, y can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, in some examples, y can be from 1 to 40 (e.g., from 5 to 20). In some examples, a can be at least 0.5 (e.g., at least 1, at least 2.5, at least 5, at least 7.5, at least 10, or at least 15). In some examples, a can be 20 or less (e.g., 15 or less, 10 or less, 7.5 or less, 5 or less, 2.5 or less, or 1 or less). In some examples, a can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, in some examples, a can be from 0.5 to 20 (e.g., from 2.5 to 15). In some examples, b can be at least 0.5 (e.g., at least 1, at least 2.5, at least 5, at least 7.5, or at least 10). In some examples, b can be 15 or less (e.g., 10 or less, 7.5 or less, 5 or less, 2.5 or less, or 1 or less). In some examples, b can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, in some examples, b can be from 0.5 to 15 (e.g., from 2.5 to 10). In some examples, c can be greater than 0 (e.g., at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2.5, at least 5, or at least 7.5). In some examples, c can be 10 or less (e.g., 7.5 or less, 5 or less, 2.5 or less, 1 or less, or 0.5 or less). In some examples, c can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, in some examples, c can be from 0 to 10 (e.g., from 2.5 to 7.5). In some examples, d can be greater than 0 (e.g., at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2.5, at least 5, or at least 7.5). In some examples, d can be 10 or less (e.g., 7.5 or less, 5 or less, 2.5 or less, 1 or less, or 0.5 or less). In some examples, d can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, in some examples, d can be from 0 to 10 (e.g., from 2.5 to 7.5). In some examples, the amorphous glass can include a SiSnCeFeAlTi glass (e.g., Si60Sn12Ce18Fe5Al3Ti2). In some examples, the amorphous glass can include a SiSnFeAlTi glass (e.g., Si73Sn15Fe6Al4Ti2). In some examples, the amorphous glass can include a SiSnAlTi glass (e.g., Si78Sn16Al4Ti2). The particles can be formed by a variety of suitable methods. In some examples, the particles can be formed by micronization of a bulk solid material. For example, the particles can be formed by ball milling or other suitable milling process. In some examples, the particles can be formed by a templating process. Suitable templating processes can employ a porous membrane or a self-assembled array of spherical particles as a template to control particle size. For example, the templating process can include imbibing a precursor solution including a metal precursor into a template; and calcining the template. Optionally, in some examples, the particles can further include a carbonaceous material disposed on a surface of the particles. In some examples, the particles can further include a carbonaceous material (e.g., residue from the pyrolysis of a polymeric template in which the particles were formed). The particles (formed from an amorphous glass) described herein can be dispersed in any suitable binder material to form an anode. In some examples, the binder can include a polymeric binder. The polymeric binder can include a conductive polymer, a non-conductive polymer, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the anode can include particles described herein dispersed in an elastomeric polymer binder. Suitable elastomeric polymer binders include polyolefins such as those prepared from ethylene, propylene, or butylene monomers; polyanilines; fluorinated polyolefins such as those prepared from vinylidene fluoride monomers; perfluorinated polyolefins such as those prepared from hexafluoropropylene monomer; perfluorinated poly(alkyl vinyl ethers); perfluorinated poly(alkoxy vinyl ethers); or combinations thereof. Specific examples of elastomeric polymer binders include terpolymers of vinylidene fluoride (PVDF), tetrafluoroethylene, and propylene; and copolymers of vinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene. Commercially available fluorinated elastomers include those sold by Dyneon, LLC, Oakdale, Minn. under the trade designation “FC-2178”, “FC-2179”, and “BRE- 731X”. In some examples, the binder can include a polymeric binder such as vinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyaniline, or a combination thereof. In some examples, the polymeric binder can include a conductive polymer. If desired for the construction of a particular anode, the binder can be crosslinked. Crosslinking can improve the mechanical properties of the polymer and / or can improve the contact between the particles and any electrically conductive diluent that may be present. Optionally, an electrically conductive diluent can be added to facilitate electron transfer from the particles to a current collector. Examples of electrically conductive diluents include, but are not limited to, carbon, metal, metal nitrides, metal carbides, metal silicides, and metal borides. In some anodes, the electrically conductive diluents can be carbon blacks such as those commercially available from MMM Carbon of Belgium under the trade designation “SUPER P” and “SUPER S” and from Chevron Chemical Co. of Houston, Tex. under the trade designation “SHAWANIGAN BLACK”; acetylene black; furnace black; lamp black; graphite; carbon fibers; or combinations thereof. In some examples, the binder can include a carbonaceous material such as carbon black. The anode can further include an adhesion promoter that promotes adhesion of the particles and the electrically conductive diluent to the polymer binder. The combination of an adhesion promoter and polymer binder accommodates, at least partially, volume changes that may occur in the alloy composition during repeated cycles of lithiation and delithiation. The adhesion promoter can be part of the binder (e.g., in the form of a functional group) or can be in the form a coating on the alloy composition, the electrically conductive diluent, or a combination thereof. Examples of adhesion promoters include, but are not limited to, silanes, titanates, and phosphonates as described in U.S. Patent Application 2003 / 0058240, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. The populations of particles formed from an amorphous glass can include a glass defined by the formula below: SixSny1AFMa2AFMb3AFMc4AFMdwherein1AFM,2AFM,3AFM, and4AFM represent different elements, each chosen from iron, aluminum, titanium, copper, nickel, cobalt, manganese, gallium, indium, zirconium, and yttrium; x is from 50 to 90; y is from 1 to 40; a is from 0.5 to 20; b is from 0.5 to 15; c is from 0 to 10; and d is from 0 to 10. In some examples, x can be at least 50 (e.g., at least 55, at least 60, at least 65, at least 70, at least 75, at least 80, or at least 85). In some examples, x can be 90 or less (e.g., 85 or less, 80 or less, 75 or less, 70 or less, 65 or less, 60 or less, or 55 or less). In some examples, x can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, In some examples, x can be from 50 to 90 (e.g., from 60 to 80). In some examples, y can be at least 1 (e.g., at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, or at least 35). In some examples, y can be 40 or less (e.g., 35 or less, 30 or less, 25 or less, 20 or less, 15 or less, 10 or less, or 5 or less). In some examples, y can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, In some examples, y can be from 1 to 40 (e.g., from 5 to 20). In some examples, a can be at least 0.5 (e.g., at least 1, at least 2.5, at least 5, at least 7.5, at least 10, or at least 15). In some examples, a can be 20 or less (e.g., 15 or less, 10 or less, 7.5 or less, 5 or less, 2.5 or less, or 1 or less). In some examples, a can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, In some examples, a can be from 0.5 to 20 (e.g., from 2.5 to 15). In some examples, b can be at least 0.5 (e.g., at least 1, at least 2.5, at least 5, at least 7.5, or at least 10). In some examples, b can be 15 or less (e.g., 10 or less, 7.5 or less, 5 or less, 2.5 or less, or 1 or less). In some examples, b can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, In some examples, b can be from 0.5 to 15 (e.g., from 2.5 to 10). In some examples, c can be greater than 0 (e.g., at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2.5, at least 5, or at least 7.5). In some examples, c can be 10 or less (e.g., 7.5 or less, 5 or less, 2.5 or less, 1 or less, or 0.5 or less). In some examples, c can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, In some examples, c can be from 0 to 10 (e.g., from 2.5 to 7.5). In some examples, d can be greater than 0 (e.g., at least 0.5, at least 1, at least 2.5, at least 5, or at least 7.5). In some examples, d can be 10 or less (e.g., 7.5 or less, 5 or less, 2.5 or less, 1 or less, or 0.5 or less). In some examples, d can range from any of the minimum values described above to any of the maximum values described above. For example, In some examples, d can be from 0 to 10 (e.g., from 2.5 to 7.5). In some examples, the amorphous glass can include a SiSnCeFeAlTi glass (e.g., Si60Sn12Ce18Fe5Al3Ti2). In some examples, the amorphous glass can include a SiSnFeAlTi glass (e.g., Si73Sn15Fe6Al4Ti2). In some examples, the amorphous glass can include a SiSnAlTi glass (e.g., Si78Sn16Al4Ti2). The particle size and particle size distribution of the particles can vary. In some examples, the particles can have an aspect ratio of 10 or less, such as an aspect ratio of 5 or less or an aspect ratio of 2 or less. In some examples, the particles can be substantially spherical in shape. In some examples, the particles include a monodisperse population of particles. In some examples, the particles can include a population of microparticles. For example, In some examples, the particles can include a population of microparticles can have an average particle size of from 1 micron to 15 microns (e.g., from 1 micron to 5 microns), as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In some examples, the particles can include a population of nanoparticles. For example, In some examples, the population of nanoparticles has an average particle size of from 25 nm to less than 1 micron (e.g., from 100 nm to 750 nm), as determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The two or more active components can include from 51 mol % to 99 mol % (e.g., from 80 mol % to 95 mol % of the amorphous glass. The two or more amorphous forming components can include from 1 mol % to 49 mol % (e.g., from 5 mol % to 25 mol %, or from 5 mol % to 20 mol %) of the amorphous glass. The two or more active components and the two or more amorphous forming components can be present in the amorphous glass at a molar ratio of from 1.1:1 to 50:1, such as from 1.1:1 to 25:1, from 2:1 to 25:1, from 2:1 to 20:1, from 4:1 to 20:1, from 5:1 to 15:1, or from 5:1 to 10:1. Devices, Systems, and Methods of Use Also disclosed herein are pre-lithiated oxide anode made by any of the methods disclosed herein. Also disclosed herein are methods of use of any of pre-lithiated oxide anode made by any of the methods disclosed herein, for example in a device, a system, and / or an article. For example, also disclosed herein are devices, such as a battery, including any of the pre-lithiated oxide anodes made by any of the methods disclosed herein. Also provided are electrochemical cells that include the pre-lithiated anodes described herein. For example, provided are electrochemical cells that include an anode described herein, a cathode, and an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode. Any suitable electrolyte can be included in the lithium ion battery. The electrolyte can be in the form of a solid or liquid. Exemplary solid electrolytes include polymeric electrolytes such as polyethylene oxide, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyvinylidene fluoride, fluorine-containing copolymers, polyacrylonitrile, or combinations thereof. Exemplary liquid electrolytes include ethylene carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, propylene carbonate, gamma- butyrolactone, tetrahydrofuran, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, dioxolane, or combinations thereof. The electrolyte includes a lithium electrolyte salt such as LiPF6, LiBF4, LiClO4, LiN(SO2CF3)2, LiN(SO2CF2CF3)2, and the like. The electrolyte can include a redox shuttle molecule, an electrochemically reversible material that during charging can become oxidized at the cathode, migrate to the anode where it can become reduced to reform the unoxidized (or less-oxidized) shuttle species, and migrate back to the cathode. Suitable redox shuttle molecules include, for example, those described in U.S. Pat. Nos.5,709,968 (Shimizu), U.S. Pat. No.5,763,119 (Adachi), U.S. Pat. No.5,536,599 (Alamgir et al.), U.S. Pat. No.5,858,573 (Abraham et al.), U.S. Pat. No.5,882,812 (Visco et al.), U.S. Pat. No.6,004,698 (Richardson et al.), U.S. Pat. No.6,045,952 (Kerr et al.), and U.S. Pat. No.6,387,571 B1 (Lain et al.); and in PCT Published Patent Application No. WO 01 / 29920 A1 (Richardson et al.). Any suitable cathode known for use in lithium ion batteries can be utilized. Some exemplary cathodes in a charged state contain lithium atoms intercalated within a lithium transition metal oxide such as lithium cobalt dioxide, lithium nickel dioxide, and lithium manganese dioxide. Other exemplary cathodes are those disclosed in U.S. Pat. No.6,680,145 B2 (Obrovac et al.), incorporated herein by reference. That is, the cathode can contain particles that include transition metal grains (e.g., iron, cobalt, chromium, nickel, vanadium, manganese, copper, zinc, zirconium, molybdenum, niobium, or combinations thereof) having a grain size no greater than about 50 nanometers in combination with lithium-containing grains selected from lithium oxides, lithium sulfides, lithium halides (e.g., chlorides, bromides, iodides, or fluorides), or combinations thereof. These particles can be used alone or in combination with a lithium- transition metal oxide material such as lithium cobalt dioxide. In some lithium-ion batteries with solid electrolytes, the cathode can include LiV3O8or LiV2O5. In other lithium-ion batteries with liquid electrolytes, the cathode can include LiCoO2, LiCo0.2Ni0.8O2, LiMn2O4, LiFePO4, or LiNiO2. In some examples, the electrochemical cell can include a lithium ion battery, and the cathode can include a lithium-based cathode (e.g., lithium iron phosphate, LiNi1-xMnx / 2Cox / 2O2, wherein x = 0.4 or 0.2, or LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2). The lithium-ion batteries can be used as a power supply in a variety of applications. For example, the lithium-ion batteries can be used in power supplies for electronic devices such as computers and various hand-held devices, motor vehicles, power tools, photographic equipment, and telecommunication devices. Multiple lithium-ion batteries can be combined to provide a battery pack. In some examples, the electrochemical cell can exhibit an energy density of at least 180 Wh / kg at room temperature. In some examples, the electrochemical cell can exhibit a charge rate of from 1 minute to 10 minutes to 30% of a state of charge (SOC), a charge rate of from 1 minute to 10 minutes to 50% of a state of charge (SOC), a charge rate of from 1 minute to 10 minutes to 70% of a state of charge (SOC), and / or a charge rate of from 1 minute to 10 minutes to 90% of a state of charge (SOC). Also disclosed herein are batteries including a pre-lithiated oxide anode made by any of the methods described herein. In some examples, the battery exhibits a capacity retention of 80% or more (e.g., 85% or more, 90% or more, 95% or more) for 10 cycles or more (e.g., 15 cycles or more, 20 cycles or more, 25 cycles or more, 30 cycles or more, 35 cycles or more, 40 cycles or more, 45 cycles or more, 50 cycles or more, 55 cycles or more, 60 cycles or more, 65 cycles or more, 70 cycles or more, 70 cycles or more, 80 cycles or more, 85 cycles or more, 90 cycles or more, 95 cycles or more, or 100 cycles or more). Described herein are also systems including one or more of the batteries described herein. For example, the system can be an energy storage system. Also disclosed herein are articles (e.g., articles of manufacture) including one or more of the batteries described herein. For example, the article can be a vehicle, such as a hybrid electric vehicle or an all-electric vehicle. In some examples, the article can include an electronic device, such as a portable electronic device, a laptop, a watch, a cell phone, etc. A number of embodiments of the invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims. The examples below are intended to further illustrate certain aspects of the devices and methods described herein, and are not intended to limit the scope of the claims. EXAMPLES The following examples are set forth below to illustrate the methods and results according to the disclosed subject matter. These examples are not intended to be inclusive of all aspects of the subject matter disclosed herein, but rather to illustrate representative methods and results. These examples are not intended to exclude equivalents and variations of the present invention which are apparent to one skilled in the art. Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, temperature is in °C or is at ambient temperature, and pressure is at or near atmospheric. There are numerous variations and combinations of measurement conditions, e.g., component concentrations, temperatures, pressures and other measurement ranges and conditions that can be used to optimize the described process. Example 1 - Synthetic approaches for mitigating battery capacity loss in oxide anodes Oxide based anode (e.g. SiOx, SnOx, and / or anodes described in PCT / US2019 / 044759 (corresponding U.S. Patent Application No.2021 / 0305557) experiences capacity loss in the first few cycles due to the reaction of the oxide with Li (Figure 1A and Figure 1B). This loss in capacity is sometimes referred to as Li loss, as Li that have reacted with the oxide are not reversible and therefore excess Li is often required in a full cell to mitigate this loss of total Li. Described herein are approaches to address and compensate for the Li loss in a battery. The approach includes pre-lithation of the oxide anode to (1) reduce Li loss, (2) mitigate the need of excess cathode or excess Li, and / or (3) ensure uniform reaction with the oxide present. The approach involves modifying the synthetic procedure to incorporate Li into the synthesis and / or to add a reducing agent onto the electrode cast with as received materials, as synthesized materials or modified lithiated powder used to make the electrode cast. An example of the pre-lithiation strategy where Li is added directly into the synthesis is shown in Scheme 1; Li percolation can be increased with this strategy. Si + Sn + Al + Ti + LiNO∆3→ PowderScheme 1. Adding Li directly into synthesis. An example of the pre-lithiation strategy where chemical reducing agents are added onto the powder or the electrode cast is shown in Figure 2. Example chemical reducing agents include, but are not limited to, LiBH4, LiAlH4, and combinations thereof. Pre-lithiation with LiAlH4 (LAH) can, for example, include: cast the electrode (e.g., SiOx, 50 μm wet), punch out the electrode to a specific size (e.g., 12 mm dia.), prepare a chemical reducing agent solution in a solvent such as an LAH solution in THF, submerge the electrode for 1 day (~24 hours), take the electrode out, rinse the electrode twice with approximately 2 mL of solvent each time (e.g., DMC), dry the electrode in an antechamber for 1 hour, and finally make coin cells with the rinsed and dried electrodes. Results using an example of the pre-lithiation strategy where chemical reducing agents are added onto the electrode cast are shown in Table 1, Figure 3, and Figure 4. Table 1. Results using an example of the pre-lithiation strategy where chemical reducing agents are added onto the electrode cast. Other advantages which are obvious and which are inherent to the invention will be evident to one skilled in the art. It will be understood that certain features and sub-combinations are of utility and may be employed without reference to other features and sub-combinations. This is contemplated by and is within the scope of the claims. Since many possible embodiments may be made of the invention without departing from the scope thereof, it is to be understood that all matter herein set forth or shown in the accompanying drawings is to be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense. The methods of the appended claims are not limited in scope by the specific methods described herein, which are intended as illustrations of a few aspects of the claims and any methods that are functionally equivalent are intended to fall within the scope of the claims. Various modifications of the methods in addition to those shown and described herein are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims. Further, while only certain representative method steps disclosed herein are specifically described, other combinations of the method steps also are intended to fall within the scope of the appended claims, even if not specifically recited. Thus, a combination of steps, elements, components, or constituents may be explicitly mentioned herein or less, however, other combinations of steps, elements, components, and constituents are included, even though not explicitly stated.

Claims

CLAIMS What is claimed is:

1. A method for preparing a pre-lithiated oxide anode, the method comprising: adding a Li source into a synthesis of an oxide powder to form a pre-lithiated oxide powder; and forming the pre-lithiated oxide anode from the pre-lithiated oxide powder.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the method further comprises preparing an oxide powder slurry comprising the oxide powder.

3. The method of any one of claims 1-2, wherein the adding step comprises adding the Li source into an oxide powder slurry comprising the oxide powder to form a pre-lithiated oxide powder slurry.

4. The method of any one of claims 1-3, wherein the forming step comprises drying a pre- lithiated oxide powder slurry to form the pre-lithiated oxide anode.

5. The method of any one of claims 1-4, wherein forming the pre-lithiated oxide anode further comprises applying a pre-lithiated oxide powder slurry on a top surface of a substrate and drying the pre-lithiated oxide powder slurry on the top surface of the substrate to form the pre- lithiated oxide anode on the top surface of the substrate.

6. The method of any one of claim 1-5, wherein the Li source comprises a Li, or a lithium compound.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein the Li source comprises a lithium compound, wherein the lithium compound is selected from LiNO3.

8. The method of any one of claims 1-7, wherein the oxide powder comprises a silicon oxide, a tin oxide, or a combination thereof.

9. The method of any one of claims 1-8, wherein the oxide powder comprises SnO, SnO2, Mg2SnO4, Mn2SnO4, Co2SnO4, Zn2SnO4, CaSnO3, SrSnO3, BaSnO3, CoSnO3, MgSnO3, CdSnO3, Li2SnO3, Y2Sn2O7, Nd2Sn2O7, SiO, SiO2, or a combination thereof.

10. The method of any one of claims 1-9, wherein the oxide powder comprises SiOx, SnOx, or a combination thereof.

11. The method of any one of claims 1-10, wherein the oxide powder comprises SnO, SnO2, SiO, SiO2, or a combination thereof.

12. A method for preparing a pre-lithiated oxide anode, the method comprising: contacting an oxide powder with a chemical reducing agent comprising a Li source to form a pre-lithiated oxide powder, and forming the pre-lithiated oxide anode from the pre-lithiated oxide powder.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein the chemical reducing agent comprises LiBH4, LiAlH4, or a combination thereof.

14. The method of claim 12 or claim 13, wherein the chemical reducing agent is provided at a concentration of from 0.5 to 100 times that of the weight of the oxide powder.

15. The method of any one of claims 12-14, wherein the oxide powder comprises a silicon oxide, a tin oxide, or a combination thereof.

16. The method of any one of claims 12-15, wherein the oxide powder comprises SnO, SnO2, Mg2SnO4, Mn2SnO4, Co2SnO4, Zn2SnO4, CaSnO3, SrSnO3, BaSnO3, CoSnO3, MgSnO3, CdSnO3, Li2SnO3, Y2Sn2O7, Nd2Sn2O7, SiO, SiO2, or a combination thereof.

17. The method of any one of claims 12-16, wherein the oxide powder comprises SiOx, SnOx, or a combination thereof.

18. The method of any one of claims 12-17, wherein the oxide powder comprises SnO, SnO2, SiO, SiO2, or a combination thereof.

19. A method for preparing a pre-lithiated oxide anode, the method comprising: contacting an oxide anode with a chemical reducing agent comprising a Li source for a period of time to form the pre-lithiated oxide anode.

20. The method of claim 19, wherein the chemical reducing agent comprises LiBH4, LiAlH4, or a combination thereof.

21. The method of claim 19 or claim 20, wherein the method further comprises rinsing the pre-lithiated oxide anode with a solvent.

22. The method of claim 21, wherein the method further comprises drying the pre-lithiated oxide anode after the rinsing step.

23. The method of any one of claims 19-22, wherein the period of time comprises at least 6 hours, at least 12 hours, at least 24 hours, at least 36 hours, or at least 48 hours.

24. The method of any one of claims 19-23, wherein the chemical reducing agent is provided at a concentration of from 0.5 to 100 times that of the weight of the oxide anode.

25. The method of any one of claims 19-24, wherein the oxide anode comprises SiOx, SnOx, anodes described in US 2021 / 0305557, or any combination thereof.

26. The method of any one of claims 19-25, wherein the oxide anode comprises a silicon oxide, a tin oxide, or a combination thereof.

27. The method of any one of claims 19-26, wherein the oxide anode comprises SnO, SnO2, Mg2SnO4, Mn2SnO4, Co2SnO4, Zn2SnO4, CaSnO3, SrSnO3, BaSnO3, CoSnO3, MgSnO3, CdSnO3, Li2SnO3, Y2Sn2O7, Nd2Sn2O7, SiO, SiO2, or a combination thereof.

28. The method of any one of claims 19-27, wherein the oxide anode comprises SiOx, SnOx, or a combination thereof.

29. The method of any one of claims 19-28, wherein the oxide anode comprises SnO, SnO2, SiO, SiO2, or a combination thereof.

30. A method for mitigating capacity loss in batteries comprising oxide anodes, the method comprising preparing a pre-lithiated oxide anode according to the method of any one of claims 1-29.

31. A pre-lithiated oxide anode made by the methods of any one of claims 1-29.

32. A device comprising the pre-lithiated oxide anode of claim 31.

33. The device of claim 32, wherein the device is a battery.

34. A battery comprising the pre-lithiated oxide anode made by the methods of any one of claims 1-29.

35. The battery of claim 34, wherein the battery exhibits a capacity retention of 80% or more for 10 cycles or more.

36. A system comprising one or more of the batteries of any one of claims 34-35.

37. The system of claim 36, wherein the system is an energy storage system.

38. An article comprising one or more of the batteries of any one of claims 35-37.

39. The article of claim 38, wherein the article is a vehicle, such as a hybrid electric vehicle or an all-electric vehicle.

40. The article of claim 38, wherein the article comprises an electronic device, such as a portable electronic device, a laptop, a watch, or a cell phone.

41. An electrochemical cell comprising an anode of claim 31, a cathode, and an electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode.

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