Combination of a noradrenergic α2a receptor agonist and a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor and use thereof
A combination of a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor provides a more effective treatment for ADHD and related disorders by enhancing therapeutic effects and reducing side effects compared to traditional neurostimulant therapies.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/128820
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-11-03
- Filing Date
- 2024-10-31
- Publication Date
- 2025-05-08
AI Technical Summary
Current treatments for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) using neurostimulants like methylphenidate and amphetamine are ineffective for 20-30% of patients and are associated with significant adverse effects and abuse potential.
A combination therapy of a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered to enhance therapeutic effects and reduce side effects in treating ADHD and related disorders.
The combination therapy demonstrates synergistic effects in improving responsiveness and reducing side effects, offering a more effective treatment option for ADHD and other brain disorders associated with noradrenergic and dopaminergic signaling imbalances.
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Figure PCTCN2024128820-FTAPPB-I100003
Abstract
Description
COMBINATION OF A NORADRENERGIC α2A RECEPTOR AGONIST AND A NOREPINEPHRINE DOPAMINE REUPTAKE INHIBITOR AND USE THEREOFTECHNICAL FIELD
[0001] The present disclosure generally relates to combination therapies of a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and use thereof.BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
[0002] Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. Patients with ADHD have difficulty in concentrating and organizing their behaviors. A key pathophysiological hallmark underlying ADHD is insufficient modulation of prefrontal cortex (PFC) function by norepinephrine and dopamine.
[0003] Neurostimulants, such as methylphenidate, amphetamine and their derivatives, are commonly used for the treatment of ADHD and enhances both dopaminergic and noradrenergic signaling in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) . However, 20-30%of patients with ADHD have suboptimal responses to the neurostimulants. In addition, many patients discontinue neurostimulant-based pharmacotherapies due to psychological and physical adverse effects. Furthermore, methylphenidate and amphetamine are schedule-II controlled substance as rated by the United States Drug Enforcement Administration (US DEA) , due to their abuse potential.
[0004] Therefore, significant need exists for novel methods for treating ADHD and other brain disorders with improved therapeutic efficacies and reduced side effects.SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
[0005] An objective of the present disclosure is to provide a combination therapy of a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0006] In one aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling and / or dopaminergic signaling in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0007] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a neurological or psychiatric disorder involving dysfunction of prefrontal cortex in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0008] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating behavioral disinhibition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0009] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of improving responsiveness and / or reducing the side effects in a subject treated with a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist, comprising administering to the subject a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0010] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of improving responsiveness and / or reducing the side effects in a subject treated with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist.
[0011] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder associated with surveillance function of microglia in central nervous system and / or neuroinflammation mediated by microglia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0012] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist, a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0013] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of preparing the pharmaceutical composition provided herein, comprising mixing the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor to form a pharmaceutical composition.
[0014] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising (a) a first composition comprising a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist, and (b) a second composition comprising a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0015] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory only, and are not restrictive of the invention. Further, the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the invention and together with the description, serve to explain principles of the invention.
[0016] As will be apparent to those of skill in the art upon reading this disclosure, each of the individual embodiments described and illustrated herein has discrete components and features which may be readily separated from or combined with the features of any of the other several embodiments without departing from the scope or spirit of the present disclosure.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0017] The drawings referenced herein form a part of the specification. Features shown in the drawing illustrate only some embodiments of the application, and not of all embodiments of the application, unless the detailed description explicitly indicates otherwise, and readers of the specification should not make implications to the contrary.
[0018] Figure 1 is a schematic graph showing experimental design of the open field test (OFT) using Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs) .
[0019] Figure 2A shows the results of the OFT experiment for administration to SHRs of a sub-effective dose (6 mg / kg) of solriamfetol hydrochloride (S) alone, administration of a sub-effective dose (0.3 mg / kg) of guanfacine hydrochloride (G) alone, and the combination administration of a sub-effective dose (6 mg / kg) of S and a sub-effective dose (0.3 mg / kg) of G. N = 12 for each group. All data were normalized in reference to the vehicle group. Ordinary one-way ANOVA test followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was used for comparison between the vehicle group and the other groups. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, *p<0.05.
[0020] Figure 2B shows that the hyperlocomotion-suppressing effect in SHRs of the combination of S and G as shown in Figure 2A and the simulated additive effects generated from the effects of S alone and G alone. N = 12 for all groups. Comparison between the two groups was done using Welch’s t test. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, *p<0.05.
[0021] Figure 2C shows the results of the OFT experiment for administration to SHRs of 6 mg / kg of solriamfetol hydrochloride (S) alone, administration of 0.6 mg / kg of guanfacine hydrochloride (G) alone, and the combination administration of 6 mg / kg of S and 0.6 mg / kg of G. N = 12 for each group. All data were normalized in reference to the vehicle group. Ordinary one-way ANOVA test followed by multiple comparisons with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons method was used for comparison between the vehicle group and the other groups. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, ****p<0.0001.
[0022] Figure 2D shows that the hyperlocomotion-suppressing effect in SHRs of the combination of S and G as shown in Figure 2C and the simulated additive effect generated from the effects of S alone and G alone. N = 12 for all groups. Comparison between the two groups was done using Welch’s t test. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, *p<0.05.
[0023] Figure 3 shows assessments of working memory in SHRs treated with a sub-effective dose (6 mg / kg) of solriamfetol hydrochloride (S) alone, a sub-effective dose (0.2 mg / kg) of guanfacine hydrochloride (G) alone, and the combination of the sub-effective dose (6 mg / kg) of S and the sub-effective dose (0.2 mg / kg) of G, as indicated by percentage of correct response in T-maze delayed alternation test. N = 8 for all groups. Ordinary ANOVA test followed by multiple comparisons with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons method was used for comparison between the vehicle group and the other groups. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, *p<0.05.
[0024] Figure 4 shows assessments of PFC-dependent behavioral resilience in the corticosterone (CORT) mouse model treated with a sub-effective dose (3.56 mg / kg) of solriamfetol hydrochloride (S) alone, a sub-effective dose (0.07 mg / kg) of guanfacine hydrochloride (G) alone, and the combination of the sub-effective dose (3.56 mg / kg) of S and the sub-effective dose (0.07 mg / kg) of G, as indicated by the immobility time in tail suspension test (TST) test. N = 9-10 for all groups. Comparison between group and CORT vehicle group was done using Welch’s t test. Ordinary ANOVA test was followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons between the vehicle group and the other groups. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, *p<0.05.
[0025] Figure 5 shows that only the combination of S and G significantly reduced PFC Arc mRNA level, while the effect of S alone, G alone, or the simulated additive effects generated from S alone and G alone were statistically insignificant. N = 3 for each group. All data were normalized in reference to the vehicle group. Asterisk (*) indicates p<0.05 (by t-test) , in comparison with the vehicle group. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM.
[0026] Figure 6 illustrates the expression patterns of representative microglial genes responsive to the combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride in LPS-treated mice. Each bar in the graph indicates normalized CPM of the gene in each pooled sample (V for vehicle group, G for guanfacine hydrochloride group, S for solriamfetol hydrochloride group, G+S for the drug combination group) . The mRNA level of Cxcl13 in the healthy control animals (V, without LPS) was below the quantification limit and shown as zero.DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
[0027] The following description of the disclosure is merely intended to illustrate various embodiments of the disclosure. As such, the specific modifications discussed are not to be construed as limitations on the scope of the disclosure. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that various equivalents, changes, and modifications may be made without departing from the scope of the disclosure, and it is understood that such equivalent embodiments are to be included herein. All references cited herein, including publications, patents and patent applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
[0028] In this application, the use of the singular includes the plural unless specifically stated otherwise. In this application, the use of “or” means “and / or” unless stated otherwise. Furthermore, the use of the term “including” as well as other forms such as “includes” and “included” is not limiting. In addition, terms such as “element” or “component” encompass both elements and components including one unit, and elements and components that include more than one subunit, unless specifically stated otherwise. Additionally, the section headings used herein are for organizational purposes only, and are not to be construed as limiting the subject matter described.
[0029] Definitions
[0030] As used herein, the term “a, ” “an, ” “the” and similar terms used in the context of the present invention (especially in the context of the claims) are to be construed to cover both the singular and plural unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by the context.
[0031] Reference to “about” a value or parameter herein includes (and describes) embodiments that are directed to that value or parameter per se. For example, description referring to “about X” includes description of “X” . Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining the range. Generally speaking, the term “about” refers to the indicated value of the variable and to all values of the variable that are within the experimental error of the indicated value (e.g. within the 95%confidence interval for the mean) or within 10 percent of the indicated value, whichever is greater.
[0032] As used herein, the term “crystalline form” refers to crystal structures in which a compound (or a salt or solvate thereof) , with or without one or more other substances, can crystallize in different crystal packing arrangements, all of which have the same elemental composition. Different crystal forms usually have different X-ray diffraction patterns, infrared spectral, melting points, density hardness, crystal shape, optical and electrical properties, stability and solubility. Recrystallization solvent, rate of crystallization, storage temperature, and other factors may cause one crystal form to dominate. The term “crystalline form” as used herein also includes co-crystal form.
[0033] As used herein, the term “co-crystal form” refers to solids that are crystalline materials composed of two or more molecules in the same crystal lattice.
[0034] It is noted that in this disclosure, terms such as “comprises” , “comprised” , “comprising” , “contains” , “containing” and the like are intended to be inclusive or open-ended, and do not exclude additional, un-recited elements or method steps.
[0035] As used herein, administration of one agent “in combination with” another one or more further agents includes simultaneous (concurrent) and consecutive administration in any order. It is to be understood, for example, that Drug A is administered “in combination with” Drug B, or use of Drug A “in combination with” Drug B can encompass at least three scenarios, for example: 1) Drug A and Drug B are formulated in a single dosage form prior to administration or at the time of administration; 2) Drug A and Drug B are formulated in two separate dosage forms and provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) together with instructions of administering Drug A in combination with Drug B; and 3) Drug A and Drug B are formulated in two separate dosage forms and provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) separately with instructions of either i) administering Drug A in combination with Drug B when Drug A is being provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) , or ii) administering Drug B in combination with Drug A when Drug B is being provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) . In other words, use of Drug A in combination with Drug B does not necessarily mean that Drug A and Drug B must be provided (e.g., manufactured or sold) together.
[0036] As used herein, the term “disorder” refers to any disease, disorder or condition that impairs the normal functioning of a subject (e.g., human) .
[0037] As used herein, the term “dosage ratio” refers to the weight ratio of dosages (e.g., mg / kg or mg) between two or more drugs.
[0038] The term “effective amount” means the amount of a pharmaceutical agent that produces some desired local or systemic therapeutic effect at a reasonable benefit / risk ratio applicable to any treatment alone or together with further doses. In the case of the treatment of a particular disorder, the desired local or systemic therapeutic effect preferably relates to inhibition of the course of the disorder. This comprises slowing down the progress of the disorder and, in particular, interrupting or reversing the progress of the disorder. When administered for preventing a disorder, the amount is sufficient to avoid or delay onset of the disorder. An effective amount need not be curative or prevent a disorder from ever occurring. An effective amount of the pharmaceutical agent described herein will depend on the condition to be treated, the severeness of the disorder, the individual parameters of the patient, including age, physiological condition, size and weight, the duration of treatment, the type of an accompanying therapy (if present) , the specific route of administration and similar factors. Accordingly, the doses administered of the pharmaceutical agent described herein may depend on various of such parameters. In the case that a reaction in a patient is insufficient with an initial dose, higher doses (or effectively higher doses achieved by a different, more localized route of administration) may be used. In certain embodiments, an effective amount of a pharmaceutical agent will depend on its therapeutic index, solubility, and the like.
[0039] As used herein, the term “inhibit” or “inhibiting” with respect to a disorder or symptom (e.g., disinhibitory behavior) refers to decrease / decreasing the severity of the disorder or symptom (e.g., disinhibitory behavior) to a manageable level, for example, to a level that is about 10%, about 20%, about 30%, about 40%, about 50%, about 60%, about 70%, about 80%or about 90%lower than that before inhibiting. When the inhibiting is performed by a medicine, the term “inhibiting” can be used interchangeably with the term “medically managing” .
[0040] As used herein, the term “reduced expression level” of a certain gene (e.g., immediate-early genes (IEGs) , such as Arc) refers to an overall decrease of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%or 99%in the expression level of the certain gene, as compared to a reference expression level of the certain gene.
[0041] A reference expression level of a certain gene (e.g., IEGs, such as Arc) may be derived from one or more reference samples, wherein the reference expression level is obtained from experiments conducted in parallel with the experiment for testing the sample of interest. Alternatively, a reference expression level may be obtained in a database, which includes a collection of data, standard, or level from one or more reference samples or disorder reference samples. In some embodiments, such collection of data, standard or level are normalized so that they can be used for comparison purpose with data from one or more samples. In some embodiments, a reference expression level of a certain gene (e.g., IEGs, such as Arc) may be obtained from a population having a disorder that would benefit from modulation of synaptic activity and / or plasticity.
[0042] As used herein, the term “improving responsiveness” can include, for example, delaying progression of a disorder or reducing or inhibiting disorder relapse. As used herein, the term “delaying progression of a disorder” means to defer, hinder, slow, retard, stabilize, and / or postpone development of the disorder. This delay can be of varying lengths of time, depending on the history of the disorder and / or individual being treated.
[0043] As used herein, the term “normalize” or “normalization” is a process by which a measured raw data is converted into data that may be directly compared with other so normalized data. Normalization is used to overcome assay specific errors caused by factors that may vary from one assay to another, for example, expression level, anti-hyperactivity effect, variation in loaded quantities, binding efficiency, detection sensitivity, and other various errors.
[0044] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable” indicates that the substance or composition is compatible chemically and / or toxicologically, with the other ingredients comprising a formulation, and / or the subjects being treated therewith.
[0045] As used herein, the term “pharmaceutically acceptable salt” , unless otherwise indicated, includes salts that retain the biological effectiveness of the free acids and bases of the specified compound and that are not biologically or otherwise undesirable. Contemplated pharmaceutically acceptable salt forms include, but are not limited to, mono, bis, tris, tetrakis, and so on. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts are non-toxic in the amounts and concentrations at which they are administered. The preparation of such salts can facilitate the pharmacological use by altering the physical characteristics of a compound without preventing it from exerting its physiological effect. Useful alterations in physical properties include lowering the melting point to facilitate transmucosal administration and increasing the solubility to facilitate administering higher concentrations of the drug. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can include acid addition salts such as those containing sulfate, chloride, fumarate, maleate, phosphate, sulfamate, acetate, citrate, lactate, tartrate, malonate, methanesulfonate, ethanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, cyclohexylsulfamate and quinate. Pharmaceutically acceptable salts can be obtained from acids such as sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, phosphoric acid, sulfamic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, malonic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, cyclohexylsulfamic acid, and quinic acid.
[0046] The term “subject” includes human and non-human animals. Non-human animals include all vertebrates, e.g., mammals and non-mammals, such as non-human primates, mouse, rat, cat, rabbit, sheep, dog, cow, chickens, amphibians, and reptiles.
[0047] The term “sub-effective amount” , used interchangeably with the term “sub-effective dose” of a pharmaceutical agent, means an amount or dose that is less than or lower than an effective amount of the pharmaceutical agent when administered alone but which could be effective in synergy with another pharmaceutical agent. For example, a sub-effective amount of a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist means an amount or dose that is less than or lower than an effective amount of the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist when administered alone but which could be effective in synergy with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor. Similarly, a sub-effective amount of a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor means an amount or dose that is less than or lower than an effective amount of the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor when administered alone but which could be effective in synergy with a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist.
[0048] The term “synergize, ” “synergy” , “synergistic” or “synergistically” as used herein refers to one agent administered in combination with another one or more further agents providing an effect that is greater than the sum of the effects of the two or more agents when administered alone. Synergy is more than merely additive. For example, if Drug A produces an effect of 2 units and Drug B produces an effect of 2 units, an additive result is an effect equal to 4 units; a synergistic effect is greater than 4 units with an unpredictable upper boundary. For example, a synergistic effect of the combination of a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor means the effect of the combination of a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is greater than the sum of the effects of the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor when each administered alone. A synergistic effect can be attained when the agents are: (1) co-formulated and administered or delivered simultaneously in a combined, unit dosage form (or unit dosage formulation) ; (2) delivered serially, by alternation, or in parallel as separate formulations; or (3) by some other regimen. When delivered in alternation therapy, a synergistic effect can be attained when the agents are administered or delivered sequentially, e.g., by oral administrations separated by a time interval (e.g., 0 to 12 hours) .
[0049] As used herein, the term “solvate form” refers to solvent addition forms of a compound that contain either stoichiometric or non-stoichiometric amounts of solvent to the compound. Some compounds have a tendency to trap a fixed molar ratio of solvent molecules in the crystalline solid state, thus forming a solvate. If the solvent is water, the solvate formed is a hydrate; and if the solvent is alcohol, the solvate formed is an alcoholate. Hydrates are formed by the combination of one or more molecules of water with one molecule of the compound in which the water retains its molecular state as H2O. Examples of solvents that form solvates include, but are not limited to, water, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, DMSO, ethyl acetate, acetic acid, and ethanolamine.
[0050] As used herein, the term “treatment, ” “treat” or “treating” , with regard to a disorder, refers to managing, eliminating, reducing or ameliorating a disorder and / or a symptom associated therewith. Although not excluded, treatment of a disorder does not require that the disorder, or symptoms associated therewith be completely eliminated. The term “treatment” as used herein may include “prophylactic treatment” that is applied before development of any symptom or manifestation of a disorder to reduce the possibility of occurrence or recurrence of a disorder, or reducing the possibility of relapse of a previously controlled disorder, in a subject who is not afflicted with a disorder but at risk, or who is susceptible to recurrence of the disorder, or who is at risk or susceptible to relapse of the disorder. Within the meaning of the invention, “treatment” also includes prevention of relapse or prevention stages, as well as treatment of acute or chronic signs, symptoms and / or dysfunction. Treatment can target symptoms, for example, to suppress symptoms. It can function in a short period of time, for a medium period of time, or can be a long-term treatment, such as in the case of maintenance therapy.
[0051] Methods of Treatment
[0052] The inventors unexpectedly discovered that a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor could synergize with a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist such that the therapeutic effects of selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonists could be improved or enhanced, and / or side effects of selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonists could be reduced, delayed or prevented. Indeed, in behavioral pharmacology experiments using Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs) and corticosterone (CORT) treated mice, it is demonstrated that combination of a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor and a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist exhibited synergistic therapeutic effect, beyond what was observed with the respective monotherapies or simple additive effects from the monotherapies. Therefore, the results indicate that the combination of a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor and a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is useful for treating disorders associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling and / or insufficient dopaminergic signaling such as ADHD.
[0053] The inventors also discovered and demonstrated that the combination of a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., solriamfetol hydrochloride) and a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist (e.g., guanfacine hydrochloride) exhibited synergistic effect on neuronal signaling in ADHD-relevant cortical regions of an animal model, as reflected by reduced expression level (e.g., mRNA level) of brain immediate-early genes (IEGs) described in Lanahan A. et al., Neurobiol Learn Mem. 1998 Jul-Sep; 70 (1-2) : 37-43, such as Arc. Arc is a key regulator of synaptic plasticity, see, e.g., Korb E. et al., Trends Neurosci. 2011 Nov; 34 (11) : 591-8. Dysregulation of synaptic plasticity (e.g., synaptic activity and / or function) is involved in and / or causes many brain disorders including ADHD.
[0054] Furthermore, the inventors discovered and demonstrated that the combination of a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., solriamfetol hydrochloride) and a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist (e.g., guanfacine hydrochloride) exhibited a unique property of regulating microglial genes involved in surveillance of CNS tissue homeostasis and neuroinflammation, such as Cxcr4, Cxcl13, Irf8, Mki67, Cdk1, Tcf7l2, and Pilra, with an outcome of reversing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced proinflammatory transcriptional responses in the mouse brain. Such modulatory effects were absent in mice treated with solriamfetol hydrochloride alone and guanfacine hydrochloride alone.
[0055] Based, at least in part, on the discoveries of drug-drug synergy in behavioral pharmacology, Arc regulation and microglial transcriptional regulation as mentioned above, the present disclosure provides methods for treating a disorder associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling and / or insufficient dopaminergic signaling or for modulating surveillance function of microglia in central nervous system and / or reducing neuroinflammation mediated by microglia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0056] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0057] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder associated with insufficient dopaminergic signaling in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0058] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling and insufficient dopaminergic signaling in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0059] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling and / or insufficient dopaminergic signaling in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject guanfacine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0060] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject guanfacine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0061] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder associated with insufficient dopaminergic signaling in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject guanfacine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0062] In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a disorder associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling and insufficient dopaminergic signaling in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject guanfacine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0063] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a neurological or psychiatric disorder involving dysfunction of prefrontal cortex in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating a neurological or psychiatric disorder involving dysfunction of prefrontal cortex in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject guanfacine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0064] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating behavioral disinhibition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for treating behavioral disinhibition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject guanfacine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0065] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of improving responsiveness and / or reducing the side effect of a subject to treatment with a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist, comprising administering to the subject a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor, such as solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method of improving responsiveness and / or reducing the side effect of a subject to treatment with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist, such as guanfacine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, the side effect comprises changes in heart rate, changes in blood pressure, disturbance of normal body weight gain in children and adolescence, abnormal body weight changes, and undesirable changes in mood and behaviors such as insomnia, sedation, somnolence, agitation, anxiety, and other psychoactive effects.
[0066] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for modulating surveillance function of microglia in central nervous system and / or reducing neuroinflammation mediated by microglia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist (e.g. guanfacine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor (e.g. solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) .
[0067] In another aspects, the present disclosure also provides methods for treating a disorder that would benefit from modulating synaptic activity and / or plasticity (e.g., ADHD) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides methods for treating a disorder that would benefit from modulation of synaptic activity and / or plasticity (e.g., ADHD) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject guanfacine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0068] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for modulating synaptic activity and / or plasticity (e.g., synaptic activity and / or function) in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor. In certain embodiments, the present disclosure provides a method for modulating synaptic activity and / or plasticity in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject guanfacine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof. In certain embodiments, modulation of synaptic activity and / or plasticity (e.g., synaptic activity and / or function) is indicated by altered expression level (e.g., mRNA level) of brain IEGs described in Lanahan A. et al., Neurobiol Learn Mem. 1998 Jul-Sep; 70 (1-2) : 37-43. In certain embodiments, the brain IEGs comprise Arc, Fos, Egr1, Egr2, Egr3, Homer1, Jun, JunB, JunD, FosB / ΔFosB, Nr4a1, Nr4a3, and / or Npas4. In certain embodiments, the brain IEGs comprise Arc. Such expression levels can be measured by a suitable assay in a biological sample (e.g., a dissected cortical tissue) . Various suitable assays are known in the art, including, without limitation, protein-based assays, such as quantitative fluorescence cytometry, immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ; or nucleic acid-based assays, such as amplification assays (such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, e.g., quantitative PCR (qPCR) ) , hybridization assays or sequencing assays.
[0069] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides use of the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist described herein in combination with the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor described herein in the preparation of a combination therapy for treating disorders as described herein.
[0070] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor, wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of: attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) , motor and non-motor deficits in Parkinson’s disease, anxiety disorders, cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, autism, delirium, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, substance abuse, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , , obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) , traumatic brain injury (TBI) , conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, Tourette’s syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) , and other forms of dementia.
[0071] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for treating disorder in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject guanfacine or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof in combination with solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein the disorder is selected from the group consisting of: attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) , motor and non-motor deficits in Parkinson’s disease, anxiety disorders, cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, autism, delirium, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, substance abuse, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) , traumatic brain injury (TBI) , conduct disorder, oppositional-defiant disorder, Tourette’s syndrome, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) , and other forms of dementia.
[0072] Therapeutic Agents
[0073] In certain embodiments, the methods provided herein comprise administering a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor to a subject. It is to be understood that the compounds of the present disclosure and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof (e.g., selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist, norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor) may be prepared, used or supplied in amorphous form, crystalline form, or semicrystalline form and any given compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof may be capable of being formed into more than one crystalline / polymorphic form. In certain embodiments, the compounds of the present disclosure and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof include solvate forms, such as hydrate forms (e.g., hemi-hydrate, a mono-hydrate, a di-hydrate, a tri-hydrate or other stoichiometry of hydrate) . It is to be understood that the present disclosure encompasses any and all such solid forms of the compounds and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
[0074] Selective Noradrenergic Α2a Receptor Agonist
[0075] The term “selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist” , as used herein, refers to a noradrenergic α2 receptor agonist that selectively binds to α2A receptor subtype over α2B, α2C receptor subtypes. Exemplary selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist includes but is not limited to Guanfacine (e.g., guanfacine hydrochloride) , Oxymethazoline, Bromocryptine, Xylometazoline, Naphazoline, Dihydroergotamine, Guanabenz,
[0076] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist has the following formula:
[0077] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0078] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is guanfacine hydrochloride having the following formula:
[0079] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in a solvate form (e.g., a hydrate form) . In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in a crystalline form. Any other pharmaceutically acceptable solid forms are also in contemplation of the present disclosure.
[0080] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in a co-crystal form. Without wishing to be bound by any theory, but it is believed that a co-crystal form may be desirable to achieve pharmaceutically acceptable physicochemical properties, bioavailability, and such. See, e.g., Healy A. M. et al., Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2017 Aug 1: 117: 25-46. Other specific solid forms can be selected to achieve pharmaceutically acceptable physicochemical properties, bioavailability, and such.
[0081] Norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor
[0082] As used herein, the term “norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor” , used interchangeably with the term “NDRI” , refers to a drug that can act as a reuptake inhibitor for the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and dopamine, for example, by blocking the action of the norepinephrine transporter (NET) and the dopamine transporter (DAT) , respectively, see, e.g., Stephen M. Stahl (2 March 2009) . Antidepressants. Cambridge University Press. p. 73. ISBN 978-0-521-75852-9. Retrieved 10 May 2012. Exemplary NDRIs include but are not limited to Solriamfetol (solriamfetol hydrochloride) , Methylphenidate, Amineptine, Bupropion, Desoxypipradrol, Dexmethylphenidate, Difemetorex, Diphenylprolinol, Ethylphenidate, Fencamfamine, Fencamine, Lefetamine, Methylenedioxypyrovalerone, Nomifensine, O-2172, Phenylpiracetam, Pipradrol, Prolintane, Pyrovalerone, Tametraline, WY-46824, amphetamine (e.g., D-amphetamine) , see, e.g., Stahl, S. M. et al., (2004) , Primary Care Companion to the Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 6 (4) : 159-166; Faraone S. V. et al., Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2018 April; 87: 255-270.
[0083] In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor has the following formula:
[0084] or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
[0085] In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is solriamfetol hydrochloride having the following formula:
[0086] In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in a solvate form (e.g., a hydrate form) . In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in a crystalline form (e.g., a co-crystal form) . Any other pharmaceutically acceptable solid forms are also in contemplation of the present disclosure.
[0087] Dosage of Therapeutic Agents
[0088] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a sub-effective amount. In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg to about 1,000 mg (e.g., 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 0.4 mg. 0.8 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 600 mg, 700 mg, 800 mg or 900 mg) .
[0089] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight to about 50 mg / kg of body weight (e.g., 0.05 mg / kg, 0.06 mg / kg, 0.07 mg / kg, 0.08 mg / kg, 0.09 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 30 mg / kg or 40 mg / kg) .
[0090] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg per day to about 2,000 mg per day (e.g., 0.05 mg, 0.1 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 500 mg, 1,000 mg or 1,500 mg per day) .
[0091] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight per day to about 100 mg / kg of body weight per day (e.g., 0.005 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, 0.06 mg / kg, 0.07 mg / kg, 0.08 mg / kg, 0.09 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.15 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 60 mg / kg, 80 mg / kg or 90 mg / kg per day) .
[0092] In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a sub-effective amount. In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a dosage from about 0.5 mg to about 3,000 mg (e.g., 0.6 mg, 0.8 mg, 1 mg, 5mg, 10 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg, 300 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 1,000 mg, 1,500 mg, 2,000 mg or 2,500 mg) .
[0093] In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a dosage from about 0.005 mg / kg of body weight to about 150 mg / kg of body weight (e.g., 0.01 mg / kg, 0.05 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 1.5 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 3.5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 4.5 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 5.5 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 6.5 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 7.5 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 8.5 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 9.5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 15 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 25 mg / kg, 50 mg / kg, 60 mg / kg, 80 mg / kg, 100 mg / kg, 120 mg / kg or 140 mg / kg) .
[0094] In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a dosage from about 0.5 mg per day to about 3,000 mg per day (e.g., 0.6 mg, 0.8 mg, 1 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg, 20 mg, 50 mg, 100 mg, 500 mg, 1,000 mg, 1,500 mg, 2,000 mg or 2,500 mg per day) .
[0095] In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a dosage from about 0.005 mg / kg of body weight per day to about 150 mg / kg of body weight per day (e.g., 0.06 mg / kg, 0.08 mg / kg, 0.1 mg / kg, 0.2 mg / kg, 0.3 mg / kg, 0.5 mg / kg, 1 mg / kg, 1.5 mg / kg, 2 mg / kg, 2.5 mg / kg, 3 mg / kg, 3.5 mg / kg, 4 mg / kg, 4.5 mg / kg, 5 mg / kg, 5.5 mg / kg, 6 mg / kg, 6.5 mg / kg, 7 mg / kg, 7.5 mg / kg, 8 mg / kg, 8.5 mg / kg, 9 mg / kg, 9.5 mg / kg, 10 mg / kg, 20 mg / kg, 40 mg / kg, 60 mg / kg, 80 mg / kg, 100 mg / kg or 120 mg / kg per day) .
[0096] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor are administered at a dosage ratio in weight ratio from about 1: 600 to about 1: 1 (e.g., 1: 550, 1: 500, 1: 450, 1: 400, 1: 350, 1: 300, 1: 250, 1: 200, 1: 150, 1: 100, 1:50 or 1: 10) .
[0097] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is guanfacine and norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is solriamfetol. When both compounds are in hydrochloride forms, they are administered at a dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine: solriamfetol) from about 1: 240 to about 1: 1 (e.g., about 1: 240, about 1: 235, about 1: 230, about 1:225, about 1: 220, about 1: 215, about 1: 210, about 1: 205, about 1: 200, about 1: 195, about 1: 190, about 1: 185, about 1: 180, about 1: 175, about 1: 170, about 1: 165, about 1: 160, about 1: 155, about 1:150, about 1: 145, about 1: 140, about 1: 135, about 1: 130, about 1: 125, about 1: 120, about 1: 115, about 1: 100, about 1: 95, about 1: 90, about 1: 85, about 1: 80, about 1: 75, about 1: 70, about 1: 65, about 1: 60, about 1: 55, about 1: 50, about 1: 45, about 1: 40, about 1: 35, about 1: 30, about 1: 25, about 1: 20, about 1: 15, about 1: 10, about 1: 9.5, about 1: 9, about 1: 8.5, about 1: 8, about 1: 7.5, about 1: 7, about 1: 6.5, about 1: 6, about 1: 5.5, about 1: 5, about 1: 4, about 1: 3.5, about 1: 3, about 1:2.5, about 1: 2, about 1: 1.5, or about 1: 1) . When both compounds are in free base forms, they are administered at a dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine free base: solriamfetol free base) from about 1: 232 to about 1: 1 (e.g., about 1: 232, about 1: 116, about 1: 97, about 1: 77, about 1: 68, about 1: 58, about 1: 49, about 1: 39, about 1: 29, about 1: 19, about 1: 15, about 1: 10, about 1: 8, about 1:7, about 1: 6, about 1: 5, about 1: 4, about 1: 3, about 1: 2, or about 1: 1) .
[0098] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is guanfacine and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is solriamfetol. When both compounds are in hydrochloride forms, they are administered at a dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine hydrochloride: solriamfetol hydrochloride) from about 1: 70 to about 1: 4 (e.g., about 1: 70, about 1:60, about 1: 50, about 1: 48, about 1: 46, about 1: 44, about 1: 42, about 1: 40, about 1: 38, about 1:36, about 1: 34, about 1: 32, about 1: 30, about 1: 29, about 1: 28, about 1: 27, about 1: 26, about 1:25, about 1: 24, about 1: 23, about 1: 22, about 1: 21, about 1: 20, about 1: 19, about 1: 18, about 1:17, about 1: 16, about 1: 15, about 1: 14, about 1: 13, about 1: 12, about 1: 11, about 1: 10, about 1: 9, about 1: 8, about 1: 7, about 1: 6, about 1: 5 or about 1: 4) . When both compounds are in free base forms, they are administered at a dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine free base: solriamfetol free base) from about 1: 49 to about 1: 4 (e.g., about 1: 49, about 1: 48, about 1: 47, about 1: 46, about 1:45, about 1: 44, about 1: 43, about 1: 42, about 1: 41, about 1: 40, about 1: 39, about 1: 38, about 1:37, about 1: 36, about 1: 35, about 1: 34, about 1: 33, about 1: 32, about 1: 31, about 1: 30, about 1:29, about 1: 28, about 1: 27, about 1: 26, about 1: 25, about 1: 24, about 1: 23, about 1: 22, about 1:21, about 1: 20, about 1: 19, about 1: 18, about 1: 17, about 1: 16, about 1: 15, about 1: 14, about 1:13, about 1: 12, about 1: 11, about 1: 10, about 1: 9, about 1: 8, about 1: 7, about 1: 6, about 1: 5, or about 1: 4) .
[0099] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is guanfacine and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is solriamfetol. When both compounds are in hydrochloride forms, they are administered at a dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine hydrochloride: solriamfetol hydrochloride) from about 1: 30 to about 1: 10 (e.g., about 1: 30, about 1:29, about 1: 28, about 1: 27, about 1: 26, about 1: 25, about 1: 24, about 1: 23, about 1: 22, about 1:21, about 1: 20, about 1: 19, about 1: 18, about 1: 17, about 1: 16, about 1: 15, about 1: 14, about 1:13, about 1: 12, about 1: 11, or about 1: 10) . When both compounds are in free base forms, they are administered at a dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine free base: solriamfetol free base) from about 1: 30 to about 1: 10 (e.g., about 1: 30, about 1: 29, about 1: 28, about 1: 27, about 1: 26, about 1: 25, about 1: 24, about 1: 23, about 1: 22, about 1: 21, about 1: 20, about 1: 19, about 1: 18, about 1: 17, about 1: 16, about 1: 15, about 1: 14, about 1: 13, about 1: 12, about 1: 11, or about 1: 10) .
[0100] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is guanfacine and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is solriamfetol. When both compounds are in hydrochloride forms, they are administered at a dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine hydrochloride: solriamfetol hydrochloride) from about 1: 30 to about 1: 15 (e.g., about 1: 30, about 1:29, about 1: 28, about 1: 27, about 1: 26, about 1: 25, about 1: 24, about 1: 23, about 1: 22, about 1:21, about 1: 20, about 1: 19, about 1: 18, about 1: 17, about 1: 16, or about 1: 15) . When both compounds are in free base forms, they are administered at a dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine free base: solriamfetol free base) from about 1: 29 to about 1: 15 (e.g., about 1: 29, about 1:28, about 1: 27, about 1: 26, about 1: 25, about 1: 24, about 1: 23, about 1: 22, about 1: 21, about 1:20, about 1: 19, about 1: 18, about 1: 17, about 1: 16, or about 1: 15) .
[0101] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is guanfacine and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is solriamfetol. When both compounds are in hydrochloride forms, they are administered at a dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine hydrochloride: solriamfetol hydrochloride) from about 1: 20 to about 1: 5 (e.g., about 1: 20, about 1:19, about 1: 18, about 1: 17, about 1: 16, about 1: 15, about 1: 14, about 1: 13, about 1: 12, about 1:11, about 1: 10, about 1: 9, about 1: 8, about 1: 7, about 1: 6, or about 1: 5) . When both compounds are in free base forms, they are administered at a dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine free base: solriamfetol free base) from about 1: 19 to about 1: 5 (e.g., about 1: 19, about 1: 18, about 1: 17, about 1: 16, about 1: 15, about 1: 14, about 1: 13, about 1: 12, about 1: 11, about 1: 10, about 1: 9, about 1:8, about 1: 7, about 1: 6, or about 1: 5) .
[0102] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is guanfacine and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is solriamfetol. When both compounds are in hydrochloride forms, they are administered at a dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine hydrochloride: solriamfetol hydrochloride) from about 1: 52 to about 1: 41 (e.g., about 1: 52, about 1:51, about 1: 50, about 1: 49, about 1: 48, about 1: 47, about 1: 46, about 1: 45, about 1: 44, about 1:43, about 1: 42, or about 1: 41) . When both compounds are in free base forms, the corresponding dosage ratio (in weight ratio of guanfacine free base: solriamfetol free base) is about 1: 50 to about 1:40 (e.g., about 1: 50, about 1: 49, about 1: 48, about 1: 47, about 1: 46, about 1: 45, about 1: 44, about 1:43, about 1: 42, about 1: 41, or about 1: 40) .
[0103] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is an extended-release form of guanfacine and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is an immediate-release form of solriamfetol. In such case, the weight ratio of guanfacine free base (as an extended-release form) over solriamfetol free base (as an immediate release form) can be from about 1: 30 to about 1: 10 (e.g., about 1: 30, about 1: 29, about 1: 28, about 1: 27, about 1: 26, about 1: 25, about 1:24, about 1: 23, about 1: 22, about 1: 21, about 1: 20, about 1: 19, about 1: 18, about 1: 17, about 1:16, about 1: 15, about 1: 14, about 1: 13, about 1: 12, about 1: 11 or about 1: 10) . The weight ratio of guanfacine hydrochloride (as an extended-release form) over solriamfetol hydrochloride (as an immediate release form) can be from about 1: 31 to about 1: 10 (e.g., about 1: 31, about 1: 30, about 1:29, about 1: 28, about 1: 27, about 1: 26, about 1: 25, about 1: 24, about 1: 23, about 1: 22, about 1:21, about 1: 20, about 1: 19, about 1: 18, about 1: 17, or about 1: 16, about 1: 15, about 1: 14, about 1:13, about 1: 12, about 1: 11 or about 1: 10) .
[0104] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0105] Dosage Forms of Therapeutic Agents
[0106] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor are administered in one unit dosage form or in two or more separate unit dosage forms.
[0107] In certain embodiments, the dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0108] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist of the one unit dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0109] In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor of the one unit dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0110] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist of the one unit dosage form is in an immediate release formulation, and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor of the one unit dosage form is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0111] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist of the one unit dosage form is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor of the one unit dosage form is in an immediate release formulation.
[0112] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist of the one unit dosage form is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor of the one unit dosage form is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0113] In certain embodiments, the one unit dosage form is for oral administration. In certain embodiments, the one unit dosage form is in solid dose form or liquid dose form. In certain embodiments, the solid dose form is selected from the group consisting of tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap. In certain embodiments, the tablet is coated tablet or mini-tablet. In certain embodiments, the liquid dose form is selected from the group consisting of emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution.
[0114] In certain embodiments, the two or more separate unit dosage forms are for oral administration. In certain embodiments, the two or more separate unit dosage forms are in a kit. In certain embodiments, one of the two or more separate unit dosage forms is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In certain embodiments, the other of the two or more separate unit dosage forms is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In certain embodiments, one of the separate unit dosage forms is in an immediate release, and the other of the separate unit dosage forms is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In certain embodiments, one of the separate unit dosage forms is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the other of the separate unit dosage forms is in an immediate release. In certain embodiments, one of the separate unit dosage forms is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the other of the separate unit dosage forms is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0115] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0116] Disorders
[0117] ADHD And Insufficient Noradrenergic Signaling and / or Insufficient Dopaminergic Signaling
[0118] In certain embodiments, the disorder to be treated by the methods provided herein is a disorder (e.g., brain disorder) associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling and / or insufficient dopaminergic signaling. In certain embodiments, the disorder is further associated with deficit in dopaminergic signaling. In certain embodiments, the disorder is selected from the group consisting of ADHD, motor and non-motor deficits in Parkinson’s disease, anxiety disorders, cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders.
[0119] ADHD is currently defined as a cognitive / behavioral developmental disorder where all clinical criteria are behavioral. Overactivity, impulsiveness, and inattentiveness are presently regarded as the main clinical symptoms. ADHD is characterized by high levels of inattention, uncontrollable hyperactivity, and impulsivity, is classified into three clinical subtypes: predominantly inattentive, predominantly hyperactive, and combined, see, e.g., American Psychiatric Association, 2013.
[0120] There is considerable evidence suggesting that ADHD behavior is associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling and / or deficit in dopaminergic signaling. A validated animal model of ADHD, the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR) , shows pronounced overactivity, impulsiveness, and deficient sustained attention. While dopamine release is decreased in SHR prefrontal cortex, norepinephrine concentrations are elevated. The noradrenergic system appears to be hyperactive as a result of impaired alpha-2A adrenoceptor regulation. See, e.g., Sagvolden, T.et al., Behav Brain Funct 7, 6 (2011) ; Sagvolden T. et al., Behav Brain Funct 2006 Dec 15: 2: 41.
[0121] ADHD is associated with dysfunction of prefrontal cortex, in particular, dysfunction of neurons and synapses in the prefrontal cortex due to insufficient dopaminergic and noradrenergic signaling that originate from the brainstem. Prefrontal cortical neurons are able to hold information relevant for the next behavior. Such information may be weakened by dysregulated dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems in ADHD causing the deficient working memory and the need for immediacy of reinforcement. See, e.g., Sagvolden T. et al., Behav Brain Funct 2006 Dec 15: 2: 41.
[0122] The inventors discovered that the combination therapies described herein had synergistic effect on treating ADHD, which also indicates their potential therapeutic efficacy in treating other disorders involving dysregulated dopaminergic and noradrenergic systems (e.g., insufficient noradrenergic signaling and / or insufficient dopaminergic signaling) , dysfunction of prefrontal cortex, dysfunction of synaptic activity and / or plasticity, and / or would benefit from modulation of synaptic activity and / or plasticity.
[0123] Similar synergistic effects of the combination therapies described herein may be observed in other brain disorders associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling and / or insufficient dopaminergic signaling, such as motor and non-motor deficits in Parkinson’s disease, cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders, anxiety disorders. See, e.g., Martin E. I. et al., Psychiatr Clin North Am. 2009 September; 32 (3) : 549-575.
[0124] Dysregulation of Synaptic Activity and / or Plasticity
[0125] In certain embodiments, the combination therapy of the present disclosure can be used in the treatment of brain disorders involving dysregulation of synaptic plasticity (e.g., synaptic activity and / or function) . In certain embodiments, the disorders to be treated by the methods provided herein would benefit from modulation of synaptic activity and / or plasticity (e.g., synaptic activity and / or function) . Synaptic plasticity refers to the ability of neurons to modify their synaptic connections in response to electrical activity, which reflects brain function that is ultimately contingent on a specific patterning of connections between distinct populations of neurons and the establishment of functional neural circuits. The molecular, cellular and circuitry changes associated with synaptic plasticity are believed to modulate higher-order brain tasks, such as social cognition and emotional learning and memory.
[0126] Abnormal synaptic activity and / or plasticity leads to cognitive impairments, such as deficits in learning and memory, attention, and social cognition. For example, abnormal synaptic activity and / or plasticity is involved in neurological or psychiatric disorders, such as, ADHD, Tourette’s Syndrome, Tic disorders, autism, delirium, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, substance abuse, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) , obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) , Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, frontotemporal dementia (FTD) , or traumatic brain injury (TBI) .
[0127] Synaptic plasticity takes several forms, including modification of the quantity, structure and strength of synapses. Previous studies suggested that an immediate early gene Arc (Activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein or Arc protein) is involved in all known forms of synaptic plasticity, see, e.g., Korb E. et al., Trends Neurosci. 2011 Nov; 34 (11) : 591-8. Arc is expressed endogenously in neurons, and changes in Arc mRNA expression is expected to influence synaptic plasticity.
[0128] Hence, decrease in expression level of the Arc gene indicates modulation of synaptic activity and / or plasticity, which further suggests potential therapeutic efficacy for the disorders that would benefit from the modulation of synaptic activity and / or plasticity, for example, neurological or psychiatric disorder, such as ADHD, autism, delirium, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, substance abuse, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , frontotemporal dementia (FTD) , obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) , traumatic brain injury (TBI) .
[0129] Neurological or Psychiatric Disorder Involving Dysfunction of Prefrontal Cortex and Behavioral Disinhibition
[0130] In certain embodiments, the disorders to be treated by the methods provided herein are neurological or psychiatric disorder involving dysfunction of prefrontal cortex. As used herein, the term “dysfunction of prefrontal cortex” includes dysfunction of neuronal networks in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) . Network activity in the PFC is based on glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic connections, which are in turn modulated by acetylcholine, dopamine and noradrenaline.
[0131] Prefrontal cortex is a brain region essential for behavioral regulation and inhibition of inappropriate responses. In certain embodiments, the disorders to be treated by the methods provided herein are behavioral disinhibition. As used herein, the term “behavioral disinhibition” refers to a disorder associated with poor self-regulation or the inability to control one’s activity level, attention, and emotions. Exemplary behavioral disinhibition includes, but not limited to, ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Oppositional-Defiant Disorder, Tourette’s Syndrome, Tic Disorders, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and dementia. The term “behavioral disinhibition” also includes disinhibitory behavior, such as hyperactivity, agitation, impulsivity, aggression, inattention, distractibility, disorganization, uncontrolled movements, and self-mutilation.
[0132] This spectrum of disinhibitory behaviors may arise from a dysfunction of the PFC, see, e.g., Arnsten, A. F. T. et al., (1996) . Arch. Gen. Psychiatry 53: 448-455. ) . The PFC projects to the brain’s motor areas and thus functions to guide behavior appropriately, see, e.g., Goldman-Rakic, P. S. et al., (1992) , Current Opinion Neurobiol. 2: 830-835. In addition, the PFC may perform this function for intellectual and affective behaviors. Degeneration of the PFC may produce disinhibitory behavior in elderly demented individuals, while altered development of these systems may lead to childhood disorders such as ADHD, Conduct Disorder, Tourette’s Syndrome, and Tic disorders.
[0133] The ventromedial / orbital PFC (vm / orbPFC) is thought to play an essential role in behavioral calming. Lesions of vmPFC and / or orbital PFC in humans can produce immature behavior, lack of restraint, and increased motor activity. In monkeys, lesions localized to the ventral surface of the PFC have also been shown to produce locomotor hyperactivity, hyper-reactivity to environmental stimulation, and altered aggression, see, e.g., Ruch T. G. et al., J. Neurophysiol., 6 (1943) , pp. 34. Accordingly, the inventors’ discovery that the combination therapies described herein had synergistic anti-hyperlocomotion effect suggests potential therapeutic efficacy in treating neurological or psychiatric disorder involving dysfunction of prefrontal cortex.
[0134] Surveillance Function of Microglia in the Central Nervous System and / or Neuroinflammation Mediated by Microglia
[0135] The combination therapies of the present disclosure are also provided for modulating surveillance function of microglia in a central nervous system and / or reducing neuroinflammation mediated by microglia. In certain embodiments, the disorders to be treated by the methods provided herein are disorders associated with surveillance function of microglia in the central nervous system and / or neuroinflammation mediated by microglia. Microglial surveillance function refers to the active surveillance of microglia on the tissues in a central nervous system (CNS) , and rapid response to signals indicating threats to the CNS. See, e.g., Kettenmann H. et al. Physiology of microglia. Physiol Rev. 2011 Apr; 91 (2) : 461-553; and Benarroch, E. E. (2013) . Neurology, 81 (12) , 1079-1088.
[0136] Previous studies have suggested that the surveillance function and / or neuroinflammatory roles of microglia are involved in the pathophysiology of ADHD. Specifically, an increase in microglia activity was observed in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) of patients with ADHD, and neuroinflammation was identified as a risk factor for ADHD. See, e.g., Yokokura M. et al., Mol Psychiatry. 2021 Sep; 26 (9) : 4958-4967; and Dunn G. A.et al., Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2019 July; 182: 22-34. Methylphenidate has been shown to dampen cortical microglia activation and inflammatory signaling in an animal model. See, e.g., Ramon-Duaso C. et al., Cerebral Cortex, 2018; 1-20. A norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor and a selective α2A agonist may synergically suppress microglia mediate inflammatory processes and / or synergistically enhance microglial surveillance function to reverse pathological basis of disease.
[0137] The surveillance function and / or neuroinflammatory roles of microglia are also involved in the pathophysiology of other disorders, such as TBI, stroke, chronic traumatic encephalopathy, postoperative delirium, delirium from critical illness, cognitive deficits from coronavirus disease, Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, chronic epilepsies, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma. In these disease settings, a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor and a selective α2A agonist may synergically suppress microglia mediated inflammatory processes and / or synergistically enhance microglial surveillance function to reverse pathological basis of disease. Accordingly, in certain embodiments, the disorder associated with surveillance function of microglia in the central nervous system and / or neuroinflammation mediated by microglia is selected from the group consisting of: ADHD, TBI, chronic traumatic encephalopathy postoperative delirium, delirium from critical illness, cognitive deficits from coronavirus disease, Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, chronic epilepsies, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, uveitis, age-related macula degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.
[0138] Administration Route of Therapeutic Agents
[0139] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and / or the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered via oral, nasal, intravenous, transdermal, subcutaneous, sublingual, or intramuscular administration.
[0140] In certain embodiments, the administration of the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is prior to, simultaneously with, or after the administration of the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.
[0141] In certain embodiments, the administration of the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the administration of the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor are separated with a time interval of 0 to 12 hours (e.g., 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 or 11 hour (s) ) .
[0142] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0143] Subjects
[0144] In certain embodiments, the subject is diagnosed as having the disorders disclosed above or symptoms thereof.
[0145] In certain embodiments, the subject has poor response to the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist alone or the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor alone.
[0146] In certain embodiments, the subject is human or mammal.
[0147] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0148] Pharmaceutical Composition
[0149] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist, a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition is in solid dose form or liquid dose form. In certain embodiments, the solid dose form is selected from the group consisting of: tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap. In certain embodiments, the tablet is coated tablet or mini-tablet. In certain embodiments, the liquid dose form is selected from the group consisting of: emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution.
[0150] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) . In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0151] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in an immediate release, and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0152] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in an immediate release.
[0153] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .
[0154] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above, and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a dosage as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0155] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor are administered in a dosage ratio as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0156] In another aspect, the present disclosure also provides a method of preparing the pharmaceutical composition provided herein, comprising mixing the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor to form a pharmaceutical composition.
[0157] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0158] Kit
[0159] In another aspect, the present disclosure provides a kit comprising (a) a first composition comprising a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist (e.g., guanfacine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) , and (b) a second composition comprising a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) .
[0160] In certain embodiments, the first composition and the second composition are in separate containers. In certain embodiments, the first composition and the second composition are in one container.
[0161] In certain embodiments, the first composition is in solid dose form or liquid dose form. In certain embodiments, the second composition is in solid dose form or liquid dose form. In certain embodiments, the solid dose form is selected from the group consisting of tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap. In certain embodiments, the tablet is coated tablet or mini-tablet. In certain embodiments, the solid dose form is extended-release tablet or immediate release tablet.
[0162] In certain embodiments, the liquid dose form is selected from the group consisting of emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution.
[0163] In certain embodiments, the first composition comprises about 0.3 mg to about 10 mg (e.g., about 0.4 mg, about 0.5 mg, about 0.6 mg, about 0.7 mg, about 0.8 mg, about 0.9 mg, about 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, about 7 mg, about 8 mg, or about 9 mg) of the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist (e.g. guanfacine or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) .
[0164] In certain embodiments, the second composition comprises about 5 mg to about 300 mg (e.g., about 15 mg, about 25 mg, about 35 mg, about 45 mg, about 55 mg, about 65 mg, about 75 mg, about 85 mg, about 95 mg, about 105 mg, about 125 mg, about 145 mg, about 160 mg, about 170 mg, about 180 mg, about 190 mg, about 200 mg, about 210 mg, about 220 mg, about 230 mg, about 240 mg, about 250 mg, about 260 mg, about 270 mg, about 280 mg, or about 290 mg) of the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor (e.g. solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) .
[0165] In certain embodiments, the second composition comprises about 10 mg to about 150 mg (about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, or about 150 mg) of the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor (e.g., solriamfetol or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof) .
[0166] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above, and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a dosage as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0167] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor are administered in a dosage ratio as described in section “Dosage of Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0168] In certain embodiments, the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above. In certain embodiments, the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is selected from those described in section “Therapeutic Agents” above.
[0169] Such kits can further include, if desired, one or more of various conventional pharmaceutical kit components, such as, for example, containers with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, additional containers etc., as will be readily apparent to a person skilled in the art. Instructions, either as inserts or as labels, indicating quantities of the components to be administered, guidelines for administration, and / or guidelines for mixing the components, can also be included in the kit.
[0170] Examples
[0171] Example 1: Solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride showed synergistic effect on suppressing hyper-locomotion.
[0172] This example illustrates that combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride had synergistic effect on suppressing hyper-locomotion of an ADHD animal model.
[0173] To test the therapeutic efficacies of the monotherapy of solriamfetol hydrochloride, the monotherapy of guanfacine hydrochloride, and the combination therapy of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride on treating ADHD, a translational animal model of ADHD –Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs) was used for the experiments. 3-4 weeks old male / female SHRs (Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd) were housed in plastic cages in groups of 2-4 (male and female rats were separated and used in different experiments) under 12-h light / dark cycle (light was on from 7: 00 -19: 00) and were tested during the light phase of the cycle. All animals have free access to food and water supplies. The housing temperature was constantly between 20-25℃, and relative humidity was maintained between 40-70%. All animals went through 5 days of habituation (daily handling) before drug administration and behavior tests. All the procedures related to lab animals were carried out according to protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of WuXi AppTec (AAALAC accredited) and of PharmaLegacy (AAALAC accredited) .
[0174] SHRs have a well-established hyper-locomotion phenotype, which can be assessed in the open-field test (OFT) (See, e.g., Sagvolden T. et al. Biol Psychiatry. 2005 Jun 1; 57 (11) : 1239-47; Langen B. et al. Atten Defic Hyperact Disord. 2011 Mar; 3 (1) : 1-12. ) . The scheme of drug administration and open field test (OFT) is shown in Figure 1. Briefly, a baseline test was done on Day 1. Vehicle (0.9%Saline) was administered i.p. 65 minutes before OFT. The animals were then randomized into different drug groups to ensure that the behavior baselines of all groups were similar. Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test was used to verify the absence of significant group differences. On Day 4, each group of animals were administered i.p. with either vehicle or drug 65min prior to the second round of OFT.
[0175] OFT was performed using a 50 cm × 50 cm × 40 cm square box in a room lit with red lights. SHRs (5 weeks old at the time of test) were put in the test room for 8 hours the day before the test for acclimation. Each animal was put in the center of the square box and was recorded for 1 hour. Tracks of the animals were analyzed using ANY-maze software (version 4.9, Stoelting Co.) . The results are shown in Figure 2.
[0176] Administration of a sub-effective dose (0.3 mg / kg) guanfacine hydrochloride alone or a sub-effective dose (6 mg / kg) solriamfetol hydrochloride alone could not reduce the hyperlocomotion of the SHRs (Figure 2A, where solriamfetol hydrochloride is abbreviated as S, and guanfacine hydrochloride is abbreviated as G) . Surprisingly, in combination therapy test, administration of 0.3 mg / kg guanfacine hydrochloride in combination with 6 mg / kg solriamfetol hydrochloride resulted in a significant anti-hyperlocomotion effect (Figure 2A) , which was also statistically larger than the simulated additive effect generated from the statistics of solriamfetol hydrochloride 6 mg / kg alone and guanfacine hydrochloride 0.3 mg / kg alone (Figure 2B, actual S+G versus additive S+G) . Further, administration of 0.6 mg / kg guanfacine hydrochloride in combination with 6 mg / kg solriamfetol hydrochloride also significantly reduced the hyperlocomotion of the SHRs (Figure 2C) , the effect size of the drug combination was larger than guanfacine alone. The effect of the drug combination was also statistically larger than the simulated additive effect generated from the statistics of solriamfetol hydrochloride 6mg / kg alone and guanfacine hydrochloride 0.6 mg / kg alone (Figure 2D, actual S+G versus additive S+G) . These results indicated synergy between solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride in correcting the hyper-locomotion phenotype of SHRs.
[0177] In Figure 2A, N = 12 for each group. All data were normalized to vehicle. Brown-Forsythe and Welch ANOVA test followed by multiple comparisons with Benjamini, Krieger and Yekutieli method was used for comparison between vehicle group and the other groups. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, *q<0.05. In Figure 2B, N = 12 for all groups. Comparison between the two groups was done using Welch’s t test. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, *p<0.05. In Figure 2C, N = 12 for each group. All data were normalized in reference to the vehicle group. Ordinary ANOVA test followed by multiple comparisons with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons method was used for comparison between the vehicle group and the other groups. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, ****p<0.0001. In Figure 2D, N = 12 for all groups. Comparison between the two groups was done using Welch’s t test. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, *p<0.05.
[0178] Example 2: Solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride combination therapy showed synergistic effect in T-maze delayed alternation test
[0179] To test the therapeutic efficacies of the monotherapy of solriamfetol hydrochloride, the monotherapy of guanfacine hydrochloride, and the combination therapy of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride on treating the working memory deficit in ADHD, T-maze delayed alternation test was conducted to observe the performance of SHRs. SHRs have been reported to have impulsivity and inattention phenotype, and to show working memory deficits in cognitive tests (see Anderson L. G. et al. Brain, Behavior, &Immunity-Health. 35 (2023) 100700) . 3 weeks old male / female SHRs (Vital River Laboratory Animal Technology Co., Ltd) were housed in plastic cages in groups of 4 under 12-h light / dark cycle (light was on from 7: 00 -19: 00) . Habituation, training and test happened during the light phase of the cycle. All animals had free access to drinking water. All animals had free access to food supply during 3 days of habituation period. Then they were food restricted to maintain body weight at ~80-90%of their ad libitum weight throughout the training and testing phases. The housing temperature was constantly between 20-25℃, and relative humidity was maintained between 40-70%. All animals went through 3 days of habituation (daily handling) . All the procedures related to lab animals were carried out according to protocols approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees of PharmaLegacy (AAALAC accredited) . The scheme of habituation, training and testing was modified from previous literature (see Arnsten A. F. T. et al. Behavioral and Brain Functions. 2005, 1: 2) . Briefly, SHRs went through 3 days of habituation (to handling, to reward pellets and to T-maze) and 3 days of training (T-maze alternation with food reward at the ends of maze, and without delay between alternation trials) before test. After 2 sessions of daily baseline tests of T-maze delayed alternation, animals were grouped according to baseline performance and dosed i.p. with vehicle or compounds once daily for 3 days (Day 1 to Day 3) . On Day 3, each animal was tested 1 hour post dosing for delayed alternation performance in T-maze.
[0180] The test was performed using a 50 cm (length of long arm) × 40 cm (length of left or right short arm) × 10 cm (arm width) T-maze in a room with dim light. SHRs (4 weeks old at the time of test) were put in the test room for 1 hour before the test for acclimation. During the test on Day 3, each animal went through 6 trials of alternation response test with 10 second inter-trial interval.
[0181] When administered i.p. alone, 0.2 mg / kg guanfacine hydrochloride and 6 mg / kg solriamfetol hydrochloride were both sub-effective in improving the percentage of correct alternation responses. However, the combination of 0.2 mg / kg guanfacine hydrochloride and 6 mg / kg solriamfetol hydrochloride induced a large and significant increase in the percentage of correct alternation response. Figure 3 shows the results of the percentage of correct alternation response in T-maze delayed alternation test, which indicated that the combination therapy of guanfacine hydrochloride and solriamfetol hydrochloride achieved synergistic effect compared to guanfacine or solriamfetol alone.
[0182] In Figure 3, N = 8 for each group. Ordinary ANOVA test followed by multiple comparisons with Dunnett’s multiple comparisons method was used for comparison between the vehicle group and the other groups. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, *p<0.05.
[0183] Example 3: The combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride showed a synergistic neurocircuit-protective effect in mouse chronic corticosterone model.
[0184] A mouse chronic corticosterone (CORT) model was used to assess the effects of the monotherapy of solriamfetol hydrochloride, the monotherapy of guanfacine hydrochloride, and the combination therapy of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride on PFC-function dependent behavioral resilience. In this animal model, increased behavioral resilience would indicate drug-treatment-related protection of PFC neural circuit integrity from the stressor CORT. Chronic corticosterone intake would cause prefrontal cortex dysfunction and exhibit behavioral despair (Ago Y. et al. Neuropharmacology 65 (2013) 29-38) . The method for establishing mouse CORT model was modified from reported protocols (Psychiatric vulnerability, mood, and anxiety disorders (Book) . https: / / doi. org / 10.1007 / 978-1-0716-2748-8; Zhou, X. et. al. Nat Chem Biol 20, 857 866 (2024) . ) . Briefly, drinking water with or without 80 μg / mL corticosterone was provided for group-housed mice for 19 days. After that, the concentration of corticosterone was decreased to 40 μg / mL for 2 days, then to 20 μg / mL for 2 days, and finally to 0 μg / mL for 1 day. The model was fully established 24 hours after this 5-day weaning period. Animals were randomly assigned to treatment groups before the initiation of CORT modeling. Guanfacine hydrochloride at a sub-effective dose (0.07 mg / kg) alone, solriamfetol hydrochloride at a sub-effective dose (3.56 mg / kg) alone, and the combination of 0.07mg / kg guanfacine hydrochloride plus 3.56 solriamfetol hydrochloride were dosed i.p. daily for 25 days, starting concurrently with the course of corticosterone administration and ending 24 hours after model establishment. The TST test for behavioral despair (PFC-function dependent) was performed 24 hours after the last dose of each test article to measure chronic pharmacodynamic effects. As shown in Figure 4, in comparison with chronic dosing of solriamfetol hydrochloride alone which did not have any effect, combining a sub-effective dose of guanfacine hydrochloride with solriamfetol hydrochloride resulted in a full protection from CORT-induced behavioral despair, indicating synergy between the two compounds.
[0185] In Figure 4, N = 9-10 for all groups. Comparison between group and CORT vehicle group was done using Welch’s t test. Ordinary ANOVA test followed by multiple comparisons with uncorrected Fisher’s LSD method was used for comparison between the vehicle group and the other groups. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM, *p<0.05.
[0186] Example 4: Solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride showed functional interaction on modulating Arc mRNA levels.
[0187] This example illustrates that combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride had synergistic effect on reducing the Arc mRNA levels.
[0188] To test the effects of the monotherapy of solriamfetol hydrochloride, the monotherapy of guanfacine hydrochloride, and the combination therapy of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride on modulating Arc mRNA levels, 5-week-old female SHRs were treated with vehicle (0.9%saline) , solriamfetol hydrochloride 5 mg / kg i.p., guanfacine hydrochloride 1 mg / kg i.p., or a combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride 5 mg / kg i.p. and guanfacine hydrochloride 1 mg / kg i.p., N = 3 rats per treatment group. At 1 hour post dose, the animals were euthanized, and lateral prefrontal cortex was dissected and preserved in RNAlater (ThermoFisher) . Total RNA was extracted from the dissected cortical tissue using MolPure Cell / Tissue Total RNA Kit (Yeasen Biotech Co., Ltd. ) , and reverse transcribed into cDNA using Hifair III 1st Strand cDNA Synthesis SuperMix (Yeasen Biotech Co., Ltd. ) . qPCR was performed using reagents from the Hieff UNICON Universal Blue qPCR SYBR Master Mix (Yeasen Biotech Co., Ltd. ) and the following primer pairs: Arc forward: AAGTGCCGAGCTGAGATGC, Arc reverse: CGACCTGTGCAACCCTTTC; Gapdh forward: TCACCACCATGGAGAAGGC, Gapdh reverse: GCTAAGCAGTTGGTGGTGCA. Quantification was performed with the delta-delta Ct method and Gapdh as the house-keeping transcript.
[0189] Solriamfetol hydrochloride at the dose level of 5 mg / kg i.p and guanfacine hydrochloride at 1 mg / kg i.p. was each sub-effective in terms of changing Arc mRNA in the lateral prefrontal cortex of female SHRs, and the simulated additive effect from the combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride was close to null.
[0190] At 1 hour post dose, solriamfetol hydrochloride at the dose level of 5 mg / kg i.p. resulted in a trend of Arc mRNA up-regulation in the lateral prefrontal cortex of SHRs, whereas guanfacine hydrochloride at 1 mg / kg i.p. led to a trend of Arc mRNA down-regulation, in comparison with the vehicle group (Figure 5, where solriamfetol hydrochloride is abbreviated as S, and guanfacine hydrochloride is abbreviated as G) . The combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride 5 mg / kg and guanfacine hydrochloride 1 mg / kg, resulted in a decrease in Arc mRNA (Figure 5, actual S+G) , in contrast to the simulated additive effect (Figure 3, additive S+G) that trends toward zero. The results suggest an unexpected functional interaction between solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride at the sub-effective doses of each.
[0191] In Figure 5, N = 3 for each group. All data were normalized to vehicle. Asterisk (*) indicates p<0.05 (by t-test) , in comparison with vehicle. Data in the graphs are mean ± SEM.
[0192] Our experimental studies demonstrated that the combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride with guanfacine hydrochloride has pharmacologically synergistic effects in a translational animal model of ADHD –Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRs) . Combining a sub-effective dose of solriamfetol hydrochloride (6 mg / kg i.p. ) and a sub-effective dose of guanfacine hydrochloride (0.3 mg / kg i.p. ) resulted in a significant anti-hyperactivity effect. The effect was also greater than projected additive effect from the two compounds, indicating pharmacological synergy.
[0193] Example 5: The combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride showed unique effects of modulating microglial genes involved in surveillance function and neuroinflammation under Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, compared to solriamfetol alone and guanfacine alone.
[0194] Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is commonly used to model neuroinflammation (Zhao J. et al. Scientific Report 9, 5790 (2019) ) . This example demonstrates that the combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride had unique efficacy in rectifying the expression of LPS-upregulated microglial genes in the mouse brain, which was unanticipated from the effects of solriamfetol hydrochloride alone and guanfacine hydrochloride alone and reflects a unique property of the drug combination in modulating microglial surveillance function and reducing microglia-mediate neuroinflammation.
[0195] In the experiment, adult ICR mice were treated with LPS 1 ml / kg i.p., followed by 3 repeated i.p. doses of either solriamfetol hydrochloride 11.88 mg / kg, guanfacine hydrochloride 0.17 mg / kg or a combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride 11.88 mg / kg and guanfacine hydrochloride 0.17 mg / kg. The 3 repeated doses of solriamfetol hydrochloride, guanfacine hydrochloride or drug combination were given 3 hours, 8 hours and 24 hours post LPS administration. The animals were anesthetized by i.p. injection of 0.83 mg Zoletil, then perfused with sterile saline. After that, PFC samples were dissected out and minced in RNA-later. Total RNA was extracted from each PFC sample, pooled together according to assigned group and sent to Guangzhou Geneseed Biotech Co., Ltd for mRNA sequencing. There were 5 groups of animals (n=8 for each group) , thus 5 pooled RNA samples were sequenced: +vehicle, LPS + vehicle, LPS + guanfacine, LPS + solriamfetol and LPS + solriamfetol + guanfacine. To generate library for RNA-sequencing, RNA-seq Library Prep Kit was used. Then the library was sequenced under NovaSeqX Plus PE150. The reads were first mapped to the GENCODE (mouse-mm10) or Ensembl gene set using Bowtie2 version 2.1.0 and the gene expression level was estimated using RSEM v1.2.28.
[0196] Figure 6 demonstrates a set of representative microglial genes for which LPS-induced upregulation was reversed toward the healthy control level by the combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride, but not either compound individually. Importantly, the upregulation of each of these genes has been shown to mediate surveillance function of microglia and neuroinflammation previously. Cxcr4 encodes a chemokine receptor protein in microglia that senses chemokines and interleukins secreted by other cell types and mediates the migration of microglia toward target area as well as enhance their ability of phagocytosis (see, e.g., Colonna M and Butovsky O, Annu Rev Immunol. 2017 April 26; 35: 441-468) . Cxcl13 encodes a chemokine that has been reported to be secreted by microglia under infection and inflammation to promote astrocyte activation and peripheral immune cell infiltration (see, e.g., Jiang B. C. et al. J Clin Invest. 2016; 126 (2) : 745-761) . Microglial Irf8 has been reported to activate TGF-β signaling and promote neuroinflammation (see, e.g., Yoshida Y et al., Immunity 40, 187-198) . Mki67 has been identified as an important gene for microglia proliferation. Mki67 has been identified as the marker gene for the proliferating sub-cluster of microglia after ischemic stroke (see, e.g., Zhang Y. et al. Journal of Neuroinflammation (2023) 20: 115) . Microglial Cdk1 has been identified as a critical regulator of microtubule remodeling, thus participating in microglial morphological change and drives cytokine release (see, e.g., Adrian M. et al., Nature Communications (2023) 14:6322) . Tcf7l2 has been reported to positively regulate TLR4, the receptor that binds LPS and induce microglia activation. Overexpression of this gene exacerbates microglia activation and the secretion of pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α and IL-1β (see, e.g., Chen J. et al., Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 416 (2021) 115458) . Pilra gene knockout in human microglia derived from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) led to reduced cytokine responses to proinflammation stimuli, improved mitochondrial and lysosomal function, and enhanced microglial migration. Human PILRA loss of function variants are associated with reduced risk for Alzheimer’s disease. (see, e.g., Monroe K. et al., Research Square, Feb 15, 2024. DOI: https: / / doi. org / 10.21203 / rs. 3. rs-3954863 / v1) .
[0197] The data from representative gene transcriptional changes in Figure 6 demonstrated that, compared to solriamfetol hydrochloride alone or guanfacine hydrochloride alone, the combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride had unique effects of modulating various mechanistic aspects of microglial surveillance function and reducing microglia mediated neuroinflammation.
[0198] Materials and Methods
[0199] Drugs
[0200] Synthesis of solriamfetol hydrochloride
[0201] Solriamfetol hydrochloride was prepared by the method by referring to description in WO9607637A1 published on Mar. 14, 1996, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.
[0202] Synthesis of guanfacine hydrochloride
[0203] Guanfacine hydrochloride was prepared by the method by referring to description in Bream JB, Lauener H, Picard CW, Scholtysik G, White TG. Substituted phenylacetylguanidines: a new class of antihypertensive agents. Arzneimittel-forschung. 1975 Oct; 25 (10) : 1477-1482.
[0204] Solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride were dissolved in 0.9%saline for intraperitoneal (i.p. ) administration. Dose levels in mg / kg reflect the hydrochloride form of each compound, without conversion to the free base form.
[0205] (S) -ketamine
[0206] Reference compound (S) -ketamine was bought from Third Research Institute of Public Security and provided by Kylinlab Biopartner Shanghai. (S) -ketamine was dissolved in 0.9%saline for intraperitoneal (i.p. ) administration.
[0207] Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
[0208] LPS (from E. coli O55: B5) was bought from MCE, dissolved in 0.9%saline to form 5mg / mL stock solution and stored at -80℃. On the day of experiment, the stock solution was thawed and diluted to working concentration.
[0209] Statistical analysis
[0210] GraphPad Prism was used for all the data analysis. Data in the graphs are shown as mean±SEM. For in vitro PCR data, student’s t test was used for comparisons between vehicle group and other treatment groups. For in vivo behavioral pharmacology data, comparisons between multiple experimental groups were done using Ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnett’s multiple comparisons test. For the test of drug-drug synergy, the sample mean and sample standard deviation for solriamfetol hydrochloride treatment response (with a sample size N) , and the sample mean and standard deviation for guanfacine hydrochloride treatment response (with a sample size N) , were used to generate a simulated sample to model the additive effect of the drug combination. This simulated group has a sample mean of and a sample standard deviation of (with a sample size N) . Then, a t-test was performed between the simulated sample and the sample of treatment responses to the actual combination of solriamfetol hydrochloride and guanfacine hydrochloride.
[0211] Various embodiments have been described herein with reference to the accompanying drawings. It will, however, be evident that various modifications and changes may be made thereto, and additional embodiments may be implemented, without departing from the broader scope of the invention as set forth in the claims that follow. Further, other embodiments will be apparent to those skilled in the art from consideration of the specification and practice of one or more embodiments of the invention disclosed herein. It is intended, therefore, that this application and the examples herein be considered as exemplary only, with a true scope and spirit of the invention being indicated by the following listing of exemplary claims.
Claims
1.A method for treating a disorder associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling and / or insufficient dopaminergic signaling in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.2.A method for treating a neurological or psychiatric disorder involving dysfunction of prefrontal cortex in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.3.A method for treating behavioral disinhibition in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.4.A method of improving responsiveness and / or reducing the side effects of a subject to treatment with a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist, comprising administering to the subject a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.5.A method of improving responsiveness and / or reducing the side effects of a subject to treatment with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist.6.A method for modulating surveillance function of microglia in central nervous system and / or reducing neuroinflammation mediated by microglia in a subject in need thereof, comprising administering to the subject a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist in combination with a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.7.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist has the following formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.8.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is guanfacine hydrochloride having the following formula: 9.The method of claim 7 or 8, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in a solvate form, optionally a hydrate form.10.The method of claim 7 or 8, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in a crystalline form, optionally a co-crystal form.11.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor has the following formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.12.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is solriamfetol hydrochloride having the following formula: 13.The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in a solvate form, optionally a hydrate form.14.The method of claim 11 or 12, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in a crystalline form, optionally a co-crystal form.15.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a sub-effective amount.16.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg to about 1,000 mg.17.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight to about 50 mg / kg of body weight.18.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.01 mg per day to about 2,000 mg per day.19.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is administered at a dosage from about 0.0001 mg / kg of body weight per day to about 100 mg / kg of body weight per day.20.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a sub-effective amount.21.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a dosage from about 0.5 mg to about 3,000 mg.22.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a dosage from about 0.005 mg / kg of body weight to about 150 mg / kg of body weight.23.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a dosage from about 0.5 mg per day to about 3,000 mg per day.24.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered at a dosage from about 0.005 mg / kg of body weight per day to about 150 mg / kg of body weight per day.25.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor are administered at a dosage ratio (weight ratio) from about 1: 240 to about 1: 1.26.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor are administered at a dosage ratio (weight ratio) from about 1: 50 to about 1: 5, about 1: 30 to about 1: 10, or about 1: 20 to about 1: 5.27.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is guanfacine hydrochloride having the following formula: the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is solriamfetol hydrochloride having the following formula:the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor are administered at a dosage ratio from about 1: 240 to about 1: 1.28.The method of claim 27, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor are administered at a dosage ratio from about 1: 50 to about 1: 5, about 1: 30 to about 1: 10, or about 1: 20 to about 1: 5.29.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and / or the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is administered via oral, nasal, intravenous, transdermal, subcutaneous, sublingual, or intramuscular administration.30.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the administration of the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is prior to, simultaneously with, or after the administration of the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.31.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the administration of the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the administration of the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor are separated with a time interval (e.g., a time interval of 0 to 12 hours) .32.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor are administered in one unit dosage form or in two separate unit dosage forms.33.The method of claim 32, wherein the dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .34.The method of claim 32 or 33, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist of the one unit dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .35.The method of any one of claims 32-34, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor of the one unit dosage form is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .36.The method of any one of claims 32-35, whereinthe selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist of the one unit dosage form is in an immediate release formulation, and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor of the one unit dosage form is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , orthe selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist of the one unit dosage form is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor of the one unit dosage form is in an immediate release formulation, orthe selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist of the one unit dosage form is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor of the one unit dosage form is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .37.The method of any one of claims 32-36, wherein the one unit dosage form is for oral administration.38.The method of any one of claims 32-37, wherein the one unit dosage form is in solid dose form or liquid dose form.39.The method of claim 38, wherein the solid dose form is selected from the group consisting of: tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap.40.The method of claim 39, wherein the tablet is coated tablet or mini-tablet.41.The method of claim 38 wherein the liquid dose form is selected from the group consisting of: emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution.42.The method of any one of claim 32-41, wherein the two separate unit dosage forms are for oral administration.43.The method of claim 42, wherein two separate unit dosage forms are in a kit.44.The method of claim 1, wherein the disorder associated with insufficient noradrenergic signaling and / or insufficient dopaminergic signaling is selected from the group consisting of: attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) , motor and non-motor deficits in Parkinson’s disease, anxiety disorders, and cognitive impairment in neurodegenerative or psychiatric disorders.45.The method of claim 2, wherein the neurological or psychiatric disorder is selected from the group consisting of: attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) , autism, delirium, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, Alzheimer’s disease, substance abuse, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) , frontotemporal dementia (FTD) , obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) , traumatic brain injury (TBI) .46.The method of claim 3, wherein the behavioral disinhibition is selected from the group consisting of: Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) , Conduct Disorder, Oppositional-Defiant Disorder, Tourette’s Syndrome, tic disorders, Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) and dementia.47.The methods of claim 4 or 5, wherein the side effects comprise changes in heart rate, changes in blood pressure, disturbance of normal body weight gain in children and adolescence, abnormal body weight changes, and undesirable changes in mood and behaviors such as insomnia sedation, somnolence, agitation, anxiety and other psychoactive effects.48.The method of claim 6, wherein the disorder associated with surveillance function of microglia in the central nervous system and / or neuroinflammation mediated by microglia is selected from the group consisting of: attention-deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) , traumatic brain injury (TBI) , chronic traumatic encephalopathy postoperative delirium, delirium from critical illness, cognitive deficits from coronavirus disease, Alzheimer’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson’s disease, chronic epilepsies, inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain, uveitis, age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, and glaucoma.49.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the subject has poor response to the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist alone or the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor alone.50.The method of any one of the preceding claims, wherein the subject is human.51.A pharmaceutical composition comprising a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist, a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor, and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.52.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 51, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .53.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 51-52, wherein the pharmaceutical composition is in solid dose form or liquid dose form.54.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 53, wherein the solid dose form is selected from the group consisting of: tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, and gelcap.55.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 54, wherein the tablet is coated tablet or mini-tablet.56.The pharmaceutical composition of claim 53, wherein the liquid dose form is selected from the group consisting of: emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution.57.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 51-56, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .58.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 51-57, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in an immediate release or a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .59.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 51-58, whereinthe selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in an immediate release, and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , orthe selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in an immediate release, orthe selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) , and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in a modified-release formulation (e.g., delayed-release formulation or extended-release formulation) .60.A method of preparing the pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 51-59, comprising mixing the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist and the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor to form a pharmaceutical composition.61.A kit comprising (a) a first composition comprising a selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist, and (b) a second composition comprising a norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.62.The kit of claim 61, wherein the first composition and the second composition are in separate containers.63.The kit of claim 61, wherein the first composition and the second composition are in one container.64.The kit of any one of claims 61-63, wherein the first composition is in solid dose form or liquid dose form.65.The kit of any one of claims 61-64, wherein the second composition is in solid dose form or liquid dose form.66.The kit of any one of claims 64-65, wherein the solid dose form is selected from the group consisting of: tablet, mini-tablet, capsule, powder, suspension, granule, gelcap and coated tablet.67.The kit of any one of claims 64-66, wherein the liquid dose form is selected from the group consisting of: emulsion, syrup, elixir, suspension and solution.68.The kit of any one of claims 61-67, wherein the first composition comprises about 0.3 mg to about 10 mg of the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist.69.The kit of any one of claims 61-68, wherein the first composition comprises about 0.3 mg to 7 mg (0.3 mg, 1 mg, about 2 mg, about 3 mg, about 4 mg, about 5 mg, about 6 mg, or about 7 mg) of the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist.70.The kit of any one of claims 61-69, wherein the second composition comprises about 5 mg to about 300 mg of the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.71.The kit of any one of claims 61-70, wherein the second composition comprises about 10 mg to about 150 mg (about 10 mg, about 20 mg, about 30 mg, about 40 mg, about 50 mg, about 60 mg, about 70 mg, about 75 mg, about 80 mg, about 100 mg, about 110 mg, about 120 mg, about 130 mg, about 140 mg, or about 150 mg) of the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor.72.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 51-59 or the kit of any one of claims 61-71, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist has the following formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.73.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 51-59 or the kit of any one of claims 61-71, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is guanfacine hydrochloride having the following formula: 74.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 51-59 or the kit of any one of claims 61-71, wherein the selective noradrenergic α2A receptor agonist is in a solvate form, optionally a hydrate form; or a crystalline form, optionally a co-crystal form.75.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 51-59 or the kit of any one of claims 61-71, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor has the following formula: or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.76.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 51-59 or the kit of any one of claims 61-71, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is solriamfetol hydrochloride having the following formula: 77.The pharmaceutical composition of any one of claims 51-59 or the kit of any one of claims 61-71, wherein the norepinephrine dopamine reuptake inhibitor is in a solvate form, optionally a hydrate form;or a crystalline form, optionally a co-crystal form.
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