Antibodies targeting CTLA4 and CD47 and uses thereof
Bispecific antibodies targeting both CTLA4 and CD47 address the limitations of current cancer therapeutics by enhancing anti-tumor activity while minimizing adverse effects, achieving a broader therapeutic window.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/119462
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-18
- Filing Date
- 2024-09-18
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-26
AI Technical Summary
Current cancer therapeutics targeting CTLA4 or CD47 have limited success due to narrow therapeutic windows, leading to immune-related adverse effects and hematoxicities.
Development of bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to both human CTLA4 and CD47, utilizing a CD47 binding domain comprising the extracellular domain of SIRPα or its variants, to promote depletion of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes and enhance anti-tumor activity.
The bispecific antibodies demonstrate superior anti-tumor activities with reduced hematoxicity and immune-related adverse events, offering a safer and more effective therapeutic option for cancer treatment.
Smart Images

Figure PCTCN2024119462-FTAPPB-I100001 
Figure PCTCN2024119462-FTAPPB-I100002 
Figure PCTCN2024119462-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
ANTIBODIES TARGETING CTLA4 AND CD47 AND USES THEREOF
[0001] This application claims priority to PCT International Application No. PCT / CN2023 / 119498, filed September 18, 2023, which is entirely incorporated herein by reference.
[0002] 1. Reference to Sequence Listing Submitted Electronically
[0003] This application incorporates by reference a Sequence Listing as an XML file entitled “720A001WO02_SL” created on September 18, 2024 and having a size of 66,646 bytes.2. Field
[0004] The present invention relates to molecular biology and cell biology. Provided herein include bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to both human CTLA4 and human CD47 and uses thereof in,for example, treating cancer.3. Background
[0005] Immune checkpoint inhibitors have become a promising class of molecules for therapeutic development (e.g., those targeting PD-l, Tim-3, and CTLA4) . Despite the success of checkpoint inhibitors such as and and others, the current therapeutics that target CTLA4 or CD47 only had limited success (mainly in melanoma) , due to their narrow therapeutic windows. As such, there is an urgent unmet need for additional cancer therapeutics, especially those that target CTLA4 and / or CD47. The compositions and methods provided in this disclosure address this need and provide related advantages.4. Summary
[0006] Provided herein are bispecific antibodies ( “bsAb” s) comprising (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) , wherein the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4, and wherein the VL comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VH comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain comprising the extracellular domain of SIRPαor a variant thereof. In some embodiments, the VL has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, and the VH has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. In some embodiments, the VL and VH have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain comprises the extracellular domain of human SIRPαVariant 2, or a variant thereof. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0007] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the VL, and a light chain constant region (CL) ; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the VH, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , and a Knob-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the CD47 binding domain, and a Hole-Fc region. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain and the Hole-Fc region are connected by a hinge region. In some embodiments, the hinge region is the IgG1 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 45) , IgG2 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 47) , IgG3 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 48) , or IgG4 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 49) ; or a variant thereof having up to 5 amino acid mutations. In some embodiments, the hinge region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46.
[0008] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL, and a light chain constant region (CL) ; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the CD47 binding domain, and a Knob-Fc region. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain and the Knob-Fc region are connected by a hinge region. In some embodiments, the hinge region is the IgG1 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 45) , IgG2 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 47) , IgG3 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 48) , or IgG4 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 49) ; or a variant thereof having up to 5 amino acid mutations. In some embodiments, the hinge region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46.
[0009] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, the Knob-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including a T366W substitution; and the Hole-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including T366S, L368A, Y407V substitutions.
[0010] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region further comprises S354C substitution, and the Hole-Fc region further comprises Y349C substitution. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region further comprises Y349C substitution, and the Hole-Fc region further comprises S354C substitution.
[0011] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region further comprises E357K and D399K substitutions, and the Hole-region further comprises K370E and K409D substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region further comprises K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Hole-region further comprises E357K and D399K substitutions.
[0012] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, (i) the CL region is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 21) or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 22) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions; (ii) the CH1 domain is human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions; and / or (iii) the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 35, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 32 and 36, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 37, respectively; or (4) SEQ ID NOs: 34 and 38, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions. In some embodiments, the CL region, CH1 domain, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 31 and 35, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 32 and 36, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 33 and 37, respectively; or (4) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 34 and 38, respectively.
[0013] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, C1, C2, and C3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52, and 53, respectively.
[0014] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody (1) has high avidity to CTLA4 and CD47 double positive cells; (2) depletes tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) -regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or Treg cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) ; (3) increases cytokine level in TME; or (4) enhances T cell proliferation and / or activity against the cancer; (5) enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis; (6) enhances dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation; or any combination of (1) -(6) . In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody (1) has higher affinity for CTLA4 and CD47 double positive cells than CTLA4 or CD47 single positive cells; (2) selectively eliminates CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) ; (3) has limited hematoxicity; or (4) has limited immune-related adverse events (irAE) ; or any combination of (1) - (4) . In some embodiments, the bispecific antibody has limited mispaired impurities.
[0015] Provided herein are also compositions comprising the bispecific antibody disclosed herein, wherein the purity of the bispecific antibody is at least 95%, wherein the purity is measured by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) or non-reduced SDS-PAGE.
[0016] In some embodiments, provided herein are pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibody disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0017] In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding a peptide chain of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotide can encode all peptide chains of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, provided herein are a plurality of the polynucleotide disclosed herein that collectively encode all peptide chains of the bispecific antibody.
[0018] In some embodiments, provided herein are vectors comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein.
[0019] In some embodiments, provided herein are cells comprising the polynucleotide or plurality of polynucleotides disclosed herein, or the vector disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of making a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to human CTLA4 and human CD47 comprising culturing the cell disclosed herein under conditions that allow expression of the bispecific antibody.
[0020] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the subject is a human.
[0021] In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein as a medicament. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein in treating cancer. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer.5. Brief Description of Drawings
[0022] FIGs. 1A-1D provide schematic diagrams of the bispecific antibodies (bsAbs) provided herein. FIG. 1A depicts the bsAbs in Fab-Sirpα, knobs-into-holes (KIH) configuration; FIG. 1B depicts the bsAbs in Sirpα-IgG configuration; FIG. 1C depicts the scFv-Sirpα, KIH configuration; FIG. 1D depicts the bsAbs in IgG-Sirpαconfiguration.
[0023] FIG. 2 provides flow cytometry results showing binding of HX044 to CD47 positive Jurkat cell line. Positive percentage (upper panel) and mean fluorescence intensity (MFI, lower panel) were set as vertical axis. Ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0024] FIG. 3 provides flow cytometry results showing binding of HX044 to three hCTLA4 expressing CHO cell lines (CTLA4+CD47-) . Binding EC50 was determined according to four-parameter equation fitting curves. Ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0025] FIG. 4 provides flow cytometry results showing binding of HX044 to CD47+ / CTLA4-HEK293T cell or HEK293T transfected with CTLA4 (CD47 and CTLA4 double positive) . The “+” indicates the membrane CTLA4 expression level verified by flow cytometry. Ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0026] FIG. 5 provides flow cytometry results showing binding of HX044 to isolated human peripheral CD4+lymphocytes, CD8+lymphocytes, regulative T cells and platelets. Ipilimumab, magrolimab (anti-CD47 mAb) and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0027] FIG. 6 provides flow cytometry results showing binding of HX044 to isolated human red blood cells, which was not detectable. Ipilimumab, magrolimab and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0028] FIG. 7 provides flow cytometry results showing binding of HX044 to human FcRn receptor positive HEK293T cells. Ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0029] FIG. 8 provides ADCC assay results showing the ADCC activities of HX044 in CD47+HEK293T cells with varying levels of expression of CTLA4. The “+” indicates the membrane CTLA4 expression level verified by flow cytometry. Ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0030] FIG. 9 provides results in a target gene humanized syngeneic mouse colon carcinoma model (MC38-hCD47 model inoculated in hCTLA4xhCD47xhSIRPαHuGEMM mice) showing the in vivo anti-tumor activities of HX044. Tumor growth was measured twice a week and is shown as average tumor size per group±SEM. Ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0031] FIG. 10 provides results in a target gene humanized syngeneic mouse melanoma model (B16F10-hCD47 model inoculated in hCTLA4xhCD47xhSIRPαHuGEMM mice) showing the in vivo anti-tumor activities of HX044. Tumor growth was measured twice a week and is shown as average tumor size per group±SEM. Ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0032] FIG. 11 provides flow cytometry results showing the tumor infiltrated lymphocytes (TIL) collected from mice at the end of the treatment in the syngeneic mouse model (B16F10-hCD47 model inoculated in hCTLA4xhCD47xhSIRPαmice) . Ipilimumab analog and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0033] FIG. 12 provides flow cytometry results showing effects on lymphocytes composition by HX044 treatment in a syngeneic mouse model (hCTLA4 x hCD47 x hSIRPαHuGemm C57BL / 6J mice) . Ipilimumab analog and SIRPα-Fc were used as reference antibody / protein.
[0034] FIGs. 13A-13B provide Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) results of HX044 (FIG. 13A) and the reference bispecific antibody (FIG. 13B) at 214 nm and 280 nm.
[0035] FIGs. 14A-14B provide SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) results of HX044 (FIG. 14A) and the reference bispecific antibody (FIG. 14B)6. Detailed Description
[0036] Provided herein are bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to both human CTLA4 and to human CD47. Pharmaceutical compositions comprising a therapeutically effective amount of such antibodies are also disclosed herein. Also disclosed herein are uses of such antibodies and pharmaceutical compositions for treating cancer.
[0037] Cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA4) is a classic immune checkpoint that function to suppress T-cell function through blockade of costimulatory receptors B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) on antigen presenting cells (APCs) interacting with co-activator CD28 on T-cells. CTLA4 is constitutively expressed in tumor-infiltrate (TIL) Treg at high levels, higher than in normal blood compartments and also than in activated CD8+effector T-cells (Teff) within tumor microenvironment (TME) . It is also understood that anti-CTLA4 antibodies block the CTLA4 binding to its ligands of CD80 / CD86 on APCs, resulting in release of CD80 / CD86 mediated secondary signal and reactivation of effective T cells. On the other hand, ADCC effect and / or macrophage mediated depletion of tumor-infiltrated regulatory T cell (Treg) and the remodeling of innate immunity in TME through Fcγreceptor (FcγR) -engagement have also been proved to contribute to CTLA4 antitumor activity. However, currently, anti-CTLA4 antibodies have yet to be broadly successful in cancer treatment due to their narrow therapeutic window, mostly due to high immune related adverse effect (irAE) in system.
[0038] CD47, a “don’t eat me” receptor, is over-expressed in many human cancers. Together with its ligand on the surface of phagocytic cells, including macrophage and dendric cells (DCs) , CD47 constitutes a key innate, as well as adaptive, immune checkpoint protein and a promising immunotherapy target. Targeting CD47 via anti-CD47 antibody or CD47-trap (i.e., signal regulatory proteinαor SIRPα) has also been widely tested, but has thus far yet to demonstrate success in the clinics, also due to its narrow therapeutic window. For one thing, due to the broad CD47 expression on megakaryocytes and erythrocytes, targeting CD47 was found to be associated with dose limiting hematoxicities (DLT) , e.g., anemia and thrombocytopenia.
[0039] The anti-hCTLA4 / hCD47 bispecific antibody disclosed herein showed synergistic activity in promoting depletion of TIL-Treg and superior anti-tumor activities compared to agents that target either hCTLA4 and hCD47, and very limited hematoxicities and Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) . With a greater therapeutic window than the single-targeting agents, the dual targeting bsAb disclosed herein could serve as safer and more effective therapeutic against cancer.
[0040] Before the present disclosure is further described, it is to be understood that the disclosure is not limited to the particular embodiments set forth herein, and it is also to be understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments and is not intended to be limiting.
[0041] 6.1 Definitions
[0042] Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in the present disclosures shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. Further, unless otherwise required by context, singular terms shall include pluralities and plural terms shall include the singular. Generally, nomenclatures used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are those well-known and commonly used in the art.
[0043] All publications and patents cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication or patent were specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference and are incorporated herein by reference to disclose and describe the methods and / or materials in connection with which the publications are cited. The citation of any publication is for its disclosure prior to the filing date and should not be construed as an admission that the present invention is not entitled to antedate such publication by virtue of prior invention. Further, the dates of publication provided may be different from the actual publication dates which may need to be independently confirmed.
[0044] The term “a” or “an” entity refers to one or more of that entity; for example, “an antibody, ” is understood to represent one or more antibodies.
[0045] The term “and / or” where used herein is to be taken as specific disclosure of each of the two specified features or components with or without the other. Thus, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A and / or B” herein is intended to include “A and B, ” “A or B, ” “A” (alone) , and B” (alone) . Likewise, the term “and / or” as used in a phrase such as “A, B, and / or C” is intended to encompass each of the following aspects: A, B, and C; A, B, or C; A or C; A or B; B or C; A and C; A and B; B and C; A (alone) ; B (alone) ; and C (alone) .
[0046] As used herein, the term “about” is used to indicate that a value includes the inherent variation of error for the device, the method being employed to determine the value, or the variation that exists among the study subjects. The term “about” encompasses the exact number recited. In some embodiments, “about” means within plus or minus 10%of a given value or range. In certain embodiments, “about” means that the variation is±5%, ±4%, ±3%, ±2%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or ±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers. In some embodiments, “about” means that the variation is±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.2%, or±0.1%of the value to which “about” refers.
[0047] The terms “peptide chain, ” “peptide, ” “polypeptide, ” “protein, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used interchangeably herein refer to polymers of amino acids of any length, which can be linear or branched. It can include unnatural or modified amino acids or be interrupted by non-amino acids. A polypeptide, peptide, polypeptide chain, peptide chain, or protein can also be modified with, for example, disulfide bond formation, glycosylation, lipidation, acetylation, phosphorylation, or any other manipulation or modification.
[0048] The terms “polynucleotide, ” “nucleic acid, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used interchangeably herein mean polymers of nucleotides of any length and include DNA and RNA. The nucleotides can be deoxyribonucleotides, ribonucleotides, modified nucleotides or bases, and / or their analogs, or any substrate that can be incorporated into a polymer by DNA or RNA polymerase.
[0049] The term “variant” as used herein in relation to a protein or a polypeptide with particular sequence features (the “reference protein” or “reference polypeptide” ) refers to a different protein or polypeptide having one or more (such as, for example, about 1 to about 25, about 1 to about 20, about 1 to about 15, about 1 to about 10, or about 1 to about 5) amino acid substitutions, deletions, and / or additions as compared to the reference protein or reference polypeptide. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be amino acid substitutions. The changes to an amino acid sequence can be conservative amino acid substitutions. A functional fragment or a functional variant of a protein or polypeptide maintains the basic structural and functional properties of the reference protein or polypeptide.
[0050] The term “specifically binds, ” as used herein, means that a polypeptide or molecule interacts more frequently, more rapidly, with greater duration, with greater affinity, or with some combination of the above to the epitope, protein, or target molecule than with alternative substances, including related and unrelated proteins. A binding moiety (e.g., antibody) that specifically binds a target molecule (e.g., antigen) can be identified, for example, by immunoassays, ELISAs, Bio-Layer Interferometry ( “BLI” ) , SPR (e.g., Biacore) , or other techniques known to those of skill in the art. Typically, a specific reaction will be at least twice background signal or noise and can be more than 10 times background. See, e.g., Paul, ed., 1989, Fundamental Immunology Second Edition, Raven Press, New York at pages 332-336 for a discussion regarding antibody specificity. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means, for instance, that a binding moiety binds a molecule target with a KD of about 0.1 mM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 10μM or less or about 1μM or less. In some embodiments, “specifically binds” means that a polypeptide or molecule binds a target with a KD of at about 0.1μM or less, about 0.01μM or less, or about 1 nM or less. Because of the sequence identity between homologous proteins in different species, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes a protein or target in more than one species. Likewise, because of homology within certain regions of polypeptide sequences of different proteins, specific binding can include a polypeptide or molecule that recognizes more than one protein or target.
[0051] The term “binding affinity” as used herein generally refers to the strength of the sum total of noncovalent interactions between a binding moiety and a target molecule (e.g., antigen) . The binding of a binding moiety and a target molecule is a reversible process, and the affinity of the binding is typically reported as an equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) . KD is the ratio of a dissociation rate (koff or kd) to the association rate (kon or ka) . The lower the KD of a binding pair, the higher the affinity. A variety of methods of measuring binding affinity are known in the art, any of which can be used for purposes of the present disclosure. Specific illustrative embodiments include the following. In some embodiments, the “KD” or “KD value” can be measured by assays known in the art, for example by a binding assay. The KD may be measured in a radiolabeled antigen binding assay (RIA) (Chen, et al., (1999) J. Mol Biol 293: 865-881) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using biolayer interferometry (BLI) using, for example, the Gator system (Probe Life) , or the Octet-96 system (Sartorius AG) . The KD or KD value can also be measured by using surface plasmon resonance assays (SPR) by Biacore, using, for example, a BIAcoreTM-2000 or a BIAcoreTM-3000 BIAcore, Inc., Piscataway, NJ) . The binding affinity can also be quantified with EC50, which is the concentration of ligand at which half of the target is present in the bound state in a binding assay.
[0052] The term “CD47 positive” as used herein in connection with a cell refers to a cell with detectable CD47 expression. In some embodiments, the cell has detectable CD47 expression on its surface. The term “CD47 positive” as used herein in connection with a cancer or tumor refers to a cancer or tumor having cells with detectable CD47 expression. The term “CTLA4 positive” as used herein in connection with a cell refers to a cell with detectable CTLA4 expression. In some embodiments, the cell has detectable CTLA4 expression on its surface. The term “CTLA4 positive” as used herein in connection with a cancer or tumor refers to a cancer or tumor having cells with detectable CTLA4 expression. A person of ordinary skill in the art can readily determine whether a cancer or tumor has CD47 expression and / or CTLA4 expression using any methods known and available in the art, including, for example, immunohistochemistry (IHC) , immunocytochemistry (ICC) , an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) , flow cytometry (FACS) , etc.
[0053] The terms “identical, ” percent “identity, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein in the context of two or more polynucleotides or polypeptides, refer to two or more sequences or subsequences that are the same or have a specified percentage of nucleotides or amino acid residues that are the same, when compared and aligned (introducing gaps, ifnecessary) for maximum correspondence, not considering any conservative amino acid substitutions as part of the sequence identity. The percent identity can be measured using sequence comparison software or algorithms or by visual inspection. Various algorithms and software that can be used to obtain alignments of amino acid or nucleotide sequences are well-known in the art. These include, but are not limited to, BLAST, ALIGN, Megalign, BestFit, GCG Wisconsin Package, and variants thereof. In some embodiments, two polynucleotides or polypeptides provided herein are substantially identical, meaning they have at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, and in some embodiments at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%nucleotide or amino acid residue identity, when compared and aligned for maximum correspondence, as measured using a sequence comparison algorithm or by visual inspection. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the amino acid sequences that is at least about 10 residues, at least about 20 residues, at least about 40-60 residues, at least about 60-80 residues in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 residues, such as at least about 80-100 residues, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as the coding region of a target protein or an antibody. In some embodiments, identity exists over a region of the nucleotide sequences that is at least about 10 bases, at least about 20 bases, at least about 40-60 bases, at least about 60-80 bases in length or any integral value there between. In some embodiments, identity exists over a longer region than 60-80 bases, such as at least about 80-1000 bases or more, and in some embodiments the sequences are substantially identical over the full length of the sequences being compared, such as a nucleotide sequence encoding a protein of interest.
[0054] The term “vector, ” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to a vehicle that is used to carry genetic material (e.g., a polynucleotide sequence) , which can be introduced into a host cell, where it can be replicated and / or expressed. Vectors applicable for use include, for example, expression vectors, plasmids, phage vectors, viral vectors, episomes and artificial chromosomes, which can include selection sequences or markers operable for stable integration into a host cell’s chromosome. Additionally, the vectors can include one or more selectable marker genes and appropriate expression control sequences. Selectable marker genes that can be included, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like which are well known in the art. When two or more polynucleotides are to be co-expressed, both polynucleotides can be inserted, for example, into a single expression vector or in separate expression vectors. For single vector expression, the encoding polynucleotides can be operationally linked to one common expression control sequence or linked to different expression control sequences, such as one inducible promoter and one constitutive promoter. The introduction of polynucleotides into a host cell can be confirmed using methods well known in the art. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the polynucleotides are expressed in a sufficient amount to produce a desired product, and it is further understood that expression levels can be optimized to obtain sufficient expression using methods well known in the art.
[0055] As used herein, the term “encode” and its grammatical equivalents refer to the inherent property of specific sequences of nucleotides in a polynucleotide or a nucleic acid, such as a gene, acDNA, or an mRNA, to serve as templates for synthesis of other polymers and macromolecules in biological processes having either a defined sequence of nucleotides (i.e., rRNA, tRNA and mRNA) or a defined sequence of amino acids and the biological properties resulting therefrom. Thus, a gene encodes a protein iftranscription and translation of mRNA corresponding to that gene produces the protein. Unless otherwise specified, a “nucleotide sequence encoding an amino acid sequence” includes all nucleotide sequences that are degenerate versions of each other and that encode the same amino acid sequence. Nucleotide sequences that encode proteins and RNA can include introns.
[0056] A polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is “isolated” is a polypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is in a form not found in nature. Isolated polypeptides, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polynucleotides, vectors, cells, or compositions include those which have been purified to a degree that they are no longer in a form in which they are found in nature. In some embodiments, apolypeptide, peptide, protein, antibody, polynucleotide, vector, cell, or composition which is isolated is substantially pure.
[0057] The term “treat” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein in connection with a disease or a condition, or a subject having a disease or a condition refer to an action, intervention and / or measure that suppresses, eliminates, reduces, and / or ameliorates a symptom, the severity of the symptom, and / or the frequency of the symptom associated with the disease or disorder being treated. Treatment of osteoporosis can suppress, eliminate, reduce, or ameliorate the symptoms associated with osteoporosis. These symptoms primarily include bone loss, decreased bone density, and an increased risk of fractures, and the treatment aims to slow down the rate of bone loss, strengthen the bones, and reduce the likelihood of fractures.
[0058] The term “administer” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the act of delivering, or causing to be delivered, a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to the body of a subject by a method described herein or otherwise known in the art. The therapeutic can be a compound, a polypeptide, an antibody, a cell, or a population of cells. Administering a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition includes prescribing a therapeutic or a pharmaceutical composition to be delivered into the body of a subject. Exemplary forms of administration include oral dosage forms, such as tablets, capsules, syrups, suspensions; injectable dosage forms, such as intravenous (IV) , intramuscular (IM) , or intraperitoneal (IP) ; transdermal dosage forms, including creams, jellies, powders, or patches; buccal dosage forms; inhalation powders, sprays, suspensions, and rectal suppositories.
[0059] The terms “effective amount, ” “therapeutically effective amount, ” and their grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to the administration of an agent to a subject, either alone or as a part of a pharmaceutical composition and either in a single dose or as part of a series of doses, in an amount that is capable of having any detectable, positive effect on any symptom, aspect, or characteristics of a disease, disorder or condition when administered to the subject. The therapeutically effective amount can be ascertained by measuring relevant physiological effects. The exact amount required varies from subject to subject, depending on the age, weight, and general condition of the subject, the severity of the condition being treated, the judgment of the clinician, and the like. An appropriate “effective amount” in any individual case can be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art using routine experimentation.
[0060] The term “mispaired impurity” and its grammatical equivalent terms as used herein refer to unintended antibody species that result from incorrect assembly or pairing of immunoglobulin chains during production, especially in recombinant or engineered antibody systems. These impurities arise when heavy chains and light chains fail to pair correctly, leading to formations such as heavy chain homodimers, light chain homodimers, or heavy chains paired without their corresponding light chains. For illustrative purposes, in bispecific antibodies described herein that composed of three peptide chains: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) that is an IgG light chain comprising an anti-CTLA4 VL; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) that is an IgG heavy chain comprising an anti-CTLA4 VL and a "knob" Fc region, and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising a "hole" Fc region fused with a CD47 binding domain-mispaired impurities can manifest when C2 and C3 pair together without the accompanying light chain, which results in a heterodimer lacking the light chain, or when C1, C2, C3, form homodimers, respectively. The presence of such mispaired impurities can adversely affect the structural integrity, specificity, efficacy, and safety of the antibody product.
[0061] The term “subject” as used herein refers to any animal (e.g., a mammal) , including, but not limited to, humans, non-human primates, canines, felines, rodents, and the like, which is to be the recipient of a particular treatment. Mammals include, but are not limited to, farm animals, sport animals, pets, primates, horses, dogs, cats, mice and rats. A human subject who needs the treatment may be a human subject having, at risk for, or suspected of having a disease. A subject having a disease can be identified by routine medical examination, e.g., a physical examination, a laboratory test, an organ functional test, a CT scan, or an ultrasound. A subject suspected of having any of such a disease can show one or more symptoms of the disease. A subject at risk for the disease can be a subject having one or more of the risk factors for that disease. A subject can be a human. A subject can have a particular disease or condition.
[0062] Ranges: throughout this disclosure, various aspects of the invention can be presented in a range format. It should be understood that the description in range format is merely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as an inflexible limitation on the scope of the invention. Accordingly, the description of a range should be considered to have specifically disclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numerical values within that range. For example, description of a range such as from 1 to 6 should be considered to have specifically disclosed subranges such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4, from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within that range, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3, 4, 5, 5.3, and 6. This applies regardless of the breadth of the range.
[0063] Exemplary genes and polypeptides are described herein with reference to GenBank numbers, GI numbers and / or SEQ ID NOS. It is understood that one skilled in the art can readily identify homologous sequences by reference to sequence sources, including but not limited to GenBank (ncbi. nlm. nih. gov / genbank / ) and EMBL (embl. org / ) .
[0064] 6.2 Bispecific antibodies targeting human CTLA4 and human CD47
[0065] Provided herein are bispecific antibodies that specifically bind to both human CTLA4 and to human CD47. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein are monoclonal antibodies. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein are isolated. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein are substantially pure.
[0066] As used herein and understood in the art, an “antibody” is an immunoglobulin molecule that recognizes and specifically binds a target (e.g., a protein) through at least one antigen-binding fragment which is typically within the variable region of the immunoglobulin molecule. An “antibody” can be of many different types and structures. For example, antibodies can be polyclonal antibodies, monoclonal antibodies, multispecific antibodies, bispecific antibodies, monospecific antibodies, monovalent antibodies, or any other modified immunoglobulin molecule comprising an antigen-binding site. Antibodies also include, but are not limited to, mouse antibodies, camel antibodies, chimeric antibodies, humanized antibodies, and human antibodies. An antibody can be any of the five major classes of immunoglobulins: IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG, and IgM, or subclasses (isotypes) thereof (e.g., IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, IgG4, IgA1 and IgA2) , based on the identity of their heavy-chain constant domains referred to as alpha, delta, epsilon, gamma, and mu, respectively. Unless expressly indicated otherwise, the term “antibody” as used herein includes “antigen-binding fragment” of intact antibodies. The term “antigen-binding fragment” as used herein refers to a portion or fragment of an intact antibody that is the antigenic determining variable region of an intact antibody. Examples of antigen-binding fragments include, but are not limited to, Fab, Fab', F (ab’ ) 2, Fv, linear antibodies, single chain antibody molecules (e.g., scFv) , heavy chain antibodies (HCAbs) , light chain antibodies (LCAbs) , disulfide-linked scFv (dsscFv) , diabodies, tribodies, tetrabodies, minibodies, dual variable domain antibodies (DVD) , single variable domain antibodies (sdAbs; e.g., camelid antibodies, alpaca antibodies) , and single variable domain of heavy chain antibodies (VHH) .
[0067] As used herein and understood in the art, a “bispecific” antibody is an artificial hybrid antibody having two different antigen binding fragments. The two different antigen binding fragments specifically bind two different target antigens. Bispecific antibodies can be formed from antibody fragments.
[0068] The structure of immunoglobulins has been well characterized (see, e.g., FUNDAMENTAL IMMUNOLOGY Ch. 7 (Paul, W., ed., 2nd ed. Raven Press, N.Y. (1989) ) . Typically, immunoglobulins comprise two pairs of polypeptide chains, one pair of light (L; low molecular weight) chains and one pair of heavy (H; high molecular weight) chains, all four inter-connected by disulfide bonds.
[0069] Each light chain of an immunoglobulin typically includes a light chain variable region ( “VL region” ) and a light chain constant region ( “CL region” ) . There are two distinct types of light chains, referred to as kappa (κ) of lambda (λ) based on the amino acid sequence of the CL region. The amino acid sequences of the CL regions are well known in the art.
[0070] Each heavy chain typically includes a heavy chain variable region (a “VH region” ) and a heavy chain constant region (a “CH region” ) . The VH region can be one of five distinct types, referred to as alpha (α) , delta (δ) , epsilon (ε) , gamma (γ) and mu (μ) , based on the amino acid sequence. When combined with a light chain, these distinct types of heavy chains give rise to five well known classes of antibodies, IgA, IgD, IgE, IgG and IgM, respectively. There are four subclasses of IgG, namely, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The amino acid sequences of the CH regions of different classes of antibodies are well known in the art.
[0071] The CH region of immunoglobulins comprise more than one domain. For example, the CH region of an IgG antibody is comprised of three domains, heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , heavy chain constant domain 2 (CH2) , and heavy chain constant domain 3 (CH3) . The highly flexible region between the CH1 and CH2 domains is referred to as the “hinge region. ” Disulfide bonds in the hinge region are part of the interactions between two heavy chains in an immunoglobulin. The “Fc region” refers to the C-terminal region of an immunoglobulin heavy chain that contains at least a portion of the constant region. In IgG, IgA and IgD isotypes, the Fc region is comprised of the CH2 domain and the CH3 domain; IgM and IgE Fc regions contain three heavy chain constant domains (CH domains 2–4) . The amino acid sequences of the Fc region of human IgG, IgA, IgD, IgM and IgE, and subtypes IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, and IgG4 are known to those of ordinary skill in the art. The native Fc regions can be modified. Modification of the Fc regions are further described below. In some embodiments, a bispecific antibody provided herein can comprise paired Fc domains comprising paired different modifications that promote their association with each other, instead of forming homodimers.
[0072] Unless otherwise stated or contradicted by context, reference to amino acid positions in the constant regions is according to the EU-numbering (Edelman et al., PNAS. 1969; 63: 78-85, Kabat et al., SEQUENCES OF PROTEINS OF IMMUNOLOGICAL INTEREST, Fifth Edition. 1991 NIH Publication No. 91-3242) . A list of exemplary amino acid sequences for constant domains / regions of the human IgG antibodies is provided below. Some exemplary variants are also included, with more variants disclosed in sections below.
[0073] Table 1. Native human IgG constant regions / domains.
[0074] The term “variable region” refers to a portion of the light or heavy chains of an immunoglobulin that is generally located at the amino-terminal of the light or heavy chain and used in the binding and specificity of each particular antibody for its particular antigen. The variable region of a light chain is referred to as a “light chain variable region” or “VL region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “light chain variable domain” or “VL. ” The variable region of a heavy chain is referred to as a “heavy chain variable region” or “VH region, ” which includes at least one, typically one, “heavy chain variable domain” or “VH. ” The variable domains differ extensively in sequence between different antibodies. A “pair of VL and VH” can associate with each other and form a binding site that specifically binds the target antigen or epitope.
[0075] The VH and VL regions can be further subdivided into regions of hypervariability (or hypervariable regions which may be hypervariable in sequence and / or form of structurally defined loops) , also termed complementarity determining regions (CDRs) , interspersed with regions that are more conserved, termed framework regions (FRs) . The variability in sequence is concentrated in the CDRs while the less variable portions in the variable domain are referred to as framework regions (FR) . The CDRs of the light and heavy chains are primarily responsible for the interaction of the antibody with antigen. Each VH and VL is typically composed of three CDRs and four FRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the following order: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4 (see also Chothia and Lesk, J Mol Biol 1987; 196: 901-17) .
[0076] A CDR refers to one of three hypervariable regions (H1, H2 or H3) within the non-framework region of the immunoglobulin (Ig or antibody) VHβ-sheet framework, or one of three hypervariable regions (L1, L2 or L3) within the non-framework region of the antibody VLβ-sheet framework. CDR regions are well known to those skilled in the art and have been defined by a variety of methods / systems. These systems and / or definitions have been developed and refined over years and include Kabat, Chothia, IMGT, AbM, and Contact. For example, Kabat defines the regions of most hypervariability within the antibody variable (V) domains (Kabat et al, J. Biol. Chem. 252: 6609-6616 (1977) ; Kabat, Adv. Prot. Chem. 32: 1-75 (1978) ) . Software programs (e.g., abYsis) are available and known to those of skill in the art for analysis of antibody sequence and determination of CDRs.
[0077] The term “humanized antibody” as used herein refers to forms of non-human (e.g., murine) antibodies that are specific immunoglobulin chains, chimeric immunoglobulins, or fragments thereof that contain minimal non-human sequences. Typically, humanized antibodies are human immunoglobulins. In some instances, the variable region residues of a human immunoglobulin are replaced with the corresponding residues in an antibody from a non-human species. In some instances, residues of the CDRs are replaced by residues from the CDRs of a non-human species (e.g., mouse, rat, hamster, camel, rabbit, goat, shark, llama) that have the desired specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability. The humanized antibody can be further modified by the substitution of additional residues either in the variable region and / or within the replaced non-human residues to refine and optimize antibody specificity, affinity, and / or binding capability. The term “human antibody” as used herein refers to an antibody produced by a human or an antibody having an amino acid sequence corresponding to an antibody produced by a human made using any of the techniques known in the art.
[0078] Bispecific antibodies provided herein comprise a VL and VH pair that specifically bind to human CTLA4 and a human CD47 binding domain that comprises the extracellular domain (ECD) of SIRPα. Exemplary VL / VH pairs that specifically bind to human CTLA4 are provided below, as is an exemplary SIRPαECD. In addition to the specific CTLA4 targeting VL / VH pair and the CD47 binding domain exemplified below, expressly contemplated herein also include variants of these VL / VH pair and CD47 binding domain that retain their bindings to CTLA4 and CD47, respectively.
[0079] Table 3A: VL / VH of exemplary anti-CTLA4 antibodies and CDRs
[0080] Table 3B: SIRPαdomain
[0081] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibodies comprising (i) a first light chain variable domain (VL1) and a first heavy chain variable domain (VH1) , wherein the VL1 / VH1 pair specifically binds to human CTLA4, and wherein the VL1 comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3 accroding to Kabat definition scheme, respectively, and wherein the VH1 comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6 according to Kabat definition scheme, respectively; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain comprising the extracellular domain of SIRPαor a variant thereof.
[0082] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein, the VL has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 7. The bispecific antibody can have a VL having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. The bispecific antibody can have a VL having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. The bispecific antibody can have a VL having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. The bispecific antibody can have a VL having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. The bispecific antibody can have a VL having at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7. The bispecific antibody can have a VL having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 7.
[0083] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein, the VH has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 8. The bispecific antibody can have a VH having at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. The bispecific antibody can have a VH having at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. The bispecific antibody can have a VH having at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. The bispecific antibody can have a VH having at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. The bispecific antibody can have a VH having at least 99%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8. The bispecific antibody can have a VH having the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0084] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein, the VL and VH that specifically bind to human CTLA4 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NO: 7 and SEQ ID NO: 8, respectively.
[0085] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein, the CD47 binding domain comprises the extracellular domain of human SIRPα. Human SIRPαis an immunoregulatory receptor that binds to CD47 to transmit “don't eat me” signals, which help prevent phagocytosis by macrophages. SIRPαcontains an extracellular region with three immunoglobulin superfamily (IgSF) domains, including a NH2-terminal ligand binding V-domain. The intracellular region of SIRPαcontains both ITIM and ITSM motifs that are essential for inhibitory activity of the receptor. For illustrative purposes, full length human SIRPαcan be a 504 amino acid protein (Uniprot Accession No. P78324-1) , which contains an extracellular domain (amino acids 31-373) , a transmembrane domain (amino acids 374-394) , and a cytoplasmic domain (amino acids 395-504) . SIRPαhas several variants, mainly Variant 1 (Genbank: AAH33092.1; SEQ ID NO: 12) and Variant 2 (Genbank: AAH26692.1; SEQ ID NO: 10) . Although similar in certain aspects, the two variants of human SIRPαdiffer by 13 amino acids, all in their extracellular domains. As of this date, there are no approved therapeutic products that contain either Variant 1 or Variant 2 of human SIRPα, although several investigational therapies targeting the CD47-SIRPαpathway are in clinical trials. The choice between Variant 1 and Variant 2 for therapeutic design is highly unpredictable due to the intricate balance and complexity of cancer immunology. Variations in factors such as binding affinity to CD47, extent of immune cell activation, and the risk of off-target effects or toxicity can tilt the therapeutic balance toward unwanted immune suppression or overactivations. As discussed further below, the bispecific antibodies that comprise the ECD Variant 2 of human SIRPαstrike a good balance and achieves synergistic anti-tumor immunity with the anti-CTLA4 domain while minimizing off-target effects.
[0086] In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain comprises human SIRPαor a variant thereof that retains its binding to CD47. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain comprises human SIRPα. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0087] In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain comprises the extracellular domain of human SIRPαor a variant thereof that retains its binding to CD47. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain comprises the extracellular domain of human SIRPα. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to amino acids 31-373 of SEQ ID NO: 10. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of amino acids 31-373 of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to amino acids 31-373 of SEQ ID NO: 12. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of amino acids 31-373 of SEQ ID NO: 12.
[0088] In preferred embodiments, the CD47 binding domain comprises a fragment of the extracellular domain of SIRPαthat retains its binding to CD47 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 9) . In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 9. The CD47 binding domain can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. The CD47 binding domain can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. The CD47 binding domain can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. The CD47 binding domain can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0089] In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain comprises a fragment of the extracellular domain of SIRPαthat retains its binding to CD47 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 11) . In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%identical to SEQ ID NO: 11. The CD47 binding domain can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. The CD47 binding domain can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 90%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. The CD47 binding domain can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. The CD47 binding domain can have an amino acid sequence that is at least 98%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 11. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 11.
[0090] One of ordinary in the art can select variants of the known amino acid sequence of SIRPa by consulting the literature, e.g., LEE et al., The Journal of Immunology, 179, 7741-7750, 2007 and HATHERLEY et al., The Journal Of Biological Chemistry, 282: 19, pp. 14567-14575, 2007, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety. More information about human SIRPa can be found on public databases with the following IDs: UniProtKB / Swiss-Prot: P78324; HGNC: 9662; MIM: 602461; VeuPathDB: HostDB: ENSG00000198053; and neXtProt: NX_P78324. Three (3) alternatively spliced transcript variants encoding different isoforms are described for the human SIRPa gene (Uniprot NOs: P78324-1, P78324-2, and P78324-4) .
[0091] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein have the “knobs-into-holes” or “KIH” structure (e.g., FIGs. 1A and 1C) . The “KIH” model promotes formation of heterodimers of the engineered bispecific antibody instead of heavy chain homodimers.
[0092] The modification promoting the association of a pair of Fc domains in a bispecific antibody includes the so-called “knobs-into-holes” modification, comprising a “knob” modification in one Fc domain and a “hole” modification in the other one. The knobs-into-holes technology is described e.g., in US 5,731,168; US 7,695,936; Ridgway et al., Prot. Eng. 9, 617-621 (1996) and Carter, J Immunol. Meth. 248, 7-15 (2001) . Generally, the method involves introducing a protuberance ( “knob” ) at the interface of a first Fc (the “Knob-Fc” ) and a corresponding cavity ( “hole” ) in the interface of a second Fc (the “Hole-Fc” ) , such that the protuberance can be positioned in the cavity so as to promote heterodimer formation and hinder homodimer formation. Protuberances are constructed by replacing small amino acid side chains from the interface of the first polypeptide with larger side chains (e.g., tyrosine or tryptophan) . Compensatory cavities of identical or similar size to the protuberances are created in the interface of the second polypeptide by replacing large amino acid side chains with smaller ones (e.g., alanine or threonine) .
[0093] Accordingly, a “Knob-Fc region” and a “Hole-Fc region” are designed to form heterodimer pair. The Knob-Fc region refers to the Fc region in which an amino acid of the CH3 domain is replaced with an amino acid residue having a larger side chain volume, generating a protuberance within the CH3 domain positionable in a cavity within the CH3 domain of the Hole-Fc region, in which an amino acid residue of the CH3 domain is replaced with an amino acid residue having a smaller side chain volume, thereby generating a cavity within the CH3 domain within which the protuberance within the CH3 domain of the first subunit is positionable. Preferably said amino acid residue having a larger side chain volume is selected from the group consisting of arginine (R) , phenylalanine (F) , tyrosine (Y) , and tryptophan (W) . Preferably said amino acid residue having a smaller side chain volume is selected from the group consisting of alanine (A) , serine (S) , threonine (T) , and valine (V) . The protuberance and cavity can be made by altering the nucleic acid encoding the polypeptides, e.g., by site-specific mutagenesis, or by peptide synthesis.
[0094] In some embodiments, the threonine residue at position 366 of the Knob-Fc region is replaced with a tryptophan residue (T366W) , and the tyrosine residue at position 407 of the Hole-Fc region is replaced with a valine residue (Y407V) , and optionally the threonine residue at position 366 is replaced with a serine residue (T366S) and the leucine residue at position 368 is replaced with an alanine residue (L368A) . In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region additionally has the serine residue at position 354 replaced with a cysteine residue (S354C) , or the glutamic acid residue at position 356 replaced with a cysteine residue (E356C) , and the Hole-Fc region additionally has the tyrosine residue at position 349 is replaced by a cysteine residue (Y349C) . In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region additionally has the serine residue at position 354 replaced with a cysteine residue (S354C) , or the glutamic acid residue at position 356 replaced with a cysteine residue (E356C) , and the Knob-Fc region additionally has the tyrosine residue at position 349 is replaced by a cysteine residue (Y349C) . In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C and T366W, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366S, L368A and Y407V. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C and T366W, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366S, L368A and Y407V. All amino acid residues are numbered according to the EU index.
[0095] To further promote the heterodimerization while suppressing homodimerization, 3 negatively charged residues in the CH3 domain of one chain can be paired with three positively charged residues in the CH3 domain of the other chain. These specific charged residue pairs are: E356-K439, E357-K370, D399-K409 and vice versa. In some embodiments, two of the following three mutations are introduced into the Knob-Fc region: E356K, E357K and D399K, and two of the following three mutations are introduced into the Hole-Fc region: K370E, K409D, K439E. In some embodiments, two of the following three mutations are introduced into the Hole-Fc region: E356K, E357K and D399K, and two of the following three mutations are introduced into the Knob-Fc region: K370E, K409D, K439E.
[0096] Accordingly, in some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366W, E357K and D399K, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, K370E and K409D. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366W, K370E and K409D, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, E357K and D399K.
[0097] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366W, E356K and D399K, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, K439E and K409D. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366W, K439E and K409D, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, E356K and D399K.
[0098] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366W, E356K and E357K, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, K439E and K370E. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366W, K439E and K370E, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, E356K and E357K.
[0099] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366W, E357K and D399K, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, K370E and K409D. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366W, K370E and K409D, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, E357K and D399K.
[0100] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366W, E356K and D399K, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, K439E and K409D. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366W, K439E and K409D, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, E356K and D399K. All amino acid residues are numbered according to the EU index.
[0101] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366W, E356K and E357K, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, K439E and K370E. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions Y349C, T366W, K439E and K370E, and the Hole-Fc region contains the amino acid substitutions S354C, T366S, L368A, Y407V, E356K and E357K. All amino acid residues are numbered according to the EU index.
[0102] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibodies comprising (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) , wherein the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4 and (ii) a CD47 binding domain comprising the extracellular domain of SIRPαor a variant thereof. As shown in FIG. 1A, in some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have three peptide chains: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the VL and a light chain constant region (CL) ; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the VH, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , and a Knob-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the CD47 binding domain and a Hole-Fc region.
[0103] As a personal of ordinary skill in the art would understand, in the bispecific antibodies described above with the KIH configuration, the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc can switch places. In other words, in the C2 and C3 pair of the bispecific antibodies that adopts the KIH design, C2 can includes a Knob-Fc region and the C3 can include a Hole-Fc region; alternatively, in some embodiments, the C2 can include a Hole-Fc region and the C3 can include a Knob-Fc region. Accordingly, in some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein can have three peptide chains: (1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the VL and a light chain constant region (CL) ; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the VH, aheavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the CD47 binding domain and a Knob-Fc region.
[0104] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein, the Fc region (either a Knob-Fc region or a Hole-Fc region) can include a hinge region. In some embodiments, the hinge region is the IgG1 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 45) , IgG2 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 47) , IgG3 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 48) , or IgG4 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 49) ; or a variant thereof having up to 5 amino acid mutations. In some embodiments, the hinge region is the IgG1 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 45) or a variant thereof having up to 5 amino acid mutations. In some embodiments, the hinge region has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 46. In some embodiments, the hinge region is the IgG2 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 47) or a variant thereof having up to 5 amino acid mutations. In some embodiments, the hinge region is the IgG3 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 48) or a variant thereof having up to 5 amino acid mutations. In some embodiments, the hinge region is the IgG4 hinge (SEQ ID NO: 49) or a variant thereof having up to 5 amino acid mutations.
[0105] In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain and the Fc region are connected by a flexible linker, such as a GS linker. In some embodiments, the CD47 binding domain and the Fc region are directly connected, that is, the C-terminus of the CD47 binding domain is directly connected to the N-terminus of the Fc region (typically the hinge of the Fc region) , without any additional linker.
[0106] The inclusion of a flexible linker is a common choice in the design of therapeutic molecules, which can enhance flexibility by introducing spatial separation between the SIRPαdomain and the Fc region, allowing each domain to function independently. The increased flexibility can also improve the binding efficiency of each domain to its respective target (CD47 or immune cells) and help achieve simultaneous binding to CD47 and CTLA4, especially when these two targets are positioned at variable distances on different cells (e.g., tumor cells and T-cells) . The flexible linker can also minimize steric clashes, especially in the crowded TME, which could improve the accessibility of both SIRPαdomain and the CTLA4-targeting domain, increasing the overall efficacy of the bispecific molecule. Further, GS linkers are commonly used in protein engineering to facilitate better protein folding and stability during expression, which can achieve higher production yields of the bispecific molecule in recombinant systems and reduce aggregation, improving its manufacturability.
[0107] Here, it was the unexpected finding of the inventors that the bispecific antibodies lacking a flexible linker between the CD47 binding domain and the Fc region, despite having reduced affinity to CD47+ / CTLA4-cells, maintained comparable binding affinity toward CD47+ / CTLA4+cells when compared to a counterpart molecule with the flexible linker. Without being bound by theory, the increased rigidity may have optimally positioned the two binders to engage the two antigens simultaneously. This spatial constraint enhances the selectivity of the molecule, ensuring it binds and activates effectively only in tumor cells or immune cells co-expressing both CD47 and CTLA4, such as Tregs in the tumor microenvironment (TME) . Furthermore, it was also unexpectedly discovered that the bispecific antibodies lacking a flexible linker between the CD47 binding domain and the Fc region actually demonstrated superior productivity, achieving higher expression levels and lower mispaired impurities. Accordingly, in some preferred embodiments of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein, the CD47 binding domain (e.g., ECD of human SirpαVariant 2) and the Fc region are directly connected without a linker.
[0108] The bispecific antibodies provided herein in KIH configuration comprise a CL region, aCH1 domain, and two Fc regions (Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc, each comprising a hinge, a CH2 domain and a CH3 domain) . The amino acid sequences of the CH1, the CL region, and the Fc region of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be derived from any appropriate source, e.g., a constant region of an antibody such as an IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4. Antibody heavy and light chain constant regions amino acid sequences are well known in the art, e.g., those provided in the IMGT database (www. imgt. org) or at www. vbase2. org / vbstat. php., both of which are incorporated by reference herein.
[0109] In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG1. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG2. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG3. In some embodiments, the constant domains and constant regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein are derived from human IgG4. In some embodiments, the amino acid sequences of the CH1, the CL region, and the Fc region (hinge, CH2 and CH3) of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can comprise one or more amino acid substitutions that differ from the wild type immunoglobulin. Such substitutions are known in the art (see, e.g., US7704497, US7083784, US6821505, US 8323962, US6737056, and US7416727) .
[0110] In some embodiments, the CH1 domain of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be selected from the group consisting of a human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 41) , a human IgG2 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 42) , a human IgG3 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 43) , or a human IgG4 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 44) ; or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions. The CH1 domain can be a human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions. The CH1 domain can be a human IgG2 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 42) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions. The CH1 domain can be a human IgG3 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 43) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions. The CH1 domain can be a human IgG4 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 44) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions.
[0111] In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 21) . In some embodiments, the CL region of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 22) .
[0112] In some embodiments, the Fc regions of the bispecific antibodies provided herein can be variants of the Fc region of human IgG1. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including a T366W substitution; and the Hole-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including a Y407V substitution. In some embodiments, the Hole-Fc region can further have T366S and L368A substitutions. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc regions can further include S354C and Y349C substitutions, respectively. In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc and Hole-Fc regions can further include Y349C and S354C substitutions, respectively. In some embodiments, two of the following three mutations are introduced into the Knob-Fc region: E356K, E357K and D399K, and two of the following three mutations are introduced into the Hole-Fc region: K370E, K409D, K439E. In some embodiments, E357K and D399K are introduced into the Knob-Fc region, and K370E and K409D are introduced into the Hole-Fc region. In some embodiments, two of the following three mutations are introduced into the Hole-Fc region: E356K, E357K and D399K, and two of the following three mutations are introduced into the Knob-Fc region: K370E, K409D, K439E. In some embodiments, E357K and D399K are introduced into the Hole-Fc region, and K370E and K409D are introduced into the Knob-Fc region. All amino acid residues are numbered according to the EU Index.
[0113] In some embodiments, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 35, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 32 and 36, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 37, respectively; or (4) SEQ ID NOs: 34 and 38, respectively. The Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 35, respectively. The Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 32 and 36, respectively. The Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 37, respectively. The Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region can have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 34 and 38, respectively.
[0114] Table 4: Exemplified Fc sequences in KIH models (hinge excluded) .
[0115] In some embodiments of the bispecific antibodies provided herein, (i) the CL region is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 21) or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 22) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions; (ii) the CH1 domain is human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions; and / or (iii) the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 35, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 32 and 36, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 37, respectively; or (4) SEQ ID NOs: 34 and 38, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions. In some embodiments, the CL region, CH1 domain, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 31 and 35, respectively. In some embodiments, the CL region, CH1 domain, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 32 and 36, respectively. In some embodiments, the CL region, CH1 domain, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 33 and 37, respectively. In some embodiments, the CL region, CH1 domain, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 34 and 38, respectively.
[0116] Provided in Table 5A are diagrams of the three peptide chains of exemplary bispecific antibodies in KIH format.
[0117] Table 5A: Peptide chains of exemplary bispecific antibodies (KIH)
[0118] Note: The VL1 / VH1 pair specifically binds to CTLA4 (e.g., SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8) ; the SIRPαspecifically binds to CD47 (e.g., SEQ ID NO: 9 or SEQ ID NO: 11) ; Cκrefers to the kappa CL. (H) : Hinge region
[0119] Table 5B: Sequences of Exemplary Bispecific Antibodies (KIH)
[0120] In some embodiments, provided herein are bispecific antibody that specifically bind to human CTLA4 and human CD47, wherein the bispecific antibody has a first peptide chain (C1) , asecond peptide chain (C2) , and a third peptide chain (C3) , wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 53. In some embodiments, the C1, C2, and C3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52, and 53, respectively.
[0121] The present disclosure further contemplates additional variants and equivalents that are substantially homologous to the bispecific antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, it is desirable to improve the binding affinity of the antibody. In some embodiments, it is desirable to modulate biological properties of the antibody, including but not limited to, specificity, thermostability, expression level, effector function (s) , glycosylation, immunogenicity, and / or solubility. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that amino acid changes may alter post-translational processes of an antibody, such as changing the number or position of glycosylation sites or altering membrane anchoring characteristics.
[0122] Antibodies comprising functional variants of the heavy chain, light chains, VL regions, VH regions, or one or more CDRs of the antibodies of the examples as also provided herein. A functional variant of a heavy chain, a light chain, VL, VH, or CDRs used in the context of an antibody still allows the antibody to retain at least a substantial proportion (at least about 90%, 95%or more) of functional features of the “reference” and / or “parent” antibody, including affinity and / or the specificity / selectivity, Fc inertness and PK parameters such as half-life, Tmax, Cmax. Such functional variants typically retain significant sequence identity to the parent antibody and / or have substantially similar length of heavy and light chains. Exemplary variants include those which differ from heavy and / or light chains, VH and / or VL, and / or CDR regions of the parent antibody sequences mainly by conservative substitutions, e.g., 10, such as 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2 or 1 of the substitutions in the variant may be conservative amino acid residue replacements.
[0123] In some embodiments, a variant of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein can retain its ability to bind CTLA4 and CD47 to a similar extent, the same extent, or to a higher extent, as the parent bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the variant can be at least about 80%, about 85%, about 90%, about 91%, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98%, about 99%or more identical in amino acid sequence to the parent antibody. In certain embodiments, a variant of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence of the parent bispecific antibody disclosed herein with one or more conservative amino acid substitution. Conservative amino acid substitutions are known in the art and include amino acid substitutions in which one amino acid having certain physical and / or chemical properties is exchanged for another amino acid that has the same or similar chemical or physical properties.
[0124] In some embodiments, a variant of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence of the parent antibody with one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions. In some embodiments, a variant of a bispecific antibody disclosed herein comprises the amino acid sequence of the parent binding antibody with one or more non-conservative amino acid substitution, wherein the one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions do not interfere with or inhibit one or more biological activities of the variant. In certain embodiments, the one or more conservative amino acid substitutions and / or the one or more non-conservative amino acid substitutions can enhance a biological activity of the variant, such that the biological activity of the functional variant is increased as compared to the parent antibody.
[0125] In some embodiments, the variant can have 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 amino acid substitutions in the CDRs (e.g., VH CDR1, VH CDR2, VH CDR3, VL CDR1, VL CDR2 and VL CDR3) of the binding moiety.
[0126] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies provided herein include modification in their Fc regions. In some embodiments, the modified antibodies (e.g., modified Fc region) provide for altered effector functions that, in turn, affect the biological profile of the antibody. For example, in some embodiments, the deletion or inactivation (through point mutations or other means) of a constant region reduces Fc receptor binding of the modified antibody as it circulates. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications reduce the immunogenicity of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications increase the serum half-life of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications reduce the serum half-life of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications decrease or remove ADCC and / or complement dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) of the antibody. In some embodiments, specific amino acid substitutions in a human IgG1 Fc region with corresponding IgG1 or IgG4 residues reduce effector functions (e.g., ADCC and CDC) in the modified antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region modifications increase or enhance ADCC and / or CDC of the antibody. In some embodiments, the constant region is modified to eliminate disulfide linkages or oligosaccharide moieties. In some embodiments, the constant region is modified to add / substitute one or more amino acids to provide one or more cytotoxin, oligosaccharide, or carbohydrate attachment sites.
[0127] In some embodiments, variants can include addition of amino acid residues at the amino-and / or carboxyl-terminal end of the antibody. The length of additional amino acids residues can range from one residue to a hundred or more residues. In some embodiments, a variant comprises an N-terminal methionyl residue. In some embodiments, a variant is engineered to be detectable and may comprise a detectable label and / or protein (e.g., a fluorescent tag or an enzyme) .
[0128] The variant antibodies described herein can be generated using methods known in the art, including but not limited to, site-directed mutagenesis, alanine scanning mutagenesis, and PCR mutagenesis.
[0129] In some embodiments, bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be chemically modified naturally or by intervention. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies are chemically modified by glycosylation, acetylation, pegylation, phosphorylation, amidation, derivatization by known protecting / blocking groups, proteolytic cleavage, and / or linkage to a cellular ligand or other protein. Any of numerous chemical modifications can be carried out by known techniques. The bispecific antibodies provided herein can comprise one or more analogs of an amino acid (including, for example, unnatural amino acids) , as well as other modifications known in the art.
[0130] The bispecific antibodies of the present disclosure can be analyzed for their physical, chemical and / or biological properties by various methods known in the art. In some embodiments, abispecific antibody provided herein is tested for its ability to bind human CTLA4 and CD47. Binding assays include, but are not limited to, BLI, SPR (e.g., Biacore) , ELISA, and FACS. In addition, antibodies can be evaluated for solubility, stability, thermostability, viscosity, expression levels, expression quality, and / or purification efficiency.
[0131] In some embodiments, bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be conjugated to a detectable substance or molecule that allows the agent to be used for detection. A detectable substance can include, but is not limited to, enzymes, such as horseradish peroxidase, alkaline phosphatase, beta-galactosidase, and acetylcholinesterase; prosthetic groups, such as biotin and flavine (s) ; fluorescent materials, such as, umbelliferone, fluorescein, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) , rhodamine, tetramethylrhodamine isothiocyanate (TRITC) , dichlorotriazinylamine fluorescein, dansyl chloride, cyanine (Cy3) , and phycoerythrin; bioluminescent materials, such as luciferase; radioactive materials; positron emitting metals; and magnetic metal ions positron emitting metals; and magnetic metal ions.
[0132] The anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein can be attached to a solid support. Such solid supports include, but are not limited to, glass, cellulose, polyacrylamide, nylon, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or polypropylene. In some embodiments, an immobilized bispecific antibody is used in an immunoassay. In some embodiments, an immobilized bispecific antibody is used in purification.
[0133] In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein can achieve various technical advantages compared to agents that target only CTLA4 (e.g., ipilimumab) or only CD47 (e.g., Sirpα) . The anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein can achieve various technical advantages compared to counterpart molecules having a different CD47-binding domain (e.g., a different Sirpαvariant) , or having a more flexible structure, by, for example, including additional flexible linker (s) . For illustrative purposes, in some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) has greater selectivity for CTLA4 and CD47 double positive cells. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) have greater stability. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) have less mispaired impurities (e.g., homodimer and / or incorrect heterodimer) . In some embodiments, anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) can achieve greater purity. In some embodiments, anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) have greater expression efficiency.
[0134] In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) has limited mispaired impurities.
[0135] In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) selectively eliminate CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) . Hematologic toxicity is the adverse effect on the blood and bone marrow, including a decrease in red blood cells, white blood cells, and / or platelets. As the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) specifically target Treg cells in TME and avoid nonspecific binding to peripheral cells, in some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) have low hematologic toxicity. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) have improved safety (e.g., lower hematological toxicity) than antibodies targeting CD47 alone (e.g., Sirpα) . Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are inflammatory toxicities that arise when immune checkpoint inhibitors-such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, and anti-PD-L1 therapies-disrupt immune self-tolerance and enhance T-cell activity against not only tumor cells but also normal tissues. These events result from an overactivated immune response leading to autoimmune-like effects across various organ systems, including the skin, gastrointestinal tract, liver, endocrine glands, lungs, and nervous system. Clinically, irAEs can range from mild to severe and may manifest as dermatitis, colitis, hepatitis, endocrinopathies, pneumonitis, or neuropathies. By having reduced affinity to CTLA4+ / CD47-cells, in some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) have a low risk to trigger irAEs. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) have a low risk to trigger Cytokine Release Syndrome (CRS) . In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) have a reduced risk to trigger irAEs than immune checkpoint inhibitors with a single target (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-CTLA-4) . In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein (e.g., HX044) have a reduced risk of triggering CRS than immune checkpoint inhibitors with a single target (e.g., anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1, or anti-CTLA-4) .
[0136] In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) (1) have high avidity to CTLA4 and CD47 double positive cells; (2) deplete tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) -regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or Treg cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) ; (3) increase cytokine level in TME; (4) enhance T cell proliferation and / or activity against the cancer; (5) have higher affinity for CTLA4 and CD47 double positive cells than CTLA4 or CD47 single positive cells; (6) selectively eliminate CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) ; (7) limited hematoxicity; (8) limited immune-related adverse events (irAE) ; (9) enhance macrophage-mediated phagocytosis; (10) enhance dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation; or (11) limited mispaired impurities; or any combination of (1) - (11) .
[0137] In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) (1) have high avidity to CTLA4 and CD47 double positive cells; (2) deplete tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) -regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or Treg cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) ; (3) increase cytokine level in TME; (4) enhance T cell proliferation and / or activity against the cancer; (5) enhance macrophage-mediated phagocytosis; (6) enhance dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation; or any combination of (1) - (6) .
[0138] In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) (1) have higher affinity for CTLA4 and CD47 double positive cells than CTLA4 or CD47 single positive cells; (2) selectively eliminate CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) ; (3) have limited hematoxicity; (4) have limited immune-related adverse events (irAE) ; or any combination of (1) - (4) .
[0139] The technical effects of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein (e.g., HX044) can be measured in any assays disclosed herein or otherwise known in the art. For example, affinity of HX044 or any other reference antibody (e.g., Reference bsAb disclosed in Experimental section below) to cells expressing CD47 only, CTLA4 only, or both CD47 and CTLA4 can be measured by, for example, ELISA or FACS. We expect to confirm that HX044 has lower affinity to cells expressing CD47 but not CTLA4 than Reference bsAb, but at least the same or higher affinity to cells expressing both CD47 and CTLA4 than Reference bsAb.
[0140] The improved safety of HX044 can be measured by FACS analysis showing effects on RBC, HGB and platelet counts in a syngeneic mouse model (hCTLA4 x hCD47 x hSIRPαHuGemm C57BL / 6J mice) (see an exemplary study described in Experimental section below) . We expect to confirm that HX044 has a milder effect on the RBC / PLT depletion, as well as reduced CTLA-4 related irAEs as compared to the Reference bsAb.
[0141] 6.3 Polynucleotides, vectors, and cells
[0142] Provided herein are polynucleotides encoding at least one light chain or one heavy chain of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein encode one polypeptide, such as a light chain or a heavy chain of a bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein encode more than one polypeptide. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides provided herein can encode, for example, the light chain and heavy chain of a bispecific antibody provided herein, respectively. Cistrons can be separated by, for example, an internal ribosomal entry site (IRES) or 2A element. An IRES, as understood in the art, refers to nucleotide sequences in an expression cassette which when transcribed into mRNA, can recruit ribosomes directly, without a previous scanning of untranslated region of mRNA by the ribosomes. A2A element, as understood in the art, encoding self-cleaving short 2A peptides (about 20 amino acids) that provide a mechanism for subsequent separation of equimolarly produced polypeptides of interest. The family of self-cleaving 2A peptides has been described in the art (see for example, Kim, J. H. et al. (2011) PLoS ONE 6: el8556) . The skilled artisan will appreciate that other art-recognized linkers may be suitable for use in the constructs of the disclosure (e.g., encoded by the nucleic acids of the disclosure) . The skilled artisan can likewise appreciate that other polycistronic constructs can be suitable for use as provided herein.
[0143] In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the peptide chains C1, C2, C3, or any combination thereof, of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein having the KIH structure. In some embodiments, provided herein are polynucleotides encoding the C1, C2, C3, or any combination thereof, of the bispecific antibody designated as HX044. In some embodiments, provided herein are a plurality of polynucleotides that collectively encode the C1, C2, and C3 of the bispecific antibody designated as HX044.
[0144] The term “polynucleotide that encode a polypeptide” encompasses a polynucleotide which includes only coding sequences for the polypeptide as well as a polynucleotide which includes additional coding and / or non-coding sequences. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be in the form of RNA or in the form of DNA. DNA can be cDNA, genomic DNA, or synthetic DNA, and can be double-stranded or single-stranded. Single stranded DNA can be the coding strand or non-coding (anti-sense) strand. The polynucleotides of the disclosure can be mRNA.
[0145] The present disclosure also provides variants of the polynucleotides described herein, wherein the variants have a nucleotide sequence at least about 80%identical, at least about 85%identical, at least about 90%identical, at least about 95%identical, at least about 96%identical, at least about 97%identical, at least about 98%identical, or at least about 99%identical to a polynucleotide sequence encoding at least one polypeptide chain of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein. As used herein, the phrase “a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least about 95%identical to a polynucleotide sequence” means that the nucleotide sequence of the polynucleotide is identical to a reference sequence except that the polynucleotide sequence can include up to five point mutations per each 100 nucleotides of the reference nucleotide sequence. In other words, to obtain a polynucleotide having a nucleotide sequence at least 95%identical to a reference nucleotide sequence, up to 5%of the nucleotides in the reference sequence can be deleted or substituted with another nucleotide, or a number of nucleotides up to 5%of the total nucleotides in the reference sequence can be inserted into the reference sequence. These mutations of the reference sequence can occur at the 5’ or 3’ terminal positions of the reference nucleotide sequence or anywhere between those terminal positions, interspersed either individually among nucleotides in the reference sequence or in one or more contiguous groups within the reference sequence.
[0146] The polynucleotide variants can contain alterations in the coding regions, non-coding regions, or both. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant contains alterations which produce silent substitutions, additions, or deletions, but does not alter the properties or activities of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises silent substitutions that results in no change to the amino acid sequence of the polypeptide (due to the degeneracy of the genetic code) . Polynucleotide variants can be produced for a variety of reasons, for example, to optimize codon expression for a particular host (e.g., change codons in the human mRNA to those preferred by a bacterial host such as E. coli) . In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant comprises at least one silent mutation in a non-coding or a coding region of the sequence.
[0147] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to modulate or alter expression (or expression levels) of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to increase expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant is produced to decrease expression of the encoded polypeptide. In some embodiments, apolynucleotide variant has increased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide variant has decreased expression of the encoded polypeptide as compared to a parental polynucleotide sequence.
[0148] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., an antibody) fused in the same reading frame to a polynucleotide which aids in expression and secretion of a polypeptide from a host cell (e.g., a leader sequence which functions as a secretory sequence for controlling transport of a polypeptide) . The polypeptide can have the leader sequence cleaved by the host cell to form a “mature” form of the polypeptide.
[0149] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide comprises the coding sequence for a polypeptide (e.g., an antibody) fused in the same reading frame to a marker or tag sequence. For example, in some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hexa-histidine tag (HIS-tag) that allows for efficient purification of the polypeptide fused to the marker. In some embodiments, a marker sequence is a hemagglutinin (HA) tag derived from the influenza hemagglutinin protein when a mammalian host (e.g., COS-7 cells) is used. In some embodiments, the marker sequence is a FLAGTM tag. In some embodiments, a marker can be used in conjunction with other markers or tags.
[0150] In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is isolated. In some embodiments, a polynucleotide is substantially pure.
[0151] In some embodiments, provided herein are also vectors comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. The term “vector, ” and its grammatical equivalents as used herein refer to a vehicle that is used to carry genetic material (e.g., a polynucleotide sequence) , which can be introduced into a host cell, where it can be replicated and / or expressed. Vectors applicable for use include, for example, expression vectors, plasmids, phage vectors, viral vectors, episomes and artificial chromosomes, which can include selection sequences or markers operable for stable integration into a host cell’s chromosome. Additionally, the vectors can include one or more selectable marker genes and appropriate expression control sequences. Selectable marker genes that can be included, for example, provide resistance to antibiotics or toxins, complement auxotrophic deficiencies, or supply critical nutrients not in the culture media. Expression control sequences can include constitutive and inducible promoters, transcription enhancers, transcription terminators, and the like which are well known in the art. When two or more polynucleotides are to be co-expressed, both polynucleotides can be inserted, for example, into a single expression vector or in separate expression vectors. For single vector expression, the encoding polynucleotides can be operationally linked to one common expression control sequence or linked to different expression control sequences, such as one inducible promoter and one constitutive promoter. The introduction of polynucleotides into a host cell can be confirmed using methods well known in the art. It is understood by those skilled in the art that the polynucleotides are expressed in a sufficient amount to produce a desired product, and it is further understood that expression levels can be optimized to obtain sufficient expression using methods well known in the art.
[0152] In some embodiments, vectors provided herein can be expression vectors. In some embodiments, vectors provided herein comprise a polynucleotide encoding at least one polypeptide chain of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are recombinant expression vectors, which can be used to amplify and express a polynucleotide encoding at least one polypeptide chain of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein. For example, a recombinant expression vector can be a replicable DNA construct that includes synthetic or cDNA-derived DNA fragments encoding at least one polypeptide chain of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein, operatively linked to suitable transcriptional and / or translational regulatory elements derived from mammalian, microbial, viral or insect genes. In some embodiments, a viral vector is used. DNA regions are “operatively linked” when they are functionally related to each other. For example, a promoter is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it controls the transcription of the sequence; or a ribosome binding site is operatively linked to a coding sequence if it is positioned so as to permit translation. In some embodiments, structural elements intended for use in certain expression systems include a leader sequence enabling extracellular secretion of translated protein by a host cell. In some embodiments, in situations where recombinant protein is expressed without a leader or transport sequence, apolypeptide can include an N-terminal methionine residue.
[0153] Examples of vectors are plasmid, autonomously replicating sequences, and transposable elements. Useful expression vectors for bacterial hosts include known bacterial plasmids, such as plasmids from E. coli, including pCR1, pBR322, pMB9 and their derivatives, and wider host range plasmids, such as M13 and other filamentous single-stranded DNA phages. Additional exemplary vectors include, without limitation, plasmids, phagemids, cosmids, artificial chromosomes such as yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) , bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) , or P1-derived artificial chromosome (PAC) , bacteriophages such as lambda phage or M13 phage, and animal viruses. Examples of categories of animal viruses useful as vectors include, without limitation, retrovirus (including lentivirus) , adenovirus, adeno-associated virus, herpesvirus (e.g., herpes simplex virus) , poxvirus, baculovirus, papillomavirus, and papovavirus (e.g., SV40) . Examples of expression vectors are pClneo vectors (Promega) for expression in mammalian cells; pLenti4 / V5-DESTTM, pLenti6 / V5-DESTTM, and pLenti6.2 / V5-GW / lacZ (Invitrogen) for lentivirus-mediated gene transfer and expression in mammalian cells. Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. Exemplary transposon systems such as Sleeping Beauty and PiggyBac can be used, which can be stably integrated into the genome (e.g., Ivics et al., Cell, 91 (4) : 501–510 (1997) ; et al., (2007) Nucleic Acids Research. 35 (12) : e87) .
[0154] In some embodiments, the vector is an episomal vector or a vector that is maintained extrachromosomally. As used herein, the term “episomal” refers to a vector that is able to replicate without integration into host’s chromosomal DNA and without gradual loss from a dividing host cell also meaning that said vector replicates extrachromosomally or episomally. The vector is engineered to harbor the sequence coding for the origin of DNA replication or “ori” from a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus, an adenovirus, SV40, a bovine papilloma virus, or a yeast, specifically a replication origin of a lymphotrophic herpes virus or a gamma herpesvirus corresponding to oriP of EBV. In some embodiments, the lymphotrophic herpes virus may be Epstein Barr virus (EBV) , Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) , Herpes virus saimiri (HS) , or Marek's disease virus (MDV) . Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus (KSHV) are also examples of a gamma herpesvirus. Typically, the host cell comprises the viral replication transactivator protein that activates the replication.
[0155] “Expression control sequences, ” “control elements, ” or “regulatory sequences” present in an expression vector are those non-translated regions of the vector-origin of replication, selection cassettes, promoters, enhancers, translation initiation signals (Shine Dalgarno sequence or Kozak sequence) introns, a polyadenylation sequence, 5'and 3'untranslated regions-which interact with host cellular proteins to carry out transcription and translation. Such elements can vary in their strength and specificity. Depending on the vector system and host utilized, any number of suitable transcription and translation elements, including ubiquitous promoters and inducible promoters can be used.
[0156] Illustrative ubiquitous expression control sequences that can be used in present disclosure include, but are not limited to, a cytomegalovirus (CMV) immediate early promoter, a viral simian virus 40 (SV40) promoter (e.g., early or late) , a Moloney murine leukemia virus (MoMLV) LTR promoter, a Rous sarcoma virus (RSV) LTR, a herpes simplex virus (HSV) (thymidine kinase) promoter, H5, P7.5, and P11 promoters from vaccinia virus, an elongation factor 1-alpha (EF1a) promoter, early growth response 1 (EGR1) , ferritin H (FerH) , ferritin L (FerL) , Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) , eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A1 (EIF4A1) , heat shock 70kDa protein 5 (HSPA5) , heat shock protein 90kDa beta, member 1 (HSP90B1) , heat shock protein 70kDa (HSP70) , β-kinesin (β-KIN) , the human ROSA 26 locus (Irions et al., Nature Biotechnology 25, 1477-1482 (2007) ) , a Ubiquitin C promoter (UBC) , a phosphoglycerate kinase-1 (PGK) promoter, a cytomegalovirus enhancer / chickenβ-actin (CAG) promoter, and aβ-actin promoter.
[0157] Illustrative examples of inducible promoters / systems include, but are not limited to, steroid-inducible promoters such as promoters for genes encoding glucocorticoid or estrogen receptors (inducible by treatment with the corresponding hormone) , metallothionine promoter (inducible by treatment with various heavy metals) , MX-1 promoter (inducible by interferon) , the “GeneSwitch” mifepristone-regulatable system (Sirin et al., 2003, Gene, 323: 67) , the cumate inducible gene switch (WO 2002 / 088346) , tetracycline-dependent regulatory systems, etc. The bispecific antibodies described herein can be produced by any method known in the art, including chemical synthesis and recombinant expression techniques. The practice of the invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, microbiology, genetic analysis, recombinant DNA, organic chemistry, biochemistry, PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis and modification, nucleic acid hybridization, and related fields within the skill of the art. These techniques are described in the references cited herein and are fully explained in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis et al. (1982) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al. (1989) , MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al. (2001) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Ausubel et al., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley&Sons (1987 and annual updates) ; CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY, John Wiley&Sons (1987 and annual updates) Gait (ed. ) (1984) OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, IRL Press; Eckstein (ed. ) (1991) OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND ANALOGUES: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, IRL Press; Birren et al. (eds. ) (1999) GENOME ANALYSIS: ALABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Borrebaeck (ed. ) (1995) ANTIBODY ENGINEERING, Second Edition, Oxford University Press; Lo (ed. ) (2006) ANTIBODY ENGINEERING: METHODS AND PROTOCOLS (METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY) ; Vol. 248, Humana Press, Inc; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0158] The present disclosure also provides cells comprising the polynucleotides disclosed herein that encode at least one polypeptide chain of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a polynucleotide that encodes the C1, C2, and C3 of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein having the KIH structure. In some embodiments, cells provided herein comprise a plurality of the polynucleotides that collectively encode the C1, C2, and C3 of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein having the KIH structure.
[0159] Cells comprising vectors disclosed herein are also contemplated. In some embodiments, provided herein are host cells comprising a vector comprising a polynucleotide disclosed herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein comprise a vector or multiple vectors that collectively comprise the polynucleotides encoding the polypeptide chains of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein. In some embodiments, host cells provided herein produce the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein.
[0160] Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS-7 (monkey kidney-derived) , L-929 (murine fibroblast-derived) , C127 (murine mammary tumor-derived) , 3T3 (murine fibroblast-derived) , CHO (Chinese hamster ovary-derived) , HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) , BHK (hamster kidney fibroblast-derived) , HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-derived) cell lines and variants thereof. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise non-transcribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’ or 3’ flanking non-transcribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ non-translated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture systems (e.g., baculovirus) also offers a robust method for producing correctly folded and biologically functional proteins. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are well-known to those of skill in the art.
[0161] 6.4 Methods of production
[0162] Provided herein are also methods of producing the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein are comprised of more than one polypeptide chain, which can be produced separately or together. In some embodiments, methods provided herein produce at least one polypeptide chain of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, methods provided herein produce all polypeptide chains of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein.
[0163] The bispecific antibodies or polypeptides described herein can be produced and isolated using methods known in the art. Polyeptides can be synthesized, in whole or in part, using chemical methods (see, e.g., Caruthers (1980) . Nucleic Acids Res. Symp. Ser. 215; Horn (1980) ; and Banga, A.K., THERAPEUTIC PEPTIDES AND PROTEINS, FORMULATION, PROCESSING AND DELIVERY SYSTEMS (1995) Technomic Publishing Co., Lancaster, PA) . Peptide synthesis can be performed using various solid phase techniques (see, e.g., Roberge, Science 269: 202 (1995) ; Merrifield, Methods. Enzymol. 289: 3 (1997) ) and automated synthesis may be achieved, e.g., using the ABI 431A Peptide Synthesizer (Perkin Elmer) in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions. Peptides can also be synthesized using combinatorial methodologies. Synthetic residues and polypeptides can be synthesized using a variety of procedures and methodologies known in the art (see, e.g., ORGANIC SYNTHESES COLLECTIVE VOLUMES, Gilman, et al. (Eds) John Wiley&Sons, Inc., NY) . Modified peptides can be produced by chemical modification methods (see, for example, Belousov, Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3440 (1997) ; Frenkel, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 19: 373 (1995) ; and Blommers, Biochemistry 33: 7886 (1994) ) . Peptide sequence variations, derivatives, substitutions and modifications can also be made using methods such as oligonucleotide-mediated (site-directed) mutagenesis, alanine scanning, and PCR based mutagenesis. Site-directed mutagenesis (Carter et al., Nucl. Acids Res., 13: 4331 (1986) ; Zoller et al., Nucl. Acids Res. 10: 6487 (1987) ) , cassette mutagenesis (Wells et al., Gene 34: 315 (1985) ) , restriction selection mutagenesis (Wells et al., Philos. Trans. R. Soc. London SerA 317: 415 (1986) ) and other techniques can be performed on cloned DNA to produce invention peptide sequences, variants, fusions and chimeras, and variations, derivatives, substitutions and modifications thereof.
[0164] A variety of host-expression vector systems can be utilized to recombinantly express the bispecific antibodies described herein or one or more of their polypeptide chains. Suitable host cells for expression include prokaryotes, yeast cells, insect cells, or higher eukaryotic cells under the control of appropriate promoters. Appropriate cloning and expression vectors for use with bacterial, fungal, yeast, and mammalian cellular hosts, as well as methods of protein production, including antibody production are well-known in the art. Such host-expression systems represent vehicles by which the coding sequences of the bispecific antibodies described herein can be produced and subsequently purified, but also represent cells which may, when transformed or transfected with the appropriate polynucleotide coding sequences, express the bispecific antibodies described herein in situ. These include, but are not limited to, microorganisms such as bacteria (e.g., E. coli and B. subtilis) transformed with recombinant bacteriophage DNA, plasmid DNA or cosmid DNA expression vectors containing coding sequences for the compounds described herein; yeast (e.g., Saccharomyces pichia) transformed with recombinant yeast expression vectors containing sequences encoding the compounds described herein; insect cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., baclovirus) containing the sequences encoding the compounds described herein; plant cell systems infected with recombinant virus expression vectors (e.g., cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) and tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) or transformed with recombinant plasmid expression vectors (e.g., Ti plasmid) containing sequences encoding the molecules compounds described herein; or mammalian cell systems (e.g., COS, CHO, BHK, 293, 293T, 3T3 cells, lymphotic cells (see U.S. Pat. No. 5,807,715) , Per C. 6 cells (human retinal cells developed by Crucell) harboring recombinant expression constructs containing promoters derived from the genome of mammalian cells (e.g., metallothionein promoter) or from mammalian viruses (e.g., the adenovirus late promoter; the vaccinia virus 7.5K promoter) .
[0165] In bacterial systems, many expression vectors can be advantageously selected depending upon the use intended for the protein being expressed. For example, when a large quantity of such a protein is to be produced, for the generation of pharmaceutical compositions of the bispecific antibodies described herein, vectors which direct the expression of high levels of protein products that are readily purified can be desirable. Such vectors include, but are not limited, to the E. coli expression vector pUR278 (Ruther et al. (1983) , EMBO J. 2: 1791-1794) ; pIN vectors (Inouye et al. (1985) , Nucleic Acids Res. 13: 3101-3110; Van Heeke et al. (1989) , J. Biol. Chem. 24: 5503-5509) ; and the like. pGEX vectors can also be used to express polypeptides as fusion proteins with glutathione S-transferase (GST) . In general, such proteins are soluble and can easily be purified from lysed cells by adsorption and binding to a matrix glutathione-agarose beads followed by elution in the presence of free glutathione. The pGEX vectors are designed to include thrombin or factor Xa protease cleavage sites so that the cloned target gene product can be released from the GST moiety.
[0166] Useful expression vectors for eukaryotic hosts include, for example, vectors comprising expression control sequences from SV40, bovine papilloma virus, adenovirus, and cytomegalovirus. In mammalian host cells, a number of viral-based expression systems can be utilized. Examples of suitable mammalian host cell lines include, but are not limited to, COS-7 (monkey kidney-derived) , L-929 (murine fibroblast-derived) , C127 (murine mammary tumor-derived) , 3T3 (murine fibroblast-derived) , CHO (Chinese hamster ovary-derived) , HeLa (human cervical cancer-derived) , BHK (hamster kidney fibroblast-derived) , HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney-derived) cell lines and variants thereof. Mammalian expression vectors can comprise non-transcribed elements such as an origin of replication, a suitable promoter and enhancer linked to the gene to be expressed, and other 5’or 3’ flanking non-transcribed sequences, and 5’ or 3’ non-translated sequences, such as necessary ribosome binding sites, a polyadenylation site, splice donor and acceptor sites, and transcriptional termination sequences. Expression of recombinant proteins in insect cell culture systems (e.g., baculovirus) also offers a robust method for producing correctly folded and biologically functional proteins. Baculovirus systems for production of heterologous proteins in insect cells are well-known to those of skill in the art. Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) is used as a vector to express foreign genes.
[0167] In addition, a host cell strain can be chosen which modulates the expression of the inserted sequences, or modifies and processes the gene product in the specific fashion desired. Such modifications (e.g., glycosylation) and processing (e.g., cleavage) of protein products can be important for the function of the protein. For example, in certain embodiments, the antibodies described herein can be expressed as a single gene product (e.g., as a single polypeptide chain, i.e., as a polyprotein precursor) , requiring proteolytic cleavage by native or recombinant cellular mechanisms to form separate polypeptides of the bispecific antibodies described herein. The disclosure thus encompasses engineering a nucleic acid sequence to encode a polyprotein precursor molecule comprising the polypeptides of the bispecific antibodies described herein, which includes coding sequences capable of directing post translational cleavage of said polyprotein precursor. Post-translational cleavage of the polyprotein precursor results in the polypeptides of the bispecific antibodies described herein. The post translational cleavage of the precursor molecule comprising the polypeptides of the compounds described herein can occur in vivo (i.e., within the host cell by native or recombinant cell systems / mechanisms, e.g. furin cleavage at an appropriate site) or can occur in vitro (e.g. incubation of said polypeptide chain in a composition comprising proteases or peptidases of known activity and / or in a composition comprising conditions or reagents known to foster the desired proteolytic action) . Purification and modification of recombinant proteins is well known in the art such that the design of the polyprotein precursor can include a number of embodiments readily appreciated by a skilled artisan. Any known proteases or peptidases known in the art can be used for the described modification of the precursor molecule.
[0168] Different host cells have characteristic and specific mechanisms for the post-translational processing and modification of proteins and gene products. Appropriate cell lines or host systems can be chosen to ensure the correct modification and processing of the foreign protein expressed. To this end, eukaryotic host cells which possess the cellular machinery for proper processing of the primary transcript, glycosylation, and phosphorylation of the gene product may be used. Such mammalian host cells include but are not limited to CHO, VERY, BHK, HeLa, COS, MDCK, 293, 293T, 3T3, WI38, BT483, Hs578T, HTB2, BT20 and T47D, CRL7030 and Hs578Bst.
[0169] For long-term, high-yield production of recombinant proteins, stable expression is preferred. For example, cell lines which stably express compounds described herein can be engineered. Rather than using expression vectors which contain viral origins of replication, host cells can be transformed with DNA controlled by appropriate expression control elements (e.g., promoter, enhancer, sequences, transcription terminators, polyadenylation sites, etc. ) , and a selectable marker. Following the introduction of the foreign DNA, engineered cells can be allowed to grow for 1-2 days in an enriched media, and then are switched to a selective media. The selectable marker in the recombinant plasmid confers resistance to the selection and allows cells to stably integrate the plasmid into their chromosomes and grow to form foci which in turn can be cloned and expanded into cell lines. This method can advantageously be used to engineer cell lines which express the compounds described herein. Such engineered cell lines may be particularly useful in screening and evaluation of compounds that interact directly or indirectly with the compounds described herein.
[0170] A number of selection systems may be used, including but not limited to the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (Wigler et al. (1977) , Cell 11: 223-232) , hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (Szybalska et al. (1992) Bioessays 14: 495-500) , and adenine phosphoribosyltransferase (Lowy et al. (1980) , Cell 22: 817-823) genes can be employed in tk-, hgprt-or aprt-cells, respectively. Also, antimetabolite resistance can be used as the basis of selection for the following genes: dhfr, which confers resistance to methotrexate (Wigler et al. (1980) PNAS 77: 3567-3570; O'Hare et al. (1981) PNAS, 78: 1527-1531) ; gpt, which confers resistance to mycophenolic acid (Mulligan et al. (1981) PNAS, 78: 2072-2076) ; neo, which confers resistance to the aminoglycoside G-418 (Tolstoshev (1993) , Ann. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 32: 573-596; Mulligan (1993) , Science 260: 926-932; and Morgan et al. (1993) , Ann. Rev. Biochem. 62: 191-217) and hygro, which confers resistance to hygromycin (Santerre et al. (1984) Gene 30: 147-156) . Methods commonly known in the art of recombinant DNA technology which can be used are described in Ausubel et al. (eds. ) , 1993, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley&Sons, NY; Kriegler, 1990, GENE TRANSFER AND EXPRESSION, A LABORATORY MANUAL, Stockton Press, NY; and in Chapters 12 and 13, Dracopoli et al. (eds) , 1994, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN HUMAN GENETICS, John Wiley&Sons, NY.
[0171] The expression levels of bispecific antibodies described herein or their polypeptide chains can be increased by vector amplification (for a review, see Bebbington and Hentschel, The use of vectors based on gene amplification for the expression of cloned genes in mammalian cells in DNA cloning, Vol. 3 (Academic Press, New York, 1987) . When a marker in the vector system described herein is amplifiable, increase in the level of inhibitor present in culture of host cell will increase the number of copies of the marker gene. Since the amplified region is associated with the nucleotide sequence of a protein of interest, production of the protein of interest will also increase (Crouse et al. (1983) Mol. Cell. Biol. 3: 257-266) .
[0172] The host cell can be co-transfected with more than one expression vectors, each encoding a polypeptide chain of a bispecific antibody described herein. The vectors can contain identical selectable markers which enable equal expression of all polypeptides. Alternatively, a single vector can be used which encodes two or more polypeptides. The coding sequences for the polypeptides of compounds described herein can comprise cDNA or genomic DNA.
[0173] Once a bispecific antibody described herein or polypeptide described herein has been recombinantly expressed, it can be purified by any method known in the art for purification of polypeptides, polyproteins or antibodies (e.g., analogous to antibody purification schemes based on antigen selectivity) for example, by chromatography (e.g., ion exchange, affinity, particularly by affinity for the specific antigen (optionally after Protein A selection where the compound comprises an Fc domain (or portion thereof) ) , and sizing column chromatography) , centrifugation, differential solubility, or by any other standard technique for the purification of polypeptides or antibodies.
[0174] Provided herein are methods of producing an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein or a polypeptide chain of a bispecific antibody described herein, the method comprising obtaining a cell described herein and expressing the polynucleotide described herein in said cell. In some embodiments, methods provided herein comprising culturing the cells under conditions that allow expression of the bispecific antibody. In some embodiments, the method further comprises isolating and purifying a bispecific antibody or polypeptide chain described herein.
[0175] The bispecific antibodies described herein can be tested for binding to human CTLA4 and / or CD47 by, for example, standard ELISA. Briefly, microtiter plates are coated with purified antigen, and then blocked with bovine serum albumin. Dilutions of antibody are added to each well and incubated. The plates are washed and incubated with secondary reagent (e.g., for human antibodies, a goat-anti-human IgG Fc-specific polyclonal reagent) conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (HRP) . After washing, the plates can be developed and analyzed by a spectrophotometer. Antibodies can be further tested by flow cytometry for binding to a cell line expressing human CTLA4 and / or CD47, but not to a control cell line that does not express the target antigen. Briefly, the binding of antibodies can be assessed by incubating CTLA4 and / or CD47 expressing CHO cells with the bispecific antibody provided herein. The cells can be washed, and binding can be detected with an anti-human IgG Ab. Flow cytometric analyses can be performed using a FACS can flow cytometry (Becton Dickinson, San Jose, CA) .
[0176] The anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein can be further tested for reactivity with the target antigen (s) by Western blotting, and other methods known in the art for analyzing binding affinity, cross-reactivity, and binding kinetics of various anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein include, for example, biolayer interferometry (BLI) using, for example, Gator system (Probe Life) or the Octet-96 system (Sartorius AG) , or BIACORETM surface plasmon resonance (SPR) analysis using a BIACORETM 2000 SPR instrument (Biacore AB, Uppsala, Sweden) .
[0177] The practice of the invention employs, unless otherwise indicated, conventional techniques in molecular biology, cell biology, microbiology, genetic analysis, recombinant DNA, organic chemistry, biochemistry, PCR, oligonucleotide synthesis and modification, nucleic acid hybridization, and related fields within the skill of the art. These techniques are described in the references cited herein and are fully explained in the literature. See, e.g., Maniatis et al. (1982) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al. (1989) , MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Second Edition, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Sambrook et al. (2001) MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, NY; Ausubel et al., CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, John Wiley&Sons (1987 and annual updates) ; CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY, John Wiley&Sons (1987 and annual updates) Gait (ed. ) (1984) OLIGONUCLEOTIDE SYNTHESIS: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, IRL Press; Eckstein (ed. ) (1991) OLIGONUCLEOTIDES AND ANALOGUES: A PRACTICAL APPROACH, IRL Press; Birren et al. (eds. ) (1999) GENOME ANALYSIS: ALABORATORY MANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press; Borrebaeck (ed. ) (1995) ANTIBODY ENGINEERING, Second Edition, Oxford University Press; Lo (ed. ) (2006) ANTIBODY ENGINEERING: METHODS AND PROTOCOLS (METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY) ; Vol. 248, Humana Press, Inc; each of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.
[0178] 6.5 Compositions
[0179] Provided herein are compositions comprising the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein, wherein the purity of the bispecific antibody is at least 95%, at least 95.5%, at least 96%, at least 96.5%, at least 97%, at least 97.5%, at least 98%, at least 98.5%, at least 99%, or at least 99.5%, wherein the purity is measured by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) or non-reduced SDS-PAGE. In some embodiments, the purity of the bispecific antibody in the composition is at least 95%. In some embodiments, the purity of the bispecific antibody in the composition is at least 96%. In some embodiments, the purity of the bispecific antibody in the composition is at least 97%. In some embodiments, the purity of the bispecific antibody in the composition is at least 98%. In some embodiments, the purity of the bispecific antibody in the composition is at least 99%. In some embodiments, the purity of the bispecific antibody in the composition ranges from 95%to 99%, from 95%to 98%, from 95%to 97%, from 96%to 99%, from 96%to 98%, from 96%to 97%, or from 95%to 96%. In some embodiments, the purity of the bispecific antibody in the composition ranges from 95%to 99%. In some embodiments, the purity of the bispecific antibody in the composition ranges from 95%to 98%. In some embodiments, the purity of the bispecific antibody in the composition ranges from 95%to 97%. In some embodiments, compositions provided herein have less than 10%, less than 9%, less than 8%, less than 7%, less than 6%, less than 5%, less than 4%, less than 3%, less than 2%, less than 1%mispaired impurities. In some embodiments, compositions provided herein have less than 10%mispaired impurities. In some embodiments, compositions provided herein have less than 8%mispaired impurities. In some embodiments, compositions provided herein have less than 5%mispaired impurities. In some embodiments, compositions provided herein have less than 3%mispaired impurities. In some embodiments, compositions provided herein have less than 2%mispaired impurities. In some embodiments, compositions provided herein have less than 1%mispaired impurities. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein have no detectable mispaired impurities when measured by non-reducing SDS-PAGE. The mispaired impurities include, for example, homodimer and / or incorrect heterodimer. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein have no detectable homodimers when measured by non-reducing SDS-PAGE. In some embodiments, the compositions provided herein have no detectable incorrect heterodimers when measured by non-reducing SDS-PAGE.
[0180] Provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions comprising the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition comprises a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions are useful in treating an inflammatory disease or an autoimmune disease.
[0181] The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” or “pharmaceutically acceptable excipient” refers to a material that is suitable for drug administration to an individual along with an active agent without causing undesirable biological effects or interacting in a deleterious manner with any of the other components of the pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can comprise one or more of a buffer system, a preservative, a tonicity agent, a chelating agent, a stabilizer and / or a surfactant, as well as various combinations thereof. The use of preservatives, isotonic agents, chelating agents, stabilizers and surfactants in pharmaceutical compositions is well-known to the skilled person. Reference may be made to REMINGTON: THE SCIENCE AND PRACTICE OF PHARMACY, 19th edition, 1995.
[0182] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein. The anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies can be present at various concentrations. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein at 1-1000 mg / mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions comprise the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein at 10-500 mg / mL, 10-400 mg / mL, 10-300 mg / mL, 10-200 mg / mL, 10-100 mg / mL, 20-100 mg / mL, or 50-100 mg / mL. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein at about 10 mg / mL, about 20 mg / mL, about 30 mg / mL, about 40 mg / mL, about 50 mg / mL, about 60 mg / mL, about 70 mg / mL, about 80 mg / mL, about 90 mg / mL, about 100 mg / mL, about 120 mg / mL, about 150 mg / mL, about 180 mg / mL, about 200 mg / mL, about 300 mg / mL, about 500 mg / mL, about 800 mg / mL, or about 1000 mg / mL. Dosages can be readily adjusted by those skilled in the art; for example, a decrease in purity may require an increase in dosage.
[0183] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers that can be used in compositions provided herein include any and all solvents, dispersion media, coatings, antibacterial and antifungal agents, isotonic and absorption delaying agents, and the like that are physiologically compatible. In some embodiments, the carrier is suitable for intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, parenteral, spinal or epidermal administration (e.g., by injection or infusion) . Depending on the route of administration, the active ingredient (i.e., the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies) can be coated in a material to protect the active ingredient from the action of acids and other natural conditions that can inactivate the active ingredient.
[0184] Provided herein are also pharmaceutical compositions or formulations that improve the stability of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies to allow for their long-term storage. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation disclosed herein comprises: (a) the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein; (b) a buffering agent; (c) a stabilizing agent; (d) a salt; (e) a bulking agent; and / or (f) a surfactant. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation is stable for at least 1 month, at least 2 months, at least 3 months, at least 6 months, at least 1 year, at least 2 years, at least 3 years, at least 5 years or more. In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition or formulation is stable when stored at 4℃, 25℃, or 40℃.
[0185] Buffering agents useful in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed herein can be a weak acid or base used to maintain the acidity (pH) of a solution near a chosen value after the addition of another acid or base. Suitable buffering agents can maximize the stability of the pharmaceutical formulations by maintaining pH control of the formulation. Suitable buffering agents can also ensure physiological compatibility or optimize solubility. Rheology, viscosity and other properties can also depend on the pH of the formulation. Common buffering agents include, but are not limited to, histidine, citrate, succinate, acetate and phosphate. In some embodiments, a buffering agent comprises histidine (e.g., L-histidine) with isotonicity agents and potentially pH adjustment with an acid or a base known in the art. In certain embodiments, the buffering agent is L-histidine. In certain embodiments, the pH of the formulation is maintained between about 2 and about 10, or between about 4 and about 8.
[0186] Stabilizing agents are added to a pharmaceutical product to stabilize that product. Such agents can stabilize proteins in different ways. Common stabilizing agents include, but are not limited to, amino acids such as glycine, alanine, lysine, arginine, or threonine, carbohydrates such as glucose, sucrose, trehalose, rafftnose, or maltose, polyols such as glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, cyclodextrins or destrans of any kind and molecular weight, or PEG. In some embodiments, the stabilizing agent is chosen to maximize the stability of antibodies in lyophilized preparations. In certain embodiments, the stabilizing agent is sucrose and / or arginine.
[0187] Bulking agents can be added to a pharmaceutical composition or formulation to add volume and mass to the product, thereby facilitating precise metering and handling thereof. Common bulking agents include, but are not limited to, lactose, sucrose, glucose, mannitol, sorbitol, calcium carbonate, or magnesium stearate.
[0188] Surfactants are amphipathic substances with lyophilic and lyophobic groups. A surfactant can be anionic, cationic, zwitterionic, or nonionic. Examples of nonionic surfactants include, but are not limited to, alkyl ethoxylate, nonylphenol ethoxylate, amine ethoxylate, polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, fatty alcohols such as cetyl alcohol or oleyl alcohol, cocamide MEA, cocamide DEA, polysorbates, or dodecyl dimethylamine oxide. In some embodiments, the surfactant is polysorbate 20 or polysorbate 80.
[0189] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is an aqueous formulation. Such a formulation is typically a solution or a suspension, but can also include colloids, dispersions, emulsions, and multi-phase materials. The term “aqueous formulation” is defined as a formulation comprising at least 50%w / w water. Likewise, the term “aqueous solution” is defined as a solution comprising at least 50%w / w water, and the term “aqueous suspension” is defined as a suspension comprising at least 50%w / w water.
[0190] In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are freeze-dried, to which the physician or the patient adds solvents and / or diluents prior to use.
[0191] Pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can also include a pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidant. Examples of pharmaceutically acceptable antioxidants include: (1) water soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbic acid, cysteine hydrochloride, sodium bisulfate, sodium metabisulfite, sodium sulfite and the like; (2) oil-soluble antioxidants, such as ascorbyl palmitate, butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) , butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) , lecithin, propyl gallate, alpha-tocopherol, and the like; and (3) metal chelating agents, such as citric acid, ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) , sorbitol, tartaric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like.
[0192] Examples of suitable aqueous and nonaqueous carriers that can be employed in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations described herein include water, ethanol, polyols (such as glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, and the like) , and suitable mixtures thereof, vegetable oils, such as olive oil, and injectable organic esters, such as ethyl oleate. Proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of coating materials, such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersions, and by the use of surfactants.
[0193] These compositions can also contain adjuvants such as preservatives, wetting agents, emulsifying agents and dispersing agents. Prevention of presence of microorganisms can be ensured both by sterilization procedures, supra, and by the inclusion of various antibacterial and antifungal agents, for example, paraben, chlorobutanol, phenol sorbic acid, and the like. It can also be desirable to include isotonic agents, such as sugars, sodium chloride, and the like into the compositions. In addition, prolonged absorption of the injectable pharmaceutical form can be brought about by the inclusion of agents which delay absorption such as aluminum monostearate and gelatin.
[0194] Pharmaceutically acceptable carriers include sterile aqueous solutions or dispersions and sterile powders for the extemporaneous preparation of sterile injectable solutions or dispersion. The use of such media and agents for pharmaceutically active substances is known in the art. In some embodiments, provided herein is a pharmaceutical composition comprising the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or cells provided herein wherein the composition is suitable for local administration.
[0195] Pharmaceutical compositions or formulations typically must be sterile and stable under the conditions of manufacture and storage. The composition can be formulated as a solution, microemulsion, liposome, or other ordered structure suitable to high drug concentration. The carrier can be a solvent or dispersion medium containing, for example, water, ethanol, polyol (for example, glycerol, propylene glycol, and liquid polyethylene glycol, and the like) , and suitable mixtures thereof. The proper fluidity can be maintained, for example, by the use of a coating such as lecithin, by the maintenance of the required particle size in the case of dispersion and by the use of surfactants. In many cases, the compositions can include isotonic agents, for example, sugars, polyalcohols such as mannitol, sorbitol, or sodium chloride in the composition. Prolonged absorption of the injectable compositions can be brought about by including in the composition an agent that delays absorption, for example, monostearate salts and gelatin.
[0196] Sterile injectable solutions can be prepared by incorporating the active compound in the required amount in an appropriate solvent with one or a combination of ingredients enumerated above, as required, followed by sterilization microfiltration. Generally, dispersions are prepared by incorporating the active compound into a sterile vehicle that contains a basic dispersion medium and the required other ingredients from those enumerated herein. In the case of sterile powders for the preparation of sterile injectable solutions, some methods of preparation are vacuum drying and freeze-drying (lyophilization) that yield a powder of the active ingredient plus any additional desired ingredient from a previously sterile-filtered solution thereof.
[0197] The amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material in the pharmaceutical compositions or formulations disclosed herein can vary. In some embodiments, the amount of active ingredient which can be combined with a carrier material is the amount that produces a therapeutic effect. Generally, out of one hundred percent, this amount will range from about 0.01 percent to about ninety-nine percent of active ingredient, from about 0.1 percent to about 70 percent, or from about 1 percent to about 30 percent of active ingredient in combination with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0198] The pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can be prepared with carriers that protect the active ingredient against rapid release, such as a controlled release formulation, including implants, transdermal patches, and microencapsulated delivery systems. Biodegradable, biocompatible polymers can be used, such as ethylene vinyl acetate, polyanhydrides, polyglycolic acid, collagen, polyorthoesters, and poly lactic acid. Many methods for the preparation of such formulations are patented or generally known to those skilled in the art. See. e.g., SUSTAINED AND CONTROLLED RELEASE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS, J. R. Robinson, ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, 1978.
[0199] Provided herein are also kits for preparation of pharmaceutical compositions having the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the kit comprises the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier in one or more containers. In another embodiment, the kits can comprise the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein for administration to a subject. In specific embodiments, the kits comprise instructions regarding the preparation and / or administration of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies.
[0200] 6.6 Methods and Uses
[0201] The antibodies, compositions and methods described herein have numerous in vitro and in vivo utilities involving, for example, enhancement of immune response, such as by inhibiting (or antagonizing) CTLA4 and / or CD47 (e.g., signaling) . In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein can be administered to human subjects, e.g., in vivo, to enhance immunity in a variety of diseases. Accordingly, provided herein are methods of modifying an immune response in a subject comprising administering to the subject an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein, such that the immune response in the subject is modified. In some embodiments, the response is enhanced, stimulated or up-regulated.
[0202] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of inducing or stimulating immune cell activation comprising contacting an immune cell with an effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of inducing or stimulating immune cell proliferation comprising contacting an immune cell with an effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of reducing CTLA4 and / or CD47 mediated suppression of an immune cell proliferation comprising contacting an immune cell with an effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of inhibiting the interaction between CTLA4 and / or CD47 and a ligand thereof on an immune cell comprising contacting the immune cell with an effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein.
[0203] Subjects suitable for the present methods include human patients in whom enhancement of an immune response would be desirable. The methods are particularly suitable for treating human patients having a disorder that can be treated by augmenting an immune response (e.g., a T-cell mediated immune response, e.g., an antigen specific T cell response) . In some embodiments, the methods are particularly suitable for treatment of cancer in vivo. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of enhancing an immune response in a subject in need thereof comprising administer to the subject an effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein. To achieve antigen-specific enhancement of immunity, anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein can be administered together with an antigen of interest or the antigen can already be present in the subject to be treated (e.g., a tumor-bearing or virus-bearing subject) .
[0204] Given the ability of anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or the described herein to stimulate or co-stimulate T cell responses, e.g., antigen-specific T cell responses, such as by depleting the immunosuppressive Treg cells in TEM, provided herein are in vitro and in vivo methods of using the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein to stimulate, enhance or upregulate antigen-specific T cell responses, e.g., anti-tumor T cell responses. Any suitable indicator of an antigen-specific T cell response can be used to measure the antigen-specific T cell response. Non-limiting examples of such suitable indicators include increased T cell proliferation in the presence of the antibody and / or increase cytokine production in the presence of the antibody. In some embodiments, interleukin-2 and / or interferon-γproduction by the antigen-specific T cell is stimulated.
[0205] Further encompassed are methods of stimulating an immune response (e.g., an antigen-specific T cell response) in a subject comprising administering an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein to the subject such that an immune response (e.g., an antigen-specific T cell response) in the subject is stimulated. In some embodiments, the subject is a tumor-bearing subject and an immune response against the tumor is stimulated. A tumor can be a solid tumor or a liquid tumor, e.g., a hematological malignancy. In some embodiments, a tumor is an immunogenic tumor. In some embodiments, a tumor is non-immunogenic. In some embodiments, a tumor is PD-L1 positive. In some embodiments a tumor is PD-L1 negative. In some embodiments, a tumor is non-immunogenic. In some embodiments, a tumor is CTLA4 positive. In some embodiments, a tumor is CD47 positive. In some embodiments, a tumor is both CTLA4 positive and CD47 positive. A subject can also be a virus-bearing subject and an immune response against the virus is stimulated.
[0206] In some embodiments, provided are methods for inhibiting growth of tumor cells in a subject comprising administering to the subject an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein such that growth of the tumor is inhibited in the subject. Provided herein are also methods of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibody disclosed herein. Provided herein are also uses of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein as a medicament. Provided herein are also uses of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in treating cancer. Provided herein are also uses of the bispecific antibodies disclosed herein for the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer.
[0207] In some embodiments, anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein are given to a subject as an adjunctive therapy. Treatments of subjects having cancer with an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein can lead to prolonged survival, e.g., long-term durable response relative to the current standard of care; long term survival of at least 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10 or more years, or recurrence-free survival of at least 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 or more years. In some embodiments, treatment of a subject having cancer with an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein prevents recurrence of cancer or delays recurrence of cancer by, e.g., 3 months, 6 months, 9 months, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 10 or more years.
[0208] Treatment of a subject having cancer with an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein can result in, e.g., stable disease, partial response, increased overall survival, increased disease-free survival, or enhanced progression free survival.
[0209] In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein are not significantly toxic. For example, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein are not significantly toxic to an organ of a human, e.g., one or more of the liver, kidney, brain, lungs, and heart, as determined, e.g., in clinical trials. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein have limited hematoxicities. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein have limited irAEs. In some embodiments, anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies do not significantly trigger an undesirable immune response, e.g., autoimmunity or inflammation. In some embodiments, treatment of a subject with an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein does not result in overstimulation of the immune system to the extent that the subject’s immune system then attacks the subject itself (e.g., autoimmune response) or results in, e.g., anaphylaxis. Thus, in some embodiments, anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies do not cause anaphylaxis.
[0210] In some embodiments, treatment of a subject with an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein does not cause significant inflammatory reactions, e.g., immune-mediated pneumonitis, immune-mediated colitis, immune mediated hepatitis, immune-mediated nephritis or renal dysfunction, immune-mediated hypophysitis, immune-mediated hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, or other immune-mediated adverse reactions. In some embodiments, treatment of a subject with an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein does not cause significant cardiac disorders, e.g., ventricular arrhythmia; eye disorders, e.g., iridocyclitis; infusion-related reactions; increased amylase, increased lipase; nervous system disorders, e.g., dizziness, peripheral and sensory neuropathy; skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders, e.g., rash, pruritus, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme, vitiligo or psoriasis; respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders, e.g., cough; fatigue; nausea; decreased appetite; constipation; arthralgia; or diarrhea.
[0211] In some embodiments, an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody provides synergistic anti-tumor effects in combination with another cancer therapy, such as a compound that stimulates the immune system (e.g., an immuno-oncology agent) .
[0212] The present disclosure also provides methods of uses of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies, polynucleotides encoding such antibodies, vectors comprising such polynucleotides, or pharmaceutical compositions having such antibodies or cells disclosed herein in treating cancer.
[0213] In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies can reduce the immunosuppressive effects mediated by CTLA4 and / or CD47 signaling pathway, thereby promoting the activities of immune cells in eliminating, lysing and / or killing cancer cells. In some embodiments, the methods include administering a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein to a subject in need thereof.
[0214] As the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein can block the interaction between CTLA4 and B7-1 (CD80) / B7-2 (CD86) , as well as the interaction between CD47 and SIRPα. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies can specifically target-CTLA4 / CD47-expressing cancer cells in vivo, thereby delivering their therapeutic effect of eliminating, lysing and / or killing cancer cells.
[0215] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating tumor or cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in the treatment of tumor or cancer. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of tumor or cancer. In some embodiments, the tumor or cancer is CTLA4 positive. In some embodiments, the tumor or cancer is CD47 positive. In some embodiments, the tumor or cancer is both CTLA4 positive and CD47 positive.
[0216] In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating tumor or cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein in treatment of tumor or cancer. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the pharmaceutical composition provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of tumor or cancer.
[0217] Actual dosage levels of the active ingredients (i.e., the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies in the pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be varied so as to obtain an amount of the active ingredient which is effective to achieve the desired therapeutic response for a particular patient, composition, and mode of administration, without being toxic to the patient. The selected dosage level will depend upon a variety of pharmacokinetic factors including the activity of the particular compositions described herein, the route of administration, the time of administration, the rate of excretion, the duration of the treatment, other drugs, compounds and / or materials used in combination with the particular compositions employed, the age, sex, weight, condition, general health and prior medical history of the patient being treated, and like factors well known in the medical arts. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein can be administered at a dosage that provides a therapeutic benefit without causing high immune related adverse effect or hematoxicity (anemia and / or thrombocytopenia) .
[0218] The anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies described herein can be administered as a sustained release formulation, in which case less frequent administration is required. Dosage and frequency vary depending on the half-life of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies in the patient. In therapeutic applications, a relatively high dosage at relatively short intervals is sometimes required until progression of the disease is reduced or terminated, and until the patient shows partial or complete amelioration of symptoms of disease.
[0219] The anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered to a subject by any methods known in the art, including, but not limited to, pleural administration, intravenous administration, subcutaneous administration, intranodal administration, intratumoral administration, intramuscular administration, intradermal administration, intrathecal administration, intrapleural administration, intraperitoneal administration, intracranial administration, spinal or other parenteral routes of administration, for example by injection or infusion, or direct administration to the thymus. The phrase “parenteral administration” as used herein means modes of administration other than enteral and topical administration, usually by injection, and includes, without limitation, intravenous, intramuscular, intraarterial, intrathecal, intracapsular, intraorbital, intracardiac, intradermal, intraperitoneal, transtracheal, subcutaneous, subcuticular, intraarticular, subcapsular, subarachnoid, intraspinal, epidural and intrastemal injection and infusion. In some embodiments, subcutaneous administration is adopted. In some embodiments, intravenous administration is adopted. In some embodiments, oral administration is adopted. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein can be administered to a subject by intratumoral injection, peritumoral injection, juxtatumoral injection, intralesional injection and / or injection into a tumor draining lymph node, or essentially any tumor-targeted injection where the antitumor agent is expected to leak into primary lymph nodes adjacent to targeted solid tumor. In some embodiments, the antibodies provided herein can be delivered regionally to a tumor using well known methods, including but not limited to, hepatic or aortic pump; limb, lung or liver perfusion; in the portal vein; through a venous shunt; in a cavity or in a vein that is nearby a tumor, and the like. In another embodiment, the antibodies provided herein can be administered systemically. In a preferred embodiment, the antibodies are administered regionally at the site of a tumor. The antibodies can also be administered intratumorally, for example, by direct injection of the cells at the site of a tumor and / or into the tumor vasculature. For example, in the case of malignant pleural disease, mesothelioma or lung cancer, administration is preferably by intrapleural administration (see Adusumilli et al., Science Translational Medicine 6 (261) : 261ra151 (2014) ) . One skilled in the art can select a suitable mode of administration based on the type of cancer and / or location of a tumor to be treated. The antibodies can be introduced by injection or catheter. In one embodiment, the antibodies are pleurally administered to the subject in need, for example, using an intrapleural catheter.
[0220] Cancers or tumors to be treated using the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies, or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein comprise those typically responsive to immunotherapy and those that are not typically responsive to immunotherapy. In some embodiments, the cancer has a high degree of microsatellite instability. In some embodiments, the cancer is a metastatic cancer, refractory cancer, or recurrent cancer.
[0221] In some embodiments, cancers or tumors that can be treated with the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are hematological cancers. In some embodiments, cancers or tumors that can be treated with the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein are solid tumors. In some embodiments, the solid tumor to be treated with the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is melanoma. In some embodiments, the solid tumor to be treated with the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is colon cancer. As such, in some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating melanoma in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in the treatment of melanoma. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of melanoma. In some embodiments, the melanoma is CTLA4 positive. In some embodiments, the melanoma is CD47 positive. In some embodiments, the melanoma is both CTLA4 positive and CD47 positive. In some embodiments, provided herein are methods of treating a colon cancer in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies disclosed herein in the treatment of a colon cancer. In some embodiments, provided herein are uses of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies provided herein for the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a colon cancer. In some embodiments, the colon cancer is CTLA4 positive. In some embodiments, the colon cancer is CD47 positive. In some embodiments, the colon cancer is both CTLA4 positive and CD47 positive.
[0222] In cancer treatment, eliminating cancer or tumor cells in a subject can occur, but any clinical improvement constitutes a benefit. An anti-tumor effect can be manifested by a decrease in tumor volume, a decrease in the number of tumor cells, a decrease in the number of metastases, an increase in life expectancy, or amelioration of various physiological symptoms associated with the cancerous condition. An anti-tumor effect can also be manifested by the ability of the antibodies, or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein in prevention of the occurrence of tumor in the first place. In some embodiments, an “anti-tumor effect” can be manifested by the reduction in cancer-induced immunosuppression. Clinical improvement comprises decreased risk or rate of progression or reduction in pathological consequences of the cancer or tumor. It is also understood that a method of treating cancer can include any effect that ameliorates a sign or symptom associated with cancer. Such signs or symptoms include, but are not limited to, reducing tumor burden, including inhibiting growth of a tumor, slowing the growth rate of a tumor, reducing the size of a tumor, reducing the number of tumors, eliminating a tumor, all of which can be measured using routine tumor imaging techniques well known in the art. Other signs or symptoms associated with cancer include, but are not limited to, fatigue, pain, weight loss, and other signs or symptoms associated with various cancers.
[0223] In some embodiments, the methods or uses provided herein can reduce tumor burden. Thus, administration of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein can reduce the number of tumor cells, reduce tumor size, and / or eradicate the tumor in the subject. Methods for monitoring patient response to administration of a pharmaceutical composition disclosed herein are known in the art and can be employed in accordance with methods disclosed herein.
[0224] In some embodiments, an anti-tumor effect is observed in a subject having a tumor or cancer who has been administered with an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein as a single therapy, namely, not in combination with another therapeutic. In some embodiments, tumor burden is reduced in a subject having a tumor or cancer who has been administered with an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody described herein as a single therapy, namely, not in combination with another therapeutic.
[0225] In the methods disclosed herein, a therapeutically effective amount of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions disclosed herein is administered to a subject in need of cancer treatment. The subject can be a mammal. In some embodiments, the subject is a human. In some embodiments, these individuals have no clinically measurable tumor. However, they are suspected of being at risk for progression of the disease, either near the original tumor site, or by metastases. This group can be further subdivided into high-risk and low-risk individuals. The subdivision is made on the basis of features observed before or after the initial treatment. These features are known in the clinical arts and are suitably defined for different types of cancers. Features typical of high-risk subgroups are those in which the tumor has invaded neighboring tissues, or who show involvement of lymph nodes.
[0226] Anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions provided herein can be administered with medical devices known in the art. For example, in some embodiments, aneedleless hypodermic injection device can be used, such as the devices disclosed in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,399,163; 5,383,851; 5,312,335; 5,064,413; 4,941,880; 4,790,824; or 4,596,556. Examples of well-known implants and modules for use described herein include: U.S. Patent No. 4,487,603, which discloses an implantable micro-infusion pump for dispensing medication at a controlled rate; U.S. Patent No. 4,486,194, which discloses a therapeutic device for administering medicaments through the skin; U.S. Patent No. 4,447,233, which discloses a medication infusion pump for delivering medication at a precise infusion rate; U.S. Patent No. 4,447,224, which discloses a variable flow implantable infusion apparatus for continuous drug delivery; U.S. Patent No. 4,439,196, which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system having multi-chamber compartments; and U.S. Patent No. 4,475,196, which discloses an osmotic drug delivery system. These patents are incorporated herein by reference. Many other such implants, delivery systems, and modules are known to those skilled in the art.
[0227] In some embodiments, an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies is administered to patients having a cancer that exhibited an inadequate response to, or progressed on, a prior treatment, e.g., a prior treatment with an immuno-oncology or immunotherapy drug, or patients having a cancer that is refractory or resistant, either intrinsically refractory or resistant, or a wherein the resistance or refractory state is acquired. For example, subjects who are not responsive or not sufficiently responsive to a first therapy or who see disease progression following treatment, can be treated by administration of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody alone or in combination with another therapy.
[0228] In some embodiments, an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody is administered to patients who have not previously received (i.e., been treated with) an immuno-oncology agent, e.g., a PD-1 pathway antagonist or a PD-L1 pathway antagonist. A method of treating a subject having cancer with an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody can comprise administering to a subject who has cancer cells or TIL cells that express CTLA4 and / or CD47, a therapeutically effective amount of an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody.
[0229] An anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody can be administered with a standard of care treatment. An anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody can be administered as a maintenance therapy, e.g., a therapy that is intended to prevent the occurrence or recurrence of tumors. An anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody can be administered with another treatment, e.g., radiation, surgery, or chemotherapy. For example, an anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody adjunctive therapy can be administered when there is a risk that micrometastases can be present and / or in order to reduce the risk of a relapse.
[0230] An anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody can be administered as a monotherapy, or as the only immuno-stimulating therapy. An anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibody can also be combined with an immunogenic agent, such as cancerous cells, purified tumor antigens (including recombinant proteins, peptides, and carbohydrate molecules) , cells, and cells transfected with genes encoding immune stimulating cytokines (He et al., (2004) J. Immunol. 173: 4919-28) . Non-limiting examples of tumor vaccines that can be used include peptides of melanoma antigens, such as peptides of gp100, MAGE antigens, Trp-2, MARTI and / or tyrosinase, or tumor cells transfected to express the cytokine GM-CSF.
[0231] Combination therapy using agents with different mechanisms of action can result in additive or synergetic effects. Combination therapy can allow for a lower dose of each agent than is used in monotherapy, thereby reducing toxic side effects and / or increasing the therapeutic index of the agent disclosed herein. Combination therapy can decrease the likelihood that resistant cancer cells will develop. In some embodiments, the additional therapy results in an increase in the therapeutic index of the antibodies, or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the additional therapy results in a decrease in the toxicity and / or side effects of the antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. In some embodiments, the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be administered in combination with an additional therapy. In some embodiments, the additional therapy can be surgical resection, radiotherapy, or chemotherapy.
[0232] The additional therapy can be administered prior to, concurrently with, or subsequent to administration of the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 bispecific antibodies or pharmaceutical compositions described herein. Combined administration can include co-administration, either in a single pharmaceutical formulation or using separate formulations, or consecutive administration in either order but generally within a time period such that all active agents can exert their biological activities simultaneously. A person skilled in the art can readily determine appropriate regimens for administering a pharmaceutical composition described herein and an additional therapy in combination, including the timing and dosing of an additional agent to be used in a combination therapy, based on the needs of the subject being treated.
[0233] 6.7 Exemplary Embodiments
[0234] Embodiment 1. A bispecific antibody comprising (i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) , wherein the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4, and wherein the VL comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VH comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; and (ii) a CD47 binding domain comprising the extracellular domain of SIRPαor a variant thereof.
[0235] Embodiment 2. The bispecific antibody of Embodiment 1, wherein the VL has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, and the VH has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.
[0236] Embodiment 3. The bispecific antibody of Embodiment 2, wherein the VL and VH have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively.
[0237] Embodiment 4. The bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 3, wherein the CD47 binding domain comprises the extracellular domain of human SIRPαVariant 2, or a variant thereof.
[0238] Embodiment 5. The bispecific antibody of Embodiment 4, wherein the CD47 binding domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0239] Embodiment 6. The bispecific antibody of Embodiment 5, wherein the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.
[0240] Embodiment 7. The bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 6, comprising (1) afirst peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the VL, and a light chain constant region (CL) ; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the VH, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , and a Knob-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the CD47 binding domain, and a Hole-Fc region.
[0241] Embodiment 8. The bispecific antibody of Embodiment 7, wherein the CD47 binding domain and the Hole-Fc region are directly connected without a linker.
[0242] Embodiment 9. The bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 6, comprising (1) afirst peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL, and a light chain constant region (CL) ; (2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH, aheavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , and a Hole-Fc region; and (3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the CD47 binding domain, and a Knob-Fc region.
[0243] Embodiment 10. The bispecific antibody of Embodiment 9, wherein the CD47 binding domain and the Knob-Fc region are directly connected without a linker.
[0244] Embodiment 11. The bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 7 to 10, wherein the Knob-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including a T366W substitution; and the Hole-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including T366S, L368A, Y407V substitutions.
[0245] Embodiment 12. The bispecific antibody of Embodiment 11, wherein the Knob-Fc region further comprises S354C substitution, and the Hole-Fc region further comprises Y349C substitution.
[0246] Embodiment 13. The bispecific antibody of Embodiment 11, wherein the Knob-Fc region further comprises Y349C substitution, and the Hole-Fc region further comprises S354C substitution.
[0247] Embodiment 14. The bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 11 to 13, wherein the Knob-Fc region further comprises E357K and D399K substitutions, and the Hole-region further comprises K370E and K409D substitutions.
[0248] Embodiment 15. The bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 11 to 13, wherein the Knob-Fc region further comprises K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Hole-region further comprises E357K and D399K substitutions.
[0249] Embodiment 16. The bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 7 to 10, wherein (i) the CL region is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 21) or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 22) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions; (ii) the CH1 domain is human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions; and / or (iii) the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 35, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 32 and 36, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 37, respectively; or (4) SEQ ID NOs: 34 and 38, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions.
[0250] Embodiment 17. The bispecific antibody of Embodiment 16, wherein the CL region, CH1 domain, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 31 and 35, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 32 and 36, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 33 and 37, respectively; or (4) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 34 and 38, respectively.
[0251] Embodiment 18. The bispecific antibody of Embodiment 7, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 53.
[0252] Embodiment 19. The bispecific antibody of Embodiment 18, wherein C1, C2, and C3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52, and 53, respectively.
[0253] Embodiment 20. The bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiment 1 to 19, wherein the bispecific antibody (1) has high avidity to CTLA4 and CD47 double positive cells; (2) depletes tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) -regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or Treg cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) ; (3) increases cytokine level in TME; or (4) enhances T cell proliferation and / or activity against the cancer; (5) enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis; (6) enhances dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation; or any combination of (1) - (6) .
[0254] Embodiment 21. The bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 20, wherein the bispecific antibody (1) has higher affinity for CTLA4 and CD47 double positive cells than CTLA4 or CD47 single positive cells; (2) selectively eliminates CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) ; (3) has limited hematoxicity; or (4) has limited immune-related adverse events (irAE) ; or any combination of (1) - (4) .
[0255] Embodiment 22. The bispecific any one of Embodiments 1 to 21, wherein the bispecific antibody has limited mispaired impurities.
[0256] Embodiment 23. A composition comprising the bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 22, wherein the purity of the bispecific antibody is at least 95%, wherein the purity is measured by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) or non-reduced SDS-PAGE.
[0257] Embodiment 24. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 22 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0258] Embodiment 25. A polynucleotide encoding a peptide chain of the bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 22.
[0259] Embodiment 26. The polynucleotide of Embodiment 25 encoding all peptide chains of the bispecific antibody.
[0260] Embodiment 27. A plurality of the polynucleotide of Embodiment 25 that collectively encode all peptide chains of the bispecific antibody.
[0261] Embodiment 28. A vector comprising the polynucleotide of Embodiment 25 or 26.
[0262] Embodiment 29. A cell comprising the polynucleotide or plurality of polynucleotides of any one of Embodiments 25 to 27, or the vector of Embodiment 28.
[0263] Embodiment 30. A method of making a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to human CTLA4 and human CD47 comprising culturing the cell of Embodiment 29 under conditions that allow expression of the bispecific antibody.
[0264] Embodiment 31. A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 22.
[0265] Embodiment 32. The method of Embodiment 31, wherein the subject is a human.
[0266] Embodiment 33. Use of the bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 22 as a medicament.
[0267] Embodiment 34. Use of the bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 22 in treating cancer.
[0268] Embodiment 35. Use of the bispecific antibody of any one of Embodiments 1 to 22 for the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer.
[0269] 6.8 Experimental
[0270] The examples provided below are for purposes of illustration only, which are not intended to be limiting unless otherwise specified. Thus, the invention should in no way be construed as being limited to the following examples, but rather, should be construed to encompass any and all variations which become evident as a result of the teaching provided herein.
[0271] Briefly, data below show that the anti-CTLA4 / CD47 antibody HX044, with 1+1 asymmetric structure composed of an anti-CTLA4 VL / VH pair and plus a CD47 binding SIRPαdomain, bound to and blocked the ligand binding of respectively targets with reduced affinity as compared to the reference antibody ipilimumab, and to the reference protein SIRPα-Fc. Nonetheless, HX044 was found to bind with particularly enhanced affinity and avidity to the cells with high expression of CTLA4 and CD47. Consistently, HX044 was found to have low binding to peripheral T-cells (e.g., CD4, CD8 and Treg) where CTLA4 and CD47 were not expressed at high levels and little binding to RBC, but high binding to TIL-Treg, which expressed CTLA4 at high levels.
[0272] HX044 also demonstrated strong ADCC activity toward cells with high CTLA4 expression levels. In humanized syngeneic models, HX044 also showed strong anti-tumor activity against hCD47-MC38 tumors at very low dose (<0.2mg / kg) and against huB16F10 melanoma tumor (traditionally cold tumor) (5 mg / kg) , companied with reduction of TIL-Treg. Toxicology evaluation demonstrated limited hematological toxicity of HX044 when administered at high dose levels (~10 mg / kg) , but not at low dose levels.
[0273] 6.8.1 Example 1: Construction of HX044
[0274] The bispecific antibody (BsAb) that bound to human CTLA4 and CD47 were generated as follows. Recombinant expression of the three peptide chains of the bispecific antibody HX044 (C1, C2, and C3; Table 5B) was achieved by three vectors system encoding the three polypeptide chains. The encoding genes of the three peptide chains were cloned separately into the vectors. BsAb expression vectors were prepared using endotoxin-free plasmid DNA purification methods (the EndoFree Plasmid kit, TransGen Biotech) . After preparing the DNA vectors, HEK293 suspension cells were used for transient expression. The DNA and PEI solution was combined, and the mixture was added to the cells. Six days after transfection, the HEK293 cells were harvested by centrifugation. The target molecule was then purified with protein A affinity chromatography.
[0275] The BsAb targeting human CTLA4 and CD47 (HX044) took a knob-in-hole configuration (FIG. 1A) . Specifically, HX044 has “1+1” asymmetric structure composed of a CTLA4 binding domain and a SIRPα (CD47 binding) domain. The first heavy chain constant region contained a Knob-Fc region that comprises amino acid mutations including T366W and the second heavy chain constant region contained a Hole-Fc region that comprises amino acid mutations T366S, L368A, and Y407V.
[0276] BsAbs of different configurations were also generated and tested, including those depicted in FIGs. 1B (Sirpα-IgG) , 1C (scFv-Sirpα, KIH) , and 1D (IgG-Sirpα) . Surprisingly, only the configuration depicted in FIG. 1A (Fab-Sirpα, KIH) demonstrated the desired properties, i.e., strong anti-tumor activity at low dose levels that would not cause hematoxicities and irAE.
[0277] 6.8.2 Example 2: Ligand binding of HX044
[0278] 1. CD47 antigen binding by ELISA: A96-well polyvinyl microtiter plate was coated with 100μL of0.5μg / mL CD47-his in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (200 mM, pH 9.4) overnight at 2-8℃. The plate was washed with PBS-T buffer three times, and the antigen (CD47-his) -coated plate was blocked with 1%BSA-PBS for 60 minutes at 37℃. The plate was washed with PBS-T buffer four times and incubated with 100μL / well of the BsAb provided herein (HX044) in five-fold serial dilutions (approximately 20 nM-0.000256 nM) for 1 hour at 37℃. The plate was then washed five times with PBS-T and incubated with 100μL of HRP-Goat Anti-Human IgG (H+L) (minimal cross-reaction) (10000X) in sample dilution buffer (1‰BSA in PBS) for 1 hour at 37℃. The washed plate wells were then incubated with 100μL / well of Substrate Solution at 37℃ for 10 minutes. The reaction was stopped by adding 50μL / well of 2M sulfuric acid. The absorbance at 450 nm was recorded using a micro plate reader.
[0279] As measured by ELISA assay, HX044 bound to recombinant human CD47 protein at EC50 of 8.12 nM, whereas SIRPα-Fc bound to same at EC50 of approximately 0.05 nM.
[0280] 2. CTLA4 antigen binding ELISA: A96-well polyvinyl microtiter plate was coated with 100μL of0.5μg / mL CTLA4-his in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (200 mM, pH 9.4) overnight at 2-8℃. The plate was washed with PBS-T buffer three times, and the antigen (CTLA4-his) -coated plate was blocked with 1%BSA-PBS for 60 minutes at 37℃. The plate was washed with PBS-T buffer four times and incubated with 100μL / well of the reference antibody ipilimumab and BsAb provided herein (HX044) in five-fold serial dilutions (approximately 20 nM-0.000256 nM) for 1 hour at 37℃. The plate was then washed five times with PBS-T and incubated with 100μL of HRP-Goat Anti-Human IgG (H+L) (minimal cross-reaction) (10000X) in sample dilution buffer (1‰BSA in PBS) for 1 hour at 37℃. The washed plate wells were then incubated with 100μL / well of Substrate Solution at 37℃ for 10 minutes. The reaction was stopped by adding 50μL / well of 2M sulfuric acid. The absorbance at 450 nm was recorded using a micro plate reader.
[0281] As measured by ELISA assay, HX044 bound to recombinant human CTLA4 receptor protein at EC50 of 0.77 nM, indicating a significantly lower affinity to CTLA4 compared to that of ipilimumab (EC50: 0.01 nM) .
[0282] 3. CD47 ligand blockade ELISA: A96-well polyvinyl microtiter plate was coated with 100 μL of 0.5μg / mL CD47-his in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (200 mM, pH 9.4) overnight at 2-8℃. The plate was washed with PBS-T buffer three times, and the antigen (CD47-his) -coated plate was blocked with 1%BSA-PBS for 60 minutes at 37℃. The plate was washed with PBS-T buffer four times and incubated with 50μL / well of the BsAb provided herein (HX044) in five-fold serial dilutions (approximately 40 nM-0.000512 nM) and 50μL / well of 0.2μg / mL SIRPα-mFc for 1 hours at 37℃. The plate was then washed five times with PBS-T and incubated with 100μL of HRP-Goat Anti-Mouse (5000X) in sample dilution buffer (1‰BSA in PBS) for 1 hour at 37℃. The washed plate wells were then incubated with 100μL / well of Substrate Solution at 37℃ for 10 minutes. The reaction was stopped by adding 50μL / well of 2M sulfuric acid. The absorbance at 450 nm was recorded using a micro plate reader.
[0283] HX044 competitively blocked CD47 binding to recombinant SIRPαat IC50 of~0.4nM.
[0284] 4. CTLA4 ligand blockade ELISA: A96-well polyvinyl microtiter plate was coated with 100μL of 0.5μg / mL CTLA4-his in carbonate-bicarbonate buffer (200 mM, pH 9.4) overnight at 2-8℃. The plate was washed with PBS-T buffer three times, and the antigen (CTLA4-his) -coated plate was blocked with 1%BSA-PBS for 60 minutes at 37℃. The plate was washed with PBS-T buffer four times and incubated with 50μL / well of the reference antibody (ipilimumab) in five-fold serial dilutions (approximately 40 nM-0.000512 nM) and BsAb provided herein (HX044) in five-fold serial dilutions (approximately 1000 nM-0.0128 nM) and 50μL / well of0.2μg / mL B7-1 / CD80-mFc for 1 hours at 37℃. The plate was then washed five times with PBS-T and incubated with 100μL of HRP-Goat Anti-Mouse (5000X) in sample dilution buffer (1‰BSA in PBS for 1 hour at 37℃. The washed plate wells were then incubated with 100μL / well of Substrate Solution at 37℃ for 10 minutes. The reaction was stopped by adding 50μL / well of 2M sulfuric acid. The absorbance at 450 nm was recorded using a micro plate reader.
[0285] HX044 competitively blocked CTLA4 binding to is ligand CD80 at IC50 of 8.8nM.
[0286] 5. HX044 binding to CD47-positive Jurkat cells: Jurkat cells endogenously express human CD47. Jurkat cells were incubated with titrated doses of the reference antibody protein (ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc) and the bsAbs provided herein (HX044) in serial dilutions (approximately 300 nM-0.00012 nM) at 4℃ for 1 hour. Bound antibodies were detected with Alexa 647 (AF647) -conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Human IgG (H+L) secondary antibody (Jackson Immuno Research-109-605-003) , and analyzed by flow cytometry. EC50 values were calculated from best-fit binding curves using GraphPad Prism software.
[0287] As shown in FIG. 2, HX044 bound to Jurkat cells at EC50 of 1024 nM, a significantly lower affinity to CD47 compared to that of SIRPα-Fc (EC50: 311.2 nM) .
[0288] 6. HX044 binding to CHO-K1-hCTLA4 cells: CHO-K1-CTLA4 cells which were engineered to express human CTLA4. These cells were confirmed to specifically express human CTLA4 but not human CD47. Three single clones with similar hCTLA4 expression (CTLA4-4C4, CTLA4-8F8 and CTLA4-7C11) were incubated with titrated doses of the reference antibody / protein (ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc) and bsAbs provided herein (HX044) in serial dilutions (approximately 300 nM-0.00012 nM) at 4℃ for 1 hour. Bound antibodies were detected with Alexa 647 (AF647) -conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Human IgG (H+L) secondary antibody (Jackson Immuno Research-109-605-003) and analyzed by flow cytometry. EC50 values were calculated from best-fit binding curves using GraphPad Prism software.
[0289] As shown in FIG. 3, All three clones showed similar binding properties. SIRPα-Fc doesn’ t bind to none of clones, whereas HX044 bound to three clones at EC50 of 11.28~14.90 nM, indicating a lower affinity to hCTLA4 compared to that of ipilimumab with EC50 of 1.168~3.035 nM.
[0290] 7. HX044 binding to 293T-hCTLA4 cells: 293T cells and four 293T-hCTLA4 cell clones which were engineered to stably express increasing levels of human CTLA4 (which were marked from-to++++, see table below) . These 5 cell lines were all CD47 positive cells and expressed membrane human CD47 with similar level. The cells were incubated with titrated doses of the reference antibody / protein (ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc) and BsAb provided herein (HX044) in serial dilutions (approximately 300 nM-0.00012 nM) at 4℃ for 1 hour. Bound antibodies were detected with Alexa 647 (AF647) -conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Human IgG (H+L) secondary antibody (Jackson Immuno Research-109-605-003) and analyzed by flow cytometry. EC50 values were calculated from best-fit binding curves using GraphPad Prism software.
[0291] As shown in FIG. 4, when CTLA4 expression was negative or low, HX044 bound to cells less strongly than SIRPα-Fc. With the increase of the CTLA4 expression, HX044 bound to CTLA4+ / CD47+double positive cells with progressively enhanced affinity (EC50 of 5~35 nM) , and with an avidity significantly above ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc when CTLA4 was expressed at high level (FIG. 4) . This result demonstrated that HX044 could bind strongly to cells that highly express both targets, and relatively weakly to cells expressing no or low level of CTLA4.
[0292] 8. HX044 binding to CD4+ / CD8+T or regulatory T (Treg) cells: The PBMC were isolated from healthy donors using ficoll density gradient separation (GE) and incubated with 200nM of the reference antibodies / protein (ipilimumab, magrolimab and SIRPα-Fc) and BsAb provided herein (HX044) at 4℃ for 1 hour. Bound antibodies were detected with Alexa 647 (AF647) -conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Human IgG (H+L) secondary antibody (Jackson Immuno Research-109-605-003) . Afterwards PBMC were stained with anti-human CD3-BV-786 (BD) , anti-human CD4-BV510 (BD) , anti-human CD25-BV421 (BD) , anti-human CD8 (BD) at 4℃ for 30 min. For Intracellular staining, the PBMC fixed and permed with Fix / Perm Buffer for 30 mins at 4℃, then stained with anti-human FoxP3 (1: 10) at 4℃ for 45 min. The cell detection via flow cytometry followed by its description.
[0293] As shown in FIG. 5 (upper panels, and lower left panel) , both HX044 and SIRPα-Fc bound to isolated human peripheral CD4+lymphocytes, CD8+lymphocytes, and Treg cells, which expressed CTLA4 and CD47 at low levels. At the same concentration, HX044 showed reduced binding to such cells compared to magrolimab (a phase-III anti-CD47 antibody) . HX044 also showed stronger binding to T lymphocytes than ipilimumab.
[0294] 9. RBC cell binding assay: Red blood cells (RBC) , isolated from healthy donors, were incubated with titrated doses of the reference antibodies / protein (ipilimumab, magrolimab and SIRPα-Fc) and bsAb provided herein (HX044) in serial dilutions (approximately 1500 nM-1.2 nM) at 4℃ for 1 hours. Bound antibodies were detected with Alexa 647 (AF647) -conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Human IgG (H+L) secondary antibody (Jackson Immuno Research-109-605- 003) and analyzed by flow cytometry. Data were calculated from best-fit binding curves using GraphPad Prism software.
[0295] HX044 showed little binding to RBCs, as compared to reference antibody magrolimab (FIG. 6) .
[0296] 10. Platelet binding assay: Platelet were isolated from healthy donors using ficoll density gradient separation (GE) and incubated with 200nM of the reference antibodies / protein (ipilimumab, magrolimab and SIRPα-Fc) and BsAb provided herein (HX044) at 4℃ for 1 hour. Bound antibodies were detected with Alexa 647 (AF647) -conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Human IgG (H+L) secondary antibody (Jackson Immuno Research-109-605-003) . Afterwards platelets were stained with anti-human CD45-BV605 and anti-human CD41-BV421 at 4℃ for 30 min. The platelets were gated in CD45-CD41+.
[0297] As shown in FIG. 5 (lower right panel) , both HX044 and SIRPα-Fc bound to isolated human platelets, which expressed human CD47. At the same concentration, HX044 showed reduced binding to such cells compared to SIRPα-Fc or magrolimab.
[0298] Collectively, these data demonstrated that HX044 was capable of binding to membrane CD47 and CTLA4, but with lower affinity as compared to SIRPα-Fc and ipilimumab, respectively. Nonetheless, HX044 bound in CD47+ / CTLA4+cells with high CTLA4 expression with high affinity and with avidity higher than that ipilimumab. Furthermore, HX044 exhibited significantly weaker binding affinity to human RBC, platelet and T lymphocytes as compared to SIRPαand magrolimab, supporting its reduced hematologic toxicity. HX044 also showed stronger binding to T lymphocytes as compared to ipilimumab, further supporting its enhanced efficacy in activity T cells.
[0299] 6.8.3 Example 3: Fc activities of HX044
[0300] 1. HX044 binding to 293T-FcRn cells: 293T-FcRn cells which were engineered to express human FCGRT-β2M were incubated with titrated doses of the reference antibody / protein (ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc) and the bsAb provided herein (HX044) in five-fold serial dilutions (approximately 300 nM-0.00012 nM) at 4℃ for 1 hours at pH 6.0. Bound antibodies were detected with Alexa 647 (AF647) -conjugated AffiniPure Goat Anti-Human IgG (H+L) secondary antibody (Jackson Immuno Research-109-605-003) and analyzed by flow cytometry. EC50 values were calculated from best-fit binding curves using GraphPad Prism.
[0301] As shown in FIG. 7, HX044 had comparable FcRn binding as ipilimumab at pH 6.0, indicating that it had comparable self-recycling ability in serum and similar pharmacokinetic features.
[0302] 2. ADCC Assay: 7.5x104 ofJurkat-NFAT-CD16A cells, which were engineered to express human FCγRIII and NFAT factor driven luciferase, were plated in a 96-well Solid White Flat Bottom Polystyrene TC-treated Microplates together with 3 type of 1.25x104 cells (25μL) 293T / 293T-CTLA4 cells respectively, which were engineered to express different level human CTLA4. The cells were then incubated with titrated doses of the reference antibody / protein (ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc) and bsAb provided herein (HX044) in serial dilutions (approximately 60 nM-0.00012 nM) at 37℃at 5%CO2. After 18 hours, 100μL / well Stable-LiteTM Luciferase Assay System reagent (Vazyme-DD1202-02) was added, and the plate was incubated at room temperature for 10 minutes to stabilize luminescent signal. Luminescence on the 2104 EnVision plate reader. EC50 values were calculated from best-fit binding curves using GraphPad Prism software.
[0303] As shown in FIG. 8, in CD47+ / CTLA4-293T cells, HX044 showed slightly stronger ADCC compared to SIRPα-Fc. In CD47+ / CTLA4+cells, HX044 showed significantly greater ADCC than ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc, and the ADCC activity of HX044 appeared to depend on the expression level of CTLA4 (FIG. 8) .
[0304] 6.8.4 Example 4: Anti-tumor activity of HX044
[0305] 1. In vivo MC-38-hCD47 humanized syngeneic models (HuGeMM) syngeneic model: Humanized syngeneic mouse MC38-hCD47 HuGeMM model was constructed by knocking-in (KI) hCD47 gene into a mouse colon cancer cell line MC-38, and inoculating the tumor cell line into hCTLA4 x hCD47 x hSIRPαHuGeMM mice. The mice were randomly grouped and treated when tumor reached~70 mm3. Different groups of mice were separately administered with low, medium, or high doses of HX044, or of reference antibody / protein (ipilimumab and SIRPα-Fc) . The treatment groups included HX044 (0.132, 1.98 and 6.6 mg / kg IP twice weekly, respectively) , SIRPα-Fc (0.092, 1.38 and 4.6 mg / kg IP twice weekly, respectively) , ipilimumab analog (0.172, 2.58 and 8.6 mg / kg IP twice weekly, respectively) and vehicle (PBS) . All treatments were molecularly equivalent. Tumor volumes were evaluated twice a week until average tumor volume reaches 2000 mm3. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated as TGI%= (1-Vtreatment / Vcontrol) ×100.
[0306] As shown in FIG. 9, strong anti-tumor activity of HX044 was observed in the hCTLA4xhCD47xhSIRPαC57 / B6-based HuGEMM mice (MC38-hCD47 model) , which was significantly higher than that of either SIRPα-Fc or ipilimumab, particularly at the low dose level (<0.2mg / kg) .
[0307] 2. In vivo B16F10-hCD47 HuGeMM syngeneic model: Humanized syngeneic mouse B16F10-hCD47 HuGEMM model was constructed by knocking in (KI) of hCD47 gene into a mouse melanoma cell line B16F10 and inoculating the tumor cell line into hCTLA4 x hCD47 x hSIRPαHuGeMM mice. The mice were randomly grouped and treated when tumor reaches~70 mm3. The treatment groups include HX044 (3.3 mg / kg IP dosing for twice followed by 6.6 mg / kg dosing for 4 times) , SIRPα-Fc (2.3 mg / kg IP dosing for twice followed by 4.6 mg / kg dosing for4 times) , Ipilimumab analog (4.3 mg / kg IP dosing for twice followed by 8.6 mg / kg dosing for4 times) and vehicle (PBS) . All treatments were molecularly equivalent. Tumor volumes were evaluated twice a week until average tumor volume reaches 2500 mm3. Tumor growth inhibition (TGI) was calculated as TGI%= (1-Vtreatment / Vcontrol) ×100. At the end of this experiment, tumors and spleens were harvested from 3 mice per group to analyze immune cells using flow cytometry. Treg cells were sorted as CD3+CD4+Foxp3+cells, whereas helper T cells were sorted as CD3+CD4+Foxp3-and cytotoxic T cells were sorted as CD3+CD8+Foxp3-.
[0308] As shown in FIG. 10, HX044 also demonstrated strong anti-tumor activity in B16F10-hCD47 melanoma model, a traditionally “cold” tumor (5mg / kg followed by 10 mg / kg) , significantly higher than that of either ipilimumab or SIRPα-Fc.
[0309] In addition, as shown in FIG. 11, increases in TIL-T cells and the reduction of TIL-Treg were also observed in tumors in HX044 treatment group, and the increases were significantly greater than that of the ipilimumab treatment group or the SIRPα-Fc treatment group. This observation demonstrated that the TIL-Treg reduction also contributed to the anti-tumor activity of HX044.
[0310] 6.8.5 Example 5: Hematologic toxicology of HX044
[0311] To evaluate hematologic toxicology of HX044, hCTLA4 x hCD47 x hSIRPαHuGeMM C57BL / 6J mice were randomly grouped according to body weight and treated with HX044 (9.2 mg / kg IP dosing twice weekly) , SIRPα-Fc (6.4 mg / kg IP dosing twice weekly) , ipilimumab analog (12 mg / kg IP dosing twice weekly) or vehicle (PBS) for 2 weeks (five doses) . The grouping day was set as Day 0. Blood cell tests were performed on Day 4 and Day 11. Entire blood samples were collected at the termination of the dosing (Day 15) and analyzed for lymphocyte composition. Treg cells were sorted as CD3+CD4+Foxp3+cells; helper T cells were sorted as CD45+CD4+Foxp3-and cytotoxic T cells were sorted as CD45+CD8+Foxp3-.
[0312] As shown, in non-tumor-bearing HuGEMM mice with high dose treatment, little toxicity on peripheral T-cells (FIG. 12) was observed, demonstrating little adverse effects on lymphocytes composition and therefore little hematologic toxicity.
[0313] All in vivo murine experiments were conducted under sterile conditions at Crown Bioscience SPF facility in strict accordance with the Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals of the National Institutes of Health. The protocol was approved by the Committee on the Ethics of Animal Experiments of Crown Bioscience (Crown Bioscience IACUC Committee) . The study design all followed the ARRIVE Guideline.
[0314] 6.8.6 Example 6: Production efficiency and stability of HX044
[0315] HX044, along with a reference bispecific antibody targeting CTLA4 and CD47, which had the ECD of hSirpαVariant 1 as the CD47 binding domain and had a flexible GS linker between the CD47 binding domain and the Fc domain ( “Reference bsAb” ) were generated and analyzed. The Reference bsAb has three peptides having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 54, 55, and 56 respectively.
[0316] Specifically, HX044 and the Reference bsAb were generated as follows. Recombinant expression of the three peptide chains of the bispecific antibody HX044 and the Reference bsAb was achieved by three vectors system encoding the three polypeptide chains. The encoding genes of the three peptide chains were cloned separately into the vectors. BsAb expression vectors were prepared using endotoxin-free plasmid DNA purification methods (the EndoFree Plasmid kit, TransGen Biotech) . After preparing the DNA vectors, CHO suspension cells were used for transient expression. The DNA and PEI solution was combined, and the mixture was added to the cells. Six days after transfection, the CHO cells were harvested by centrifugation. The target molecules were then purified with protein A affinity chromatography.
[0317] Both HX044 and Reference bsAb were subject to stability analysis. Specifically, SEC chromatography and SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) were used to measure their respective purity. For SEC chromatography, LC-20AT chromatographic columns were used under the following experimental conditions:
[0318] The deionized water was used as liquid phase and the flow rate slowly increased to 1.0 ml / min to a stable baseline. The sample entering time was set to 15 min. The data were analyzed and stored. The liquid phase was replaced with deionized water and washed for 1 h.
[0319] SDS-PAGE was conducted as follows: (1) samples were denatured under reducing and non-reducing condition: (2) electrophoresis was conducted under 180 V for 40 min; (3) colorization and washing of unbound dye were conducted for 30 min; and (4) photos were taken.
[0320] As shown in FIGs. 13A-13B (SEC) and FIGs. 14A-14B (SDS-PAGE) , HX044 exhibited superior heterodimerization than Reference bsAb. Specifically, HX044 had a higher purity (96.031%as measured at 214 nM and 96.501%at 280 nM by SEC) than Reference bsAb (93.985%as measured at 214 nM and 96.501%at 280 nM and 94.883%at 280 nm by SEC) (FIGs. 13A-13B) . As measured by SDS-PAGE, mispaired byproducts were observed for Reference bsAb, but not for HX044 (FIGs. 14A-14B) . As shown in FIG. 14A, HX044 appeared as a single clean band on the non-reducing gel and three clean bands (C1, C2 and C3) on the reducing gel. By contrast, as shown in FIG. 14B, bands with higher or lower molecular weight were observed on the non-reducing gel for the Reference bsAb, which corresponded to homodimer byproducts such as CTLA4-CTLA4 mAb (estimated MW 145kD) and Sirpα-Fc homodimer (estimated MW 78.5kD) , and the incorrect heterodimer without light chain (estimated 90~100kD) .
[0321] The expression levels of both HX044 and the Reference bsAb were also measured, and HX044 had a higher expression (423.15 mg) than Reference bsAb (381.76 mg) .
[0322] The results are summarized in the table below:
[0323] Due to their asymmetric structures, the expression of the two bispecific antibodies (HX044 and Reference bsAb) were susceptible to impurities. These fragment or aggregate impurities could have a significant impact on both the efficacy and the safety of the molecules. As shown, HX044 unexpectedly demonstrated superior stability, with reduced mispaired impurities, along with greater productivity compared to the Reference bsAb. This enhanced stability and efficiency underscores HX044's strong therapeutic potential.
[0324] ***
[0325] Although the foregoing invention has been described in some detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity of understanding, it is readily apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art in light of the teachings of this invention that certain changes and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the spirit or scope of the appended claims.
[0326] Accordingly, the preceding merely illustrates the principles of the invention. It will be appreciated that those skilled in the art will be able to devise various arrangements which, although not explicitly described or shown herein, embody the principles of the invention and are included within its spirit and scope. Furthermore, all examples and conditional language recited herein are principally intended to aid the reader in understanding the principles of the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventors to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions. Moreover, all statements herein reciting principles, aspects, and embodiments of the invention as well as specific examples thereof, are intended to encompass both structural and functional equivalents thereof. Additionally, it is intended that such equivalents include both currently known equivalents and equivalents developed in the future, i.e., any elements developed that perform the same function, regardless of structure. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.A bispecific antibody comprising(i) a light chain variable domain (VL) and a heavy chain variable domain (VH) , wherein the VL / VH pair specifically binds to human CTLA4, and wherein the VL comprises VL CDR1, VL CDR2, and VL CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 1, 2, and 3, respectively, and wherein the VH comprises VH CDR1, VH CDR2, and VH CDR3 having the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 4, 5, and 6, respectively; and(ii) a CD47 binding domain comprising the extracellular domain of SIRPαor a variant thereof.2.The bispecific antibody of claim 1, wherein the VL has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 7, and the VH has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 8.3.The bispecific antibody of claim 2, wherein the VL and VH have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 7 and 8, respectively.4.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the CD47 binding domain comprises the extracellular domain of human SIRPαVariant 2, or a variant thereof.5.The bispecific antibody of claim 4, wherein the CD47 binding domain has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, at least 99%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 9.6.The bispecific antibody of claim 5, wherein the CD47 binding domain has the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 9.7.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the VL, and a light chain constant region (CL) ;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the VH, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , and a Knob-Fc region; and(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the CD47 binding domain, and a Hole-Fc region.8.The bispecific antibody of claim 7, wherein the CD47 binding domain and the Hole-Fc region are directly connected without a linker.9.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 6, comprising(1) a first peptide chain (C1) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VL, and a light chain constant region (CL) ;(2) a second peptide chain (C2) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, VH, a heavy chain constant domain 1 (CH1) , and a Hole-Fc region; and(3) a third peptide chain (C3) comprising, from N-terminus to C-terminus, the CD47 binding domain, and a Knob-Fc region.10.The bispecific antibody of claim 9, wherein the CD47 binding domain and the Knob-Fc region are directly connected without a linker.11.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein the Knob-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including a T366W substitution; and the Hole-Fc region is a human IgG1 Fc region variant having up to ten amino acids substitutions, including T366S, L368A, Y407V substitutions.12.The bispecific antibody of claim 11, wherein the Knob-Fc region further comprises S354C substitution, and the Hole-Fc region further comprises Y349C substitution.13.The bispecific antibody of claim 11, wherein the Knob-Fc region further comprises Y349C substitution, and the Hole-Fc region further comprises S354C substitution.14.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the Knob-Fc region further comprises E357K and D399K substitutions, and the Hole-region further comprises K370E and K409D substitutions.15.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 11 to 13, wherein the Knob-Fc region further comprises K370E and K409D substitutions, and the Hole-region further comprises E357K and D399K substitutions.16.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 7 to 10, wherein(i) the CL region is kappa CL (Cκ; SEQ ID NO: 21) or lambda CL (Cλ; SEQ ID NO: 22) , or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions;(ii) the CH1 domain is human IgG1 CH1 domain (SEQ ID NO: 41) or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions; and / or(iii) the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 31 and 35, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 32 and 36, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 33 and 37, respectively; or (4) SEQ ID NOs: 34 and 38, respectively; or a variant thereof having up to ten amino acids substitutions.17.The bispecific antibody of claim 16, wherein the CL region, CH1 domain, the Knob-Fc region and the Hole-Fc region have the amino acid sequences of (1) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 31 and 35, respectively; (2) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 32 and 36, respectively; (3) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 33 and 37, respectively; or (4) SEQ ID NOs: 21, 41, 34 and 38, respectively.18.The bispecific antibody of claim 7, wherein C1 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 51; C2 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 52, and C3 has an amino acid sequence that is at least 95%, at least 98%, or 100%sequence identity to SEQ ID NO: 53.19.The bispecific antibody of claim 18, wherein C1, C2, and C3 have the amino acid sequences of SEQ ID NOs: 51, 52, and 53, respectively.20.The bispecific antibody of any one of claim 1 to 19, wherein the bispecific antibody (1) has high avidity to CTLA4 and CD47 double positive cells; (2) depletes tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) -regulatory T cells (Treg cells) or Treg cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) ; (3) increases cytokine level in TME; or (4) enhances T cell proliferation and / or activity against the cancer; (5) enhances macrophage-mediated phagocytosis; (6) enhances dendritic cell-mediated antigen presentation; or any combination of (1) - (6) .21.The bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 20, wherein the bispecific antibody (1) has higher affinity for CTLA4 and CD47 double positive cells than CTLA4 or CD47 single positive cells; (2) selectively eliminates CTLA4 and CD47 positive cells by antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxic (ADCC) ; (3) has limited hematoxicity; or (4) has limited immune-related adverse events (irAE) ; or any combination of (1) - (4) .22.The bispecific any one of claims 1 to 21, wherein the bispecific antibody has limited mispaired impurities.23.A composition comprising the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 22, wherein the purity of the bispecific antibody is at least 95%, wherein the purity is measured by Size Exclusion Chromatography (SEC) or non-reduced SDS-PAGE.24.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 22 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.25.A polynucleotide encoding a peptide chain of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 22.26.The polynucleotide of claim 25 encoding all peptide chains of the bispecific antibody.27.A plurality of the polynucleotide of claim 25 that collectively encode all peptide chains of the bispecific antibody.28.A vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 25 or 26.29.A cell comprising the polynucleotide or plurality of polynucleotides of any one of claims 25 to 27, or the vector of claim 28.30.A method of making a bispecific antibody that specifically binds to human CTLA4 and human CD47 comprising culturing the cell of claim 29 under conditions that allow expression of the bispecific antibody.31.A method of treating cancer in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 22.32.The method of claim 31, wherein the subject is a human.33.Use of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 22 as a medicament.34.Use of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 22 in treating cancer.35.Use of the bispecific antibody of any one of claims 1 to 22 for the preparation of a medicament for treating cancer.