Method, apparatus and system for traffic routing
By using a method where the AF network entity sends traffic routing requirements to the PCF network entity, the system efficiently selects target application locations for devices based on constraint information, addressing the inefficiencies in existing traffic routing systems and enhancing network performance.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/074122
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-09-29
- Filing Date
- 2024-01-25
- Publication Date
- 2025-04-03
AI Technical Summary
Existing traffic routing systems in wireless communication fail to efficiently select application servers for devices, leading to suboptimal computational performance due to uneven computing load and capability mismatch between devices and application servers.
A method where an Application Function (AF) network entity sends traffic routing requirements to a Policy Control Function (PCF) network entity, which determines an appropriate target application location for each device based on constraint information such as cluster size, device capability, and application location capability, ensuring balanced computing load and capability matching.
This approach improves data transmission efficiency and computing performance by routing traffic from devices to application locations that can handle the load and match device capabilities, thereby optimizing the overall network performance.
Smart Images

Figure CN2024074122_03042025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
METHOD, APPARATUS AND SYSTEM FOR TRAFFIC ROUTING
[0001] This application claims the priority of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 63 / 541,565, filed on September 29, 2023, the disclosure of which is incorporated, in its entirety, by this reference.TECHNICAL FIELD
[0002] The present disclosure generally relates to the field of wireless communication, and in particular, to a method, apparatus, system for traffic routing, and computer readable storage medium.BACKGROUND
[0003] When a device accesses an application through a communication system, the communication system connects the device to an application server associated to the application (for example, the application server hosting or running the application) . The application may be associated with a plurality of application servers. If a plurality of devices access the application, the communication system may connect the plurality of devices to different application servers.
[0004] The application may involve distributed computing. Specifically, computing is performed distributively among one or more devices and one or more application servers. For example, a device performs a part of the computing, and the application server that the device is connected to performs another part of the computing. In order to complete the computing, the device and the application server communicate for example, to exchange their computing results. Likewise, two application servers associated to the application may interact to exchange their computing results as well.
[0005] Since the device and the associated application server will jointly perform computing after the device has accessed the application server, the selection of the application server may affect the computational performance. Therefore, it is important to select appropriate application servers for different devices.
[0006] This background information is provided to reveal information believed by the applicant to be of possible relevance to the present disclosure. No admission is necessarily intended, nor should be construed, that any of the preceding information constitutes prior art against the present disclosure.SUMMARY
[0007] The present disclosure provides a method for traffic routing to help improve data transmission efficiency.
[0008] According to a first aspect, a method performed by an application function (AF) network entity is provided. The method includes: obtaining first information about traffic routing requirements, wherein the first information about traffic routing requirements includes constraint information associated to traffic routing, the first information about traffic routing requirements is used to obtain a first target application location, from one or more application locations, for a first device, and traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location; and sending the first information about traffic routing requirements to a policy control function (PCF) network entity.
[0009] Therefore, the AF may request to influence traffic routing by sending the first information about traffic routing requirements to the PCF. In this way, appropriate application locations may be selected for different devices according to the first information about the traffic routing requirements that includes the constraint information associated to traffic routing. According to the first information about traffic routing requirements, traffic originated from different devices may be routed to different application locations instead of being routed to a common application location, thereby improving the traffic routing performance.
[0010] In a possible implementation, the constraint information includes first constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of at least one cluster. Each cluster of the at least one cluster includes one or more devices whose traffic is to be routed to a same application location, and one of the at least one cluster corresponds to the first target application location and includes the first device.
[0011] In this way, the first target application location will be selected according to the first constraint information indicating a constraint on the number of the at least one cluster. Thus, an appropriate number of application locations will be selected to receive traffic from the devices. Selecting an appropriate number of application locations for the devices will balance the computing load at the application locations, thereby improving the computing efficiency.
[0012] In another possible implementation, the constraint information includes second constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of the one or more devices included in the at least one cluster.
[0013] In this way, the first target application location will be selected according to the second constraint information indicating a constraint on the number of the one or more devices included in the at least one cluster. Thus, by associating each application location to an appropriate number of devices, the computing load at each application location will be kept within a range that can be handled at the application location, thereby improving the computing efficiency.
[0014] In another possible implementation, the constraint information includes capability constraint information indicating a constraint on a capability of at least one application location of the one or more application locations, and the at least one application location includes the first target application location.
[0015] For example, the capability of the first target application location indicates one or more device capabilities supported by the first target application location, and the one or more device capabilities include a device capability of the first device.
[0016] In this way, an application location that is capable of processing the traffic originated from the first device will be selected as the first target application location for the first device. Likewise, application locations that are capable of processing the traffic originated from the devices will be selected as target application locations for the devices. Satisfying or not violating this constraint brings the advantage of ensuring capability matching between the device and the application location. This, in turn, enhances the computing efficiency at the application locations.
[0017] In a possible implementation, the capability of the at least one application location is indicated by at least one of a capability ID, a capability index, a capability level or a capability value.
[0018] In another possible implementation, the capability constraint information corresponding to the first target application location further indicates that device capabilities of a plurality of devices satisfy a predefined condition, the traffic originated from the plurality of devices are to be routed to the first target application location, and the plurality of devices include the first device.
[0019] For example, the predefined condition includes: a difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is less than or equal to a predefined threshold value; or a difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is within a predefined range.
[0020] In this way, devices with similar capabilities will be connected to a same application location. Satisfying or not violating this constraint brings the advantage of ensuring capability consistency between the devices whose application traffic is to be routed to the application location. This, in turn, enhances the computing efficiency at the application location.
[0021] In another possible implementation, sending the first information about traffic routing requirements to the PCF network entity includes: sending the first information about traffic routing requirements to the PCF network entity via a target network entity.
[0022] In this case, the AF sends the first information about traffic routing requirements to the PCF indirectly.
[0023] In a possible implementation, the target network entity includes a network exposure function (NEF) network entity and / or a network storage function (NSF) network entity.
[0024] In this case, the AF sends the first information about traffic routing requirements to the PCF indirectly through the NEF and / or the NSF.
[0025] In another possible implementation, the first information about traffic routing requirements further includes at least one of: device information identifying at least one device, wherein the at least one device includes the first device; application location information identifying the one or more application locations; or traffic information identifying the traffic originated from the at least one device.
[0026] In this case, the at least one device whose traffic (i.e., application traffic) is to be routed may be identified by the device information. The first target application location may be selected from the application locations that are identified by the application location information. Traffic originated from the at least one device that need to be routed is identified by the traffic information.
[0027] In another possible implementation, the at least one device further includes a second device. The first information about traffic routing requirements is further used to obtain a second target application location, from the one or more application locations, for the second device, and traffic originated from the second device (and being identified in the traffic information) is to be routed to the second target application location.
[0028] In a possible implementation, the second target application location is different from the first target application location.
[0029] In this case, according to the first information about traffic routing requirements, traffic (i.e., the application traffic) originated from different devices may be routed to different application locations instead of being routed to a common application location.
[0030] In another possible implementation, the first information about traffic routing requirements further includes subscription information indicating subscription of receiving notifications about one or more data plane path management events.
[0031] In this way, the AF may subscribe to the notifications about data plane path management events so that the AF may know about the change of the data plane path.
[0032] In another possible implementation, the method further includes: receiving a first notification from a traffic coordination (TCF) network entity, wherein the first notification includes information identifying the first target application location and / or information indicating the device capability of the first device, and the first notification indicates that the first target application location is selected for the first device.
[0033] In this case, the TCF sends the first notification about a data plane path management event to the AF before a first data plane path is configured for connecting the first device to the first target application location. The first data plane path will be used to route the application traffic originated from the first device to the first target application location. The first data plane path may be selected according to the first target application location for data plane efficiency. After receiving the first notification, the AF may determine whether to accept or reject the selection of the application location according to runtime status of the first target application location. In this way, the computing efficiency at the application locations may be improved.
[0034] In another possible implementation, the method further includes: receiving a second notification from the TCF network entity, wherein the second notification includes information identifying the first target application location and / or information indicating the device capability of the first device, and the second notification indicates that the first target application location is selected for the first device.
[0035] In this case, the AF receives the second notification about a data plane path management event from the TCF, which is sent by the TCF after the first data plane path is configured for the first device. After receiving the second notification, the AF may determine whether to accept or reject the selection of the application location according to runtime status of the first target application location. In this way, the computing efficiency at the application locations may be improved.
[0036] According to a second aspect, a method performed by a policy control function (PCF) network entity is provided. The method includes: receiving first information about traffic routing requirements from an application function (AF) network entity, wherein the first information about traffic routing requirements includes constraint information associated to traffic routing, the first information about traffic routing requirements is used to obtain / determine a first target application location, from one or more application locations, for a first device, and traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location; and sending second information indicating the traffic routing requirements to a traffic coordination function (TCF) network entity, wherein the second information is generated based on the first information about traffic routing requirements.
[0037] In this case, the PCF may generate the second information indicating the traffic routing requirements according to the first information about traffic routing requirements received from the AF. After that, the PCF may send the second information to the TCF such that the TCF may select the first target application location as the target application location for the first device. Likewise, the TCF may select application locations for other devices. In this way, appropriate application locations may be selected for different devices according to the first information about traffic routing requirements that includes the constraint information associated to traffic routing. According to the first information about traffic routing requirements, traffic (i.e., the application traffic) originated from different devices may be routed to different application locations instead of being routed to a common application location, thereby improving the traffic routing performance.
[0038] In a possible implementation, sending the second information indicating the traffic routing requirements to the TCF network entity includes: sending one or more policies to the TCF network entity, wherein the one or more policies include the second information and are generated based on the first information about traffic routing requirements.
[0039] In another possible implementation, the constraint information includes first constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of at least one cluster. Each cluster includes one or more devices whose traffic is to be routed to a same application location, and one of the at least one cluster corresponds to the first target application location and includes the first device.
[0040] In this way, the first target application location will be selected according to the first constraint information indicating a constraint on the number of the at least one cluster. Thus, an appropriate number of application locations will be selected to receive traffic from the devices. Selecting an appropriate number of application locations for the devices will balance the computing load at the application locations, thereby improving the computing efficiency.
[0041] In another possible implementation, the constraint information includes second constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of the one or more devices included in the at least one cluster.
[0042] In this way, the first target application location will be selected according to the second constraint information indicating a constraint on the number of the one or more devices included in the at least one cluster. Thus, by associating each application location to an appropriate number of devices, the computing load at the application location will be kept within a range that can be handled at the application location, thereby improving the computing efficiency.
[0043] In another possible implementation, the constraint information includes capability constraint information indicating a constraint on a capability of at least one application location of the one or more application locations, and the at least one application location includes the first target application location.
[0044] For example, the capability of the first target application location indicates one or more device capabilities supported by the first target application location, and the one or more device capabilities include a device capability of the first device.
[0045] In this way, an application location that is capable of processing the traffic originated from the first device will be selected as the first target application location for the first device. Likewise, application locations that are capable of processing the traffic originated from the devices will be selected as target application locations for the devices. Satisfying or not violating this constraint brings the advantage of ensuring capability matching between the devices and the associated application location. This, in turn, enhances the computing efficiency at the application location.
[0046] In a possible implementation, the capability of the at least one application location is indicated by at least one of a capability ID, a capability index, a capability level or a capability value.
[0047] In another possible implementation, the capability constraint information corresponding to the first target application location further indicates that device capabilities of a plurality of devices satisfy a predefined condition, the traffic originated from the plurality of devices are to be routed to the first target application location, and the plurality of devices include the first device.
[0048] For example, the predefined condition includes: a difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is less than or equal to a predefined threshold value; or a difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is within a predefined range.
[0049] In this way, devices with similar capabilities will be connected to a same application location. Satisfying or not violating this constraint brings the advantage of ensuring capability consistency between the devices whose application traffic is to be routed to the application location. This, in turn, enhances the computing efficiency at the application location.
[0050] In another possible implementation, the second information and the first information about traffic routing requirements further include at least one of: device information identifying at least one device, wherein the at least one device includes the first device; application location information identifying the one or more application locations; or traffic information identifying the traffic originated from the at least one device.
[0051] In this case, the at least one device whose traffic (i.e., application traffic) is to be routed may be identified by the device information. The first target application location may be selected from the application locations that are identified by the application location information. Traffic originated from the at least one device that need to be routed is identified by the traffic information.
[0052] In another possible implementation, the at least one device further includes a second device, the first information about traffic routing requirements is further used to obtain a second target application location, from the one or more application locations, for the second device, and traffic originated from the second device (and being identified in the traffic information) is to be routed to the second target application location.
[0053] In a possible implementation, the second target application location is different from the first target application location.
[0054] In this case, according to the first information about traffic routing requirements, traffic (i.e., the application traffic) originated from different devices may be routed to different application locations instead of being routed to a common application location.
[0055] In another possible implementation, the first information about traffic routing requirements and the second information further include subscription information. The subscription information indicates that the AF network entity subscribes to receive notifications about one or more data plane path management events.
[0056] In this way, the AF may subscribe to the notifications about data plane path management events so that the AF may know about the change of the data plane path.
[0057] In another possible implementation, receiving the first information about traffic routing requirements from the AF network entity includes: receiving the first information about traffic routing requirements from the AF network entity via a target network entity.
[0058] In this case, the TCF receives the first information about traffic routing requirements from the AF indirectly.
[0059] In a possible implementation, the target network entity includes a network exposure entity and / or a network storage entity.
[0060] In this case, the TCF receives the first information about traffic routing requirements from the AF indirectly through the NEF and / or the NSF.
[0061] According to a third aspect, a method performed by a traffic coordination (TCF) network entity is provided. The method includes: receiving second information indicating traffic routing requirements from a policy control function (PCF) network entity, wherein the traffic routing requirements include constraint information associated to traffic routing; and obtaining, based on the second information, a first target application location, from one or more application locations, for a first device, wherein traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location.
[0062] Therefore, the TCF may select the first target application location as the target application location for the first device according to the second information indicating traffic routing requirements. Likewise, the TCF may select application locations for other devices. In this way, appropriate application locations may be selected for different devices according to the second information about traffic routing requirements that includes the constraint information associated to traffic routing. According to the second information about traffic routing requirements, traffic (i.e., the application traffic) originated from different devices may be routed to different application locations instead of being routed to a common application location, thereby improving the traffic routing performance.
[0063] In a possible implementation, receiving the second information includes: receiving one or more policies from the PCF network entity, wherein the one or more policies include the second information.
[0064] In another possible implementation, the constraint information includes first constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of at least one cluster. Each cluster of the at least one cluster includes one or more devices whose traffic is to be routed to a same application location, and one of the at least one cluster corresponds to the first target application location and includes the first device.
[0065] In this way, the first target application location will be selected according to the first constraint information indicating a constraint on the number of the at least one cluster. Thus, an appropriate number of application locations will be selected to receive traffic from the devices. Selecting an appropriate number of application locations for the devices will balance the computing load at the application locations, thereby improving the computing efficiency.
[0066] In another possible implementation, the constraint information includes second constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of the one or more devices included in the at least one cluster.
[0067] In this way, the first target application location will be selected according to the second constraint information indicating a constraint on the number of the one or more devices included in the at least one cluster. Thus, by associating each application location to an appropriate number of devices, the computing load at each application location will be kept within a range that can be handled at the application location, thereby improving the computing efficiency.
[0068] In another possible implementation, the constraint information includes capability constraint information indicating a constraint on a capability of at least one application location of the one or more application locations, and the at least one application location includes the first target application location.
[0069] For example, the capability of the first target application location indicates one or more device capabilities supported by the first target application location, and the one or more device capabilities include a device capability of the first device.
[0070] In this way, an application location that is capable of processing the traffic originated from the first device will be selected as the first target application location for the first device. Likewise, application locations that are capable of processing the traffic originated from the devices will be selected as target application locations for the devices. Satisfying or not violating this constraint brings the advantage of ensuring capability matching between the devices and the associated application location. This, in turn, enhances the computing efficiency at the application location.
[0071] In a possible implementation, the capability of the at least one application location is indicated by at least one of a capability ID, a capability index, a capability level or a capability value.
[0072] In another possible implementation, the capability constraint information corresponding to the first target application location further indicates that device capabilities of a plurality of devices satisfy a predefined condition, the traffic originated from the plurality of devices are to be routed to the first target application location, and the plurality of devices include the first device.
[0073] For example, the predefined condition includes: a difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is less than or equal to a predefined threshold value; or a difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is within a predefined range.
[0074] In this way, devices with similar capabilities will be connected to a same application location. Satisfying or not violating this constraint brings the advantage of ensuring capability consistency between the devices whose application traffic is to be routed to the application location. This, in turn, enhances the computing efficiency at the application location.
[0075] In another possible implementation, the second information further includes at least one of: device information identifying at least one device, wherein the at least one device includes the first device; application location information identifying the one or more application locations; or traffic information identifying the traffic originated from the at least one device.
[0076] In this case, the at least one device whose traffic (i.e., application traffic) is to be routed may be identified by the device information. The first target application location may be selected from the application locations that are identified by the application location information. Traffic originated from the at least one device that need to be routed is identified by the traffic information.
[0077] In another possible implementation, the at least one device further includes a second device; and the method further includes: obtaining a second target application location, from the one or more application locations, for the second device, wherein traffic originated from the second device (and being identified in the traffic information) is to be routed to the second target application location.
[0078] In a possible implementation, the second target application location is different from the first target application location.
[0079] In this case, according to the first information about traffic routing requirements, traffic (i.e., the application traffic) originated from different devices may be routed to different application locations instead of being routed to a common application location.
[0080] In a possible implementation, the first target application corresponds to a cluster, and the number of the at least one cluster is not greater than a first value indicated by the first constraint information.
[0081] In this way, the first target application location will be selected according to the first constraint information indicating a constraint on the number of the at least one cluster. Selecting an appropriate number of application locations to receive traffic from the devices will balance the computing load at the application locations, thereby improving the computing efficiency.
[0082] In another possible implementation, the number of devices associated to the first target application is not greater than a second value indicated by the second constraint information, and the second value corresponds to the first target application location.
[0083] In this way, the first target application location will be selected according to the second constraint information indicating a constraint on the number of the one or more devices included in the at least one cluster. Thus, by associating an application location to an appropriate number of devices, the computing load at the application location will be kept within a range that can be handled at the application location, thereby improving the computing efficiency.
[0084] In another possible implementation, the method further includes: obtaining a device capability of the first device.
[0085] In this way, the TCF may select the first target application location according to the device capability of the first device. In addition, the TCF may inform the AF or other network function entities of the device capability of the first device.
[0086] In another possible implementation, the first target application location satisfies the corresponding capability constraint.
[0087] In this way, an application location that is capable of processing the traffic originated from the first device will be selected as the first target application location for the first device. Likewise, application locations that are capable of processing the traffic originated from the devices will be selected as target application locations for the devices. Satisfying or not violating this constraint brings the advantage of ensuring capability matching between the devices and the associated application location. This, in turn, enhances the computing efficiency at the application location.
[0088] In another possible implementation, the second information further includes subscription information, the subscription information indicating that the AF network entity subscribes to receive notifications about one or more data plane path management events.
[0089] In another possible implementation, the method further includes: sending a first notification according to the subscription information, wherein the first notification includes information identifying the first target application location and / or information indicating the device capability of the first device, and the first notification indicates that a first data plane path has been selected for the first device.
[0090] In this case, the TCF sends the first notification about a data plane path management event to the AF before a first data plane path is configured for connecting the first device to the first target application location. The first data plane path will be used to route the application traffic originated from the first device to the first target application location. The first data plane path may be selected according to the first target application location for data plane efficiency. After receiving the first notification, the AF may determine whether to accept or reject the selection of the application location according to runtime status of the first target application location. In this way, the computing efficiency at the application locations may be improved.
[0091] In another possible implementation, the method further includes: sending a second notification according to the subscription information, wherein the second notification includes information identifying the first target application location and / or information indicating the device capability of the first device, and the second notification indicates that the first target application location is selected for the first device.
[0092] In this case, the TCF sends the second notification about a data plane path management event to the AF after the first data plane path is configured for the first device. After receiving the second notification, the AF may determine whether to accept or reject the selection of the application location according to runtime status of the first target application location. In this way, the computing efficiency at the application locations may be improved.
[0093] In another possible implementation, the method further includes: collaborating with or using a path management function (PMF) network entity to select the data plane path.
[0094] In this case, the TCF may collaborate with or use the PMF to select the data plane path, thereby improving the efficiency of selecting the data plane path.
[0095] In another possible implementation, the TCF network entity is integrated with the PCF network entity.
[0096] As a result, the functionalities of the PCF will be enhanced.
[0097] According to a fourth aspect, a chip is provided. The chip includes a logic circuit and a power supply circuit. The power supply circuit is used to supply power to the logic circuit. The logical circuit is used to execute the steps of the method for traffic routing in one of the first aspect, the second aspect, the third aspect or any possible implementation of one of the first aspect, the second aspect, or the third aspect.
[0098] According to a fifth aspect, a computer device is provided. The computer device includes a storage and a processor. The storage is configured to store a set of computer instructions, and when the set of computer instructions are executed by the processor, the processor executes the steps of the method for traffic routing in one of the first aspect, the second aspect, the third aspect or any possible implementation of one of the first aspect, the second aspect, or the third aspect.
[0099] According to a sixth aspect, a communication system is provided. The communication system includes an AF, a PCF and a TCF. The AF is used to execute the steps of the method for traffic routing in the first aspect or any possible implementation of the first aspect. The PCF is used to execute the steps of the method for traffic routing in the second aspect or any possible implementation of the second aspect. The TCF is used to execute the steps of the method for traffic routing in the third aspect or any possible implementation of the third aspect.
[0100] According to a seventh aspect, a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The non-transitory computer-readable storage medium includes computer software instructions; when computer software instructions are run in a computer device, causing the computer device to execute the steps of the method for traffic routing in one of the first aspect, the second aspect, the third aspect or any possible implementation of one of the first aspect, the second aspect, or the third aspect.
[0101] According to an eighth aspect, a computer program product stored on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium is provided. The computer program product, when run on the computer, causes the computer to execute the steps of the method for traffic routing in one of the first aspect, the second aspect, the third aspect or any possible implementation of one of the first aspect, the second aspect, or the third aspect.
[0102] The advantages brought by any design from the fourth to eighth aspects can be referred to the first aspect, the second aspect, or the third aspect or the different designs of the first aspect, the second aspect, the third aspect, which will not be detailed here.
[0103] On the basis of the implementations provided in the above aspects, the present disclosure is able to provide more implementations by further combination.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
[0104] FIG. 1 shows a communication environment in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0105] FIG. 2 shows another communication environment in which embodiments of the present disclosure may be implemented;
[0106] FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a communication system that may be used for implementing devices and methods in accordance with embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0107] FIG. 4 shows an apparatus that wirelessly communicates with at least one of two apparatuses in a communication system in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0108] FIG. 5 shows a block diagram of an ED or apparatus in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0109] FIG. 6 shows a conceptual structure of a 6G System in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0110] FIG. 7 shows a signaling chart in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0111] FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a method by an application function (AF) network entity in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure;
[0112] FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a method by a policy control function (PCF) network entity in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure; and
[0113] FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating a method by a traffic coordination (TCF) network entity in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0114] Principle of the present disclosure will now be described with reference to the embodiments of the present disclosure. It will be understood that these embodiments are described only for the purpose of illustration and to help those skilled in the art understand and implement the present disclosure, without suggesting any limitation as to the scope of the disclosure. Embodiments described herein can be implemented in various manners other than those described below.
[0115] References in the present disclosure to "one embodiment" , "an embodiment" , "an example embodiment" , "some embodiments" and the like indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but it is not necessary that every embodiment includes the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.
[0116] It will be understood that although the terms "first" , "second" , etc. in front of noun (s) and the like may be used herein to describe various elements; and these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another and they do not limit the order of the noun (s) . For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the embodiments. As used herein, the term "and / or" includes any and all combinations of one or more of the listed terms.
[0117] As used herein, "at least one of: <a list of two or more elements>" and "at least one of <a list of two or more elements>" and similar wording, where the list of two or more elements is joined by "and" or "or" , indicate at least any one of the elements, or at least any two or more of the elements, or at least all the elements.
[0118] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms "a" , "an" and "the" are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms "comprises" , "comprising" , "has" , "having" , "includes" and / or "including" , when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and / or components etc., but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components and / or combinations thereof.
[0119] As used herein, the term "communication network" refers to a network following any suitable communication standards, such as New Radio (NR) , Long Term Evolution (LTE) , LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) , Wideband Code Division Multiple Access (WCDMA) , High- Speed Packet Access (HSPA) , and Narrow Band Internet of Things (NB-IoT) . Furthermore, the communications between a terminal device and a network device in the communication network may be performed according to any suitable generation communication protocols, including, but not limited to, the first generation (1G) , the second generation (2G) , 2.5G, 2.75G, the third generation (3G) , the fourth generation (4G) , 4.5G, the fifth generation (5G) , the sixth generation (6G) communication protocols, and / or any other protocols either currently known or to be developed in the future. Embodiments of the present disclosure may be applied in various communication systems. Given the rapid development in communications, there will of course also be future type communication technologies and systems with which the present disclosure may be embodied. It should not be seen as limiting the scope of the present disclosure to only the aforementioned system.
[0120] As used herein, the term "network device" refers to a node in a communication network via which a terminal device accesses the network and receives services therefrom. The network device may refer to a base station (BS) or an access point (AP) , for example, a node B (NodeB or NB) , an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , an NR NB (also referred to as a gNB) , a Remote Radio Unit (RRU) , a radio header (RH) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a relay, an Integrated Access and Backhaul (IAB) node, a low power node such as a femto, a pico, a non-terrestrial network (NTN) or non-ground network device such as a satellite network device, a low earth orbit (LEO) satellite and a geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellite, an aircraft network device, and so forth, depending on the applied terminology and technology. In some embodiments, a radio access network (RAN) split architecture includes a Centralized Unit (CU) and a Distributed Unit (DU) at an IAB donor node. An IAB node includes a Mobile Terminal (IAB-MT) part that behaves like a UE toward the parent node, and a DU part of an IAB node behaves like a base station toward the next-hop IAB node.
[0121] The term "terminal device" refers to any end device that may be capable of wireless communication. By way of example rather than limitation, a terminal device may also be referred to as a communication device, user equipment (UE) , a Subscriber Station (SS) , a Portable Subscriber Station, a Mobile Station (MS) , or an Access Terminal (AT) . The terminal device may include, but not limited to, a mobile phone, a cellular phone, a smart phone, voice over IP (VoIP) phones, wireless local loop phones, a tablet, a wearable terminal device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a portable computer, a desktop computer, an image capture terminal device such as a digital camera, a gaming terminal device, a music storage and playback appliance, a vehicle-mounted wireless terminal device, a wireless endpoint, a mobile station, laptop-embedded equipment (LEE) , laptop-mounted equipment (LME) , a USB dongle, a smart device, wireless customer-premises equipment (CPE) , an Internet of Things (IoT) device, a watch or other wearables, a head-mounted display (HMD) , a vehicle, a drone, a medical device and application (e.g., remote surgery) , an industrial device and application (e.g., a robot and / or other wireless devices operating in an industrial and / or an automated processing chain context) , a consumer electronics device, a device operating on commercial and / or industrial wireless networks, and the like. The terminal device may also correspond to a Mobile Termination (MT) part of an IAB node (e.g., a relay node) . In the following description, the terms "terminal device" , "communication device" , "terminal" , "user equipment" and "UE" may be used interchangeably.
[0122] FIG. 1 illustrates an example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented. Referring to FIG. 1, as an illustrative example without limitation, a simplified schematic illustration of a communication system (also referred to as computing and communications environment) 100 is provided. The communication system 100 (which may be a wireless system) comprises a radio access network (RAN) 120. The RAN 120 may be a next generation (e.g. sixth generation (6G) or later) radio access network, or a legacy (e.g. 5G, 4G, 3G or 2nd generation (2G) ) radio access network. One or more communication electronic device (ED) 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d, 110e, 110f, 110g, 110h, 110i, 110j (generically referred to as 110) may be interconnected to one another or connected to one or more network nodes (170a, 170b, generically referred to as 170) in the radio access network 120. A core network 130 may be a part of the communication system 100 and may be dependent or independent of the radio access technology used in the communication system 100. The communication system 100 may also comprise a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the internet 150, and other networks 160.
[0123] In general, the communication system 100 enables multiple wireless or wired elements to communicate data and other content. The communication system 100 may provide content, such as voice, data, video, and / or text, via broadcast, multicast, groupcast, unicast, etc. And the communication system 100 may provide a wide range of communication services and applications (such as earth monitoring, remote sensing, passive sensing and positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc. ) The services and / or applications may be mobile broadband (MBB) services, ultra-reliable low-latency communication (URLLC) services, or machine type communication (MTC) services.
[0124] The communication system 100 may operate by sharing resources, such as carrier spectrum bandwidth, between its constituent elements.
[0125] FIG. 2 illustrates another example communication environment in which example embodiments of the present disclosure can be implemented.
[0126] The communication system 100 may include a terrestrial communication system 120a / 120b and / or a non-terrestrial communication system 120c. The communication system 100 may provide a high degree of availability and robustness through a joint operation of a terrestrial communication system 120a / 120b and a non-terrestrial communication system 120c. For example, integrating a non-terrestrial communication system 120c (or components thereof) into a terrestrial communication system 120a / 120b can result in what may be considered a heterogeneous network comprising multiple layers. The heterogeneous network may achieve better overall performance through efficient multi-link joint operation, more flexible functionality sharing, and faster physical layer link switching between terrestrial networks and non-terrestrial networks.
[0127] The terrestrial communication system 120a / 120b and the non-terrestrial communication system 120c could be considered sub-systems of the communication system.
[0128] The communication system 100 may include ED 110a, 110b, 110c, 110d (generically referred to as ED 110) , and RAN 120a, 120b. In addition, the communication system 100 may also include a non-terrestrial communication network 120c. The communication system 100 may also include one or more of a core network 130, a public switched telephone network (PSTN) 140, the Internet 150, and other networks 160. The RANs 120a, 120b include respective RAN nodes such as base stations (BSs) 170a, 170b, which may be generically referred to as terrestrial transmit and receive points (T-TRPs) 170a, 170b. In one implementation, the non-terrestrial communication network 120c includes a RAN node such as an access node (or base station) 172, which may be generically referred to as a non-terrestrial transmit and receive point (NT-TRP) 172. As may be surmised on the basis of similarity in reference numerals, the non-terrestrial communication network 120c may be considered to be a radio access network, with operational aspects in common with the RANs 120a, 120b. In another implementations, the non-terrestrial communication network 120c may include at least one non-terrestrial network (NTN) device and at least one corresponding terrestrial network device, wherein the at least one non-terrestrial network device works as a transport layer device and the at least one corresponding terrestrial network device works as a RAN node, which communicates with the ED 110 via the non-terrestrial network device. In addition, there may be a NTN gateway in the ground (i.e., referred as a terrestrial network device) also as a transport layer device to communication with both the NTN device, and the RAN node communicates with the ED 110 via the NTN device and the NTN gateway. In some implementations, the NTN gateway and the RAN node may be located in the same device.
[0129] Any ED 110 may be alternatively or additionally configured to interface, access, or communicate with any T-TRP 170a, 170b and NT-TRP 172, the Internet 150, the core network 130, the PSTN 140, the other networks 160, or any combination of the preceding. In some examples, ED 110a may communicate an uplink (UL) and / or downlink (DL) transmission over a terrestrial air interface 190a with T-TRP 170a. In some examples, the EDs 110a, 110b, 110c, and 110d may also communicate directly with one another via one or more sidelink (SL) air interfaces 190b. In some examples, ED 110d may communicate an uplink and / or downlink transmission over a non-terrestrial air interface 190c with NT-TRP 172.
[0130] The air interfaces 190a and 190b may use similar communication technology, such as any suitable radio access technology. For example, the communication system 100 may implement one or more channel access methods, such as code division multiple access (CDMA) , space division multiple access (SDMA) , time division multiple access (TDMA) , frequency division multiple access (FDMA) , orthogonal FDMA (OFDMA) , or single-carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA, also known as discrete Fourier transform spread OFDMA, DFT-s-OFDMA) in the air interfaces 190a and 190b. The air interfaces 190a and 190b may utilize other higher dimension signal spaces, which may involve a combination of orthogonal and / or non-orthogonal dimensions.
[0131] The non-terrestrial air interface 190c can enable communication between the ED 110d and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 via a wireless link or simply a link. For some examples, the link is a dedicated connection for unicast transmission, a connection for broadcast transmission, or a connection between a group of EDs 110 and one or multiple NT-TRPs 172 for multicast transmission.
[0132] The RANs 120a and 120b are in communication with the core network 130 to provide the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c with various services such as voice, data, and other services. The RANs 120a and 120b and / or the core network 130 may be in direct or indirect communication with one or more other RANs (not shown) , which may or may not be directly served by core network 130, and may or may not employ the same radio access technology as RAN 120a, RAN 120b or both. The core network 130 may also serve as a gateway access between (i) the RANs 120a and 120b or EDs 110a 110b, and 110c or both, and (ii) other networks (such as the PSTN 140, the Internet 150, and the other networks 160) . In addition, some or all of the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may include functionality for communicating with different wireless networks over different wireless links using different wireless technologies and / or protocols. Instead of wireless communication (or in addition thereto) , the EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may communicate via wired communication channels to a service provider or switch (not shown) , and to the Internet 150. PSTN 140 may include circuit switched telephone networks for providing plain old telephone service (POTS) . Internet 150 may include a network of computers and subnets (intranets) or both, and incorporate protocols, such as Internet Protocol (IP) , Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) , User Datagram Protocol (UDP) . EDs 110a 110b, and 110c may be multimode devices capable of operation according to multiple radio access technologies, and incorporate multiple transceivers necessary to support such.
[0133] In addition, the communication system 100 may comprise a sensing agent (not shown in the figure) to manage the sensed data from ED110 and or the T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172. In one implementation, the sensing agent is located in the T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172. In another implementation, the sensing agent is a separate node which has interface to communicate with the core network 130 and / or the RAN 120 (e.g., the T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172) .
[0134] FIG. 3 is an example block diagram of a communication system 100 that may be used for implementing devices and methods in accordance with representative embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0135] As illustrated in FIG. 3, the communication system 100 considered in this disclosure includes a device, an access network (AN) 301, a core network (CN) 130 (not shown in FIG. 3) and a data network (DN) 302.
[0136] The CN 130 includes a control plane and a data plane. The control plane includes at least one of control plane functions (CPFs) : a network exposure function (NEF) 303, a policy control function (PCF) 304, a network storage function (NSF) 305, a traffic coordination function (TCF) 306 and a path management function (PMF) 307. In some implementations, the control plane further includes another CPF, i.e. an access and mobility management function (AMF) 308. The data plane includes a data plane function (DPF) . In some implementations, the data plane is known as user plane.
[0137] The system further includes an application function (AF) 309, as illustrated in FIG. 3. The AF 309 interacts with the control plane of the CN 130 in order to access or provide services. In some implementations, for example, when the AF 309 is located in a trust domain, the AF 309 is allowed to interact directly with relevant control plane functions, e.g. the NSF 305, the PCF 304. In some implementations, for example, when the AF 309 is not located in a trust domain, the AF 309 is not allowed to interact directly with the control plane functions, but via the NEF 303. Without ambiguity, AF and AF network entity are used interchangeably for ease of presentation unless clarified.
[0138] The functionalities of the CPFs and the DPF 310 are as described below.
[0139] - AMF 308: The AMF 308 may implement functionalities the same as or similar to those of the AMF in the 3GPP 5G system, e.g. registration management, connection management, reachability management, mobility Management, access authentication, access authorization, etc., as described in 3GPP TS 23.501 V18.2.0. In some implementations, the AMF 308 corresponds to the AMF in the 3GPP 5G system (i.e. 5G AMF in short) .
[0140] - NEF 303: The NEF 303 may implement at least one of functionalities, for example, but not limited to: exposure of network information, analytics, capabilities and events, secure provision of information from external application (e.g. AF) to the system, and translation of internal-external information, etc. In some implementations, the NEF 303 corresponds to the NEF in the 3GPP 5G system. Without ambiguity, NEF and NEF network entity are used interchangeably for ease of presentation unless clarified.
[0141] - PCF 304: The PCF 304 may implement at least one of functionalities, for example, but not limited: support of unified policy framework to govern network behavior, making policy decisions and providing resultant policy rules to control plane function (s) to enforce them, accessing subscription information and application data relevant for policy decisions in one or multiple network storage functions (e.g. NSF) . In some implementations, the PCF 304 corresponds to the PCF in the 3GPP 5G system. Without ambiguity, PCF and PCF network entity are used interchangeably for ease of presentation unless clarified.
[0142] - NSF 305: The NSF 305 may implement at least one of functionalities, for example, but not limited: storage and retrieval of subscription data, storage and retrieval of policy data, storage and retrieval of structured data for exposure, storage and retrieval of application data (including Packet Flow Descriptions (PFDs) for application detection, information associated with AF request, device group information for group management) , etc. In some implementations, the NSF 305 corresponds to the UDR in the 3GPP 5G system. Without ambiguity, NSF and NSF network entity are used interchangeably for ease of presentation unless clarified.
[0143] - TCF 306: The TCF 306 makes traffic routing decisions and coordinates traffic routing, as described in this disclosure. In some implementations, the TCF 306 is integrated with the PMF 307. In some implementations, the TCF 306 is integrated with the PCF 304. In some implementations, the TCF 306 is a separate network function, different from the PMF 307 and the PCF 304. The TCF 306 interacts with the device 311 via an interface shown as a dashed line in FIG. 3. When the device 311 is a terminal device, this interface is through the AN 301 and may be viewed as an NAS (Non Access Stratum) . In some implementations, the interface is through one or multiple other CPFs, e.g. the PMF 307, the AMF 308, the NEF 303, as further described below. Without ambiguity, TCF and TCF network entity are used interchangeably for ease of presentation unless clarified.
[0144] - PMF 307: The PMF 307 may implement at least one of the following functionalities, for example, but not limited to: selection and control of DPF 310, maintaining / configuring data plane topology or paths, establishing and releasing data plan tunnels, configuring traffic forwarding at DPF 310 to apply local switching or packet forwarding, configures traffic steering at DPF 310 to route traffic to proper destination, etc. The PMF 307 configures a DPF 310 via the T4 interface. In some implementations, the PMF 307 corresponds to the SMF in the 3GPP 5G system. The PMF 307 may interact with the device 311 via an interface shown as dashed line in FIG. 3. When the device 311 is a terminal device, this interface is through the AN 301 and may be viewed as an NAS (Non Access Stratum) interface. In some embodiments, the interface is through another CPF, e.g. the AMF 308 or the NEF 303, as further described below. Without ambiguity, PMF and PMF network entity are used interchangeably for ease of presentation unless clarified.
[0145] - DPF 310: The DPF 310 may implement at least one of the following functionalities, for example, but not limited: acting as a point of interconnect to the DN 302, acting as an anchor point for a device 311 in the DP, routing / forwarding packets, enforcing policy rules (e.g. traffic gating, redirection, traffic steering) , performing traffic marking in the uplink and downlink, performing packet buffering and data notification triggering, performing packet inspection (e.g. application detection) . In some implementations, the data plane corresponds to the user plane of the 3GPP 5G system, and the DPF 310 corresponds to the UPF in the 3GPP 5G system.
[0146] The CPFs and the DPF 310 described above are logical network functions. Each of the CPFs and the DPF 310 can be instantiated at one or multiple network locations, resulting in one or multiple instances. When the AN 301 (e.g. an AN node) implements functionalities of a logical network function (any of the control plane functions and the DPF 310) , it is considered that the logical network function is instantiated in the AN 301 (e.g. at the AN node) . A network location may refer to a data center or an AN node. There may be more than one instances of a logical network function at a same network location.
[0147] The device 311 is an electronic device (e.g., ED 110 in FIG. 1) . If the device 311 is a terminal device such as a UE, the device 311 connects with the CN 130 (including the control plane and the data plane) via the AN 301: the device 311 is served by an AN node in the AN 301, i.e. having a connection with the AN node, which in turns connects to the CN 130. The device 311 may be a wireless device. If the device 311 is a wireless terminal device, the device 311 connects with the CN 130 via the AN 301, the AN 301 is a radio access network, e.g. the 5G RAN or 6G RAN, the serving AN node of the device 311 (i.e. the AN node serving the device) is a radio access point such as a base station, and the connection between the device 311 and its serving AN node is a wireless connection. In some implementations, when the device 311 is not a terminal device (e.g. a server, a network entity) , the AN 301 is optional, and the device 311 connects with the CN 130 directly.
[0148] Connection between the device 311 and the DN 312:
[0149] If the device 311 connects with the CN via the AN 301, the device 311 is served by an AN node (e.g., TRP 170 in FIG. 1) . The serving AN node of the device 311 connects with the DPF 310 (in face, an instance of the DPF) in the data plane of the CN through a data plane path. The DPF 310 is an anchor point for the device 311 in the data plane and can be referred to as DPA. The data plan path is associated to the device; it includes the serving AN node, the DPA and possibly one or multiple intermediate DPFs (i.e. other instances of the DPF 310. When one or multiple intermediate DPFs 310 are included in the data plane path, they are located between the serving AN node. The serving AN node connects either with the DPA or with an intermediate DPF 310 in the data plane path, via the T3 interface. Two adjacent DPF 310 instances (e.g. two intermediate DPFs, or an intermediate DPF and the DPA) in the data plane path are connected via the T9 interface. The DPA connects to the DN 312 via the T6 interface. Hence, the communication system connects the device with the DN 312 via the AN 301 and the data plane of the CN. Through the communication system 100, the device 311 can communicate with an application server (AS) located in the DN 312, for example, send data traffic to and / or receive data traffic from the AS.
[0150] Connection between the device 311 and the CN control plane:
[0151] A control plane function (CPF) , such as the AMF 308, the PMF 307 or the TCF 306, can interact with the device 311 via a first interface, shown as a dashed line in FIG. 3. In some embodiments, the interaction is further through a relay function in the control plane. In this case, when the CPF interacts with the device 311 via the first interface, the CPF interacts with the relay function via a second interface, which in turn interacts with the device 311 with a third interface. For example, when the CPF sends a message to the device 311 via the first interface, the CPF sends the message to the rely function using the second interface, which then forwards the message to the device 311 using the third interface; when the device 311 sends a message to the CPF via the first interface (e.g. the message including the information indicating the device’s capability) to the TCF 306 as described in the step 7351 in FIG. 7, where the TCF 306 is the CPF) , the device 311 sends the message to the relay function using the third interface, which then forwards the message to the CPF using the second interface. Before forward the message, the relay function may perform information mapping, wherein the control plane function changes or updates some original information in the message to a mapped information, such that the message includes the mapped information instead of the original information when being forwarded.
[0152] Hence, the first interface (between the CPF and the device 311) can be viewed as comprising or implemented through the second interface (between the CPF and the relay function) and the third interface (the relay function and the device 311) , and the first interface is said through the relay function. In some implementations, the first interface and the third interface are the same interface in the view of the device 311. In some implementations, the first interface and the second interface are the same interface in the view of the CPF. In some implementations, the first interface, the second interface or the third interface corresponds to a communication tunnel.
[0153] When the device 311 is a terminal device such as a UE, the first interface is through the AN 301. If the first interface is implemented through the second interface and the third interfaces, the third interface is through the AN 301, and the first interface is through the AN 301 due to the third interface being through the AN 301. When the relay function forwards the message, the relay function may include the message, or content of the message, in another message and send the other message using the third interface (if the message is from the CPF and targeting the device 311) or the second interface (if the message is from the device 311 and targeting the CPF) . If the device 311 is further a wireless device, the first interface and the third interface are NAS (Non Access Stratum) interfaces. A message transmitted using a NAS interface is a NAS message.
[0154] When the device 311 is a terminal device such as a UE, the relay function may be: the PMF 307 or the AMF 308, if the CPF is the TCF 306; or, the AMF 308, if the CPF is the PMF 307.
[0155] Note that the above description about the first interface between the CPF and the device 311, when the device 311 is a terminal device, is recursive and can be applied to the third interface. That is, if the relay function is the PMF 307, the third interface may be through another relay function, e.g. the AMF 308.
[0156] When the device 311 is not a terminal device, the relay function may be: the PMF 307 or the NEF 303, if the CPF is the TCF 306; or, the NEF 303, if the CPF is the PMF 307.
[0157] Note that the above description about the first interface between the CPF and the device 311, when the device 311 is not a terminal device, is recursive and can be applied to the third interface. That is, if the relay function is the PMF 307, the third interface may be through another relay function, e.g. the NEF 303.
[0158] FIG. 4 illustrates example of an Apparatus 330 wirelessly communicating with at least one of two apparatuses (e.g., Apparatus 320a and Apparatus 320b, referred as Apparatus 320) in a communication system, e.g., the communication system 100, according to one embodiment. The Apparatus 330 may be a UE (e.g., ED 110 in FIG. 3) . The Apparatus 320a may be a terrestrial network device (e.g., T-TRP 170 as shown in FIG. 3) , and Apparatus 320b may be a non-terrestrial network device (e.g., NT-TRP 172 as shown in FIG. 3) . However, this is not necessary. For example, Apparatus 320a may be a NT-TRP, and 320b may be a T-TRP, both Apparatus 320a and 320b may be T-TRPs or NT-TRPs, according to present disclosure. In the following, the ED 110 as an example of the Apparatus 330 is described, and T-TRP 170 as an example of Apparatus 320a is described, and NT-TRP 172 as an example of Apparatus 320a is described. Although only one Apparatus 330, one Apparatus 320a and one Apparatus 320b Please note that the number of Apparatus 330 (e.g. ED 110) could be one or more, and the number of Apparatus 320a and / or 320b could be one or more. For example, one ED110 may be served by only one T-TRP 170 (or one NT-TRP172) , by more than one T-TRP 170, by more than one NT-TRP 172, or by one or more T-TRP 170 and one or more NT-TRP172.
[0159] The ED 110 is used to connect persons, objects, machines, etc. The ED 110 may be widely used in various scenarios including, for example, cellular communications, device-to-device (D2D) , vehicle to everything (V2X) , peer-to-peer (P2P) , machine-to-machine (M2M) , MTC, internet of things (IoT) , virtual reality (VR) , augmented reality (AR) , mixed reality (MR) , metaverse, digital twin, industrial control, self-driving, remote medical, smart grid, smart furniture, smart office, smart wearable, smart transportation, smart city, drones, robots, remote sensing, passive sensing, positioning, navigation and tracking, autonomous delivery and mobility, etc.
[0160] Each ED 110 represents any suitable end user device for wireless operation and may include such devices (or may be referred to but not limited to) as a user equipment / device (UE) , a wireless transmit / receive unit (WTRU) , a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a cellular telephone, a station (STA) , a MTC device, a personal digital assistant (PDA) , a smartphone, a laptop, a computer, a tablet, a wireless sensor, a consumer electronics device, a smart book, a vehicle, a car, a truck, a bus, a train, or an IoT device, wearable devices (such as a watch, a pair of glasses, head mounted equipment, etc. ) , an industrial device, or an apparatus in (e.g. communication module, modem, or chip) or comprising the forgoing devices, among other possibilities. Future generation EDs 110 may be referred to using other terms. The base station 170a and 170b is a T-TRP and will hereafter be referred to as T-TRP 170. Also shown in FIG. 4, a non-terrestrial (NT) device will hereafter be referred to as NT-TRP 172. Each ED 110 connected to T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172 can be dynamically or semi-statically turned-on (i.e., established, activated, or enabled) , turned-off (i.e., released, deactivated, or disabled) and / or configured in response to one of more of: connection availability and connection necessity.
[0161] As shown in FIG. 4, the ED 110 include at least one processor 210. Only one processor 210 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. The ED 110 may further include a transmitter 201 and a receiver 203 coupled to one or more antennas 204. Only one antenna 204 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 204 may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 201 and the receiver 203 may be integrated, e.g. as a transceiver. The transceiver is configured to modulate data or other content for transmission by at least one antenna 204 or network interface controller (NIC) . The transceiver is also configured to demodulate data or other content received by the at least one antenna 204. Each transceiver includes any suitable structure for generating signals for wireless or wired transmission and / or processing signals received wirelessly or by wire. Each antenna 204 includes any suitable structure for transmitting and / or receiving wireless or wired signals. The ED 110 may include at least one memory 208. Only the transmitter 201, receiver 203, processor 210, memory 208, and antenna 204 is illustrated for simplicity, but the ED 110 may include one or more other components.
[0162] The memory 208 stores instructions. The memory 208 may also stores data used, generated, or collected by the ED 110. For example, the memory 208 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by one or more processing unit (s) (e.g., a processor 210) . Each memory 208 includes any suitable volatile and / or non-volatile storage and retrieval device (s) . Any suitable type of memory may be used, such as random access memory (RAM) , read only memory (ROM) , hard disk, optical disc, subscriber identity module (SIM) card, memory stick, secure digital (SD) memory card, on-processor cache, and the like.
[0163] The ED 110 may further include one or more input / output devices (not shown) or interfaces (such as a wired interface to the Internet 150 in FIG. 1) . The input / output devices or interfaces permit interaction with a user or other devices in the network. Each input / output device or interface includes any suitable structure for providing information to or receiving information from a user, and / or for network interface communications. Suitable structures include, for example, a speaker, microphone, keypad, keyboard, display, touch screen, etc.
[0164] The processor 210 performs (or controlling the ED110 to perform) operations described herein as being performed by the ED110. As illustrated below and elsewhere in the present disclosure. For example, the processor 210 performs or controls the ED110 to perform receiving transport blocks (TBs) , using a resource for decoding of one of the received TBs, releasing the resource for decoding of another of the received TBs, and / or receiving configuration information configuring a resource. In details, the operation may include those operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission to the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170; those operations related to processing downlink transmissions received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170; and those operations related to processing sidelink transmission to and from another ED 110. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for uplink transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing downlink transmissions may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating and decoding received symbols. Processing operations related to processing sidelink transmissions may include operations such as transmit / receive beamforming, modulating / demodulating and encoding / decoding symbols. Depending upon the embodiment, a downlink transmission may be received by the receiver 203, possibly using receive beamforming, and the processor 210 may extract signaling from the downlink transmission (e.g. by detecting and / or decoding the signaling) . An example of signaling may be a reference signal transmitted by the NT-TRP 172 and / or by the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 implements the transmit beamforming and / or the receive beamforming based on the indication of beam direction, e.g. beam angle information (BAI) , received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as operations relating to detecting a synchronization sequence, decoding and obtaining the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 210 may perform channel estimation, e.g. using a reference signal received from the NT-TRP 172 and / or from the T-TRP 170.
[0165] Although not illustrated, the processor 210 may form part of the transmitter 201 and / or part of the receiver 203. Although not illustrated, the memory 208 may form part of the processor 210.
[0166] The processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201, and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory (e.g. in the memory 208) . Alternatively, some or all of the processor 210, the processing components of the transmitter 201, and the processing components of the receiver 203 may each be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed field-programmable gate array (FPGA) , an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or a hardware accelerator such as a graphics processing unit (GPU) or an artificial intelligence (AI) accelerator.
[0167] In some implementations, the ED 110 may an apparatus (also called component) for example, communication module, modem, chip, or chipset, it includes at least one processor 210, and an interface or at least one pin. In this scenario, the transmitter 201 and receiver 203 may be replaced by the interface or at least one pin, wherein the interface or at least one pin is to connect the apparatus (e.g., chip) and other apparatus (e.g., chip, memory, or bus) . Accordingly, the transmitting information to the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170 and / or another ED 110 may be referred as transmitting information to the interface or at least one pin, or as transmitting information to the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170 and / or another ED 110 via the interface or at least one pin, and receiving information from the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170 and / or another ED 110 may be referred as receiving information from the interface or at least one pin, or as receiving information from the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170 and / or another ED 110 via the interface or at least one pin. The information may include control signaling and / or data.
[0168] As shown in FIG. 4, the T-TRP 170 include at least one processor 260. Only one processor 260 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. The T-TRP 170 may further include at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 may further include at least one memory 258. The T-TRP 170 may further include scheduler 253. Only the transmitter 252, receiver 254, processor 260, memory 258, antenna 256 and scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, but the T-TRP may include one or more other components.
[0169] The T-TRP 170 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a base station, a base transceiver station (BTS) , a radio base station, a network node, a network device, a device on the network side, a transmit / receive node, a Node B, an evolved NodeB (eNodeB or eNB) , a Home eNodeB, a next Generation NodeB (gNB) , a transmission point (TP) , a site controller, an access point (AP) , a wireless router, a relay station, a terrestrial node, a terrestrial network device, a terrestrial base station, a base band unit (BBU) , a remote radio unit (RRU) , an active antenna unit (AAU) , a remote radio head (RRH) , a central unit (CU) , a distributed unit (DU) , a positioning node, among other possibilities. The T-TRP 170 may be a macro base station (BS) , a pico BS, a relay node, a donor node, or the like, or combinations thereof. The T-TRP 170 may refer to the forgoing devices or refer to apparatus (e.g. a communication module, a modem, or a chip) in the forgoing devices.
[0170] In some embodiments, the parts of the T-TRP 170 may be distributed. For example, some of the modules of the T-TRP 170 may be located remote from the equipment that houses the antennas 256 for the T-TRP 170, and may be coupled to the equipment that houses the antennas 256 over a communication link (not shown) sometimes known as front haul, such as common public radio interface (CPRI) . Therefore, in some embodiments, the term T-TRP 170 may also refer to modules on the network side that perform processing operations, such as determining the location of the ED 110, resource allocation (scheduling) , message generation, and encoding / decoding, and that are not necessarily part of the equipment that houses the antennas 256 of the T-TRP 170. The modules may also be coupled to other T-TRPs. In some embodiments, the T-TRP 170 may actually be a plurality of T-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through the use of coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0171] The processor 260 performs operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to the T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the T-TRP 170 and / or NT-TRP 172. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. multiple input multiple output (MIMO) precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. The processor 260 may also perform operations relating to network access (e.g. initial access) and / or downlink synchronization, such as generating the content of synchronization signal blocks (SSBs) , generating the system information, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 also generates an indication of beam direction, e.g. BAI, which may be scheduled for transmission by a scheduler 253. The processor 260 performs other network-side processing operations described herein, such as determining the location of the ED 110, determining where to deploy the NT-TRP 172, etc. In some embodiments, the processor 260 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110 and / or one or more parameters of the NT-TRP 172. Any signaling generated by the processor 260 is sent by the transmitter 252.
[0172] The scheduler 253 may be coupled to the processor 260 or integrated in the processor 260. The scheduler 253 may be included within or operated separately from the T-TRP 170. The scheduler 253 may schedule uplink, downlink, sidelink, and / or backhaul transmissions, including issuing scheduling grants and / or configuring scheduling-free (e.g., "configured grant" ) resources.
[0173] The memory 258 is configured to store information, and optionally data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the T-TRP 170. For example, the memory 258 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 260.
[0174] Although not illustrated, the processor 260 may form part of the transmitter 252 and / or part of the receiver 254. Also, although not illustrated, the processor 260 may implement the scheduler 253. Although not illustrated, the memory 258 may form part of the processor 260.
[0175] The processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in the memory 258. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 260, the scheduler 253, the processing components of the transmitter 252, and the processing components of the receiver 254 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a hardware accelerator (e.g., a GPU or AI accelerator) , or an ASIC.
[0176] When the T-TRP 170 is an apparatus (also called as component, for example, communication module, modem, chip, or chipset in a device, it includes at least one processor, and an interface or at least one pin. In this scenario, the transmitter 252 and receiver 254 may be replaced by the interface or at least one pin, wherein the interface or at least one pin is to connect the apparatus (e.g., chip) and other apparatus (e.g., chip, memory, or bus) . Accordingly, the transmitting information to the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170 and / or ED 110 may be referred as transmitting information to the interface or at least one pin, and receiving information from the NT-TRP 172 and / or the T-TRP 170 and / or ED 110 may be referred as receiving information from the interface or at least one pin. The information may include control signaling and / or data.
[0177] Although the NT-TRP 172 is illustrated as a drone only as an example, the NT-TRP 172 may be implemented in any suitable non-terrestrial form, such as satellites and high altitude platforms, including international mobile telecommunication base stations and unmanned aerial vehicles, for example. Also, the NT-TRP 172 may be known by other names in some implementations, such as a non- terrestrial node, a non-terrestrial network device, or a non-terrestrial base station.
[0178] As shown in FIG. 4, The T-TRP 170 may further include at least one transmitter 252 and at least one receiver 254 coupled to one or more antennas 256. Only one antenna 256 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas 256 may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 252 and the receiver 254 may be integrated as a transceiver. The T-TRP 170 may further include at least one memory 258. The T-TRP 170 may further include scheduler 253. Only the transmitter 252, receiver 254, processor 260, memory 258, antenna 256 and scheduler 253 are illustrated for simplicity, but the T-TRP may include one or more other components.
[0179] As shown in FIG. 4, the NT-TRP 172 include at least one processor 276. Only one processor 276 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. The NT-TRP 172 may include a transmitter 272 and a receiver 274 coupled to one or more antennas 280. Only one antenna 280 is illustrated to avoid congestion in the drawing. One, some, or all of the antennas may alternatively be panels. The transmitter 272 and the receiver 274 may be integrated as a transceiver. The NT-TRP 172 may further include at least one memory 278. The NT-TRP 172 may further include scheduler. Only the transmitter 272, receiver 274, processor 276, memory 278, antenna 280 are illustrated for simplicity, but the NT-TRP may include one or more other components.
[0180] The NT-TRP 172 include a processor 276 for performing operations including those related to: preparing a transmission for downlink transmission to the ED 110, processing an uplink transmission received from the ED 110, preparing a transmission for backhaul transmission to T-TRP 170 and / or another NT-TRP 172, and processing a transmission received over backhaul from the T-TRP 170 and / or another NT-TRP 172. Processing operations related to preparing a transmission for downlink or backhaul transmission may include operations such as encoding, modulating, precoding (e.g. MIMO precoding) , transmit beamforming, and generating symbols for transmission. Processing operations related to processing received transmissions in the uplink or over backhaul may include operations such as receive beamforming, demodulating received symbols, and decoding received symbols. In some embodiments, the processor 276 implements the transmit beamforming and / or receive beamforming based on beam direction information (e.g. BAI) received from the T-TRP 170. In some embodiments, the processor 276 may generate signaling, e.g. to configure one or more parameters of the ED 110. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 implements physical layer processing, but does not implement higher layer functions such as functions at the medium access control (MAC) or radio link control (RLC) layer. As this is only an example, more generally, the NT-TRP 172 may implement higher layer functions in addition to physical layer processing.
[0181] The memory 278 is configured to store information and optionally data. The memory 258 stores instructions and data used, generated, or collected by the NT-TRP 172. For example, the memory 278 could store software instructions or modules configured to implement some or all of the functionality and / or embodiments described herein and that are executed by the processor 276.
[0182] Although not illustrated, the processor 276 may form part of the transmitter 272 and / or part of the receiver 274. Although not illustrated, the memory 278 may form part of the processor 276.
[0183] The processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272, and the processing components of the receiver 274 may each be implemented by the same or different one or more processors that are configured to execute instructions stored in a memory, e.g. in the memory 278. Alternatively, some or all of the processor 276, the processing components of the transmitter 272, and the processing components of the receiver 274 may be implemented using dedicated circuitry, such as a programmed FPGA, a hardware accelerator (e.g., a GPU or AI accelerator) , or an ASIC. In some embodiments, the NT-TRP 172 may actually be a plurality of NT-TRPs that are operating together to serve the ED 110, e.g. through coordinated multipoint transmissions.
[0184] When the NT-TRP 172 is an apparatus (e.g. communication module, modem, chip, or chipset) in a device, it includes at least one processor, and an interface or at least one pin. In this scenario, the transmitter 272 and receiver 257 may be replaced by the interface or at least one pin, wherein the interface or at least one pin is to connect the apparatus (e.g., chip) and other apparatus (e.g., chip, memory, or bus) . Accordingly, the transmitting information to the T-TRP 170 and / or another NT-TRP 172 and / or ED 110 may be referred as transmitting information to the interface or at least one pin, and receiving information from the T-TRP 170 and / or another NT-TRP 172 and / or ED 110 may be referred as receiving information from the interface or at least one pin. The information may include control signaling and / or data.
[0185] Note that "TRP" , as used herein, may refer to a T-TRP or a NT-TRP. A T-TRP may alternatively be called a terrestrial network TRP ( "TN TRP" ) and a NT-TRP may alternatively be called a non-terrestrial network TRP ( "NTN TRP" ) . The T-TRP 170, the NT-TRP 172, and / or the ED 110 may include other components, but these have been omitted for the sake of clarity.
[0186] Note that "signaling" , as used herein, may alternatively be called control signaling, control message, control information, or message for simplicity. Signaling between a BS (e.g., the network node 170) and a terminal or sensing device (e.g., ED 110) , or signaling between different terminal or sensing device (e.g., between ED 110i and ED110j) may be carried in physical layer signaling (also called as dynamic signaling) , which is transmitted in a physical layer control channel. For downlink the physical layer signaling may be known as downlink control information (DCI) which is transmitted in a physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) . For uplink, the physical layer signaling may be known as uplink control information (UCI) which is transmitted in a physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) . For sidelink, signaling between different terminal or sensing device (e.g., between ED 110i and ED110j) may be known as sidelink control information (SCI) which is transmitted in a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) . Signaling may be carried in a higher-layer (e.g., higher than physical layer) signaling, which is transmitted in a physical layer data channel, e.g. in a physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) for downlink signaling, in a physical uplink shared channel (PUSCH) for uplink signaling, and in a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) for sidelink signaling. Higher-layer signaling may also called static signaling, or semi-static signaling. Higher-layer signaling may be radio resource control (RRC) protocol signaling or media access control –control element (MAC-CE) signaling. Signaling may be included in a combination of physical layer signaling and higher layer signaling.
[0187] It should be noted that in present disclosure, "information" , when different from "message" , may be carried in one single message, or be carried in more than one separate message.
[0188] FIG. 5 is an example block diagram of a device or apparatus in accordance with representative embodiments of the present disclosure. One or more steps of the methods provided in this disclosure herein may be performed by corresponding units or modules in a device or apparatus, such as in the ED 110, in the T-TRP 170, or in the NT-TRP 172. For example, a signal may be transmitted by a transmitting unit or by a transmitting module 501. A signal may be received by a receiving unit or by a receiving module 502. A signal may be processed by a processing unit or a processing module 503. Other steps may be performed by an artificial intelligence (AI) or machine learning (ML) module 504. As shown in the FIG. 5, the device or apparatus may also include operating system module 500 (e.g., an embedded operating system, firmware, etc. ) . The respective units or modules may be implemented using hardware, one or more components or devices that execute software, or a combination thereof. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be a circuit such as an integrated circuit. Examples of an integrated circuit includes a programmed FPGA, a GPU, or an ASIC. For instance, one or more of the units or modules may be logical such as a logical function performed by a circuit, by a portion of an integrated circuit, or by software instructions executed by a processor. It will be appreciated that where the modules are implemented using software for execution by a processor for example, the modules may be retrieved by a processor, in whole or part as needed, individually or together for processing, in single or multiple instances, and that the modules themselves may include instructions for further deployment and instantiation.
[0189] Additional details regarding the EDs 110, the T-TRP 170, and the NT-TRP 172 are known to those of skill in the art. As such, these details are omitted here.
[0190] FIG. 6 shows an example of a 6G System conceptual structure according to some example embodiments of the present disclosure.
[0191] The proposed 6G System architecture is defined to support 6G XaaS services by using techniques such as Network Function Virtualization and Network Slicing. The 6G System architecture utilizes service-based interactions between 6G services.
[0192] The 6G System leverages service-based architecture and XaaS concept. XaaS services in the 6G System are categorized into three layers.
[0193] Infrastructure Layer 610 includes infrastructures supporting 6G services. Among them are wireless networks (RAN, CN) infrastructures 611, 612, Cloud / data center infrastructures 614, satellite networks 613, storage / database infrastructures 615, and sensing networks and etc. These infrastructures can be provided by a single provider or by multiple providers.
[0194] Each of the infrastructures could have its control and management functions, denoted as C / M functions, for infrastructure management. Each of these infrastructures is one type of Infrastructure as a Service.
[0195] Control and Management (C / M) layer 620 includes control and management services of the 6G System. They are developed and deployed by using slicing techniques and utilizing resource provided by infrastructure layer 610.6G services in Control and Management (C / M) layer are:
[0196] Resource Management (RM) as a Service 621 provides a capability of life-cycle management of a variety of slices and over-the- air resource assignment to wireless devices.
[0197] A 6G mission is defined as a service provided to customers by the 6G System. A mission can be a type of services which is provided by a single 6G XaaS service or a type of services that needs contributions from multiple XaaS services.
[0198] Mission Management (MM) as a Service 622 provides a capability to program provisioning of XaaS services at Service Layer to provide mission services.
[0199] Confederation Network (CONET) as a Service 625 provides a capability to enable multiple partners jointly provide 6G services. This capability is provided by confederation formation, mutual authentication, mutual authorization among partners and negotiation of agreement on recording and retracing of selected actions performed by partners, in order to assure a trustworthy environment of 6G System operations.
[0200] Service Provisioning Management (SPM) as a Service 623 provides a capability of control and management of 6G service access by customers and provisioning of requested services. The capability is provided by unified mutual authentication, authorization and policy, key management, QoS assurance and charging between any pair of XaaS service provider and customer. The customers include end-customers not only in physical world, but also digital representatives in digital world.
[0201] Connectivity Management (CM) as a Service 624 leverages 5G connectivity management functions, but with extension to include digital world.
[0202] Protocol as a Service 626 provides a capability to design service customized protocol stacks for identified interfaces.
[0203] The protocol stacks could be pre-defined for on-demand selection, or could be on-demand designed.
[0204] Network Security 627 as a Service provides a capability for owners of infrastructures to detect potential security risks of their infrastructures.
[0205] XaaS services in C / M Layer 620 support control and management of the 6G System itself and also provide support to verticals if requested. One example is that RM service can serve RAN for over-the-air resource management and can also provide service to a vertical for the vertical’s over-the-air resource allocation to its end-customers. The XaaS in C / M layer 620 can be deployed by using slicing technique.
[0206] Service Layer 630 includes 6G services which provide services to customers. In the 6G System conceptual structure:
[0207] AI service is denoted as NET4AI as a Service 631. Artificial Intelligence service provides AI capability to support a variety of AI applications.
[0208] Service of data collection, data sanitization, data analysis and data delivery are denoted as data analytics and manage (DAM) as a Service, this service provides a capability of lifecycle management of statistic data, including acquisition, de-privatization, analysis and delivery of data which are information statistic data from any types of sensors, devices, network functions, and etc.
[0209] Service of storage and sharing of data is denoted as NET4Data as a Service 632, this service provides a capability to trustworthily storage and share data under the control of owners of data and following recognized authorities’ regulations on control of identified data.
[0210] Service to provide digital world is denoted as NET4DW as a Service 635, Digital World service provides a capability to construct, control and manage digital world. Digital world is defined as digital realization of physical world.
[0211] 6G block chain service is denoted as NET4BC as a Service 634.6G connectivity service is denoted as NET4Con as a Service. This service provides a capability to support 6G block chain services.
[0212] Enhanced connectivity service, e.g., network for connectivity (NET4CON) as a service 636.
[0213] This service provides a capability to support exchange of messages and data among new 6G services.
[0214] All XaaS services at this Layer are developed and deployed by using resource provided in infrastructure and utilizing Network Function Virtualization and Slicing techniques. The capability of each of 6G services is provided by its control and management functions and service specific data process functions.
[0215] In addition to support 6G XaaS services at Service Layer, 6G System leverages 5G System for provisioning of vertical services. The difference between 6G XaaS services and other verticals are that a vertical is a pure customer which needs other XaaS services to enable its operation, while each of XaaS services provide their capabilities to 6G customers.
[0216] Any pair of XaaS services of the 6G System could also be mutual customer and provider of each other. Some of example are that an infrastructure owner provides its resource to XaaS services in Service Layer 630 and C / M Layer 620; RM services may need the capabilities provided by NET4AI 631, DAM 633 and NET4DW 635 for its resource management for vertical slicing; CONET service 625 and NET4Data service 632 may need the capability provided by NET4BC 634 for their operation.
[0217] The key concepts of 6G System includes:
[0218] - Define Basic XaaS Services by decoupling comprehensive types of services into basic XaaS services. A basic XaaS service provides unique capability to enable a specific type of service, such as NET4AI service 631, NET4DW service 635, DAM service 633, NET4Data service 632, Block chain service 634, mission management service 622, etc.
[0219] - Allow joint operation of the 6G System by multiple partners.
[0220] - Define Data Plane of the 6G System which includes processing functions of data plane of XaaS services. Programing the interconnection of these functions, by mission management service 622, enables to support a variety of customized customer services.
[0221] - Simplify 6G System architecture by categorizing basic control services and management services and combining them as basic XaaS services in Control and Management (C / M) Layer 620.
[0222] - Define C / M Plane of the 6G System which includes C / M functions in XaaS services and may include 5G CP (e.g., AMF) depending on implementation options.
[0223] - Define Basic Architecture Structure (BAS) which is a unified basic structure with minimized number of interfaces and is independent of types of infrastructures.
[0224] - Simplify standardization, development and deployment of the 6G System using the BAS concept, while supporting a variety of infrastructure deployment scenarios.
[0225] - Adapt to a variety of deployment scenarios by applying the BAS or a subset of it to infrastructures based on capability, capacity and requirement of the infrastructure networks.
[0226] - Leverage service based Interface (SBI) interface concept and apply SBI interaction in both 6G C / M plane and 6G data plane.
[0227] - Simplify SBI interfaces by introducing trustworthy GWs in Data Plane and C / M Plane of the 6G System.
[0228] - Improve trustworthiness from perspectives of operation of the 6G System by introducing CONET capability, NET4BC capability and anonymous service provisioning provided by the trustworthy GWs in the C / M plane and data plane of the 6G System.
[0229] - Improve trustworthiness from perspective of end customer privacy protection by unified mutual authentication, IDM, data sanitization and etc. provided by SPM service, DAM service and 6G Block Chain service.
[0230] - Simplify roaming management of wireless devices, in physical world and digital world, by unified authentication including all participated partners and customers.
[0231] - Support multiple development paths from 5G System to 6G System by defining multiple architecture options without incurring much efforts due to the introduction of the BAS concept.
[0232] - Support backward compatibility by utilizing benefits of SBA and its add-on feature. 5G users can use the 6G System to access 5G services.
[0233] - Support future extension by adding new XaaS services with minimized impact on standardization and deployment, due to the introduced anonymous service provisioning concept implemented in trustworthy GWs in 6G C / M plane and in 6G data plane.
[0234] For illustrative purposes, specific example embodiments will now be explained in greater detail in conjunction with the figures and above mentioned system, core network, ED and TRP.
[0235] Many new trends will trigger the consideration and design of 6G / future wireless networks: New network infrastructure capability, e.g., cloud natured / friendly infrastructures that are broadly deployed; new (relative) matured techniques, e.g., AI large scale models, Data de-privacy, Block chain, etc. that have made significant progresses and significantly impact on the entire society and human life; new apps and services, e.g., AI services, Data (sensing) service, Digital world service, etc. that are broadly applied in industry / business and used by individual customers; more global / open / collaborative operation trend, i.e., a more open and more collaborative operation mode are becoming common practice in many fields. New expectation and stricter requirements on future networks also drive rethinking and development of new generation of wireless networks. These requirements include privacy and trustworthiness, simplified standardization, and rapid deployment, etc. All of the above drives 6G network architecture research work.
[0236] One proposed 6G network architecture (X-centric) are SBA (XaaS service) based and Cloud-native.
[0237] Requirements to 6G System network architecture design:
[0238] The proposed 6G network architecture needs to support new 6G services which could be developed / deployed by 3rd parties; the proposed 6G network architecture needs to embrace more open ecosystem to open door to technical capable 3rd parties; the proposed 6G network architecture needs to enable better trustworthiness management; solutions to enable above requirements are needed.
[0239] The embodiments set forth herein represent information sufficient to practice the claimed subject matter and illustrate ways of practicing such subject matter. Upon reading the following description in light of the accompanying figures, those of skill in the art will understand the concepts of the claimed subject matter and will recognize applications of these concepts not particularly addressed herein. It will be understood that these concepts and applications fall within the scope of the disclosure and the accompanying claims.
[0240] As briefly mentioned above, it is important to select appropriate application servers for different devices. In some solutions, an AF can request to influence traffic routing related to an application by providing a list of potential application locations. An application location may refer to a network location (e.g. a data center, an AN node, a CPF, an access point to a DN, or a DN) where the application is, or can be located (i.e. hosted or running) . An application location may correspond to an application server (AS) . Nature of the AS is not limited. That is, any network entity can act as AS. An application location can be expressed or identified by an ID (e.g. DNAI, or an AN node ID) or a network address. The AF request indicates that traffic related to the application should be routed to an application location (e.g. at least one application location) selected from the potential application location (s) . The request is sent to the PCF, which transforms the request into policies sent to the SMF. The SMF, according to the policies, selects a user plane path for a device to route traffic related to the application from the device toward an application location, the device and the traffic are both identified in the request. The application location is selected by the SMF from the list of potential application locations.
[0241] In the 3GPP 5G system, an AF can send a request to a PCF, indicating that a common application location (where the application is located or running) should be selected for devices. In other words, a common application location is selected for all the devices identified in the request. According to the request sent from the AF, the traffic of all the devices related to the same application is routed to the same application location.
[0242] However, in the solutions mentioned above, the selecting of the application location does not consider the device’s capability or the capability of the application locations. Since the selecting of the application location does not consider the device’s capability, it is possible that the application location is selected for multiple devices with very different or inconsistent capabilities. Furthermore, the selecting of the application location is not sufficiently constrained, for example, there is no constraint on the number of devices that the application location can serve. It is thus possible that the application location is selected for too many devices and becomes overloaded. In addition, there is no constraint on the application locations that receive traffic from the devices. The capability inconsistency and the overloading will cause performance degradation at the application layer for the devices whose traffic is routed to the application location.
[0243] Furthermore, in order to optimize performance of the computing related to the application, the computing may be distributed or split between the device (s) and the application server (s) with respect to the capabilities of the device (s) and those of the application server (s) , and the device (s) should be connected to the application server (s) with respect to network conditions. Connecting the device (s) to the application server (s) with respect to network conditions can also optimize the network performance.
[0244] In light of this, according to some embodiments of the present disclosure, there is provided a solution for traffic routing. In the solution, an AF sends first information about traffic routing requirements to a PCF. The first information about traffic routing requirements includes constraint information associated to traffic routing. The first information about traffic routing requirements is used to obtain or determine a target application location, among one or more potential application locations, for a device. Traffic originated from the device will be routed to the target application location.
[0245] In some embodiments, the AF may provide policy requirements (e.g. the traffic routing requirements) to the PCF in the form of an AF request. The AF request includes information describing or indicating the policy requirements (e.g. the first information about traffic routing requirements) . The policy requirements may impact some control plane functionaliti (es) . According to the policy requirements, the PCF generates one or multiple policies and sends the one or multiple policies to relevant control plane function (s) , e.g. control plane function (s) implementing the impacted control plane functionaliti (es) . The control plane function (s) enforce (s) or respect (s) / take (s) into account the one or multiple policies when performing the impacted control plane functionaliti (es) .
[0246] In some embodiments, devices whose traffic is routed to a same application location are considered as forming a cluster associated to the application location. In other words, the cluster corresponds to the application location. The constraint information may include first constraint information indicating that the number of at least one cluster should satisfy a first constraint. In other words, the first constraint is referred to as a cluster count constraint. Since a cluster corresponds to an application location that receives traffic from devices in the cluster, the cluster count constraint may also refer to a constraint on the number of the application locations that receive traffic from the devices. Selecting an appropriate number of application locations, from the one or more potential application locations, to receive traffic from the devices will balance the computing load at the application servers (which correspond to the application locations) , thereby improving the computing efficiency.
[0247] In some embodiments, the constraint information may include second constraint information indicating that the number of devices whose traffic is routed to a same application location should satisfy a second constraint. In other words, the second constraint is referred to as a cluster size constraint. The cluster size constraint on a cluster corresponding to an application location may be the same as or different from the cluster size constraint on another cluster corresponding to another application location. The benefit of satisfying or not violating the cluster size constraint is keeping the computing load at the application location within a range that can be handled at the application location.
[0248] In some embodiments, the constraint information may include capability constraint information indicating a constraint on a capability of the one or more potential application locations (simply put, application locations) . In some embodiments, the aforesaid constraint may be described or expressed in term of supported device capabilities, that is, device capabilities supported at the one or more application locations. In this way, an application location that is capable of processing the traffic originated from the associated devices will be selected as target application locations for the devices. Satisfying or not violating this constraint brings the advantage of ensuring capability matching between the device and the application location.
[0249] In some embodiments, the capability constraint information may further indicate a constraint on capabilities of a plurality of devices whose application traffic is routed to an application location. For example, capabilities of the devices associated to the application location should be similar. The benefit of satisfying or not violating this constraint is ensuring capability consistency between the devices whose application traffic is routed to the application location.
[0250] In this way, according to the first information about the traffic routing requirements that includes constraint information, the system connects a device to a selected application location for the application through an efficient data plane path and routes the device’s application traffic to the application location along the data plane path. When selecting the application location for the device (in other words, for the device’s application traffic) , the system makes sure the constraints described above are satisfied (respected) or are not violated or attempt to satisfy (respect) or not violate the constraints described above. As such, the benefits described above are achieved, and performance of the application is improved.
[0251] Reference is now made to FIG. 7, which shows a signaling chart 700 for traffic routing according to some embodiments of the present disclosure. The signaling chart 700 involves the AF 309, the PCF 304, the TCF 306 and the PMF307.
[0252] Nature of the AF 309 is not limited. In some embodiments, any network entity such as a CPF, an AS or a device can act as AF to provide police requirements, for example traffic routing requirements.
[0253] In 710, the AF sends a request (i.e. the AF request described below) to the PCF, directly or indirectly. Accordingly, the PCF receives the request.
[0254] In some embodiments, the AF may send the first information about traffic routing requirements to the PCF by sending a request (referred to as AF request) to the PCF directly or indirectly, and the AF request includes the first information about traffic routing requirements. Accordingly, the PCF receives the first information about traffic routing requirements. Thus, the AF may request to influence traffic routing for the application by sending the request. For example, traffic routing requirements may be policy requirements on traffic routing or traffic handling, and the first information about traffic routing requirements (simply put, the first information) may describe or indicate the policy requirements on traffic routing or traffic handling. Please be noted that the first information about traffic routing requirements may be carried in one or more messages. In other words, the request may correspond to one or more messages. In the case where the AF sends the request to the PCF indirectly, the request is sent via a target network entity. The target network entity may include one or more other control plane functions. For example, the target network entity may include a network exposure function network entity and / or a network storage function network entity.
[0255] The following embodiments will be illustrated with sending the first information about traffic routing requirements to the PCF by sending an AF request as an example.
[0256] In some embodiments, the first information about traffic routing requirements is used to obtain or determine a first target application location, from one or more application locations, for a first device. In other words, the first target application location is selected from the one or more application locations according to the first information about traffic routing requirements. Traffic originated from the first device will be routed to the first target application location. In some embodiments, the first information about traffic routing requirements is used to obtain or determine a second target application location, from the one or more application locations, for a second device. In some embodiments, the second target application location for the second device may be the same as the first target application location or may be different from the first target application location. Traffic (i.e., the application traffic) originated from different devices may be routed to different application locations instead of being routed to a common application location according to the first information about traffic routing requirements.
[0257] The following embodiments will be illustrated with a first device as an example.
[0258] In some embodiments, the one or more application locations refers to a list of potential application locations that may be identified by the application location information (also referred to as information about application location) . The application location information may be included in the first information about traffic routing requirements. Each of the application locations may correspond to an application server. The traffic to be routed may be identified by traffic information. The traffic information may be included in the first information about traffic routing requirements. The first information about traffic routing requirements may indicate that the traffic originated from a certain device should be routed to a target application location selected from the potential application location (s) . The at least one device whose traffic (i.e., application traffic) is to be routed may be identified by device information. The device information may be included in the first information about traffic routing requirements. In addition, the mechanism enabling traffic steering from DPF toward the DN for each potential application location may be indicated in traffic steering information. The traffic steering information may be included in the first information about traffic routing requirements.
[0259] In some embodiments, the first information about traffic routing requirements includes constraint information associated to traffic routing. The constraint information may influence the selection of the first target application location for the first device.
[0260] The concept of cluster is introduced here for further explanation. A device whose traffic (i.e. application traffic) is routed to an application location is considered associated to the application location. Devices associated to a same application location is considered forming a cluster associated to the application location. For example, traffic originated from device 1, device 2, and device 3 is routed to application location AL1. In this case, each of device 1, device 2, and device 3 may be considered as being associated to the AL1. And the device 1, device 2, and device 3 may be considered as forming a cluster associated to the AL1. If the first target application location is selected for the first device, it may be considered as that the first device belongs to the cluster associated to the first target application location.
[0261] In some embodiments, the constraint information may include first constraint information indicating that the number of the at least one cluster should satisfy a first constraint. In other words, the first constraint is a constraint on the number of clusters, and may be referred to as, for example, a cluster count constraint. The first constraint information is referred to as cluster count constrain information. The cluster count constraint information describes or specifies or indicates a cluster count constraint, that is, the constraint on the number of application locations that are selected to route the application traffic to.
[0262] For example, the one or more application locations include ten application locations (AL1, AL2, AL3, AL4, AL5…, AL10) , and traffic originated from at least one device is routed to three of them (AL1, AL2, AL3) . In this example, each of AL1, AL2 and AL3 corresponds to a cluster, and the number of the clusters is three.
[0263] When selecting the first target application location from the one or more application locations, the first constraint on the number of the at least one cluster is taken into consideration. And the first target application location will be selected on the premise of satisfying the first constraint and the first target application location belongs to the at least one application location corresponding to the at least one cluster.
[0264] If the number of application locations (i.e. the number of clusters) that traffic is to be routed to is too large, too many application servers may be used for data processing, which may take up too many computing resources. On the other hand, if the number of clusters is too small, some application servers may be overloaded while others are idle, resulting in inefficiency of data processing. As such, selecting an appropriate number of application servers will improve the computing efficiency.
[0265] In some embodiments, the cluster count constraint information may include a first value, and the cluster count constraint may indicate that the number of clusters should be less than or greater than the first value, or not less than or not greater than the first value, or equal to the first value. The first value may be included in the cluster count constraint information. In addition, the AF may dynamically adjust the cluster count constraint (i.e. the first value) based on demand or need, thereby optimizing the traffic routing result.
[0266] According to the method described above, the AF may influence the selecting of application locations and further influence traffic routing by sending an AF request that includes information about cluster count constraint.
[0267] In some embodiments, the constraint information includes second constraint information indicating that the number of devices whose traffic is to be routed to a same application location should satisfy a second constraint. The second constraint information may at least indicate a constraint on the number of devices whose traffic is to be routed to the first target application location.
[0268] Since devices associated to a same application location are considered as forming a cluster associated to the application location, the second constraint information indicates a constraint on the number of devices in the cluster, and may be referred to as a cluster size constraint. In other words, the constraint information includes cluster size constraint information that describes or specifies or indicates the cluster size constraint. The benefit of satisfying or not violating this constraint is keeping the computing load at the application location within a range that can be handled at the application location.
[0269] For example, the cluster size constraint information may include a second value. The cluster size constraint information may indicate the number of devices whose application traffic is routed to an application location (i.e. the number of devices in the cluster associated to the application location) should be smaller or greater than the second value, or not smaller or greater than the second value, or equal to the second value.
[0270] In some embodiments, the cluster size constraint for a cluster corresponding to an application location may be different from the cluster size constraint for another cluster corresponding to another application location. The cluster size constraint may be set in accordance with the computing performance of each application location. For example, the cluster size constraint may be per potential application location or the same for all the potential application location (s) . For example, in the case where there is a significant difference in computing capability between different application locations, the cluster size constraint information may be per potential application location. In the case where there is only an insignificant difference in computing capability between different application locations, the cluster size constraint information may be the same for all the potential application location (s) . In this way, computing will be handled at each application location efficiently by selecting the target application location (s) in accordance with the cluster size constraint included in the AF request.
[0271] In some embodiments, the constraint information includes capability constraint information indicating a constraint on a capability of the one or more application locations. In some embodiments, the capability constraint is also referred to as association constraint.
[0272] In order to handle traffic at each application location efficiently, the application location has to be capable of processing the traffic originated from the associated device. That is, the device should be supported by the target application location. Specifically, the capability of a device whose application traffic is routed to an application location should be identical to a device capability or within a range of device capabilities supported at the application location. For example, if the capability constraint information indicates that one or more device capabilities supported by a certain application location include the device capability of the first device, then the application location may be selected as the first target application location for the first device. Since the capability constraint on the capability of the one or more application locations indicates the association between the capability of an application location and the devices, the capability constraint may also be considered as an association constraint.
[0273] In some embodiments, a device capability (e.g. computing power, storage space, memory, remaining energy, etc. ) is expressed by at least one of a capability ID, a capability index, a capability level or a capability value, and the capability constraint information indicates the one or more device capabilities or a range of device capabilities supported by an application location by including the following information for the application location: a capability ID / index / level / value, or a list of capability IDs / indices / levels / values, or a maximum capability ID / index / level / value, or a minimum capability ID / index / level / value, or a combination of a maximum capability ID / index / level / value and a minimum capability ID / index / level / value. In some embodiments, a device capability may include at least one of:computing power, storage space, memory, and remaining energy that can be specified or indicated by a capability ID / index / level / value.
[0274] In some embodiments, the association constraint may be per potential application location or the same for all the potential application location (s) . Satisfying or not violating the association constraint brings the advantage of ensuring capability matching / consistency between the first device and the first target application location. Hence computing will be handled at each application location efficiently by selecting the target application location in accordance with the association constraint information included in the AF request.
[0275] In some embodiments, the capability constraint information (i.e. association constrain information) may further indicate a constraint on capabilities of a plurality of devices. The constraint on the capability of a plurality of devices may indicate that the capabilities of a plurality of devices associated to the application location (i.e. devices in the cluster associated to the application location) should satisfy a predefined condition. The constraint on the capability of a plurality of devices may be referred to as similarity constraint as further described below. In some embodiments, the capability constraint indicated by the capability constraint information includes the similarity constraint. When selecting the application location as the target application location for a certain device, the similarity constraint (i.e. the predefined condition indicated by the similarity constraint) should be satisfied (respected) or not violated.
[0276] For example, the predefined condition may be that the devices whose application traffic is routed to an application location should be similar to each other. As described above, the devices associated to the same application location are considered as forming a cluster associated to the application location. In other words, the predefined condition may be that the capabilities of the devices in the cluster should be similar to each other. And the constraint on the capabilities of a plurality of devices may therefore also be considered and referred to as similarity constraint. For example, the predefined condition includes that a difference in capability between the plurality of devices associated to an application location is less than or equal to a predefined threshold value. For another example, the predefined condition includes that a difference in capability between the plurality of devices associated to an application location is within a predefined range. The predefined threshold value or the predefined range may be included in the capability constraint information.
[0277] Specifically, if the result of routing the traffic originated from the first device to a certain application location satisfies or not violates the similarity constraint, then the application location may be selected as the first target application location for the first device.
[0278] The benefit of satisfying or not violating the similarity constraint is ensuring capability consistency between the devices whose application traffic is also routed to the application location.
[0279] In a word, the AF request indicating that capabilities of devices in a cluster should be similar to each other may help improve the efficiency of the application servers.
[0280] The cluster count constraint, the cluster size constraint and the capability constraint (including the similarity constraint) described above are associated to cluster, therefore the cluster count constraint, the cluster size constraint and the capability constraint may be referred to as clustering constraint. In other words, the clustering constraint may include the cluster count constraint, the cluster size constraint and the capability constraint. The constraint information described above is also referred to as information about clustering constraint.
[0281] According to the AF request, the system connects a device to a selected application location for the application through an efficient data plane path and routes the device’s application traffic to the application location along the data plane path. The device is among devices identified by the device information in the AF request. When selecting the application location for the device (in other words, for the device’s application traffic) from the one or more application locations, the system makes sure the constraints described above are satisfied (respected) or are not violated. That is, the system makes sure the clustering constraint is satisfied (respected) or is not violated, or attempts to satisfy or not violate the constraints described above. As such, the benefits described above are achieved, and performance of the application is improved.
[0282] In some embodiments, the AF request may further include the information about application location mentioned above, which identifies the one or multiple potential application locations (or simply, application locations) .
[0283] In some embodiments, the AF request may further include the traffic information mentioned above. The traffic related to the application is referred to as application traffic and is identified by the traffic information in the AF request. The traffic information may include a DNN and possibly network slice information (which can be used for selecting a network slice) , or an AF-Service-Identifier (i.e. an identifier of the service on behalf of which the AF is issuing the request) . When the AF-Service-Identifier is included in the traffic information, the AF-Service-Identifier is mapped to a target DNN and possibly network slice information, e.g., by the NEF. When the NEF processes the AF request the AF-Service-Identifier may be used to authorize the AF request. The traffic information may include an application identifier or traffic filtering information (e.g. IP 5 Tuple) . The application identifier refers / corresponds to the application (which handles the traffic) and can be used by the DPF to detect the traffic. The traffic filtering information is also referred to as traffic filter.
[0284] In some embodiments, the AF request may include the device information mentioned above, which identifies one or multiple devices whose traffic, i.e. application traffic originated from which is to be routed. Some, or all of the one or multiple devices may be identified as individual device. An individual device can be identified using a device ID or an address (e.g. IP address / prefix, MAC address) . Some, or all of the one or multiple devices may be identified together as a device group. A device group can be identified using a group ID. The group of devices may include any device accessing the application. Hence, the device information may include a list of device ID (s) , a list of address (es) , a list of group ID (s) , information (e.g. a special group ID, or a special device ID) indicating any device accessing the application. A device ID or a group ID in the device information may be an external ID, i.e. an external device ID or an external group ID, and in this case, it may be mapped to an internal ID, i.e. an internal device ID or an internal group ID, by the NEF when the NEF processes the AF request.
[0285] In some embodiments, the AF request may further include the traffic steering information mentioned above, which is about the mechanism enabling traffic steering from DPF toward the DN for each potential application location as identified in the information about application location. The traffic steering information may comprise a routing profile ID or a traffic routing information. The routing profile ID refers to a pre-agreed policy between the AF and the system. This pre-agreed policy may refer to different steering policy ID(s) sent to TCF and e.g. based on time of the day / week etc. The traffic routing information describes how the application traffic should be sent to the application location, e.g. by including a network address, a port number, a tunnel ID, a protocol ID or type, etc. The traffic steering information may be included in the first information about traffic routing requirements in the AF request.
[0286] According to step 710, the AF request (in other words, the first information about traffic routing requirements in the AF request) may indicate that traffic as identified in the traffic information and originated from a device as identified in the device information should be routed to an application location selected from the potential application location (s) as identified in the information about application location. In some embodiments, the traffic information, the device information and the information about application location are included in the first information about traffic routing requirements as described above. Therefore, the AF may request to influence traffic routing for an application, by sending such an AF request.
[0287] In some implementations, in step 710, the AF request is sent to the PCF directly or indirectly (via one or multiple other control plane functions, e.g. NEF, or NEF and NSF as described above) .
[0288] In some implementations, the AF request is sent to the PCF indirectly (via the NEF) . When the AF is located in a trust domain or when the AF is allowed to interact with the PCF directly, the AF may send the AF request to the PCF directly without involving the NEF. When the AF is not located in a trust domain or when the AF is not allowed to interact with the PCF directly, the AF sends the AF request to the PCF via the NEF, that is, the AF sends the AF request to the NEF which in turns sends the AF request to the PCF. In one implementation, the NEF may forward the AF request to the PCF without decoding the AF request from the AF. In another implementation, before sending the AF request to the PCF, the NEF may perform information mapping.
[0289] In some implementations, the AF request is sent to the NSF, and the NSF stores the AF request as application data. The PCF subscribes to receive application data related to the application from the NSF. The NSF provides the AF request to the PCF according to the subscription. In some implementations, the PCF performs the subscription when the PCF receives request (e.g. from the TCF) for policies related to the application. In some implementations, the AF sends the AF request to the NEF, and the NEF sends the AF request to the NSF. In one implementation, the NEF may forward the AF request to the NSF without decoding the AF request from the AF. In another implementation, before sending the AF request to the NSF, the NEF may perform information mapping.
[0290] When the NEF is involved as described above during the transport of the AF request from the AF to the PCF, the NEF processes the AF request before sending the AF request to the next network entity (e.g. the PCF or the NSF) . When processing the AF request, the NEF may perform information mapping, wherein the NEF replaces / updates some information in the AF request with mapped information so that the next network entity receives the AF request with the mapped information. For example, the NEF may an AF-Service-Identifier to a DNN and possibly network slice information, an internal ID to an external ID, a zone ID to a cell ID, as described above.
[0291] In 715, the PCF validates the AF request and sends a response to the AF. This step is optional.
[0292] In some embodiments, The PCF validates the AF request and sends a response to the AF, the response indicating that the AF request is accepted.
[0293] In 720, the PCF generates one or multiple polices.
[0294] In some implementations, the PCF generates one or multiple polices based on the AF request from the AF. Specifically, the PCF generates second information about traffic routing requirements based on the first information about traffic routing requirements in the AF request. The second information about traffic routing requirements in the one or multiple polices corresponds to the first information about routing requirements in the AF request as described above. In this way, the one or multiple policies may include the second information about traffic routing requirements. The second information about traffic routing requirements (the second information for short) include the information about clustering constraint (i.e. the constraint information associated to traffic routing, as described above) . The second information may further include at least one of the traffic information and the information about application location.
[0295] In 725, the PCF sends the one or multiple polices (e.g. in form of policy rules) to a TCF. Accordingly, the TCF receives the one or multiple polices.
[0296] In some implementations, the PCF sends the second information to the TCF by sending the one or multiple polices to the TCF, and the TCF correspondingly receives the one or multiple polices and thus the second information. Please be noted that the second information may be carried in one or more messages. In other words, the one or multiple polices may correspond to one or more messages.
[0297] The following embodiments will be illustrated with sending the second information to the TCF by sending one or multiple polices as an example.
[0298] According to steps 720 and 725, the PCF makes policy decisions and provides resultant policy rules (i.e. the one or multiple polices) to control plane function (s) (e.g. the TCF) to enforce the policy rules (i.e. the one or more policies) .
[0299] In 730, the TCF sends an acknowledgement to the PCF to acknowledge the reception of the policy rules (i.e. one or multiple polices) . The TCF correspondingly receives the acknowledgement. This step is optional.
[0300] In 735, the TCF enforces the policy rules (i.e. the one or multiple policies) received from the PCF. In this step, the TCF coordinates traffic routing.
[0301] In some implementations, the TCF coordinates traffic routing according to the one or multiple policies (in other words, the second information) from the PCF. The one or multiple policies include the constraint information associated to traffic routing (i.e. the information about clustering constraint) . In this way, the TCF coordinates traffic routing according to the constraint information associated to traffic routing.
[0302] In details, step 735 includes at least one of following sub-steps.
[0303] In 7351, the TCF reselects or selects a data plane path for the first device, more specifically, for the first device’s application traffic as identified in the traffic information, according to the one or multiple policies. The data plane path will be used to transport the device’s application traffic to the application location. An AS corresponding to the application location may receive the application traffic.
[0304] In some implementations, in the case where the second information is included in the one or multiple policies generated by the PCF, it is considered that the TCF selects or reselects the data plane path for the first device, more specifically, for the first device’s application traffic as identified in the traffic information, according to the one or multiple policies. That is, selecting or reselecting the data plane path according to the second information is equivalent to selecting or reselecting the data plane path according to the one or multiple policies.
[0305] In some implementations, (re) selecting the data plane path includes selecting a target application location from the one or more potential application locations for a specific device, the one or more potential application locations being identified in the information about application location in the one or multiple policies. The application location may be considered as part of the data plane path. The application location (i.e. the first target application location) is selected by the TCF from the potential application locations according to the one or multiple policies.
[0306] For example, the TCF receives the one or multiple policies from the PCF, and the one or multiple policies include the constraint information associated to traffic routing. In some implementations, the first device is identified in the device information identifying at least one device whose traffic is to be routed. When (re) selecting the data plane path for the first device, the TCF determines or selects a first target application location, from the one or more application locations (i.e. potential application locations) , based on the constraint information in the one or multiple policies received from the PCF. And traffic originated from the first device will be routed to the first target application location. As such, the first target application location is selected for the first device in accordance with the clustering constraint indicated in the constraint information. That is, the first target application location is selected for the first device based on the request (i.e. AF request) received from the AF.
[0307] In some implementations, the data plane path includes a data plane function (DPF) as data plane anchor (DPA) and connects the device to an application location through the DPF. The data plane path may further include one or more intermediate DPFs. The DPF and the one or more intermediate DPFs may also be selected by the TCF. In some implementations, the TCF may select the application location, the DPF and the one or more intermediate DPFs jointly or together for data plane efficiency.
[0308] In some embodiments, as described above, the constraint information may include the first constraint information indicating that the number of the at least one cluster should satisfy a first constraint. When selecting the target application location for a certain device, the first constraint should be satisfied (respected) or not violated.
[0309] As described above, the devices associated to the same application location are considered as forming a cluster associated to the application location. The cluster is composed of (includes) devices associated to the application locaiton. In other words, the first constraint is a constraint on the number of clusters, and may be referred to as the cluster count constraint as described above. The cluster count constraint indicates the number of clusters, that is, the number of application locations that are selected to route the application traffic to (in other words, to receive the application traffic) .
[0310] While selecting the first target application location for the first device, if the first device’s traffic (i.e., application traffic) is to be routed to an application location (e.g., AL1) , and AL1 is not associated with any device, the first device may form a new cluster associated to AL1. In this case, the number of clusters will be increased (e.g. by 1) .
[0311] In another case, if the first device’s traffic (i.e. application traffic) is to be routed to an application location (e.g., AL2) , and AL2 is already associated with one or more devices, the first device is considered as joining an existing cluster that is associated to AL2, instead of forming a new cluster. In this case, the selection of target application location for the first device may not influence the number of the clusters.
[0312] For example, the cluster count constraint may indicate that the number of application locations that are selected to route the application traffic to (i.e., the number of clusters) should be not greater than (and / or not smaller than) a value A, and the value A may be included in the cluster count constraint. When selecting target application location for the first device, if the number of clusters (i.e., application locations that are selected for other devices) has not reached the value A, the TCF may select the first application location for the first device from the appliation locations that exsiting clusters are not already associated to. In this case, the cluster count constraint is still satisfied (respected) or not viloated. If the number of clusters (i.e., application locations that are selected for other devices) has already reached the value A, in order to ensure that the cluster count constraint is satisfied (respected) or not viloated, the TCF may select the first application location for the first device from the application locations that existing clusters are already associated to.
[0313] As described above, in the case where the constraint information includes the first constraint information (i.e. the clustering constraint includes the cluster count constraint, the TCF selects the first target application location for the first device in accordance with the cluster count constraint that is indicated by the first constraint information.
[0314] In some embodiments, as described above, the constraint information may include the second constraint information indicating that the number of devices whose traffic is routed to a same application location should satisfy a second constraint. When selecting the target application location for a certain device, the second constraint should be satisfied (respected) or not violated.
[0315] As described above, the devices associated to the same application location are considered as forming a cluster associated to the application location. The cluster is composed of (includes) devices associated to the application locaiton. In other words, the second constraint on the number of devices whose traffic is to be routed to the target application location is a constraint on the size of clusters, and may be referred to as the cluster size constraint as described above. The cluster size constraint indicates that the number of devices whose application traffic is routed to an application location (i.e. the number of devices in the cluster associated to the application location) should be less than or greater than a value, or not less than or greater than a value, or equal to a value. The value is included in the second constraint information. The cluster size constraint may be per potential application location or the same for all the potential application location (s) .
[0316] For example, the cluster size constraint may indicate that the number of devices whose application traffic is routed to a target application location should be not greater than a value. The value is included in the one or multiple policies, e.g. in the second information about traffic routing requirements (more specifically, the cluster size constraint information in the constraint information therein) as described above. To ensure that the cluster size constraint is satisfied (respected) or not violated, the TCF may select the application location from such application locations that the size of a cluster corresponding to the application location is not greater than the value as indicated by the cluster size constraint. In this case, the target application may be selected in accordance with the cluster size constraint of the traffic routing requirements indicated by the AF request.
[0317] In some embodiments, as described above, the constraint information may include the capability constraint information indicating a constraint (i.e. the capability constraint described above) on the capability of the one or more potential application locations. The aforesaid constraint may be described or expressed in term of supported device capabilities, as described above. When selecting the target application location for a certain device, the capability constraint should be satisfied (respected) or not violated. In this way, the application location that is capable of processing the traffic originated from the associated devices will be selected as target application locations for the devices. The capability constraint is also considered as or referred to as association constraint as described elsewhere in this invention disclosure.
[0318] In some implementations, when selecting the application location, the TCF also considers the capability of the device (in other words, the capability of the device that is supported at the one or more potential application locations) and respects the association constraint related (applicable) to the application location. When selecting the application location with respect to the association constraint, the TCF ensures that the association constraint is satisfied (respected) or not violated. For example, the TCF may select the application location such that the device’s capability is supported at the selected application location; in other words, the device’s capability is identical to a device capability or within a range of device capabilities supported at the application location as specified in the association constraint.
[0319] In some embodiments, the device capability (e.g. computing power, storage space, memory, remaining energy, etc. ) is expressed by at least one of a capability ID, a capability index, a capability level or a capability value, and the capability constraint information indicates the one or more device capabilities or a range of device capabilities supported by an application location by including the following information for the application location: a capability ID / index / level / value, or a list of capability IDs / indices / levels / values, or a maximum capability ID / index / level / value, or a minimum capability ID / index / level / value, or a combination of a maximum capability ID / index / level / value and a minimum capability ID / index / level / value. In some embodiments, a device capability may include at least one of:computing power, storage space, memory, and remaining energy that can be specified or indicated by a capability ID / index / level / value.
[0320] For example, the capability constraint (i.e. association constraint) may indicate that the device capabilities that can be supported by an application location (e.g., AL1) are as specified by value A, value B and value C; the device capabilities that can be supported by another application location (e.g. AL2) are as specified value D, value E and value F. If the device capability of the first device is as specified by value A, then AL1 may be selected by the TCF as the first target application location for the first device. And the traffic originated from the first device may be routed to AL1, thereby ensuring capability matching or consistency between the first device and the first target application location.
[0321] In some embodiments, as described above, the capability constraint information (i.e. association constraint information) may further indicate a capability constraint (i.e. the similarity constraint described above) on capabilities of a plurality of devices. The similarity constraint may indicate that the capabilities of a plurality of devices associated to the application location should satisfy a predefined condition. When selecting the application location as the target application location for a certain device, the similarity constraint (i.e. the predefined condition indicated by the similarity constraint) should be satisfied (respected) or not violated.
[0322] In some embodiments, the similarity constraint may indicate that the capabilities of a plurality of devices associated to the application location should satisfy a predefined condition, and the precondition is that the devices whose application traffic is routed to an application location (i.e., the devices in a cluster associated to the application location) should be similar to each other. In other words, the predefined condition may be that the capabilities of the devices in the cluster should be similar to each other.
[0323] For example, the predefined condition may be that a difference in capability between the plurality of devices associated to an application location is less than or equal to a predefined threshold value. For another example, the predefined condition may be that a difference in capability between the plurality of devices associated to an application location is within a predefined range. The predefined threshold value or the predefined range may be included in the capability constraint information. In some embodiments, the predefined threshold value or the predefined range is not provided from the AF (as part of the capability constraint information in the AF request, e.g. the step 710 in FIG. 7) , but specified in local configuration, e.g. at the TCF or at the PCF. In this way, the TCF may select the application location from those whose associated devices have a capability similar to the device’s capability, e.g. the difference between them is less than or equal to the threshold value (or within the range) as specified in the association constraint.
[0324] Specifically, if the result of routing the traffic originated from the first device to an application location satisfies or not violates the similarity constraint, then the application location may be selected as the first target application location for the first device.
[0325] In some embodiments, a device capability (e.g., computing power, storage space, memory, or remaining energy) can be specified or indicated by a capability ID / index / level / value.
[0326] For example, the device capability of device 1 is as specified / indicated by value 1, the device capability of device 2 is as specified / indicated by value 3, and the device capability of device 3 is as specified / indicated by value 10. In this example, the difference in capability between device 1 and device 2 is 2, and the difference in capability between device 1 and device 3 is 7. If the similarity constraint indicates that the difference in capability between devices associated to an application location (AL1) is not greater than 3, then AL1 can be selected for both device 1 and device2 according to the similarity constraint and the traffic originated from device 1 and device 2 can thus be routed to AL1. In other words, if AL has been selected for device 2 (i.e. if the traffic originated from device 2 has been routed to AL1) , then selecting AL1 for device 1 (and routing the traffic originated from device 1 to AL1) will not violate the similarity constraint. In contrast, AL1 should not be selected for both device 1 and device 3, and the traffic originated from device 1 and device 3 should not be both routed to AL1, e.g. at the same time.
[0327] The benefit of satisfying (respecting) or not violating the similarity constraint is ensuring capability consistency between the devices whose application traffic is routed to the same application location, thereby improving the computing efficiency of the application location.
[0328] In some implementations, the capability of the device may be informed from the device to the TCF using the interface between the device and the TCF (illustrated by a dashed line in FIG. 3) , or from the PMF to the TCF, in an early step that is not shown in FIG. 7. For example, the device sends information indicating its capability (e.g. expressed in the form of a capability ID / index / level / value) to the TCF using the interface.
[0329] The capability of the device may be informed from the device to the TCF using the interface between the device and the TCF (illustrated by a dashed line) , or from the PMF to the TCF, in an early step that is not shown in the figure. For example, the device sends information indicating its capability (e.g. a capability ID / index / level / value) to the TCF using the interface. When the TCF corresponds to the SMF in the 3GPP 5G system. The device may send the information indicating its capability to the TCF (i.e. the SMF) by including the information in a PDU session establishment request sent to the SMF (i.e. the TCF) . Alternatively, the device may send the information indicating its capability to the AMF during a registration procedure (e.g. by including the information in the registration request sent to the AMF) , and the AMF then sends the information to the SMF. In some embodiments, the AMF sends the information to the SMF according a subscription from the SMF, the subscription indicating that the SMF wants to receive information about the device’s capability. The AMF informs the SMF about the device’s capability whenever the device’s capability changes, e.g. by sending the information indicating the device’s capability to the SMF.
[0330] In some implementations, the TCF collaborates with or use the PMF to perform this step. For example, the TCF selects the application location and sends information identifying the application location to the PMF. The TCF may further send information (e.g. an ID or network address) identifying the location of the device to the PMF, if the information is not available at the PMF. The location of the device is in the AN and corresponds to the serving AN node of the device if the device is a terminal device, or in the DN and corresponds to an AS if the device is not a terminal device. In the case where the device is an AS, the traffic originated from one AS is routed to another AS through the selected data plane path.
[0331] If the TCF is integrated within (i.e. implemented by) the PCF, the information identifying the application location and the information identifying the location of the device are included in at least one policy sent from the PCF to the PMF. According to the application location and the location of the device, the PMF selects the DPF as DPA and the one or more intermediate DPFs, which are part of the data plane path for the device. For example, the PMF selects the DPF as DPA from those associated with a service area / range covering the application location, or selects the DPF as DPA such that the DPF is a DPF that is least loaded and nearest (e.g. topologically nearest) to the application location. The intermediate one or more DPFs may be selected with respect to the location of the device and the application location so that the data plane path connecting the device and the application location is shortest, e.g. including a least number of DPFs or a least, weighted number of DPFs (weighted according to load on each DPF along the path) . It is possible that no intermediate DPFs are selected, i.e. that the data plane path includes no intermediate DPFs.
[0332] The TCF (re) selects the data plane path for the device (step 735) , with respect to the constraint information associated to traffic routing. The constraint information is included in the one or multiple policies, which is included in the one or multiple policies. When (re) selecting the data plane path, the TCF respects the clustering constraint as indicated in the constraint information, e.g. by making sure the clustering constraint is satisfied or not violated or by avoiding or minimizing violating the clustering constraint.
[0333] In some implementations, the at least one device identified by the device information in the AF request further include a second device. As described above, the first information about traffic routing requirements (or the AF request) includes the constraint information associated to traffic routing. Accordingly, the one or multiple policies includes the constraint information associated to traffic routing The one or multiple policies are used to obtain or determine a second target application location for the second device, and traffic originated from the second device (and being identified in the traffic information) is to be routed to the second target application location. In this case, the constraint information may influence the selection of the second target application location for the second device. The second target application location may be different from the first target application location. In this way, different application locations may be selected for the first device and the second device.
[0334] In 7352, the TCF sends an early notification. The following embodiments are described with the early notification as a first notification as an example.
[0335] In some implementations, the TCF sends the first notification about a data plane path management event to the AF before a first data plane path is configured for connecting the first device to the first target application location. The first data plane path will be used to route the application traffic originated from the first device to the first target application location. The first data plane path may be selected according to the first target application location for data plane efficiency.
[0336] In some implementations, the TCF may send the first notification according to subscription information. The first notification may include information identifying the first target application location. The first notification may further include information (e.g. a capability ID / index / level / value) indicating the device capability of the first device. In addition, the first notification may indicate that a first data plane path has been selected for the first device.
[0337] In some implementations, the subscription information is included in the one or multiple policies, e.g. as part of the second information about traffic routing requirements, and the TCF sends the first notification about a data plane path management event according to the subscription information in the one or multiple policies. The subscription information may be provided in the AF request from the AF to the PCF, e.g. as part of the first information about traffic routing requirements. The event is about the application location being (re) selected and is a result of the step 7351. The first notification includes information identifying the application, e.g. an ID, name or network address. The first notification further includes information indicating the capability of the device, e.g. a capability ID / index / level / value.
[0338] In some implementations, the TCF performs this step if the subscription information indicates that the first notification should be sent before the data plane path management event (e.g., step 7353) , thus, the first notification is also called early notification as shown in FIG. 7. This step is optional, for example, when the subscription information does not indicate to send the first notification (i.e. does not indicate the first notification is subscribed) .
[0339] In some implementations, in step 710, the AF request further includes the subscription information mentioned above. The subscription information indicates the AF subscribes to receive notifications about one or more data plane path management events.
[0340] For example, the AF may also request to subscribe to receive notifications about data plane path management event (e.g. change of data plane path, such as change of an application due to selection or reselection) . In this case, the AF request may further include the subscription information indicating that the AF subscribes to receive the notifications. The subscription information may include information indicating whether the notifications should be sent before the data plane path management event (i.e. before the data plane path is configured to reflect the event or implement the event) , or after the data plane path management event (i.e. after the data plane path is configured to reflect the event or implement the event) , or both.
[0341] The subscription information may include receiver information, e.g. a network address and / or a port number, which corresponds a network entity that is to receive the notifications. The network entity is referred to as event notification receiver (ENR) . The receiver information will be used by the TCF to send the notifications so that the ENR can receive the notifications. The receiver information may be per application location. When the receiver information is per application location, the TCF will use the receiver information to send notifications about data plane management events related to the application location (e.g. selection or reselection or removal of the application location in a data plane path, in other words, the application location being selected or de-selected for a device) . Hence, if different receiver information is provided for different application locations in the subscription information, notifications about data plane management events related to the different application locations may be sent to different ENRs.
[0342] In some implementations, the TCF sends the first notification using the receiver information related (applicable) to the application location. The ENR corresponding to the receiver information receives the notification. The ENR may be the AF.
[0343] In some implementations, the ENR may respond to the first notification by sending a response. The response is sent to the TCF. The response may be positive response, confirming the (re) selection of the application location, or a negative response rejecting the (re) selection. If the response is a negative response, the TCF may cancel the (re) selection performed in the step 7351 and repeat the step 735 to select a different application location.
[0344] For example, the AF may determine whether to accept the selection or reject the selection of the application location in step 7351 according to runtime status of the application location. Specifically, if the current load at the selected first target application location is high, the AF may reject the selection, causing the system reselects a different application location for the first device.
[0345] For another example, if the device capability of the first device is not satisfactory at the present time, the AF may reject the selection of the application location in step 7351. Specifically, if the AF dynamically enforces a stricter constraint than those previously provided in the AF request, the selection result of the first target application location for the first device may not satisfy the stricter constraint, and therefore the response may be a negative response.
[0346] In some implementations, if the AF request is sent to the PCF via the NEF in the step 710, the notification is sent to the ENR via the NEF, and the response is also sent to the TCF via the NEF; otherwise, the notification is sent to the ENR without involving (via) the NEF, and the response is sent to TCF without involving (via) the NEF either.
[0347] In the case that the first notification or the response is sent via the NEF, the NEF may perform information mapping such that the notification or response delivered to the receiver (i.e. the ENR or the TCF) includes mapped information.
[0348] In 7353, the TCF configures the data plane path. The TCF may configure a DPF (e.g. the DPA, data plane anchor) in the data plane path to detect the application traffic of the device if it has not done so. The TCF may further configure the DPF to route the application traffic to the application location. In some embodiments, the TCF performs this step after receiving a positive response from the ENR in the step 7352.
[0349] In some implementations, the TCF may configure the DPF to detect the application traffic by providing one or multiple packet detection rules (PDR) to the DPF. The DPF may use the PDR to detect the application traffic.
[0350] In some implementations, the TCF may configure the DPF to route the application traffic to the application location by providing one or multiple forwarding action rules (FAR) . The FAR may be associated to the PDR. When the DPF detects the application traffic using the PDR, the DPF sends the application traffic according to the FAR associated to the PDR such that traffic is routed to the application location.
[0351] For example, the TCF generates the PDR according to (or using) the one or multiple policies, more specifically, the traffic filter or the application identifier in the traffic information in the one or multiple policies. The TCF generates the FAR according to (or using) the one or multiple policies, more specifically, the traffic routing information associated to the application location in the information about traffic routing requirements in the one or multiple policies.
[0352] In some implementations, the TCF performs this step using the PMF. For example, the TCF provides the PDR and FAR to the PMF, and the PMF provides the PDR and FAR to the DPF. In another example, the TCF sends information used to generate the PDR and FAR (e.g. the traffic filtering information or the application identifier, the traffic routing information as described above) to the PMF and the PMF generates the PDR and the FAR according to (or using) the information and provides the PDR and FAR to the DPF. In some implementations, the TCF sends the information to the PMF when the TCF uses the PMF to perform the step 7351, for example, when the TCF sends the information identifying the application location and the information identifying the location of the device to the PMF as described in the step 7351.
[0353] In 7353, when configuring the data plane path, the TCF configures network entities (i.e. the one or multiple DPFs and, if applicable, the AN node serving the device) in the data plane path to establish communication tunnels among them and configures the network entities to route the application traffic along the data plane path.
[0354] In 7354, the TCF sends a late notification. The following embodiments are described with the late notification as a second notification as an example. The TCF may send the second notification according to the subscription information. The second notification may include information identifying the first target application location. The second notification may further include information (e.g. a capability ID / index / level / value) indicating the device capability of the first device. In addition, the second notification may indicate that the first target application location is selected for the first device.
[0355] In some implementations, the subscription information is included in the one or multiple policies, e.g. as part of the second information about traffic routing requirements, and the TCF sends the second notification about a data plane path management event according to the subscription information in the one or multiple policies. The event is about the application location being (re) selected and is a result of the step 7351. The second notification includes information identifying the application, e.g. an ID, name or network address. The second notification further includes information indicating the capability of the device, e.g. a capability ID / index / level / value.
[0356] In some implementations, the TCF performs this step if the subscription information indicates that the second notification should be sent after the data plane path management event (e.g., step 7353) , thus the second notification is also called late notification as shown in FIG. 7. This step is optional, for example, when the subscription information does not indicate to send the second notification (i.e. does not indicate the second notification is subscribed) .
[0357] In some implementations, in step 710, the AF request further includes the subscription information mentioned above. The subscription information indicates the AF subscribes to receive notifications about one or more data plane path management events.
[0358] For example, the AF may also request to subscribe to receive notifications about data plane path management event (e.g. change of data plane path, such as change of an application due to selection or reselection) . In this case, the AF request may further include the subscription information indicating that the AF subscribes to receive the notifications. The subscription information may include information indicating whether the notifications should be sent before the data plane path management event (i.e. before the data plane path is configured to reflect the event or implement the event) , or after the data plane path management event (i.e. after the data plane path is configured to reflect the event or implement the event) , or both.
[0359] The subscription information may include receiver information, e.g. a network address and / or a port number, which corresponds a network entity that is to receive the notifications. The network entity is referred to as event notification receiver (ENR) . The receiver information will be used by the TCF to send the notifications so that the ENR can receive the notifications. The receiver information may be per application location. When the receiver information is per application location, the TCF will use the receiver information to send notifications about data plane management events related to the application location (e.g. selection or reselection or removal of the application location in a data plane path, in other words, the application location being selected or de-selected for a device) . Hence, if different receiver information is provided for different application locations in the subscription information, notifications about data plane management events related to the different application locations may be sent to different ENRs.
[0360] In some implementations, the TCF sends the second notification using the receiver information related (applicable) to the application location. The ENR corresponding to the receiver information receives the notification. The ENR may be the AF.
[0361] In some implementations, the ENR may respond to the second notification by sending a response. The response is sent to the TCF. The response may be positive repose, confirming the (re) selection of the application location, or a negative response rejecting the (re) selection. If the response is a negative response, the TCF may cancel the (re) selection performed in the step 7351 and the configuring performed in the step 7353, and repeat the step 735 to select a different application location.
[0362] For example, the AF may determine whether to accept the selection or reject the selection of the application location in step 7351 according to runtime status of the application location. Specifically, if the current load at the selected first target application location is high, the AF may reject the selection, causing the system reselects a different application location for the first device.
[0363] For another example, if the device capability of the first device is not satisfactory at the present time, the AF may reject the selection of the application location in step 7351. Specifically, if the AF dynamically enforces a stricter constraint than those previously provided in the AF request, the selection result of the first target application location for the first device may not satisfy the stricter constraint, and therefore the response may be a negative response.
[0364] In some implementations, if the AF request is sent to the PCF via the NEF in the step 710, the second notification is sent to the ENR via the NEF, and the response is also sent to the TCF via the NEF; otherwise, the second notification is sent to the ENR without involving (via) the NEF, and the response is sent to TCF without involving (via) the NEF either.
[0365] In the case that the second notification or the response is sent via the NEF, the NEF may perform information mapping such that the second notification or response delivered to the receiver (i.e. the ENR or the TCF) includes mapped information.
[0366] In 740, data traffic is transported between the device and the application location (in essence, the corresponding AS) along the data plane path.
[0367] FIG. 8 is a flow chart illustrating a method by an AF in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In step 801, the AF obtains first information about traffic routing requirements. The first information about traffic routing requirements includes constraint information associated to traffic routing. The first information about traffic routing requirements is used to obtain a first target application location for a first device, and the first target application location belongs to one or more application locations. Traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location. In step 802, the AF sends the first information about traffic routing requirements to a PCF.
[0368] FIG. 9 is a flow chart illustrating a method by a PCF in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In step 901, the PCF receives the first information about traffic routing requirements from the AF. The first information about traffic routing requirements includes constraint information associated to traffic routing. The first information about traffic routing requirements is used to obtain / determine a first target application location for the first device, and first target application location belongs to one or more application locations. The traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location. In step 902, the PCF sends second information indicating the traffic routing requirements to a TCF, and the second information is generated based on the first information about traffic routing requirements.
[0369] FIG. 10 is a flow chart illustrating a method by a TCF in accordance with some embodiments of the present disclosure. In step 1001, the TCF receives the second information indicating traffic routing requirements from the PCF. The traffic routing requirements include constraint information associated to traffic routing. In step 1002, the TCF obtains, based on the second information, a first target application location for the first device. The first target application location belongs to one or more application locations. The traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location.
[0370] The method in the present disclosure allows the AF to dynamically provide clustering constraint on traffic routing and influence the TCF’s decision on traffic routing coordination for an application. When the TCF selects the application location in the step 7351, the TCF respects the clustering constraint. The TCF may try to satisfy, or not violate the clustering constraint so that the computing load at the application location (in terms of number of devices associated to the application location) is kept within range and capabilities are consistent among the application allocation and devices associated to the application location. The TCF may further inform the capability of the device to the ENR when notifying the ENR about the selecting of the application location (steps 7352 and 7354) . The ENR may reject the selecting by sending a negative response to the TCF. This allows the TCF and the ENR to negotiate to further ensure the capability consistency in face of dynamics. As such, performance of the application can be ensured or improved for the devices.
[0371] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a computer program comprising instructions. The instructions, when executed by a processor, may cause the processor to implement a method of the present disclosure.
[0372] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing instructions, the instructions, when executed by a processor, may cause the processor to implement a method of the present disclosure.
[0373] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided an apparatus / chipset system comprising means (e.g., at least one processor) to implement a method implemented by (or at) a UE of the present disclosure. The apparatus / chipset system may be a network entity illustrated in this disclosure, e.g., AF, PCF, TCF, Device (that is, a terminal device) or a module / component in the network entity. In details, the at least one processor may execute instructions stored in a computer-readable medium to implement the method.
[0374] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a system comprising at least two of the mentioned network entities e.g., AF, PCF, TCF, Device illustrated in this disclosure.
[0375] In some aspects of the present disclosure, there is provided a method performed by a system comprising at least two of the mentioned network entities illustrated in this disclosure.
[0376] Please note that two or more of the network entities illustrated in this disclosure may be located in physical network entity, or to be implemented as a single function entity. In this case, the interaction between the two or more of the mentioned network entities may be not needed, i.e., the corresponding step (s) may be ignored (optional) .
[0377] Please note that although two or more network entities are illustrated in this disclosure, only one of them may be enough for an example solution in this disclosure. For example, in the example shown in FIG. 7, from AF side, only an AF request and response are needed. For operations executed by other network entities (e.g., step 720-730) , the AF does not see it (or they may be transparent to the AF) .
[0378] The solutions described in the disclosure is applicable to a next generation (e.g. sixth generation (6G) or later) network, or a legacy (e.g. 5G, 4G, 3G or 2G) network.
[0379] It will be appreciated that any module, component, or device disclosed herein that executes instructions may include, or otherwise have access to, a non-transitory computer / processor readable storage medium or media for storage of information, such as computer / processor readable instructions, data structures, program modules and / or other data. A non-exhaustive list of examples of non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media includes magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, optical disks such as compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM) , digital video discs or digital versatile discs (i.e., DVDs) , Blu-ray DiscTM, or other optical storage, volatile and non-volatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology, random-access memory (RAM) , read-only memory (ROM) , electrically erasable programmable read-only memory (EEPROM) , flash memory or other memory technology. Any such non-transitory computer / processor storage media may be part of a device / apparatus or accessible or connectable thereto. Computer / processor readable / executable instructions to implement a method, an application or a module described herein may be stored or otherwise held by such non-transitory computer / processor readable storage media.
[0380] It could be noted that the message in the disclosure could be replaced with information, which may be carried in one single message, or be carried in more than one separate message.
[0381] The terms “apparatus” and “device” are used exchangeable.
[0382] In the disclosure, the word “a” or “an” when used in conjunction with the term “comprising” or “including” in the claims and / or the specification may mean “one” , but it is also consistent with the meaning of “one or more” , “at least one” , and “one or more than one” unless the content clearly dictates otherwise. Similarly, the word “another” may mean at least a second or more unless the content clearly dictates otherwise.
[0383] In the disclosure, the words “first” , “second” , etc., when used before a same term (e.g., ED, or an operating step) does not mean an order or a sequence of the term. For example, the “first ED” and the “second ED” , means two different EDs without specially indicated, and similarly, the “first step” and the “second step” means two different operating steps without specially indicated, but does not mean the first step have to happen before the second step. The real order depends on the logic of the two steps.
[0384] The terms “coupled” , “coupling” or “connected” as used herein can have several different meanings depending on the context in which these terms are used. For example, as used herein, the terms coupled, coupling, or connected can indicate that two elements or devices are directly connected to one another or connected to one another through one or more intermediate elements or devices via a mechanical element depending on the particular context.
[0385] Note that the expression “at least one of A or B” , as used herein, is interchangeable with the expression “A and / or B” . It refers to a list in which you may select A or B or both A and B. Similarly, “at least one of A, B, or C” , as used herein, is interchangeable with “A and / or B and / or C” or “A, B, and / or C” . It refers to a list in which you may select: A or B or C, or both A and B, or both A and C, or both B and C, or all of A, B and C. The same principle applies for longer lists having a same format.
[0386] The present disclosure encompasses various embodiments, including not only method embodiments, but also other embodiments such as apparatus embodiments and embodiments related to non-transitory computer readable storage media. Embodiments may incorporate, individually or in combinations, the features disclosed herein.
[0387] The term “receive” , “detect” and “decode” as used herein can have several different meanings depending on the context in which these terms are used. For example, without special note, the term “receive” may indicate that information (e.g., DCI, or MAC-CE, RRC signaling or TB) is received successfully by the receiving node, which means the receiving side correctly detect and decode it. In this scenario, “receive” may cover “detect” and “decode” or may indicates same thing, e.g., “receive paging” means decoding paging correctly and obtaining the paging successfully, accordingly, “the receiving side does not receive paging” means the receiving side does not detect and / or decoding the paging. “paging is not received” means the receiving side tries to detect and / or decoding the paging, but not obtain the paging successfully. The term “receive” may sometimes indicate that a signal arrives at the receiving side, but does not mean the information in the signal is detected and decoded correctly, then the receiving side need perform detecting and decoding on the signal to obtain the information carried in the signal. In this scenario, “receive” , “detect” and “decode” may indicate different procedure at receiving side to obtain the information. Although this disclosure refers to illustrative embodiments, this is not intended to be construed in a limiting sense. Various modifications and combinations of the illustrative embodiments, as well as other embodiments of the disclosure, will be apparent to persons skilled in the art upon reference to the description. When combining two or more embodiments, not all the features in the embodiments to be combined are necessary for the combination.
[0388] Features disclosed herein in the context of any particular embodiments may also or instead be implemented in other embodiments. Method embodiments, for example, may also or instead be implemented in apparatus, system, and / or computer program product embodiments. In addition, although embodiments are described primarily in the context of methods and apparatus, other implementations are also contemplated, as instructions stored on one or more non-transitory computer-readable media, for example. Such media could store programming or instructions to perform any of various methods consistent with the present disclosure.
Claims
1.A method performed by an application function (AF) network entity, the method comprising:obtaining first information about traffic routing requirements, wherein the first information about traffic routing requirements includes constraint information associated to traffic routing, the first information about traffic routing requirements is used to obtain a first target application location, from one or more application locations, for a first device, and traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location; andsending the first information about traffic routing requirements to a policy control function (PCF) network entity.2.The method of claim 1, wherein the constraint information includes first constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of at least one cluster; each cluster of the at least one cluster includes one or more devices whose traffic is to be routed to a same application location, and one of the at least one cluster corresponds to the first target application location and includes the first device.3.The method of claim 2, wherein the constraint information includes second constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of the one or more devices included in the at least one cluster.4.The method of any of claims 1-3, wherein the constraint information includes capability constraint information indicating a constraint on a capability of at least one application location of the one or more application locations, and the at least one application location includes the first target application location.5.The method of claim 4, wherein the capability of the first target application location indicates one or more device capabilities supported by the first target application location, and the one or more device capabilities include a device capability of the first device.6.The method of claim 4 or 5, wherein the capability of the at least one application location is indicated by at least one of a capability ID, a capability index, a capability level or a capability value.7.The method of any of claims 4-6, wherein the capability constraint information corresponding to the first target application location further indicates that device capabilities of a plurality of devices satisfy a predefined condition, the traffic originated from the plurality of devices are to be routed to the first target application location, and the plurality of devices include the first device.8.The method of claim 7, wherein the predefined condition includes:a difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is less than or equal to a predefined threshold value; ora difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is within a predefined range.9.The method of any of claims 1-8, wherein sending the first information about traffic routing requirements to the PCF network entity includes:sending the first information about traffic routing requirements to the PCF network entity via a target network entity.10.The method of claim 9, wherein the target network entity includes a network exposure function (NEF) network entity and / or a network storage function (NSF) network entity.11.The method of any of claims 1-10, wherein the first information about traffic routing requirements further includes at least one of:device information identifying at least one device, wherein the at least one device includes the first device;application location information identifying the one or more application locations; ortraffic information identifying the traffic originated from the at least one device.12.The method of claim 11, wherein the at least one device further includes a second device; the first information about traffic routing requirements is further used to obtain a second target application location, from the one or more application locations, for the second device, and traffic originated from the second device is to be routed to the second target application location.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the second target application location is different from the first target application location.14.The method of any of claims 1-13, wherein the first information about traffic routing requirements further includes subscription information indicating subscription of notifications about one or more data plane path management events.15.The method of claim 14, further comprising:receiving a first notification from a traffic coordination (TCF) network entity before a first data plane path is configured for connecting the first device to the first target application location, wherein the first notification includes information identifying the first target application location and / or information indicating device capability of the first device, and the first notification indicates that the first target application location is selected for the first device.16.The method of claim 14 or 15, further comprising:receiving a second notification from the TCF network entity after the first data plane path is configured for connecting the first device to the first target application location, wherein the second notification includes information identifying the first target application location and / or information indicating the device capability of the first device, and the second notification indicates that the first target application location is selected for the first device.17.A method performed by a policy control function (PCF) network entity, the method comprising:receiving first information about traffic routing requirements from an application function (AF) network entity, wherein the first information about traffic routing requirements includes constraint information associated to traffic routing, the first information about traffic routing requirements is used to obtain a first target application location, from one or more application locations, for a first device, and traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location; andsending second information indicating the traffic routing requirements to a traffic coordination function (TCF) network entity, wherein the second information is generated based on the first information about traffic routing requirements.18.The method of claim 17, wherein sending the second information indicating the traffic routing requirements to the TCF network entity includes:sending one or more policies to the TCF network entity, wherein the one or more policies include the second information and are generated based on the first information about traffic routing requirements.19.The method of claim 18, wherein the constraint information includes first constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of at least one cluster; each cluster of the at least one cluster includes one or more devices whose traffic is to be routed to a same application location, and one of the at least one cluster corresponds to the first target application location and includes the first device.20.The method of claims 19, wherein the constraint information includes second constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of the one or more devices included in the at least one cluster.21.The method of any of claims 17-20, wherein the constraint information includes capability constraint information indicating a constraint on a capability of at least one application location of the one or more application locations, and the at least one application location includes the first target application location.22.The method of claim 21, wherein the capability of the first target application location indicates one or more device capabilities supported by the first target application location, and the one or more device capabilities include a device capability of the first device.23.The method of claim 21 or 22, wherein the capability of the at least one application location is indicated by at least one of a capability ID, a capability index, a capability level or a capability value.24.The method of any of claims 21-23, wherein the capability constraint information corresponding to the first target application location further indicates that device capabilities of a plurality of devices satisfy a predefined condition, the traffic originated from the plurality of devices are to be routed to the first target application location, and the plurality of devices include the first device.25.The method of claim 24, wherein the predefined condition includes:a difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is less than or equal to a predefined threshold value; ora difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is within a predefined range.26.The method of any of claims 17-25, wherein the second information and the first information about traffic routing requirements further include at least one of:device information identifying at least one device, wherein the at least one device includes the first device;application location information identifying the one or more application locations; ortraffic information identifying the traffic originated from the at least one device.27.The method of claim 26, wherein the at least one device further includes a second device, the first information about traffic routing requirements is further used to obtain a second target application location, from the one or more application locations, for the second device, and traffic originated from the second device is to be routed to the second target application location.28.The method of claim 27, wherein the second target application location is different from the first target application location.29.The method of any of claims 17-28, wherein the first information about traffic routing requirements and the second information further include subscription information, the subscription information indicating subscription of notifications about one or more data plane path management events.30.The method of any of claims 17-29, wherein receiving the first information about traffic routing requirements from the AF network entity includes:receiving the first information about traffic routing requirements from the AF network entity via a target network entity.31.The method of claim 30, wherein the target network entity includes a network exposure entity and / or a network storage entity.32.A method performed by a traffic coordination function (TCF) network entity, the method comprising:receiving second information indicating traffic routing requirements from a policy control function (PCF) network entity, wherein the traffic routing requirements include constraint information associated to traffic routing; andobtaining, based on the second information, a first target application location, from one or more application locations, for a first device, wherein traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location.33.The method of claim 32, wherein receiving the second information includes:receiving one or more policies from the PCF network entity, wherein the one or more policies include the second information.34.The method of claim 32 or 33, wherein the constraint information includes first constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of at least one cluster; each cluster of the at least one cluster includes one or more devices whose traffic is to be routed to a same application location, and one of the at least one cluster corresponds to the first target application location and includes the first device.35.The method of claim34, wherein the constraint information includes second constraint information indicating a constraint on a number of the one or more devices included in the at least one cluster.36.The method of any of claims 32-35, wherein the constraint information includes capability constraint information indicating a constraint on a capability of at least one application location of the one or more application locations, and the at least one application location includes the first target application location.37.The method of claim 36, wherein the capability of the first target application location indicates one or more device capabilities supported by the first target application location, and the one or more device capabilities include a device capability of the first device.38.The method of claim 36 or 37, wherein the capability of the at least one application location is indicated by at least one of a capability ID, a capability index, a capability level or a capability value.39.The method of any of claims 36-38, wherein the capability constraint information corresponding to the first target application location further indicates that device capabilities of a plurality of devices satisfy a predefined condition, the traffic originated from the plurality of devices are to be routed to the first target application location, and the plurality of devices include the first device.40.The method of claim 39, wherein the predefined condition includes:a difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is less than or equal to a predefined threshold value; ora difference in device capability between the plurality of devices is within a predefined range.41.The method of any of claims 32-40, wherein the second information further includes at least one of:device information identifying at least one device, wherein the at least one device includes the first device;application location information identifying the one or more application locations; ortraffic information identifying the traffic originated from the at least one device.42.The method of claim 41, wherein the at least one device further includes a second device; andthe method further comprises:obtaining a second target application location, from the one or more application locations, for the second device, wherein traffic originated from the second device is to be routed to the second target application location.43.The method of claim 41 or 42, wherein the second target application location is different from the first target application location.44.The method of any of claims 32-43, wherein the first target application corresponds to a cluster, and the number of the at least one cluster is not greater than a first value indicated by the first constraint information.45.The method of any of claims 32-44, wherein the number of devices associated to the first target application is not greater than a second value indicated by the second constraint information, and the second value corresponds to the first target application location.46.The method of any of claims 32-45, further comprising:obtaining a device capability of the first device.47.The method of claim 46, wherein the first target application location satisfies the corresponding capability constraint.48.The method of any of claims 32-46, wherein the second information further includes subscription information, the subscription information indicating subscription of notifications about one or more data plane path management events.49.The method of any of claims 32-48, further comprising:sending a first notification according to the subscription information before a first data plane path is configured for connecting the first device to the first target application location, wherein the first notification includes information identifying the first target application location and / or information indicating device capability of the first device, and the first notification indicates that the first target application location is selected for the first device.50.The method of claim 49, further comprising:sending a second notification according to the subscription information after the first data plane path is configured for connecting the first device to the first target application location, wherein the second notification includes information identifying the first target application location and / or information indicating the device capability of the first device, and the second notification indicates that the first target application location is selected for the first device.51.The method of claim 50, further comprising:collaborating with or using a path management function (PMF) network entity to select the data plane path.52.The method of any of claims 32-51, wherein the TCF network entity is integrated with the PCF network entity.53.An application function (AF) network entity, comprising:a processing circuitry;a memory containing instructions executable by the processing circuitry whereby the AF network entity is operative to perform steps in any of claims 1-16.54.A policy control function (PCF) network entity, comprising:a processing circuitry;a memory containing instructions executable by the processing circuitry whereby the AF network entity is operative to perform steps in any of claims 17-31.55.A traffic coordination function (TCF) network entity, comprising:a processing circuitry;a memory containing instructions executable by the processing circuitry whereby the AF network entity is operative to perform steps in any of claims 32-52.56.A communication system comprising an application function (AF) network entity, a policy control function (PCF) and a traffic coordination function (TCF) network entity, whereinthe AF network entity is configured to: obtain first information about traffic routing requirements, wherein the first information about traffic routing requirements includes constraint information associated to traffic routing, the first information about traffic routing requirements is used to obtain a first target application location, from one or more application locations, for a first device, and traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location; and send the first information about traffic routing requirements to a policy control function (PCF) network entity;the PCF network entity is configured to: receive the first information about traffic routing requirements from the AF network entity, wherein the first information about traffic routing requirements includes constraint information associated to traffic routing, the first information about traffic routing requirements is used to obtain the first target application location, from the one or more application locations, for a first device, and traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location; and send second information indicating the traffic routing requirements to a TCF network entity, wherein the second information is generated based on the first information about traffic routing requirements; andthe TCF network entity is configured to: receive the second information indicating traffic routing requirements from the PCF network entity, wherein the traffic routing requirements include constraint information associated to traffic routing; and obtain, based on the second information, the first target application location, from the one or more application locations, for the first device, wherein traffic originated from the first device is to be routed to the first target application location.57.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, comprising software instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform steps in any of claims 1-16.58.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, comprising software instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform steps in any of claims 17-31.59.A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium, comprising software instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform steps in any of claims 32-52.
Citation Information
Patent Citations
Method and apparatus for traffic routing and path optimization for peer-to-peer communications
CN111373774A
Method and device for selecting user plane function
CN114930913A
Policy enhancement to support group application function (AF) session from artificial intelligence / machine learning (AIML) provider AF with required quality of service (QOS)
US20230199868A1
Method and function for handling traffic for an application
WO2019101292A1
Cited By
Network architecture, network resource management method and related device
CN120935173A