Chemically programmable systems for controlled protein translocation and gene expression in cell
Chemically programmable systems combining scaffold and effect modules with a Grazoprevir-induced dimerization system address the challenge of controlling sub-cellular localization and gene expression, achieving precise and versatile regulation of cellular processes.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/122482
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-09-28
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-03
AI Technical Summary
Current technologies face challenges in controlling the sub-cellular localization of artificial protein condensates and efficiently regulating gene expression at the protein, RNA, and DNA levels.
Development of chemically programmable systems that combine scaffold protein modules with effect modules, utilizing a Grazoprevir-induced dimerization system to control the sequestration and release of engineered proteins and nucleic acids, enabling three-directional transport and regulation of gene expression.
Achieves precise control over protein translocation and gene expression, with minimal leakage, allowing for versatile regulation of cellular processes and potential therapeutic applications.
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Abstract
Description
Chemically programmable systems for controlled protein translocation and gene expression in cellFIELD
[0001] The present disclosure relates to synthetic biology and, in particular to, systems and polypeptide complexes that combine a scaffold protein module with various effect modules, enabling comprehensive and versatile control at the protein, RNA, and DNA levels.BACKGROUND
[0002] For eukaryotic cells, cellular activities are highly spatiotemporally organized and compartmentalized into various membrane enclosed organelles1. Recent discoveries showed that cells also contained many membrane-less organelles, such as P granules2 and stress granules3, 4, that formed by natural protein condensates and phase separation.
[0003] Membrane-less organelles or biomolecular condensates can be assembled within a cell through the expression of proteins containing intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) or through the ability of proteins to self-assemble via oligomerization5. At the molecular scale, membrane-less organelles recruit client enzymes or RNAs and create micro-environments for enhancement or suppression of biochemical reactions or metabolism flux6, 7. Further, membrane-less organelles play an important role in different biological processes, such as DNA repair8, cell development9 and immune signaling10. Sparked by the mechanism that biomolecular condensates sequester proteins or RNAs from other cellular components, researchers developed cytosolic membrane-less organelles to control the sequestration and / or release of proteins or mRNAs 21-26.
[0004] The synthesis of complex molecules using multiple enzymes simultaneously in one reaction vessel has rapidly emerged as a new frontier in the field of bioprocess technology. However, operating different enzymes together in a single vessel limits their operational performance which needs to be addressed. Such mega-enzyme complexes promise wider applications in the field of biotechnology and bioengineering.
[0005] Protein condensates occur naturally throughout the cell, including in the nucleus and cytoplasm, where their distribution and function are tightly regulated by the cell6. However, there remains a discrepancy in controlling the sub-cellular localization of artificial protein condensates. Our objective is to develop a three-directional transport mechanism that can effectively locate synthetic condensates within the cell.
[0006] There is a need for novel molecules and methods that can be used for developing new therapeutic strategies for a range of diseases.SUMMARY
[0007] The present disclosure provides novel chemical-induced nucleic synthetic condensates for controlling the behavior of biomolecules, including proteins, RNAs, and DNAs. We fuse candidate scaffold proteins (ScPs) with the fluorescent protein Azami-Green (AG) 27, 28 to serve as a core of synthetic condensate. Then, a grazoprevir (Grazo) -induced dimerization system NS3aH1 is adopted to control the sequestration of engineered “effector” modules, including translocation proteins, RNA-binding protein (MCP) , and DNA-binding proteins (TetR, dCas9 and Zinc Finger) . A variety of ScPs is explored for inducible cellular transport, controllable transcription inhibition and CRISPR / Cas-based activation, as well as translational inhibition. In particular, the present disclosure demonstrates nucleus-based translational and subcellular regulation of target mRNA with minimal leakage in mammalian cells and mice. Using this modular framework as a foundation, we integrated strategies for protein sequestration and nuclear acid sequestration to create a versatile switch system in mammalian cells.
[0008] In one aspect, provided herein is a polypeptide complex, comprising:
[0009] a first polypeptide chain comprising a scaffold protein (ScP) operably linked to a NS3a protein;
[0010] a second polypeptide chain comprising a reader protein that specifically binds to the NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is bound with a NS3a-targeting drug;
[0011] wherein the first polypeptide chain and the second polypeptide chain associates together upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug.
[0012] In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is selected from lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) , heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) , optionally the scaffold protein is LplA.
[0013] In some embodiments, the NS3a protein is NS3aH1.
[0014] In some embodiments, the reader protein is grazoprevir / NS3a complex reader (GNCR) protein.
[0015] In some embodiments, the NS3a-targeting drug is Grazoprevir.
[0016] In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide, e.g. at the N terminal or C terminal of the polypeptide chain.
[0017] In some embodiments, the sub-cell localization signal peptide is selected from an NLS signal peptide for nuclear localization, a CAAX signal peptide for membrane localization, and a TOM20 signal peptide for cytosolic localization.
[0018] In some embodiments, in the polypeptide complex:
[0019] (a) the second polypeptide chain comprises the NLS signal peptide, such that the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cell nucleus, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or a signal peptide selected from NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides;
[0020] (b) the second polypeptide chain comprises the CAAX signal peptide, such that the polypeptide complex is shuffled to plasma membrane, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or a signal peptide selected from NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides; or
[0021] (c) the second polypeptide chain comprises the TOM20 signal peptide, such that the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cytosolic, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or a signal peptide selected from NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides; or
[0022] (d) the second polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide, and the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or a signal peptide selected from NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides.
[0023] In some embodiments, in the polypeptide complex:
[0024] the first polypeptide chain comprises the NS3a protein operably linked to LplA, optionally with a linker or a marker protein between NS3a and LplA, and
[0025] the second polypeptide chain comprises the GNCR protein operably linked to a sub-cellular location signal peptide, optionally with a linker or a marker protein between GNCR and the signal peptide.
[0026] In some embodiments, the two polypeptide chains are encoded by separate vectors which are co-expressed in a transfected cell.
[0027] In one aspect, provided herein is a polypeptide complex, comprising:
[0028] a first polypeptide chain comprising a scaffold protein (ScP) operably linked to a NS3a protein;
[0029] a second polypeptide chain comprising a reader protein that specifically binds to apo NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is not bound with a NS3a-targeting drug;
[0030] wherein the association of the first polypeptide chain and the second polypeptide chain is disrupted upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug.
[0031] In some embodiments, the NS3a protein is NS3aH1.
[0032] In some embodiments, the reader protein is apo NS3a reader (ANR) protein, e.g. ANR2, ANR3 or ANR4.
[0033] In some embodiments, the NS3a-targeting drug is Grazoprevir.
[0034] In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is selected from lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) , heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) .
[0035] In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide, e.g. at the N terminal or C terminal of the polypeptide chain.
[0036] In some embodiments, the sub-cell localization signal is selected from NLS signal peptide for nuclear localization, CAAX signal peptide for membrane localization, and TOM20 signal peptide for cytosolic localization.
[0037] In some embodiments, in the polypeptide complex:
[0038] (a) the second polypeptide chain comprises the NLS signal peptide and the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cell nucleus, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or comprises the NLS signal peptide;
[0039] (b) the second polypeptide chain comprises the CAAX signal peptide and the polypeptide complex is shuffled to plasma membrane, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or comprises the CAAX signal peptide;
[0040] (c) the second polypeptide chain comprises the TOM20 signal peptide and the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cytosolic, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or comprises the TOM20 signal peptide;
[0041] (d) the second polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide, and the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide.
[0042] In some embodiments, the second polypeptide chain comprises an RNA binding protein that can bind to a motif or a tag comprised in a target RNA, such that the polypeptide complex can sequester the target RNA in the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug.
[0043] In some embodiments, the target RNA naturally comprises or is modified to comprise the motif or tag.
[0044] In some embodiments, the target RNA is a mRNA, optionally, the motif is present in the 3’ UTR of the mRNAs.
[0045] In some embodiments, the motif is MS2 box and the RNA binding protein is MS2 coat protein (MCP) or a fragment thereof.
[0046] In some embodiments, the target RNA comprises one or more copies of MS2 box, preferably at least 8 copies of MS2 box.
[0047] In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is LplA, and the polypeptide complex can sequester the target RNA in the cytosolic prior to the addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the target RNA can be released.
[0048] In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is FUS478, and the polypeptide complex can sequester the target RNA in the nuclear prior to the addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the target RNA can be released.
[0049] In some embodiments, the target RNA is mRNA and the target RNA can be released for translocation to ER for translation.
[0050] In some embodiments, in the polypeptide complex:
[0051] the first polypeptide chain comprises the NS3a protein operably linked to LplA,
[0052] the second polypeptide comprises the ANR protein operably linked to an RNA binding protein, and
[0053] the target RNA comprises a motif or tag that binds to the RNA binding protein.
[0054] In some embodiments, in the polypeptide complex:
[0055] the first polypeptide chain comprises the NS3a protein operably linked to FUS478 and an NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal,
[0056] the second polypeptide comprises the ANR protein operably linked to an RNA binding protein, and an NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal, and
[0057] the target RNA comprises a motif or tag that binds to the RNA binding protein.
[0058] In some embodiments, the second polypeptide chain comprises a DNA binding protein that can bind to a target DNA sequence, such that the polypeptide complex can form condensates near the target DNA sequence.
[0059] In some embodiments, the target DNA sequence is naturally comprised in chromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA or the chromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA is modified to comprise the target DNA sequence.
[0060] In some embodiments, the target DNA sequence is a DNA promoter, motif or tag.
[0061] In some embodiments, the DNA binding protein is a Tetracycline repressor (tetR) or a zinc finger protein such as ZF1.
[0062] In some embodiments, the DNA binding protein is ZF1 and the target DNA sequence comprises one or more copies of ZF1-corresponding DNA-binding motifs (DBMs) , preferably at least 8 copies of DBMs.
[0063] In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is PB1, and the polypeptide complex can form condensates near the target DNA sequence prior to the addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the target DNA sequence can be unblocked.
[0064] In some embodiments, in the polypeptide complex:
[0065] the first polypeptide chain comprises the NS3a protein operably linked to PB1 and an NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal,
[0066] the second polypeptide comprises the ANR protein operably linked to a DNA binding protein, and an NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal, and
[0067] the target DNA sequence comprises a motif or tag that binds to the DNA binding protein.
[0068] In some embodiments, the two polypeptide chains are encoded by separate vectors which are co-expressed in a transfected cell.
[0069] In one aspect, provided herein is a polypeptide complex, comprising:
[0070] a first polypeptide chain comprising a scaffold protein (ScP) operably linked to a NS3a protein;
[0071] a second polypeptide chain comprising a first reader protein that specifically binds to apo NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is not bound with a NS3a-targeting drug, operably linked to an RNA binding protein that can bind to a motif or a tag comprised in a sgRNA targeting an gene of interest;
[0072] a third polypeptide chain comprising a second reader protein operably linked to a dCas9-VP64-p65-Rta (dCas9-VPR) fusion protein;
[0073] wherein in the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug, the first, the second and the third polypeptide chains associate together to form the polypeptide complex which can sequester the sgRNA,
[0074] wherein upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the first, the second and the third polypeptide chains are disassociated.
[0075] In some embodiments, the NS3a protein is NS3aH1.
[0076] In some embodiments, the first and the second reader protein is selected from apo NS3a reader (ANR) proteins, e.g. selected from ANR2, ANR3 and ANR4.
[0077] In some embodiments, the NS3a-targeting drug is Grazoprevir.
[0078] In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is selected from p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) , heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) .
[0079] In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide, optionally at the N terminal or C terminal.
[0080] In some embodiments, the sub-cell localization signal peptide is selected from NLS signal peptide for nuclear localization, CAAX signal peptide for membrane localization, and TOM20 signal peptide for cytosolic localization.
[0081] In some embodiments, the second polypeptide chain comprises the NLS signal peptide and the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cell nucleus, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or comprises the NLS signal peptide.
[0082] In some embodiments, the sgRNA is designed to comprise a motif or tag that is recognized and bound by the RNA binding protein.
[0083] In some embodiments, the motif is MS2 box and the RNA binding protein is MS2 coat protein (MCP) or a fragment thereof.
[0084] In some embodiments, the target RNA comprises one or more copies of MS2 box, preferably at least 8 copies of MS2 box.
[0085] In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is PB1, and the polypeptide complex can sequester the sgRNA in the cell nucleus prior to the addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the sgRNA can be released for transcriptional activation of the gene of interest.
[0086] In some embodiments, in the polypeptide complex:
[0087] the first polypeptide chain comprises the NS3a protein operably linked to PB1 and the NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal;
[0088] the second polypeptide chain comprises a first ANR protein operably linked to an RNA binding protein, and the NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal;
[0089] the third polypeptide chain comprises a second ANR protein operably linked to a dCas9-VPR fusion protein; and
[0090] the sgRNA comprises a motif or tag that is recognized and bound by the RNA binding protein.
[0091] In some embodiments, the three polypeptide chains are encoded by separate vectors which are co-expressed in a transfected cell.
[0092] In some embodiments, the transfected cell is an animal cell e.g. a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell, a fungal cell or a plant cell.
[0093] In one aspect, provided herein is one or more nucleic acids encoding the first polypeptide chain and / or the second polypeptide chain, optionally the third polypeptide chain of the polypeptide complex as described above.
[0094] In one aspect, provided herein is a vector comprising the nucleic acid as disclosed herein.
[0095] In one aspect, provided herein is a method for regulating the expression of a gene of interest in a cell, comprising introducing a first nucleic acid encoding the first polypeptide chain and a second nucleic acid encoding the second polypeptide chain of the polypeptide complex as described above into the cell.
[0096] In one aspect, provided herein is a method for regulating the expression of a gene of interest in a cell, comprising introducing a first nucleic acid, a second nucleic acid and a third nucleic acid encoding the first, the second and the third polypeptide chains respectively of the polypeptide complex as described above into the cell. Optionally, the method further increases introducing the NS3a-targeting drug such as grazoprevir into the cell for inducing of the association or disassociation of the polypeptide complex.
[0097] The method can be performed in vivo or in vitro. The methods, polypeptide complexes and nucleic acids encoding the polypeptide complexes have a wide application in gene therapy. In some embodiments, the gene of interest is related to a disease or disorder. The disease or disorder may involve the over-expressing or low-expressing of the gene at the DNA, RNA and protein level.
[0098] In one aspect, provided herein is a method for treating a subject with an disease or disorder related to abnormal gene transcription and / or expression, comprising introducing a first nucleic acid, a second nucleic acid encoding the first and the second polypeptide chains respectively (and if present, a third nucleic acid encoding the third polypeptide chain) of the polypeptide complex as described above into the subject.
[0099] The foregoing and other features and advantages of the disclosure will become more apparent from the following detailed description of several embodiments which proceeds with reference to the accompanying figures.
[0100] DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
[0101] Figure 1 shows the concept and design of programable synthetic condensate formation and shuttling. (A) Schematic of synthetic condensates fused by scaffold proteins (ScP) and a Grazoprevir (Grazo) -regulated switch NS3aH1 (ScP-NS3aH1) . A transport pair GNCR / ANR was introduced that was fused to various signal peptide (SP) , including NLS, CAAX and TOM20. Upon a Grazo-induced dimerization / dissociation, ScP can achieve nucleus-cytosol-membrane (mitochondria) three-directional shutting. (B) Cytosol-to-nucleus translocation of HEK293 cells coexpressing synthetic condensates NS3a-AG-LplA and GNCR-mCherry-NLS. (C) Nucleus-to-Cytosol and mitochondria translocation of HEK293 cells coexpressing synthetic condensates NLS-NS3a-AG-LplA and TOM20-GNCR-mCherry. (D) Nucleus-to-membrane translocation of HEK293 cells coexpressing synthetic condensates NLS-NS3a-AG-LplA and GNCR-mCherry-CAAX. (b-d) The confocal imaging was performed 24h after incubation of transfected HEK293T cells with DMSO (upper panel) or 1 uM Grazo (lower panel) ; Scale bar, 10um.
[0102] Figure 2 shows synthetic cytosolic condensates for manipulating mRNA translation and translocation. (A) Scheme of cytosolic synthetic condensates design for manipulating target mRNA translation and sub-cellular location. Spontaneously, nucleic condensates (NLS-ScP-NS3a) dimerize with ANR-fused MCP and sequestrate cytosolic MBS-tagged target mRNAs and further inhibit translation of target mRNAs. The presence of Grazoprevir can rescue the translation of the target mRNAs by the dissociation of NS3a and ANR. (B) Screening different ScPs for translational regulation of target mRNAs. Candidate condensates (ScP-AG-NS3a) recruit MCP-ANR2 spontaneously to trap MBS-tagged mRNA. (C) SEAP production of HEK293 cells transfected with mRNA-trapping encoding components at the presence of DMSO or Grazo. The control cells were transfected with different expression vectors to yield different combinatorial configurations for the presence (+) or absence (-) of NS3a-AG-LplA and MCP-ANR2, while all the groups were transfected with the reporter gene construct phCMV-SEAP-16xMBSs. (B, C) SEAP production in the culture supernatant was profiled at 30h after chemical treatment; n=3. (D) Confocal fluorescence images of HEK293 cells co-expressing NS3a-AG-LplA (green) , MCP-mCherry-ANR2 (red) and SEAP-MS2BOX16 (cy5-labeled as purple) with DMSO (upper panel) or Grazo (lower panel) . Scale bar, 10 μm. (E) Intensity profiles of fluorescence signals in cells (Figure 2D) expressing NS3a-AG-LplA (green line) , MCP-mCherry-ANR2 (red line) and SEAP-MBS (pink line) under DMSO (left) and Grazoprevir (right) . (F) Co-localization of synthetic condensates and FISH signal against target mRNA (SEAP_MS2BOX16) in individual cells under Grazo (n=30) or DMSO (n=30) . (G) SEAP mRNA relative expression for HEK293T cells co-expression NS3a-AG-LplA, MCP-ANR2 and reporter SEAP-16xMBSs; N=3. (H) Specificity of cytosolic mRNA translational regulation. HEK293T cells were transfected with NS3a-AG-LplA, MCP-ANR2 and reporter gene SEAP with varied number of inserted MBSs (0, 4, 8, 16, 24) ; N=3. (I) RNA IP for cytosolic condensates (Flag-NS3a-AG-LplA) . Fold enrichment of the immunoprecipitated (RIP) mRNA was calculated as 2 (-ΔΔCt [Output / Input] ) as for in the washing step with Grazoprevir (1uM) or DMSO (N=3) . Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed paired t test; Data were presented as means ± SD.
[0103] Figure 3 shows synthetic nucleic condensates for manipulate mRNA translation and translocation. (A) Scheme of nucleic synthetic condensates design for manipulate target mRNA translation and sub-celluar location. Spontaneously, nucleic condensates (NLS-ScP-NS3a) dimerize with ANR-fused MCP and further sequestrate MBS-tagged target mRNAs in the nucleus. In this case, target mRNAs are trapped inside nucleus and failed to interact with ribosome for translation. The presence of Grazoprevir can rescue the translation of target mRNAs by the dissociation of NS3a and ANR. (B) Screening different ScPs for translational regulation of target mRNAs. Candidate condensates (NLS-ScP-AG-NS3a) recruit NLS-MCP-ANR2 spontaneously to trap MBS-tagged mRNA. (C) SEAP production of HEK293 cells transfected with pre-mRNA-trapping encoding components under DMSO or Grazo. The control cells were transfected with different expression vectors to yield different combinatorial configurations for the presence (+) or absence (-) of NLS-FUS478-AG-NS3a and NLS-MCP-ANR2, while all the groups were transfected with the reporter (phCMV-SEAP-16xMBSs) . (B, C) SEAP production in the culture supernatant was profiled at 30h after chemical treatment. (D) Confocal fluorescence images of HEK293 cells coexpressing NLS-FUS478-AG-NS3a (green) , NLS-MCP-mCherry-ANR2 (red) and SEAP-MS2BOX16 (cy5-labeled as purple) with DMSO (upper panel) or Grazor (lower panel) . Scale bar, 10 μm. (E) Intensity profiles of fluorescence signals in cells (D) expressing NLS-FUS478-AG-NS3a (green line) , NLS-MCP-mCherry-ANR2 (red line) and SEAP-MBS (pink line) under DMSO (left) and Grazoprevir (right) . (F) Co-localization of synthetic condensates and FISH signal against target mRNA (SEAP_MS2BOX16) in individual cells under Grazo (n=30) or DMSO (n=30) . (G) SEAP mRNA relative expression for HEK293T cells co-expression NLS-FUS478-AG-NS3a, NLS-MCP-ANR2 and reporter SEAP-MS2BOX16. N=3. (H) Kinetics of SEAP production with grazoprevir-induced mRNA translational regulation. (I) Specificity of nucleic mRNA translational regulation. HEK293T cells were transfected with NLS-FUS478-AG-NS3a, NLS-MCP-ANR2 and reporter gene SEAP which inserted varied number of MBSs (0, 4, 8, 16, 24) . SEAP production in the culture supernatant was profiled at 30h after chemical treatment. N=3. (J) RNA IP for nucleic condensates (NLS-FUS478-AG-NS3a-3xFLAG) . Fold enrichment of the immunoprecipitated (RIP) mRNA was calculated as 2 (-ΔΔCt [Output / Input] ) as for in the washing step with Grazoprevir (1uM) or DMSO. (K) Experiment design for testing the performance of condensate-based mRNA regulation system in vivo by hydrodynamic injection. (L) Performance of condensate-based mRNA regulation system delivered via hydrodynamic injection. Analysis of blood SEAP levels of mice injected with plasmids and then treated with Grazo (3 mg kg-1, i.p. ) or PBS. n = 6 mice (the individual data points are shown as dots) . Statistical analysis was performed using a two-tailed paired t test; Data were presented as means ± SD.
[0104] Figure 4 shows synthetic condensates for CRISPR / Cas-based transcriptional activation. (A) Scheme of modular synthetic condensates design for manipulate dCas9-induced gene activation. Integrating sgRNA-trapping and dCas9-VPR-trapping strategies, nucleic condensates (NLS-ScP-NS3a) dimerized spontaneously with ANR-fused NLS-MCP and ANR-fused dCas9-VPR which inactivated the gene activation via co-blocking of MS2-inserted sgRNA and ANR-tagged dCas9-VPR. The presence of Grazoprevir can activate the gene transcription. (B) Screening different ScPs for dCas9-based gene activation. Candidate condensates (NLS-ScP-AG-NS3a) recruit NLS-MCP-mCherry-ANR2 and dCas9-VPR-ANR4 spontaneously to block the gene activation by phCMVmin-targeting sgRNA (inserted with MS2 stemloops) and dCas9-VPR. (C) SEAP production of HEK293 cells transfected with dCas9-VPR-trapping and sgRNA-trapping encoding components under DMSO or Grazo. The control cells were transfected with different expression vectors to yield different combinatorial configurations for the presence (+) or absence (-) of each component, while all the groups were transfected with the reporter (phCMVmin-CMV-SEAP) and phCMVmin-targeting sgRNA (inserted with MS2 stemloops) . (D) Confocal fluorescence images of HEK293T cells coexpressing NLS-PB1-AG-NS3a and NLS-MCP-mCherry-ANR2 24h after incubation with DMSO (upper panel) or 1 uM Grazoprevir (lower panel) . Scale bar, 10 μm. (E-G) Grazoprevir-dependent dCas9-induced transcriptional activation for endogenous genes (IL1RN, ASCL1, RHOXF2) . (H) Comparison of chemical induced dCas9-based system for transcriptional activation. (B, C and H) SEAP production in the culture supernatant was profiled at 48h after chemical treatment. Data were presented as means ± SD; n = 3 independent replicate experiments.
[0105] Figure 5 shows synthetic condensates for transcriptional inhibition. (A) Scheme of modular synthetic condensates design for manipulating target DNA transcription. Spontaneously, NS3a-fused ScP dimerized with ANR-fused tetR and further inhibited the transcription of target gene closed to tetO operators by steric hindrance. The presence of Grazo can rescue the transcriptional inhibition. (B) Screening different ScP for transcriptional regulation of target gene. Candidate ScPs fused to AG-NS3a recruit NLS-TetR-ANR3 module spontaneously to inhibit target gene (tetO14-CMV-SEAP) . (C) SEAP production of HEK293 cells transfected with DNA-trapping encoding components under DMSO or Grazoprevir. The control cells were transfected with different expression vectors to yield different combinatorial configurations for the presence (+) or absence (-) of NLS-PB1-AG-tetR and NLS-tetR-ANR3, while all the groups were transfected with the reporter (tetO14-CMV-SEAP) . (D) Confocal fluorescence images of HEK293T cells coexpressing NLS-PB1-AG-NS3a and NLS-tetR-mCherry-ANR3 24h after incubation with DMSO (upper panel) or 1 uM Grazo (lower panel) . Scale bar, 10 μm. (E) SEAP mRNA relative expression for HEK293T cells co-expression NLS-PB1-AG-NS3a, NLS-TetR-ANR3 and reporter tetO14-CMV- SEAP. (F) Scheme of ZF-based design for manipulate target DNA transcription. (G) Screening different ScP for ZF-based transcriptional regulation of target gene. Candidate ScPs fused to AG-NS3a recruit ZF1-NLS-ANR3 module spontaneously to inhibit target gene (DBM8-CMV-SEAP) . (H-I) CDKN1C mRNA level of HEK293 cells transfected with DNA-trapping encoding components under DMSO or Grazoprevir. The control cells were transfected with different expression vectors to yield different combinatorial configurations for the presence (+) or absence (-) of ZF (targeting CDKN1C_125) and ZF (targeting CDKN1C_200) while were coexpressing NLS-PB1-AG-NS3a (H) or NLS-KRAB-NS3a (I) respectively. (B, C, G) SEAP production in the culture supernatant was profiled at 24h after chemical treatment. Data were presented as means ±SD; n = 3 independent replicate experiments.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0106] The disclosures and embodiments set forth herein are to be construed as exemplary only and not as limiting the scope of the invention. Although specific terms are employed herein, unless otherwise noted, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation. Unless otherwise defined herein, scientific and technical terms used in connection with the present disclosure shall have the meanings that are commonly understood by those of ordinary skill in the art. All references cited herein, including publications, patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0107] Generally, nomenclature used in connection with, and techniques of, cell and tissue culture, molecular biology, immunology, microbiology, genetics and protein and nucleic acid chemistry and hybridization described herein are well known and commonly used in the art. The methods and techniques of the present disclosure are generally performed according to conventional methods well known in the art and as described in various general and more specific references that are cited and discussed throughout the present specification unless otherwise indicated. See, e.g., Abbas et al., Cellular and Molecular Immunology, 6th ed., W.B. Saunders Company (2010) ; Sambrook J. &Russell D. Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, 3rd ed., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (2000) ; Ausubel et al., Short Protocols in Molecular Biology: A Compendium of Methods from Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley, John &Sons, Inc. (2002) ; Harlow and Lane Using Antibodies: A Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (1998) ; and Coligan et al., Short Protocols in Protein Science, Wiley, John &Sons, Inc. (2003) . The nomenclature used in connection with, and the laboratory procedures and techniques of, analytical chemistry, synthetic organic chemistry, and medicinal and pharmaceutical chemistry described herein are well known and commonly used in the art.
[0108] Definitions
[0109] As used herein, the singular forms “a, ” “an, ” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0110] The term “about” as used herein in conjunction with a stated numerical value or range of numerical values is meant to encompass variations of the stated numerical value or range of numerical values (i.e., denoting somewhat more or somewhat less than the stated numerical value or range of numerical values, to within a range of ±20%, ±10%, ±5%, ±1%, ±0.5%, ±0.1%, or ±one standard deviation of the stated value or range of numerical values) . Although efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g. ranges, amounts, concentrations, etc. ) , some experimental deviations should be accounted for.
[0111] The term “protein condensates” as used herein refers to distinct structures assembled in living cells that concentrate molecules via phase separation in a confined subcellular compartment. Protein condensates encompasses native protein condensates that occur throughout the cell and artificial protein condensates that are assembled from constructed components. Protein condensates can be located in the nucleus, cytoplasm or plasma membrane, where their distribution and function are tightly regulated by the cell6.
[0112] The term “scaffold protein (ScP) ” as used herein refers to proteins that serve as docking sites for various protein members of a signaling cascade, thereby smoothing out corresponding interactions and functions. Scaffold proteins could efficiently bring different enzymes together in a specific manner, constructing a protein scaffold-based multi-enzyme complex, and organize complex enzyme cascades comprising two or more types of enzymes in specified configuration, subsequently improving the enzymatic performance along with the pathway flux. The scaffold proteins may be naturally localized in the nucleus, cytoplasm or plasma membrane to form protein condensates. In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is selected from lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain–binding protein 1 (G3BP1) 3, heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) .
[0113] The term “Grazoprevir” or “Grazo” as used herein refers to a small molecule antiviral drug (DrugBank Accession Number DB11575) on sale in the market for treating hepatitis C infections. Grazoprevir is the generic name of the drug. Grazoprevir is an inhibitor of NS3 / 4A, a serine protease enzyme, encoded by HCV genotypes 1 and 4 synthesis. Grazoprevir, as an inhibitor of NS3 / 4A, is able to potently and dose-dependently displace apo NS3a reader (ANR) from NS3a, thus Grazoprevir can be used as a switch signal for regulating gene expression. Therefore, NS3a / ANR interaction can be used as a chemically-disruptable switch for intramolecularly controlling protein colocalization.
[0114] The term “NS3aH1” or “apo NS3a” as used herein refers to a variant of the hepatitis C virus protease (HCVp) NS3a. NS3a can integrate multiple drug inputs and translate the drug inputs into diverse outputs using different engineered reader proteins as dimerization partners. NS3a and its “reader” protein may form a dimer and the reader protein may, for example, be selected to recognize a specific drug-bound state of the NS3a protein. NS3aH1 can bind to both grazoprevir / NS3a complex reader (GNCR) at the grazoprevir bound state and ANR reader proteins at the unbound state. NS3a proteins and NS3a reader proteins have been described in Baker et al., International Patent Publication W02020117778, entitled “Reagents and Methods for Controlling Protein Function and Interaction” , published on June 11, 2020, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. NS3a proteins and pleiotropic response outputs from danoprevir / NS3a complex readers, grazoprevir / NS3a complex readers, and ANR / NS3a complex readers have been described in Foight, G. W., et al., Nature Biotechnology (2019) 37: 1209-1216; Cunningham-Bryant, D. et al., Journal of the American Chemical Society (2019) 141 : 3352-3355; and Kugler, J., et al., Journal of Biological Chemistry (2012) 287: 39224-39232, which are incorporated herein by reference in their entireties. Unless otherwise indicated herein, the reference to “NS3a” throughout the disclosure encompasses “NS3aH1” . An exemplary amino acid sequence of NS3aH1 is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0115] The term “NS3a reader protein” refers to effector proteins ( “readers” ) that recognize NS3a, and more specifically recognize a specific drug-bound state of the NS3a protein. In addition to Grazoprevir, multiple NS3a-targeting drugs can be used as inputs that are interpreted by designed readers to generate multiple outputs.
[0116] The term “grazoprevir / NS3a complex reader (GNCR) ” , as used herein, refers to reader protein that selectively binds the grazoprevir / NS3a complex over the apo NS3a protein, where NS3a is any variant of the HCV protease NS3 / 4a (any genotype and catalytically active or dead) . The functional part of GNCR is the interface with grazoprevir / NS3a, which can be grafted onto any protein backbone that supported the arrangement of these helices and still serve as a grazoprevir / NS3a complex reader.
[0117] The term “apo NS3a reader (ANR) ” , as used herein, refers to reader protein that selectively binds the apo NS3a protein and serves as a “reader” of the apo NS3a state, forming a basal complex that is disruptable by small molecule NS3a inhibitors. ANR could bind tightly to NS3a and act as a peptide inhibitor of NS3a’s serine protease activity. Exemplary sequences of ANR proteins are shown in SEQ ID NOs: 6-9.
[0118] The term “MS2 BOX” , as used herein, refers to a MS2 phage RNA motif that can be specifically recognized by MS2 coat protein (MCP) . MS2 BOX may comprise more than one copies of the motif, e.g. MS2BOX4, MS2BOX8 and MS2BOX16. The MS2 and MS2-coat protein (MS2-MCP) are widely used in imaging systems to study messenger RNA (mRNA) spatial distribution in living cells.
[0119] The term “dCas9-VPR” , as used herein, refers to a nuclease-defective mutant of Cas9 (catalytically defective Cas9, i.e. dCas9) fused to a highly active tripartite activator VP64-p65-Rta (VPR) , which allows for sgRNA directed targeted gene activation. It has been found that dCas9 interacts with effectors related to transcriptional regulation, such as VP64 and KRAB, to coregulate gene expression, which is currently the most common use of dCas9. dCas9 fusion with VP64, VPR and other transcriptional activation effectors can bind near the gene transcription start site to promote gene transcription.
[0120] The terms “guide RNA” and “single guide RNA” are used interchangeably herein to refer to RNA-based molecules that are capable of forming a complex with a CRISPR-Cas protein and comprises a guide sequence having sufficient complementarity with a target nucleic acid sequence to hybridize with the target nucleic acid sequence and direct sequence-specific binding of the complex to the target nucleic acid sequence. The sgRNA of a CRISPR-Cas protein may comprise a tracr-mate sequence (encompassing a “direct repeat” in the context of an endogenous CRISPR system) and a guide sequence. The CRISPR-Cas system or complex as described herein may or may not rely on the presence of a tracr sequence.
[0121] The term “release” as used herein refers to the disassociation of the ScP-based condensate and release of target molecule (e.g. target mRNA, sgRNA) from the state of being sequestered by the condensate.
[0122] The terms “operably link” and “operably linked” , as used herein, refer to a juxtaposition, with or without a spacer or linker, of two or more biological sequences of interest in such a way that they are in a relationship permitting them to function in an intended manner. When used with respect to polypeptides, it is intended to mean that the polypeptide sequences are linked in such a way that permits the linked product to have the intended biological function. For example, the ScP protein (or a fragment thereof) may be operably linked to NS3a protein (or a fragment thereof) directly, or there may be a linker or spacer or a third protein (such as a marker protein or a fluorescent protein) between the ScP protein and the NS3a protein, and still provides for a stable product wherein the ScP protein and the NS3a protein performs their desired functions. The term may also be used with respect to polynucleotides. The term operably linked, when used herein to describe proteins or domains linked to form a polypeptide chain, can be represented by a symbol “-” .
[0123] As used herein, “%identity” or “%identical” between two amino acid sequences can be determined using the algorithm of E. Meyers and W. Miller (Comput. Appl. Biosci., 4: 11-17 (1988) ) which has been incorporated into the ALIGN program (version 2.0) , using a PAM120 weight residue table, a gap length penalty of 12 and a gap penalty of 4. In addition, the percent identity between two amino acid sequences can be determined by the algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol. Biol. 48: 444-453 (1970) ) which has been incorporated into the GAP program in the GCG software package (available at http: / / www. gcg. com) , using either a Blossum 62 matrix or a PAM250 matrix, and a gap weight of 16, 14, 12, 10, 8, 6, or 4 and a length weight of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6. Additionally or alternatively, protein sequences of the present disclosure can further be used as a “query sequence” to perform a search against public databases to, for example, identify related sequences. Such searches can be performed using the XBLAST program (version 2.0) of Altschul, et al. (1990) J. MoI. Biol. 215: 403-10. BLAST protein searches can be performed with the XBLAST program, score = 50, wordlength = 3 to obtain amino acid sequences homologous to the antibody molecules of the disclosure. To obtain gapped alignments for comparison purposes, Gapped BLAST can be utilized as described in Altschul et al, (1997) Nucleic Acids Res. 25 (17) : 3389-3402. When utilizing BLAST and Gapped BLAST programs, the default parameters of the respective programs (e.g., XBLAST and NBLAST) can be used. See www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov.
[0124] Transcriptional control regions in eukaryotes generally comprise “promoter” and “enhancer” elements. Promoters and enhancers consist of short arrays of DNA sequences that interact specifically with cellular proteins involved in transcription (Maniatis et al., Science 236: 1237 (1987) , incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) . For example, the SV40 early gene enhancer is very active in a variety of cell types from many mammalian species and has been used to express proteins in a broad range of mammalian cells (Dijkema et al, EMBO J. 4: 761 (1985) , incorporated herein by reference in its entirety) . Promoter and enhancer elements derived from the human elongation factor 1-alpha gene (Uetsuki et al., J. Biol. Chem., 264: 5791 (1989) ; Kim et al., Gene 91: 217 (1990) ; and Mizushima and Nagata, Nucl. Acids. Res., 18: 5322 (1990) ) , the long terminal repeats of the Rous sarcoma virus (Gorman et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 79: 6777 (1982) ) , and the human cytomegalovirus (Boshart et al., Cell 41: 521 (1985) ) are also of utility for expression of proteins in diverse mammalian cell types, incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0125] The term “target gene” as used herein refers to any nucleotide sequence encoding a known or putative gene product. The target gene may be a mutated gene involved in a genetic disease or disorder.
[0126] As used herein, the term “transfection” refers to the uptake of a foreign nucleic acid (e.g., DNA or RNA) by a cell. A cell has been “transfected” when an exogenous nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) has been introduced inside the cell membrane. A number of transfection techniques are generally known in the art (See, e.g., Graham et al., Virol., 52: 456 (1973) ; Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, a Laboratory Manual, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories, New York (1989) ; Davis et al., Basic Methods in Molecular Biology, Elsevier, (1986) ; and Chu et al., Gene 13: 197 (1981) , incorporated herein by reference in their entirety) . Such techniques may be used to introduce one or more exogenous DNA moieties, such as a gene transfer vector and other nucleic acid molecules, into suitable recipient cells.
[0127] Modules based on Scaffold proteins and chemical-induced dimerization system
[0128] The present application provides novel approaches based on synthetic condensate formed by Scaffold proteins and chemically induced dimerization system NS3aH1, which are capable of regulating gene expression at the transcriptomic level and the translational level. The systems and polypeptide complexes as disclosed herein have the potential to manage the function or malfunction of target proteins, DNAs, or mRNAs individually and autonomously and establishes a comprehensive and adaptable framework for systematically integrating and regulating the interaction between condensates and nucleic acids.
[0129] In one aspect, the application provides a transportable condensate core based on the fusion of ScPs and a dual-output switch protein NS3aH1 (optionally a fluorescent protein e.g. AG between them) , which can be matched with various effector modules. For example, the effector module may be a signal peptide-tagged module for condensate’s translocation, a DNA-binding module for transcriptional inhibition, or tethered dCas9-VPR and MCP for transcriptional activation and translational regulation. Different ScPs suitable for different modules are provided herein.
[0130] In some aspects, the application further provides different systems comprising specific modules for cytosolic mRNA translational regulation, nuclear mRNA translational regulation, transcriptional inhibition regulation and transcriptional activation regulation, respectively.
[0131] I. Two-module system for three-directional targeting of condensate-forming proteins
[0132] In one aspect, provided herein is a system (or polypeptide complex) comprising two polypeptide chains (or termed as modules) which can be associated or dissociated depending on the presence or absence of a chemical inducer.
[0133] In some embodiments, the first module comprises a scaffold protein (ScP) operably linked to a NS3a protein and the second module comprises a reader protein that specifically binds to the NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is in a state of binding with a NS3a-targeting drug. In the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug, the two modules (i.e. polypeptide chains) would not associate together to form the polypeptide complex, whereas when the NS3a-targeting drug is added into the system, the two polypeptide chains can efficiently associates with each other and shuffled to the desired sub-cellular location when a suitable sub-cellular signal peptide is adopted in the polypeptide chain. More specifically, the system may comprise synthetic condensates fused by scaffold proteins (ScP) and a chemical-regulated switch NS3aH1 (ScP-NS3aH1) . Upon a chemical-induced dimerization / dissociation, ScP can achieve nucleus-cytosol-membrane (mitochondria) three-directional shutting.
[0134] The scaffold protein can be selected from a wide varieties of proteins that can form condensates in the cell, including but not limited to, lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) , heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) , optionally the scaffold protein is LplA. In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is Lp1A which naturally form condensates in the cytosolic. The scaffold protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain may be tagged with different sub-cellular signal peptides to change its sub-cellular location.
[0135] In some embodiments, the reader protein is grazoprevir / NS3a complex reader (GNCR) protein. The GNCR protein is known for its Grazoprevir dependent ability in binding to NS3a. The GNCR protein can only bind to NS3a when NS3a is already bound with Grazoprevir. Though the present disclosure exemplifies that GNCR protein and Grazoprevir are used, other drug / NS3a complex reader and corresponding drug may also be adopted in the system as disclosed herein.
[0136] In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide, e.g. at the N terminal or C terminal of the polypeptide chain. A variety of sub-cell localization signal peptides can be used herein, such as a Nuclear localization signal (NLS) peptide for nuclear localization, a CAAX signal peptide for membrane localization, and a TOM20 signal peptide for cytosolic localization, among others. NLS peptides are generally short peptides that act as a signal fragment that mediates the transport of proteins from the cytoplasm into the nucleus. The CAAX motif serves as a plasma targeting sequence and prenylation signal, ensuring correct localization of a protein at the plasma membrane. The TOM20 protein is a protein located in the outer membrane of mitochondria, thus the tagging of the TOM20 signal peptide to the polypeptide chain would lead to sub-cellular localization to mitochondria, i.e. in the cytoplasm (cytosolic) . As demonstrated herein, with genetic coding NLS, the scaffold proteins can self-assemble into nucleic condensates; with genetic coding CAAX, the scaffold proteins can self-assemble into membrane condensates; with genetic coding TOM20, the scaffold proteins can self-assemble into cytosolic condensates.
[0137] In some embodiments, both the first and second polypeptide chains do not possess a sub-cellular localization signal peptide such as NLS, CAAX or TOM20, and the polypeptide complex is assembled and located in the cytosolic.
[0138] In some other embodiments, the second polypeptide chain comprises the NLS signal peptide, such that the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cell nucleus. The first polypeptide chain may comprise no sub-cellular localization signal peptide, or comprises a signal peptide selected from e.g. NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides. Upon the addition of Grazoprevir, the sub-cellular localization signal peptide on the second polypeptide chain can determine the location of the formed polypeptide complex.
[0139] In some other embodiments, the second polypeptide chain comprises the CAAX signal peptide, such that the polypeptide complex is shuffled to plasma membrane. The first polypeptide chain may comprise no sub-cellular localization signal peptide, or comprises a signal peptide selected from e.g. NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides. Upon the addition of Grazoprevir, the sub-cellular localization signal peptide on the second polypeptide chain can determine the location of the formed polypeptide complex.
[0140] In some other embodiments, the second polypeptide chain comprises the TOM20 signal peptide, such that the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cytosolic. The first polypeptide chain may comprise no sub-cellular localization signal peptide, or comprises a signal peptide selected from e.g. NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides. The NLS peptide adopted in the systems herein may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 10 or 11. The CAAX signal peptide adopted in the systems herein may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 13. The TOM20 peptide adopted in the systems herein may comprise the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 12. Upon the addition of Grazoprevir, the sub-cellular localization signal peptide on the second polypeptide chain can determine the location of the formed polypeptide complex.
[0141] Specifically, the first polypeptide chain may comprise the NS3a protein operably linked to LplA (NS3a-Lp1A, in either direction) . Optionally, there may be a linker between the two proteins for flexible linkage, or a marker protein or a fluorescent protein for cell imaging (e.g. AG, mCherry) inserted between NS3a and LplA. The marker protein or a fluorescent protein may also be at the N terminal or C terminal of the NS3a-Lp1A or Lp1A-NS3a fusion.
[0142] On the other hand, the second polypeptide chain may comprise the GNCR protein operably linked to a sub-cellular location signal peptide selected from NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides (e.g. GNCR-NLS, GNCR-CAAX, GNCR-TOM20 in either direction) . Optionally, there may be a linker between the two proteins for flexible linkage, or a marker protein or a fluorescent protein for cell imaging (e.g. AG, mCherry) inserted between GNCR and the signal peptide. The marker protein or a fluorescent protein may also be at the N terminal or C terminal of the fusion protein of GNCR and the signal peptide.
[0143] In some embodiments, the first polypeptide chain comprises NS3aH1-LplA and the second polypeptide chain comprises GNCR-NLS, and in the presence of grazoprevir, the polypeptide complex is located in the cell nucleus. In some embodiments, the first polypeptide chain comprises NLS-NS3aH1-LplA and the second polypeptide chain comprises TOM20-GNCR, and in the presence of grazoprevir, the polypeptide complex is located in the cytosolic. In some embodiments, the first polypeptide chain comprises NLS-NS3aH1-LplA and the second polypeptide chain comprises GNCR-CAAX, and in the presence of grazoprevir, the polypeptide complex is located in the plasma membrane.
[0144] In some embodiments, the NS3a protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 1 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 1.
[0145] In some embodiments, the Lp1A protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 2 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 2.
[0146] In some embodiments, the GNCR protein comprised in the second polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 5 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 5.
[0147] In some embodiments, the two polypeptide chains are encoded by separate vectors which are co-expressed in a transfected cell, which may be a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell, a fungal cell or a plant cell.
[0148] II. System for cytosolic mRNA translational regulation
[0149] In one aspect, provided herein is a system (or polypeptide complex) comprising two polypeptide chains (or termed as modules) which are associated together in the absence of a chemical inducer and dissociated upon addition of the chemical inducer. With or without sub-cellular location signal peptides, the two polypeptide chains both localize in cell cytoplasm and form cytoplasmic condensates.
[0150] In some embodiments, the first module comprises a scaffold protein (ScP) operably linked to a NS3a protein and the second module comprises a reader protein that specifically binds to the apo NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is not bound with a NS3a-targeting drug. In the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug, the two polypeptide chains associate together to form the polypeptide complex, whereas when the NS3a-targeting drug is added into the system, the interaction between NS3a and the reader protein is displaced and the two polypeptide chains can efficiently disassociates from each other.
[0151] In some embodiments, the second polypeptide chain further comprises an RNA binding protein that can specifically recognize and bind to a motif or a tag in a target RNA. The target RNA may naturally comprise or be modified to comprise the motif or tag for recognition. In the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug, the polypeptide complex can sequester the target RNA via the binding between the RNA binding protein in the second polypeptide chain and the motif or tag in the target RNA. The target RNA may be selected depending on the gene of interest whose expression is desired to be regulated. In some embodiments, the target RNA is a mRNA and the motif is present in the 3’ UTR of the mRNA.
[0152] A wide variety of RNA binding proteins and their corresponding binding motifs known in the art may be selected for use in the present system. For example, the motif is MS2 box and the RNA binding protein is MS2 coat protein (MCP) or a fragment thereof. The target mRNA may comprise one or more copies of MS2 box, preferably at least 8 copies of MS2 box, e.g. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or more copies of MS2 box in the 3’UTR.
[0153] The scaffold protein can be selected from a wide varieties of proteins that can form condensates in the cell, including but not limited to, lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) , heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) , optionally the scaffold protein is LplA. In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is Lp1A which naturally form condensates in the cytosolic. The scaffold protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain may be tagged with different sub-cellular signal peptides to change its sub-cellular location.
[0154] In some embodiments, the reader protein is apo NS3a reader (ANR) protein, e.g. ANR2, ANR3 or ANR4. The ANR protein is known for its Grazoprevir dependent ability in binding to NS3a. The ANR protein can only bind to NS3a when NS3a is not bound with Grazoprevir. Though the present disclosure exemplifies that ANR protein and Grazoprevir are used, other ANR proteins and corresponding drug may also be adopted in the system as disclosed herein.
[0155] In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide, e.g. at the N terminal or C terminal of the polypeptide chain. A variety of sub-cell localization signal peptides can be used herein, such as an NLS signal peptide for nuclear localization, a CAAX signal peptide for membrane localization, and a TOM20 signal peptide for cytosolic localization, among others. For example, with genetic coding NLS, the scaffold proteins can self-assemble into nucleic condensates; with genetic coding CAAX, the scaffold proteins can self-assemble into membrane condensates; with genetic coding TOM20, the scaffold proteins can self-assemble into cytosolic condensates.
[0156] In some embodiments, both the first and second polypeptide chains do not possess a sub-cellular localization signal peptide such as NLS, CAAX or TOM20, and the polypeptide complex is assembled and located in the cytosolic. In some other embodiments, one or both of the first and second polypeptide chains possess a sub-cellular localization signal peptide for cytosolic localization such as TOM20, and the polypeptide complex is assembled and located in the cytosolic. Preferably, the scaffold protein is LplA, and the polypeptide complex can sequester the target RNA in the cytosolic prior to the addition of the NS3a-targeting drug (thus reducing available target RNAs in the cytoplasm) , upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the target RNA can be released from the ScP-based condensate. When the target RNA is an mRNA, the released mRNA may enter the endoplasmic reticulum for translation. Since the motif is present in the 3’ UTR, the translation of the released mRNA would not be affected by it binding to the RNA binding protein in the second polypeptide chain.
[0157] Thus, the system as disclosed herein can be used for manipulating target mRNA translation and sub-cellular location. The presence of Grazoprevir can rescue the translation of the target mRNAs by the dissociation of NS3a and ANR.
[0158] Specifically, the first polypeptide chain may comprise the NS3a protein operably linked to LplA (NS3a-Lp1A, in either direction) . Optionally, there may be a linker between the two proteins for flexible linkage, or a marker protein or a fluorescent protein for cell imaging (e.g. AG, mCherry) inserted between NS3a and LplA. The marker protein or a fluorescent protein may also be at the N terminal or C terminal of the NS3a-Lp1A or Lp1A-NS3a fusion.
[0159] On the other hand, the second polypeptide chain may comprise the ANR (e.g. ANR2) protein operably linked to an RNA binding protein (e.g. ANR-MCP, in either direction) . Optionally, there may be a linker between the two proteins for flexible linkage, or a marker protein or a fluorescent protein for cell imaging (e.g. AG, mCherry) inserted between ANR and the RNA binding protein. The marker protein or a fluorescent protein may also be at the N terminal or C terminal of the fusion protein of ANR and the RNA binding protein.
[0160] In some embodiments, the first polypeptide chain comprises NS3aH1-LplA and the second polypeptide chain comprises MCP-ANR, and the polypeptide complex is located in the cell cytosolic.
[0161] In some embodiments, the NS3a protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 1 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 1.
[0162] In some embodiments, the Lp1A protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 2 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 2.
[0163] In some embodiments, the ANR protein comprised in the second polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID Nos: 6-9 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to any of SEQ ID Nos: 6-9.
[0164] In some embodiments, the two polypeptide chains are encoded by separate vectors which are co-expressed in a transfected cell, which may be a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell, a fungal cell or a plant cell.
[0165] III. System for nuclear mRNA translational regulation
[0166] In one aspect, provided herein is a system (or polypeptide complex) comprising two polypeptide chains (or termed as modules) which are associated together in the absence of a chemical inducer and dissociated upon addition of the chemical inducer. With a nuclear localization signal peptide, the two polypeptide chains associate and form nuclear condensates in the absence of a chemical inducer.
[0167] In some embodiments, the first module comprises a scaffold protein (ScP) operably linked to a NS3a protein and the second module comprises a reader protein that specifically binds to the apo NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is not bound with a NS3a-targeting drug. In the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug, the two polypeptide chains associate together to form the polypeptide complex, whereas when the NS3a-targeting drug is added into the system, the interaction between NS3a and the reader protein is displaced and the two polypeptide chains can efficiently disassociates from each other.
[0168] In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide for nuclear localization, and the scaffold proteins can self-assemble into nucleic condensates. Further, the second polypeptide chain comprises an RNA binding protein that can specifically recognize and bind to a motif or a tag of a target RNA in the nucleus. The target RNA may naturally comprise or be modified to comprise the motif or tag for recognition. In the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug, the polypeptide complex can sequester the target RNA via the binding between the RNA binding protein in the second polypeptide chain and the motif or tag in the target RNA. The target RNA may be selected depending on the gene of interest whose expression is desired to be regulated. In some embodiments, the target RNA is a mRNA and the motif is present in the 3’ UTR of the mRNA.
[0169] A wide variety of RNA binding proteins and their corresponding binding motifs known in the art may be selected for use in the present system. For example, the motif is MS2 box and the RNA binding protein is MS2 coat protein (MCP) or a fragment thereof. The target RNA may comprise one or more copies of MS2 box, preferably at least 8 copies of MS2 box, e.g. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or more copies of MS2 box in the 3’ UTR.
[0170] In some embodiments, the first and / or the second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide for nuclear localization, e.g. at the N terminal or C terminal of the polypeptide chain. A variety of sub-cell localization signal peptides for nuclear localization can be used herein, such as an NLS signal peptide. The presence of Grazoprevir can rescue the translation of the target mRNAs by the dissociation of NS3a and ANR and release the mRNA for translation in the ER. Thus, the system as disclosed herein can be used for manipulating target mRNA translation and sub-cellular location.
[0171] In some embodiments, the second polypeptide chain comprises the NLS signal peptide and the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cell nucleus, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or comprises the NLS signal peptide.
[0172] The scaffold protein can be selected from a wide varieties of proteins that can form condensates in the cell, including but not limited to, lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) , heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) , optionally the scaffold protein is FUS478. In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is FUS478 which naturally form condensates in the nucleus. The scaffold protein comprised in the first and / or second polypeptide chain may be tagged with different sub-cellular signal peptides to change its sub-cellular location.
[0173] In some embodiments, the reader protein is apo NS3a reader (ANR) protein, e.g. ANR2, ANR3 or ANR4. The ANR protein is known for its Grazoprevir dependent ability in binding to NS3a. The ANR protein can only bind to NS3a when NS3a is not bound with Grazoprevir. Though the present disclosure exemplifies that ANR protein and Grazoprevir are used, other ANR proteins and corresponding drug may also be adopted in the system as disclosed herein.
[0174] Specifically, the first polypeptide chain may comprise the NS3a protein operably linked to FUS478 (NS3a-FUS478, in either direction) . Optionally, there may be a linker between the two proteins for flexible linkage, or a marker protein or a fluorescent protein for cell imaging (e.g. AG, mCherry) inserted between NS3a and FUS478. The marker protein or a fluorescent protein may also be at the N terminal or C terminal of the NS3a-FUS478 or FUS478-NS3a fusion.
[0175] On the other hand, the second polypeptide chain may comprise the ANR (e.g. ANR2) protein operably linked to an RNA binding protein (e.g. ANR-MCP, in either direction) . Optionally, there may be a linker between the two proteins for flexible linkage, or a marker protein or a fluorescent protein for cell imaging (e.g. AG, mCherry) inserted between ANR and the RNA binding protein. The marker protein or a fluorescent protein may also be at the N terminal or C terminal of the fusion protein of ANR and the RNA binding protein.
[0176] Preferably, the scaffold protein is FUS478, and the polypeptide complex can sequester the target RNA in the nuclear prior to the addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the target RNA can be released. When the target RNA is an mRNA, the released mRNA may translocate to the endoplasmic reticulum for translation.
[0177] In some embodiments, the first polypeptide chain comprises NLS-NS3aH1-FUS478 and the second polypeptide chain comprises MCP-ANR, and the polypeptide complex is located in the cell nucleus.
[0178] In some embodiments, the NS3a protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 1 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 1.
[0179] In some embodiments, the FUS478 protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 3 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 3.
[0180] In some embodiments, the ANR protein comprised in the second polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID Nos: 6-9 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to any of SEQ ID Nos: 6-9.
[0181] In some embodiments, the two polypeptide chains are encoded by separate vectors which are co-expressed in a transfected cell, which may be a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell, a fungal cell or a plant cell.
[0182] IV. System for transcriptional inhibition regulation
[0183] In one aspect, provided herein is a system (or polypeptide complex) comprising two polypeptide chains (or termed as modules) which are associated together in the absence of a chemical inducer and dissociated upon addition of the chemical inducer. With a nuclear localization signal peptide, the two polypeptide chains associate and form nuclear condensates in the absence of a chemical inducer.
[0184] In some embodiments, the first module comprises a scaffold protein (ScP) operably linked to a NS3a protein and the second module comprises a reader protein that specifically binds to the apo NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is not bound with a NS3a-targeting drug. In the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug, the two polypeptide chains associate together to form the polypeptide complex, whereas when the NS3a-targeting drug is added into the system, the interaction between NS3a and the reader protein is displaced and the two polypeptide chains can efficiently disassociates from each other.
[0185] In some embodiments, at least one of the first and second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide for nuclear localization, and the scaffold proteins can self-assemble into nucleic condensates. Further, the second polypeptide chain comprises an DNA binding protein that can specifically recognize and bind to a motif or a tag of a target DNA sequence in the nucleus. The target DNA sequence may be comprised in the chromosomal DNA, and may naturally comprise or be modified to comprise the motif or tag for recognition. In the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug, the polypeptide complex can form condensates near the target DNA sequence. In some embodiments, the target DNA sequence is in a transcriptional control region, such as a promoter region or an enhancer region. For example, the target DNA sequence is in the promoter region, thus gene transcription related to the promoter is blocked by steric hindrance. Alternatively, the target DNA sequence is a motif or tag which can be recognized and bound by the DNA binding protein. The target DNA may be selected depending on the gene of interest whose expression is desired to be regulated.
[0186] A wide variety of DNA binding proteins and their corresponding binding motifs known in the art may be selected for use in the present system, including transcription activator-like effector nuclease (TALEN) and their DNA binding domains, zinc-finger nuclease (ZFN) and their DNA binding domains etc.. Transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) can be engineered to bind practically any desired DNA sequence. In some embodiments, the DNA binding protein is a Tetracycline repressor (tetR) or a zinc finger protein such as ZF1. In some embodiments, the DNA binding protein is tetR and the target DNA sequence is tetO operator. In some embodiments, the DNA binding protein is ZF1 and the target DNA sequence comprises one or more copies of ZF1-corresponding DNA-binding motifs (DBMs) , preferably at least 8 copies of DBMs, e.g. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or more copies of DBMs in the target DNA sequence.
[0187] In some embodiments, the first and / or the second polypeptide chains comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide for nuclear localization, e.g. at the N terminal or C terminal of the polypeptide chain. A variety of sub-cell localization signal peptides for nuclear localization can be used herein, such as an NLS signal peptide. The presence of Grazoprevir can dissociate the polypeptide complex and the target DNA sequence can be unblocked.
[0188] In some embodiments, the second polypeptide chain comprises the NLS signal peptide and the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cell nucleus, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or comprises the NLS signal peptide.
[0189] The scaffold protein can be selected from a wide varieties of proteins that can form condensates in the cell, including but not limited to, lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) , heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) , optionally the scaffold protein is FUS478. In some embodiments, the scaffold protein is PB1. The scaffold protein comprised in the first and / or second polypeptide chain may be tagged with different sub-cellular signal peptides to change its sub-cellular location.
[0190] In some embodiments, the reader protein is apo NS3a reader (ANR) protein, e.g. ANR2, ANR3 or ANR4. The ANR protein is known for its Grazoprevir dependent ability in binding to NS3a. The ANR protein can only bind to NS3a when NS3a is not bound with Grazoprevir. Though the present disclosure exemplifies that ANR protein and Grazoprevir are used, other ANR proteins and corresponding drug may also be adopted in the system as disclosed herein.
[0191] Specifically, the first polypeptide chain may comprise the NS3a protein operably linked to PB1 (NS3a-PB1, in either direction) . Optionally, there may be a linker between the two proteins for flexible linkage, or a marker protein or a fluorescent protein for cell imaging (e.g. AG, mCherry) inserted between NS3a and PB1. The marker protein or a fluorescent protein may also be at the N terminal or C terminal of the NS3a-PB1 or PB1-NS3a fusion.
[0192] On the other hand, the second polypeptide chain may comprise the ANR (e.g. ANR2 or ANR3) protein operably linked to an DNA binding protein (e.g. ANR-tetR, in either direction) . Optionally, there may be a linker between the two proteins for flexible linkage, or a marker protein or a fluorescent protein for cell imaging (e.g. AG, mCherry) inserted between ANR and the DNA binding protein. The marker protein or a fluorescent protein may also be at the N terminal or C terminal of the fusion protein of ANR and the DNA binding protein.
[0193] Preferably, the scaffold protein is PB1, and the polypeptide complex can inhibit the transcription of target gene by steric hindrance. The presence of Grazo can rescue the transcriptional inhibition.
[0194] In some embodiments, the first polypeptide chain comprises NLS-PB1-NS3aH1 and the second polypeptide chain comprises NLS-tetR-ANR, and the polypeptide complex is located in the cell nucleus.
[0195] In some embodiments, the NS3a protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 1 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 1.
[0196] In some embodiments, the PB1 protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 4 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 4.
[0197] In some embodiments, the ANR protein comprised in the second polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in any of SEQ ID Nos: 6-9 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to any of SEQ ID Nos: 6-9.
[0198] In some embodiments, the two polypeptide chains are encoded by separate vectors which are co-expressed in a transfected cell, which may be a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell, a fungal cell or a plant cell.
[0199] V. System for transcriptional activation regulation
[0200] In one aspect, provided herein is a system (or polypeptide complex) comprising three polypeptide chains (or termed as modules) which are associated together in the absence of a chemical inducer and dissociated upon addition of the chemical inducer. The polypeptide complex can form nuclear condensates in the absence of a chemical inducer.
[0201] In some embodiments, the first module comprises a scaffold protein (ScP) operably linked to a NS3a protein, the second module comprises a first reader protein that specifically binds to the apo NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is not bound with a NS3a-targeting drug operably linked to an RNA binding protein that can bind to a motif or a tag comprised in a guide RNA (e.g. single guide RNA i.e. sgRNA) targeting an gene of interest, and the third module comprises a second reader protein that specifically binds to the apo NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is not bound with a NS3a-targeting drug operably linked to a dCas9-VP64-p65-Rta (dCas9-VPR) fusion protein. The first and the second reader proteins are preferably different. In the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug, the three polypeptide chains associate together via the interactions between NS3a protein and its reader proteins (i.e. the first and the second reader protein) and the interaction between the RNA binding protein and the motif or tag in the sgRNA, thus forming the polypeptide complex and further forming nuclear condensates. When the NS3a-targeting drug is added into the system, the interaction between NS3a and the reader proteins are displaced and the nuclear condensates are destabilized and disassociated. In the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug, the polypeptide complex can sequester the sgRNA, inhibiting the transcription activation effect that may be brought about by the dCas9-VPR fusion protein and the sgRNA.
[0202] Methods for designing sgRNAs capable of guiding Cas to a target locus are known in the art. Generally, the sgRNAs comprise a polynucleotide sequence having sufficient complementarity with a target nucleic acid sequence to hybridize with the target nucleic acid sequence and direct sequence-specific binding of a nucleic acid-targeting complex to the target nucleic acid sequence. In addition to a sequence that binds to the target nucleic acid sequence, the sgRNA may be designed to further comprise a motif or tag that can be recognized and bound by the RNA binding protein. A variety of RNA binding proteins and their corresponding binding motifs are known in the art and can be used herein. For example, the motif is MS2 box and the RNA binding protein is MS2 coat protein (MCP) or a fragment thereof. The sgRNA may comprise one or more copies of MS2 box, preferably at least 8 copies of MS2 box, e.g. 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 or more copies of MS2 boxes.
[0203] In some embodiments, the first and / or the second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide for nuclear localization, e.g. at the N terminal or C terminal of the polypeptide chain. A variety of sub-cell localization signal peptides for nuclear localization can be used herein, such as an NLS signal peptide. The polypeptide complex can sequester and co-block the sgRNA and dCas9-VPR while the presence of Grazoprevir can activate the gene transcription. Thus, the system as disclosed herein can be used for manipulating dCas9-induced gene activation.
[0204] In some embodiments, the second polypeptide chain comprises the NLS signal peptide and the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cell nucleus, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or comprises the NLS signal peptide.
[0205] The scaffold protein can be selected from a wide varieties of proteins that can form condensates in the cell, including but not limited to, lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) , heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) , optionally the scaffold protein is PB1. The scaffold protein comprised in the first and / or second polypeptide chain may be tagged with different sub-cellular signal peptides to change its sub-cellular location.
[0206] In some embodiments, the reader protein is apo NS3a reader (ANR) protein, e.g. selected from ANR2, ANR3 or ANR4. The ANR protein is known for its Grazoprevir dependent ability in binding to NS3a. The ANR protein can only bind to NS3a when NS3a is not bound with Grazoprevir. In some embodiments, the first reader protein is ANR2 and the second reader protein is ANR4, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the first reader protein is ANR3 and the second reader protein is ANR4, or vice versa. In some embodiments, the first reader protein is ANR2 and the second reader protein is ANR3, or vice versa. Though the present disclosure exemplifies that ANR protein and Grazoprevir are used, other ANR proteins and corresponding drug may also be adopted in the system as disclosed herein.
[0207] Specifically, the first polypeptide chain may comprise the NS3a protein operably linked to PB1 (NS3a-PB1, in either direction) . Optionally, there may be a linker between the two proteins for flexible linkage, or a marker protein or a fluorescent protein for cell imaging (e.g. AG, mCherry) inserted between NS3a and PB1. The marker protein or a fluorescent protein may also be at the N terminal or C terminal of the NS3a-PB1 or PB1-NS3a fusion.
[0208] In addition, the second polypeptide chain may comprise the ANR (e.g. ANR2) protein operably linked to an RNA binding protein (e.g. ANR-MCP, in either direction) . Optionally, there may be a linker between the two proteins for flexible linkage, or a marker protein or a fluorescent protein for cell imaging (e.g. AG, mCherry) inserted between ANR and the RNA binding protein. The marker protein or a fluorescent protein may also be at the N terminal or C terminal of the fusion protein of ANR and the RNA binding protein.
[0209] Further, the third polypeptide chain may comprise an ANR (e.g. ANR4) protein operably linked to dCas9-VPR fusion protein (e.g. ANR-dCas9-VPR or dCas9-VPR-ANR) . Optionally, there may be a linker between the two proteins for flexible linkage, or a marker protein or a fluorescent protein for cell imaging (e.g. AG, mCherry) inserted between ANR and the dCas9-VPR fusion protein. The marker protein or a fluorescent protein may also be at the N terminal or C terminal of the fusion protein of ANR and the dCas9-VPR fusion protein.
[0210] Preferably, the scaffold protein is PB1, and the polypeptide complex can sequester the dCas9-VPR activator and the sgRNA in the cell nucleus prior to the addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the dCas9-VPR activator and the sgRNA can be released for transcriptional activation of the gene of interest.
[0211] In some embodiments, the first polypeptide chain comprises NLS-NS3aH1-PB1, the second polypeptide chain comprises MCP-ANR2 and the third polypeptide chain comprises dCas9-VPR-ANR4, and the polypeptide complex forms nuclear condensates in the absence of Grazo.
[0212] In some embodiments, the NS3a protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 1 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 1.
[0213] In some embodiments, the PB1 protein comprised in the first polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 4 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 4.
[0214] In some embodiments, the ANR2 protein comprised in the second polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 7 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 7.
[0215] In some embodiments, the ANR4 protein comprised in the third polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 9 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 9.
[0216] In some embodiments, the dCas9-VPR fusion protein comprised in the third polypeptide chain comprises the amino acid sequence as set forth in SEQ ID No: 15 or functional variant thereof, e.g. a variant comprising an amino acid sequence at least 90%, 95%or 99%identical to SEQ ID No: 15.
[0217] In some embodiments, the three polypeptide chains are encoded by separate vectors which are co-expressed in a transfected cell, which may be a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell, a fungal cell or a plant cell.
[0218] Sequence Listing Summary
[0219] Appended to the instant application is a sequence listing comprising a number of amino acid and nucleotide sequences. The following Tables A-B provide a summary of the included sequences.
[0220] Table A. Amino acid sequences of the Proteins in the system
[0221] Table B.
[0222] EXAMPLES
[0223] The following examples are provided to better illustrate the claimed invention and are not to be interpreted as limiting the scope of the invention. All specific compositions, materials, and methods described below, in whole or in part, fall within the scope of the present invention.
[0224] Methods and Materials
[0225] Plasmid construction
[0226] All expression plasmids were generated using standard cloning techniques or Gibson assembly (NEB) . All PCR-amplified sequences were verified by Sanger sequencing.
[0227] Cell Culture and Transfection: (waiting for manufacturer information)
[0228] Human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) were cultivated in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10%v / v fetal bovine serum (FBS) under a humidified atmosphere containing 5%CO2 at 37 ℃. For transfection experiments in 24-well plates, cells were seeded at 5 × 104 cells per well, 24 h before transfection. The transfection mixture for one well of 24-well plates consisted of 50 μL of FBS-free DMEM containing a 1: 5 DNA: PEI (polyethylenimine) mixture with indicated plasmid ratio. After 15 min incubation at room temperature, the transfection mixture was added dropwise to the cells, which were then incubated for 6 h. Then, the culture medium was replaced with fresh FBS containing DMEM with or without Grazoprevir (1uM, HY-15298, MedChemExpress) or Doxycycline (25uM, HY-N0565, MedChemExpress) . The cell supernatant samples were collected 24-48 h later for SEAP (human placental secreted alkaline phosphatase) reporter analysis, unless otherwise indicated.
[0229] SEAP Quantification
[0230] Heat-inactivated (30 min, 65 ℃) cell culture supernatants (80 μL) were transferred into a 96-well plate and mixed with 100 μL 2x SEAP buffer (20 mm homoarginine, 1 mm MgCl2, 21%v / v diethanolamine, pH 9.8) , and 20 μL substrate solution containing 20 mm para-nitrophenyl phosphate (pNPP) . The absorbance of samples was measured at 405 nm using the Multiskan Sky microplate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific) at 37 ℃. SEAP concentrations in serum were quantified using a chemiluminescence-based assay (AB133077, Abcam) according to the manufacturer's protocol. Chemiluminescence was measured using a Fluoroskan FL plate reader (Thermo Fisher Scientific) and concentrations were calculated from a standard curve
[0231] Quantitative real-time PCR
[0232] Cells were harvested for total RNA isolation using an the Quick-RNA Microprep Kit (#R1051, Zymo Research) according to the manufacturer’s instructions. For RIP experiment, RNA was extracted by the chloroform extraction method. A total of 1 μg RNA was reverse transcribed into cDNA using HiScript II QRT SuperMix (Vazyme) with the gDNA wiper. The qRT-PCR reaction was done with qRT-PCR SYBR Green Kit (Vazyme) detected by QuantStudio 1 Real-Time PCR instrument (Thermo Fisher Scientific) . Three independent biological replicates were performed in each experiment.
[0233] Animal Experiments
[0234] Wild-type BALB / c mice (8 weeks old, male) were randomly assigned to experimental groups. The mice were hydrodynamically injected with plasmids encoding the FUS478-based nucleic mRNA translational regulation system [pYK209 (PhCMV-NLS-FUS478-AG-NS3aH1-pA) , 400 ug; pYK218 (PhCMV-NLS-MCP-ANR2-pA) , 100 ug; pYK63 (PhCMV-SEAP-MS2BOX16-pA) , 5 ug] or the LplA-based cytosolic mRNA translational regulation system [pYK91 (PhCMV-NS3aH1-AG-LplA-pA) , 400 ug; pYK195 (PhCMV-MCP-ANR2-pA) , 100 ug; pYK63 (PhCMV-SEAP-MS2BOX16-pA) , 5 ug] with a total of 505 ug of plasmids in 2 ml (10%of the body weight in grams) of Ringer’s solution (147 mM NaCl, 4 mM KCl, and 1.13 mM CaCl2) within 8 s via the tail vein for each mouse. Grazoprevir (3 mg kg-1) or vehicle solution was administration by i.p inject at 8 h, 16 h, 24 h after plasmid delivery. Blood samples were collected the 32 h after plasmids delivery. And after incubation in 37 ℃ for 1 h and then in 4 ℃ for 1h, blood samples were centrifuged at 8,000 × g for 5 min to obtain serum for SEAP quantification.
[0235] Single-molecule FISH (smFISH)
[0236] SEAP probes were designed using the StellarisTM Probe Designer by LGC Biosearch Technologies and purchased from Tsingke Biotechnology.
[0237] HEK293T were cultured on coverslips, coated with poly-L-lysine (Sigma-Aldrich, P8920) . Forty-eight hours after transfection, cells were rinsed with PBS for 5 min and then fixed with 4%paraformaldehyde solution (Beyotime Biotech, P0099) for 10 min. After this, Cells were washed with PBS twice for 5 min and then incubated under 70%ethanol for 1h at 4℃. Cells were incubated for 5 min in with freshly prepared wash buffer composed of 10%formamide (Millipore Sigma, S4117) in 2× SSC (Sigma-Aldrich, S6639) . The coverslips were hybridized for 16 h at 37 ℃ in freshly prepared hybridization buffer composed of 10%formamide, 10%dextran sulfate (Sigma-Aldrich, D6001) in 2×SSC and containing 250 nM of RNA-FISH probe sets against SEAP labelled with cy5. After hybridization, the coverslips were washed twice with wash buffer at 37 ℃for 30 min and then with nuclease-free 2× SSC for 5 min. Coverslips were mounted onto slides with Prolong antifade mounting medium with DAPI (Invitrogen, P36961) , cured at room temperature for 24 h for further imaging.
[0238] RNA Immunoprecipitation (RIP)
[0239] RIP experiments were performed two days after transfection. Cells cultured in 10 cm dish were detached using trypsin and resuspended in medium. Then cells were transferred to a 1.5 mL tube and centrifuged at 8000 g for 30 s. The supernatant was discarded, and cells were lysed with 1ml ice-cold NETN300 buffer (50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.4, 2 mM EDTA, 1%Triton X-100, 300 mM NaCl and 1mM PMSF) and 1: 1000 RNase inhibitor (Vazyme, R301-01) for 15 min. Then samples were centrifuged for 30 minutes at 16000g, 4℃ for 15 min. 200 ml supernatants (Noted as input) were mixed with 1 ml Trizol for further RNA purification. Rest supernatants were diluted with equal volume NETN0 (50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.4, 2 mM EDTA, 1%Triton X-100, 0.1%RNase inhibitor and 1mM PMSF) and. Then lysates were added with 15μl slurry of Anti-Flag Affinity Gel (Beyotime, P2271) and rotate in a cold room for 90 min. After centrifuged at 8000g for 30s, the supernatants were removed and the gels were washed 4 times with wash butter (50 mM Tris–HCl, pH 7.4, 0.05%Triton X-100, 300 mM NaCl and 0.1%RNase inhibitor) . For each set, the washing butter was added with 1μM Grazoprevir or DMSO. Subsequently, the gels were mixed with 1 ml Trizol for RNA purification (Noted as output) .
[0240] Microscopy and analysis
[0241] Confocal analysis was performed on a Zeiss LSM 980 Airyscan confocal microscope, using the 63× oil objective and excitation spectral laser lines at 405 nm (DAPI) , 488 nm (EGFP / AG) , 594 nm (mCherry) and 639 nm (for Cy5 and MitoTracker Deep Red) . Images were processed using FIJI software46.
[0242] Statistical Analysis
[0243] Statistical evaluation was conducted by using un-paired Student’s two-tailed t-test for comparing two sets of data and two-way ANOVA for multiple comparisons as implemented in Prism GraphPad 9 (GraphPad Software Inc., San Diego, CA) .
[0244] Example 1: Three-directional targeting of condensate-forming proteins
[0245] To demonstrate the principle of subcellular and three-directional targeting of condensate-forming proteins (Fig. 1A) , we first utilized lipoate-protein ligase A (LplA) from E. coli, a globular protein recently discovered to form condensates in vitro in response to different stimuli29. Fused with the fluorescent protein Azami-Green (AG) 27, 28, LplA is shown to spontaneously assemble into condensate in cytosol or into nuclear condensates when genetically tagged with a nuclear localization signal (NLS) (Fig. 1B) .
[0246] To develop orthogonal inducible systems for three-directional translocation of condensates, we adopted Grazoprevir (Grazo) inducible dimerization domains NS3aH1 (termed as “NS3a” ) and GNCR (grazoprevir / NS3a complex reader) 30, and Grazo-inducible dissociation domains NS3aH1 and ANR (apo NS3a reader) 31, 32. Aimed to relocate target ScPs, we designed a Grazo-regulated dimerization system with NS3aH1 linked to AG and LplA (NS3aH1-AG-LplA) , and the aptamer GNCR / ANR tagged with NLS (nuclear localization) , CAAX (membrane localization) , or TOM20 (cytosolic localization) (Figure 1A) .
[0247] We next sought to evaluate the performance of the Grazo-induced nucleic import of ScP in mammalian cells. First, we transfected HEK293T cells with plasmids encoding NS3aH1-AG-LplA and ANR-mCherry-NLS. Treated with DMSO (control) , confocal fluorescence imaging showed that NS3aH1-AG-LplA formed cytosolic condensates with the signal excluded from nucleus. In contrast, GNCR-mCherry-NLS4 was distributed throughout the nucleus (Figure 1B) . With the presence of 1 uM Grazo, AG signal from condensates and mCherry signal of GNCR were colocalized within the nucleus (Figure 1B) .
[0248] We then evaluated the efficiency of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling with HEK293 cells co-expressing NLS-NS3aH1-AG-LplA and TOM20-GNCR-mCherry (Figure 1C) . In this design, the addition of Grazo would lead ScPs relocate to mitochondria with a scattered patter in the cytosol and colocalized with TOM20-targeted mCherry and MitoTracker (Figure 1C) .
[0249] Moreover, to test the possibility to Grazo-induced nucleus-to-membrane export of ScP, we transfected HEK293T cells with NLS-NS3aH1-AG-LplA and GNCR-mCherry-CAAX. Without Grazo, NLS-NS3aH1-AG-LplA formed condensates in nucleus (Figure 1D) . With the presence of Grazo, condensates were relocalized to plasma membrane and colocalized with CAAX-targeted mCherry (Figure 1D) . Besides, more schemes including Grazo-induced / inhibited cytosol-to-membrane shuttling, Grazo-induced membrane-to-nucleus shuttling were proved functional.
[0250] Example 2: Synthetic-condensates for cytosolic mRNA translational regulation
[0251] We developed a two-module “Grazo-ON” strategy, which utilizes cytosol-located condensates (ScP-AG-NS3aH1) to capture SEAP (secreted alkaline phosphatase) 33 mRNA tagged with 3'UTR MS2 (SEAP-MS2BOX16) via an ANR-tagged MCP (MCP-ANR2) (Figure 2A) . Prior to the addition of Grazoprevir, ScP-AG-NS3aH1 spontaneously formed condensates and interacted with MCP-ANR2 and the target mRNA (MS2-tagged) (Figure 2A) . Translational inhibition can be rescued by the presence of Grazoprevir.
[0252] For the screening of ScPs, we evaluated the performance of LplA with previously reported intrinsically disordered proteins (IDR) including p62 PB1 domain (PB1) 27, 28, human oncogene FUS (FUS478; amino acids 1 to 478) 14, 34, 35, GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain–binding protein 1 (G3BP1) 3 and heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) 36 were also considered as candidates. Also, structured proteins human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1 which can assemble into a 24-mer) 34 were used. (Note: structured proteins LplA and FTH1 were linked to the C-terminal of fusion proteins) . During screening for suitable ScP for this part of the work, structured protein LplA and FTH1 were found to exhibit a reduction in translation of 11-folds and 8-folds, respectively (Figure 2B) . We established LplA as a model ScP for sequestering cytosolic mRNA and demonstrated that co-expression of NS3aH1-AG-LplA and MCP-ANR2 was necessary for achieving a significant translational regulation in HEK293T cells (Figure 2C) . Using the single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) of target transcripts, we confirmed that MS2BOX-labelled SEAP mRNAs were indeed sequestered within the synthetic condensates in the absence of Grazo (Figure 2D) , where FISH probes against SEAP-MS2BOX16 showed a significant co-localization of target mRNAs with synthetic condensates (Figure 2D-F) . Meanwhile, the qRT-PCR analysis showed consistent levels of transcripts for the targeted SEAP-MS2BOX16 mRNA (Figure 2G) , which further supports that the system we developed is primarily based on translational regulation rather than transcriptional regulation.
[0253] Also, we tested the sequestration efficiency for SEAP mRNA carrying varying numbers of MS2BOX copies (0, 4, 8, 16, 24) in its 3’UTR and found this system only functioned effectively with at least 8 copies of the MS2BOX (Figure 2H) . Notably, the presence of Grazo appeared to result in a global negative impact of NS3a-AG-LplA on the translation of non-tagged SEAP mRNA (Figure 2C and 2H) . The RIP results suggested that the mRNA sequestrated by cytosolic condensates were releasable (Figure 2I) .
[0254] Example 3: Synthetic-condensates for nuclear mRNA translational regulation
[0255] In mammalian cells, the process of mRNA translation takes place in the endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) through the interaction of mRNA with ribosomes upon leaving the nucleus. This example focuses on exploring the feasibility of utilizing synthetic condensates to sequester target mRNA within the nucleus. By doing so, we aimed to isolate target mRNA in nucleus and minimize its potential leakage.
[0256] Following the design depicted in Figure 3A, we employed nuclear-located condensates (NLS-ScP-AG-NS3a) to capture 3’UTR MS2-tagged SEAP mRNA (SEAP-MS2BOX16) via an ANR-tagged MCP (NLS-MCP-ANR2) (Figure 3A) . After screening ScPs for nuclear mRNA sequestration, FUS478 was found to cause a 15-fold reduction in translation, whereas HNRNPA1 and LplA exhibited 13-fold and 10-fold decreases, respectively (Figure 3B) . Thus, FUS478 was selected as a representative ScP for nuclear mRNA sequestration, and we demonstrated that co-expression of synthetic condensates (NLS-FUS478-AG-NS3aH1) and ANR-tagged RNA-binding protein MCP (NLS-MCP-ANR2) was required to achieve translational inhibition (Figure 3C) . We confirmed that MS2BOX-labelled SEAP mRNAs were indeed sequestered within the nucleus in the absence of Grazo by smFISH (Figure 3D) , as the co-localization between FISH probes against SEAP-MS2BOX16 synthetic nuclear condensates was interrupted by the presence of Grazo. In contrast, the presence of Grazo resulted in the translocation of target mRNAs to the ER, where they were available for translation (Figure 3D-F) . The qRT-PCR results indicated that the transcriptional levels of SEAP-MS2BOX16 remained constant regardless of the presence of Grazo or DMSO (Figure 3G)
[0257] To further characterize this regulation, we investigated the kinetics of this “Grazo-on system” and found this system showed a significant SEAP expression difference 4 hours after the addition of Grazo (Figure 3H) . In order to investigate the specificity of translational inhibition induced by the synthetic condensates, we utilized five reporter plasmids that encoded varying numbers of MS2BOX sequences (0, 4, 8, 16, 24) within the 3'UTR of SEAP mRNA. Our results demonstrated that the translational inhibition induced by the synthetic condensates was specific to mRNA containing the MS2BOX sequence in its 3'UTR, as the level of inhibition was found to be directly proportional to the number of MS2BOX copies present in the mRNA (Figure 3I) . Furthermore, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) indicated that the sequestrated mRNA could be released upon the addition of Grazo during the wash steps (Figure 3J) . These results show the possibility to Grazo- control translation and subcellular localization of specific mRNAs, with a low leakage, which could be an effective approach for translational inhibition.
[0258] Based on the aforementioned findings that synthetic condensates can control the translation of transgenes, we investigated whether this strategy could be realized in mice. We introduced the FUS478-based nuclear sequestration system and LplA-based cytosolic sequestration system using a MS2BOX16-tagged SEAP reporter through hydrodynamic tail vein injection in mice, while Grazo was administered by Intraperitoneal injection (PBS as control) (Figure 3K) . In the experiments utilizing the LplA-based condensates, a 7-fold decrease in translation was observed in the absence of the system, whereas a 11-fold decrease in translation was observed for the FUS478-based nuclear strategy (Figure 3L) . This demonstrates that the condensates-based mRNA sequestration approach is as well functional in vivo.
[0259] Example 4: Synthetic-condensates for transcriptional activation regulation
[0260] To create an efficient CRISPR-dCas9–based chemo-activatable transcription system, synthetic condensates were used to trap ANR-tagged activator dCas9-VPR (dCas9-VPR-ANR4) 37, sgRNAs with MS2 aptamers (sgRNAms2box2) 38, 39 and ANR-tagged MS2 coat protein (MCP) (NLS-MCP-mCherry-ANR2) (Figure 4A) . In this design, the condensates (NLS-ScP-AG-NS3a) can dimerize with dCas9-VPR-ANR4, and NLS-MCP-mCherry-ANR2 along with sgRNAms2box2, to create a dual-inhibited transcriptional activation. This system comprises strategies for both dCas9-VPR-trapping (at the protein level) and sgRNA-trapping (at the RNA level) .
[0261] After screening various ScPs using sgRNA targeting the CMVmin promoter of SEAP, we found that PB1-based condensates showed superior performance, exhibiting a 42-fold transcriptional activation compared to other condensates (Figure 4B) . Meanwhile, our findings showed that single-inhibited strategies, such as "dCas9-VPR-trapping-Only" and "sgRNA-trapping-Only" , had limited regulation, with only a 5-fold transcriptional activation (Figure 4C) .
[0262] Additionally, confocal images revealed the colocalization between PB1-based condensates (green foci) and NLS-MCP-mCherry-ANR2 (red foci) was interrupted by Grazo (Figure 4D) .
[0263] To test whether the dual-inhibited strategy could control endogenous gene activation, sgRNA targeting endogenous gene interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) , achaete-scute homolog 1 (ASCL1) , and rhox homeobox family member 2 (RHOXF2) were co-delivered into HEK293T cells with NLS-ScP-AG-NS3aH1, dCas9-VPR-ANR4, and NLS-MCP-mCherry-ANR2. After subjecting the cells to Grazo or DMSO for 48 hours, we used qRT-PCR to evaluate the activation of these endogenous genes and confirmed that our system was capable of significantly up-regulating these genes. (Figure 4E-G) .
[0264] For comparison, we also constructed several reported CRISPR-dCas9–based chemo-activatable transcription systems, included split-dCas9-VPR30, synergistic activation mediator (SAM) system38, dCas9-StaPL (NS3-based stabilizable polypeptide linkage) -VPR40, 41 and Dox-induced H1 / U6 promoter42. The results suggested that the system we had developed exhibits a high level of activity “ON-state” and a substantial degree of fold-change when compared with other existing tools.
[0265] Example 5: Synthetic-condensates for transcriptional inhibition regulation
[0266] Recent works demonstrated that gene expression can be enhanced by enriched transcription factor droplets forming at the target promoter14. To overcome the limited availability of tools for gene inhibition, we developed a “DNA-Trapping” strategy using synthetic condensates to effectively suppress targeted gene expression with a continuous promoter.
[0267] For this, we co-express NLS-ScP-AG-NS3aH1 and ion NLS-tetR-ANR3 for DNA sequestration in HEK293T cells. We constructed a tetO14-tagged continuous promoter (CMV) controlled secreted alkaline phosphatase SEAP as reporter. Before Grazo addition, NLS-ScP -AG-NS3aH1 dimerized with NLS-tetR-ANR3 forming condensates near the target promoter, and further blocked the gene expression by steric hindrance (Figure 5A) . Transcriptional inhibition can be removed by adding Grazoprevir. Based on our screening of ScPs, we found that PB1 showed superior transcriptional inhibition capabilities, displaying a 24-fold increase in efficacy compared to other ScPs (Figure 5B) . By utilizing PB1 as a model ScP, we confirmed that transcriptional inhibition only occurred when NLS-PB1-AG-NS3aH1 and NLS-tetR-ANR3 were simultaneously expressed in cells (Figure 5C) . Also, we observed the Grazo-inhibited colocalization of NLS-PB1-AG-NS3aH1 and NLS-tetR-mCherry-ANR3 using confocal fluorescence microscopy (Figure 5D) . The qRT-PCR outcomes demonstrated a significant disparity in transcripts with the inclusion of Grazo, validating the functionality of this system at a transcriptional level (Figure 5E) .
[0268] Since tetR performed as a Doxycycline (Dox) -inhibited DNA binding protein, we simplified the system to a single-module design, NLS-ScP-AG-tetR, which functioned as a “Dox-on” transcriptional system. Similar to the previous two-module design, our results showed PB1 had an 8-fold efficacy transcriptional inhibition, along with HNRNPA1 (8-fold) and FUS478 (5-fold) . Since the Krüppel-associated box (KRAB) transcriptional repression domain is commonly used as a transcriptional inhibitor 43, we designed a tetR-NLS-KRAB fusion and observed that our two-module-based condensate-mediated system exhibited comparable effectiveness.
[0269] Furthermore, we aimed to broaden the range of target DNA sequences by substituting tetR with Zinc Finger (ZF) , a customizable DNA-binding protein. To this end, we employed a previously reported highly specific ZF (known as "ZF1" ) 44 that has minimal impact on native transcript profiles and assessed its efficacy in inhibiting a continuous promoter SEAP reporter that was tagged with 8 copies of ZF1-corresponding DNA-binding motifs (DBMs) (Figure 5F) . Similar to tetR-based scenario, PB1 demonstrated superior performance with an 11-fold transcriptional inhibition (Figure 5G) . The ZF-based DNA trapping method also necessitates two modules for transcriptional regulation and exhibited orthogonality with the tetO-tagged reporter.
[0270] At last, we studied whether our system can the transcriptional inhibition of endogenous gene, by employed two ZFs targeting CDKN1C (125 or 200 base pair of its 5’UTR) . Surprisingly, with PB1-based ScP, 19-fold inhibition was observed by a single ZF (CDKN1C_125) as a slightly increasement with a combination of two ZFs (20-fold) (Figure 5H) , which outperform the KRAB-based inhibition (Figure 5I) .
[0271] The inventors further compared each gene expression regulation scheme and found that PB1 outperformed in transcriptional regulation system (both of tetR and dCas9-dependent) , while FUS478 and LplA exhibited high efficacy for translational regulation system in the nucleus and cytosol, respectively. One important aspect of the translational system is that nucleic condensates can trap target mRNA inside nucleus with minimal ribosome interaction. As confirmed by FISH imaging, we achieved the control of mRNA nucleus-to-cytosol shutting for the first time. Lastly, the in vivo experiment conducted in mice further supported the effectiveness of our translational regulation system.
[0272] These specific compositions, materials, and methods are not intended to limit the invention, but merely to illustrate specific embodiments falling within the scope of the invention. One skilled in the art may develop equivalent compositions, materials, and methods without the exercise of inventive capacity and without departing from the scope of the invention. It will be understood that many variations can be made in the procedures herein described while still remaining within the bounds of the present invention. It is intended that such variations are included within the scope of the invention.
[0273] Reference:
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Claims
1.A polypeptide complex, comprising:a first polypeptide chain comprising a scaffold protein (ScP) operably linked to a NS3a protein;a second polypeptide chain comprising a reader protein that specifically binds to the NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is bound with a NS3a-targeting drug;wherein the first polypeptide chain and the second polypeptide chain associates together upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug.2.The polypeptide complex of claim 1, wherein the scaffold protein is selected from lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) , heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) , optionally the scaffold protein is LplA.3.The polypeptide complex of claim 1 or 2, wherein the NS3a protein is NS3aH1.4.The polypeptide complex of any of the preceding claims, wherein the reader protein is grazoprevir / NS3a complex reader (GNCR) protein.5.The polypeptide complex of any of the preceding claims, wherein the NS3a-targeting drug is Grazoprevir.6.The polypeptide complex of any of the preceding claims, wherein at least one of the first and second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide, e.g. at the N terminal or C terminal of the polypeptide chain.7.The polypeptide complex of claim 6, wherein the sub-cell localization signal peptide is selected from an NLS signal peptide for nuclear localization, a CAAX signal peptide for membrane localization, and a TOM20 signal peptide for cytosolic localization.8.The polypeptide complex of any of the preceding claims, wherein:(a) the second polypeptide chain comprises the NLS signal peptide, such that the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cell nucleus, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or a signal peptide selected from NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides;(b) the second polypeptide chain comprises the CAAX signal peptide, such that the polypeptide complex is shuffled to plasma membrane, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or a signal peptide selected from NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides; or(c) the second polypeptide chain comprises the TOM20 signal peptide, such that the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cytosolic, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or a signal peptide selected from NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides; or(d) the second polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide, and the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or a signal peptide selected from NLS, CAAX and TOM20 signal peptides.9.The polypeptide complex of claim 8, wherein:the first polypeptide chain comprises the NS3a protein operably linked to LplA, optionally with a linker or a marker protein between NS3a and LplA, andthe second polypeptide chain comprises the GNCR protein operably linked to a sub-cellular location signal peptide, optionally with a linker or a marker protein between GNCR and the signal peptide.10.The polypeptide complex of any of the preceding claims, wherein the two polypeptide chains are encoded by separate vectors which are co-expressed in a transfected cell.11.A polypeptide complex, comprising:a first polypeptide chain comprising a scaffold protein (ScP) operably linked to a NS3a protein;a second polypeptide chain comprising a reader protein that specifically binds to the NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is not bound with a NS3a-targeting drug;wherein the association of the first polypeptide chain and the second polypeptide chain is disrupted upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug.12.The polypeptide complex of claim 11, wherein the NS3a protein is NS3aH1.13.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 11-12, wherein the reader protein is apo NS3a reader (ANR) protein, e.g. ANR2, ANR3 or ANR4.14.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 11-13, wherein the NS3a-targeting drug is Grazoprevir.15.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 11-14, wherein the scaffold protein is selected from lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) , heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) .16.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 11-15, wherein at least one of the first and second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide, e.g. at the N terminal or C terminal of the polypeptide chain.17.The polypeptide complex of claim 16, wherein the sub-cell localization signal is selected from NLS signal peptide for nuclear localization, CAAX signal peptide for membrane localization, and TOM20 signal peptide for cytosolic localization.18.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 11-17, wherein:(a) the second polypeptide chain comprises the NLS signal peptide and the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cell nucleus, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or comprises the NLS signal peptide;(b) the second polypeptide chain comprises the CAAX signal peptide and the polypeptide complex is shuffled to plasma membrane, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or comprises the CAAX signal peptide;(c) the second polypeptide chain comprises the TOM20 signal peptide and the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cytosolic, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or comprises the TOM20 signal peptide;(d) the second polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide, and the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide.19.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 11-18, wherein the second polypeptide chain comprises an RNA binding protein that can bind to a motif or a tag comprised in a target RNA, such that the polypeptide complex can sequester the target RNA in the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug.20.The polypeptide complex of claim 19, wherein the target RNA naturally comprises or is modified to comprise the motif or tag.21.The polypeptide complex of claim 19 or 20, wherein the target RNA is a mRNA, optionally, the motif is present in the 3’ UTR of the mRNAs.22.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 19-21, wherein the motif is MS2 box and the RNA binding protein is MS2 coat protein (MCP) or a fragment thereof.23.The polypeptide complex of claim 22, wherein the target RNA comprises one or more copies of MS2 box, preferably at least 8 copies of MS2 box.24.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 19-23, wherein the scaffold protein is LplA, and the polypeptide complex can sequester the target RNA in the cytosolic prior to the addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the target RNA can be released.25.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 19-23, wherein the scaffold protein is FUS478, and the polypeptide complex can sequester the target RNA in the nuclear prior to the addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the target RNA can be released.26.The polypeptide complex of claim 25, wherein the target RNA is mRNA and the target RNA can be released for translocation to ER for translation.27.The polypeptide complex of claim 24, wherein:the first polypeptide chain comprises the NS3a protein operably linked to LplA,the second polypeptide comprises the ANR protein operably linked to an RNA binding protein, andthe target RNA comprises a motif or tag that binds to the RNA binding protein.28.The polypeptide complex of claim 25 or 26, wherein:the first polypeptide chain comprises the NS3a protein operably linked to FUS478 and an NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal,the second polypeptide comprises the ANR protein operably linked to an RNA binding protein, and an NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal, andthe target RNA comprises a motif or tag that binds to the RNA binding protein.29.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 11-18, wherein the second polypeptide chain comprises a DNA binding protein that can bind to a target DNA sequence, such that the polypeptide complex can form condensates near the target DNA sequence.30.The polypeptide complex of claim 29, wherein the target DNA sequence is naturally comprised in chromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA or the chromosomal or extrachromosomal DNA is modified to comprise the target DNA sequence.31.The polypeptide complex of claim 29 or 30, wherein the target DNA sequence is a DNA promoter, motif or tag.32.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 29-31, wherein the DNA binding protein is a Tetracycline repressor (tetR) or a zinc finger protein such as ZF1.33.The polypeptide complex of claim 32, wherein the DNA binding protein is ZF1 and the target DNA sequence comprises one or more copies of ZF1-corresponding DNA-binding motifs (DBMs) , preferably at least 8 copies of DBMs.34.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 29-33, wherein the scaffold protein is PB1, and the polypeptide complex can form condensates near the target DNA sequence prior to the addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the target DNA sequence can be unblocked.35.The polypeptide complex of claim 34, wherein:the first polypeptide chain comprises the NS3a protein operably linked to PB1 and an NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal,the second polypeptide comprises the ANR protein operably linked to a DNA binding protein, and an NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal, andthe target DNA sequence comprises a motif or tag that binds to the DNA binding protein.36.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 11-35, wherein the two polypeptide chains are encoded by separate vectors which are co-expressed in a transfected cell.37.A polypeptide complex, comprising:a first polypeptide chain comprising a scaffold protein (ScP) operably linked to a NS3a protein;a second polypeptide chain comprising a first reader protein that specifically binds to the NS3a protein when the NS3a protein is not bound with a NS3a-targeting drug, operably linked to an RNA binding protein that can bind to a motif or a tag comprised in a sgRNA targeting an gene of interest;a third polypeptide chain comprising a second reader protein operably linked to a dCas9-VP64-p65-Rta (dCas9-VPR) fusion protein;wherein in the absence of the NS3a-targeting drug, the first, the second and the third polypeptide chains associate together to form the polypeptide complex which can sequester the sgRNA,wherein upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the first, the second and the third polypeptide chains are disassociated.38.The polypeptide complex of claim 37, wherein the NS3a protein is NS3aH1.39.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 37-38, wherein the first and the second reader protein is selected from apo NS3a reader (ANR) proteins, e.g. selected from ANR2, ANR3 and ANR4.40.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 37-39, wherein the NS3a-targeting drug is Grazoprevir.41.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 37-40, wherein the scaffold protein is selected from p62 PB1 domain (PB1) , lipoate-protein ligase (LplA) , human oncogene FUS amino acids 1 to 478 fragment (FUS478) , GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein 1 (G3BP1) , heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 (HNRNPA1) and human ferritin heavy chain (FTH1) .42.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 37-41, wherein at least one of the first and second polypeptide chains further comprises a sub-cell localization signal peptide, optionally at the N terminal or C terminal.43.The polypeptide complex of claim 42, wherein the sub-cell localization signal peptide is selected from NLS signal peptide for nuclear localization, CAAX signal peptide for membrane localization, and TOM20 signal peptide for cytosolic localization.44.The polypeptide complex of claim 43, wherein the second polypeptide chain comprises the NLS signal peptide and the polypeptide complex is shuffled to cell nucleus, optionally the first polypeptide chain comprises no signal peptide or comprises the NLS signal peptide.45.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 37-44, wherein the sgRNA is designed to comprise a motif or tag that is recognized and bound by the RNA binding protein.46.The polypeptide complex of claim 45, wherein the motif is MS2 box and the RNA binding protein is MS2 coat protein (MCP) or a fragment thereof.47.The polypeptide complex of claim 46, wherein the target RNA comprises one or more copies of MS2 box, preferably at least 8 copies of MS2 box.48.The polypeptide complex of any of claims 37-47, wherein the scaffold protein is PB1, and the polypeptide complex can sequester the sgRNA in the cell nucleus prior to the addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, upon addition of the NS3a-targeting drug, the sgRNA can be released for transcriptional activation of the gene of interest.49.The polypeptide complex of claim 48, wherein:the first polypeptide chain comprises the NS3a protein operably linked to PB1 and the NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal;the second polypeptide chain comprises a first ANR protein operably linked to an RNA binding protein, and the NLS signal peptide at the N terminal or C terminal;the third polypeptide chain comprises a second ANR protein operably linked to a dCas9-VPR fusion protein; andthe sgRNA comprises a motif or tag that is recognized and bound by the RNA binding protein.50.The polypeptide complex of any of the preceding claims, wherein the three polypeptide chains are encoded by separate vectors which are co-expressed in a transfected cell.51.The polypeptide complex of claim 10, 36 or 50, wherein the transfected cell is an animal cell e.g. a mammalian cell, a bacterial cell, a fungal cell or a plant cell.52.A nucleic acid encoding the first polypeptide chain and / or the second polypeptide chain, optionally the third polypeptide chain of the polypeptide complex of claims 1-51.53.A vector comprising the nucleic acid of claim 52.54.A method for regulating the expression of a gene of interest in a cell, comprising introducing a first nucleic acid encoding the first polypeptide chain and a second nucleic acid encoding the second polypeptide chain of the polypeptide complex of any of claims 11-35 into the cell.55.A method for regulating the expression of a gene of interest in a cell, comprising introducing a first nucleic acid, a second nucleic acid and a third nucleic acid encoding the first, the second and the third polypeptide chains respectively of the polypeptide complex of any of claims 37-51 into the cell.56.The method of claim 55, which is performed in vivo or in vitro.
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