T7 RNA polymerase variants and use thereof
The T7 RNA polymerase variant with a G47W substitution effectively reduces dsRNA byproducts, addressing the immunogenicity issue and improving RNA yield, thus enhancing the suitability of T7 RNA polymerase for therapeutic applications.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2024/135591
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Priority Date
- 2023-11-29
- Filing Date
- 2024-11-29
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-05
AI Technical Summary
T7 RNA polymerase generates undesired double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) byproducts during in vitro transcription, which stimulate the mammalian innate immune system and are immunogenic, posing a challenge for therapeutic applications that require high levels of protein.
A T7 RNA polymerase variant with a substitution of glycine at position 47 with aromatic amino acids, such as tryptophan, phenylalanine, or tyrosine, which reduces promoter-independent transcription and subsequently decreases the production of full-length dsRNA byproducts.
The T7 RNA polymerase variant significantly reduces the production of full-length dsRNA byproducts, thereby minimizing immunogenicity and enhancing the yield of desired single-stranded RNA, while maintaining normal transcription functions.
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Figure CN2024135591_05062025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
T7 RNA POLYMERASE VARIANTS AND USE THEREOF
[0001] Cross-Reference to Related Applications
[0002] This application claims priority from Chinese application CN202311611155.4 filed on November 29, 2023, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.Field
[0003] This application relates to RNA polymerases, especially T7 RNA polymerases, and the use thereof.Background
[0004] The extraordinary success of mRNA-based vaccines against the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the potential of mRNA-based biotechnology for vaccine development and therapeutic protein delivery (1-4) . As an emerging class of medicines, mRNA-based therapeutics are considered safer, more efficient, and more economical compared to DNA-based therapeutics and conventional protein / peptide drugs (5, 6) . The only available method to produce large amounts of designed mRNA is the in vitro transcription (IVT) carried out by single-subunit RNA polymerases (ssRNAPs) . However, the most popular ssRNAP, from bacteriophage T7, is known to generate undesired double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) byproducts that can stimulate the mammalian innate immune system (7, 8) . The dsRNA byproducts of T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) are mainly generated by self-template extension (9-13) or promoter-independent transcription (14, 15) . For therapeutic applications that require as much as a 1000-fold higher level of protein than vaccines to reach the therapeutic threshold, it is necessary to reduce the immuno-stimulatory effect of the dsRNA to a safe level (1-5) .
[0005] Previous studies demonstrated that incorporation of modified nucleotides such as N1-methylpseudouridine (me1ψ) could reduce the immunogenicity of in vitro transcribed RNA (16-20) . Certain modified nucleotides inhibit the generation of dsRNA byproducts in T7-RNAP-based IVT (15, 21) . Other efforts to reduce the production of dsRNA byproducts include applying high-salt transcription conditions with tight-binding promoter variants (22) , co-tethering promoter DNA and T7 RNAP on magnetic beads (23) , adding competing 3′-capture DNA (24) or chaotropic agents (2) , and lowering the Mg2+ concentration (15, 21) . In addition, post-transcriptional purification techniques such as reverse-phase high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) (18, 25) or cellulose chromatography (26) can also reduce dsRNA contaminants. Nevertheless, the above methods would increase manufacturing costs, decrease yield, and / or introduce new contaminants.
[0006] Recent studies have focused on ssRNAP, the core component of IVT, to reduce dsRNA production. Lu et al. and Xia et al. reported that two novel ssRNAPs, from Klebsiella phage KP34 (27) and Pseudomonas phage VSW-3 (28, 29) , respectively, produce minimal self-templated dsRNA. Wu et al. reported that thermostable T7 RNAP mutants are able to synthesize functional mRNA with reduced immunogenicity at a high temperature (50℃) (30) . Wu et al. reported that a single mutation S43Y attenuated RNA-dependent RNAP activity of T7 RNAP by weakening the RNA rebinding (31) . Dousis et al. reported that an engineered T7 RNAP containing mutations G47A and 884G increased the 3′homogeneity of transcribed RNA from 6–12%to more than 90% (32) .
[0007] dsRNA contaminants in IVT products include short dsRNA and long dsRNA similar in length to the desired single-stranded RNA (ssRNA) transcript (referred to as the full-length dsRNA) . Both types of dsRNA may trigger cellular immune responses, dsRNA regions as short as 40 bp are sensed by dsRNA receptors such as Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) (33) , while dsRNA larger than 500 bp are sensed by Melanoma Differentiation-Associated protein 5 (MDA5) in mammalian cells (7, 34) . Previous study demonstrated that the full-length dsRNA is derived from the promoter-independent transcription of T7 RNAP (15) . In this work, we focused on the full-length dsRNA and solutions to reduce its production. We identified the initiation sites of the promoter-independent transcription of T7 RNAP and found that the guanosines and cytosines at the end of DNA templates enhance the promoter-independent transcription. We carried out a tyrosine screen on residues 42–48 in the C-helix of T7 RNAP, which is potentially involved in the interaction between the enzyme and the DNA template (31, 32, 35, 36) , and found that substitutions of G47 with aromatic amino acids attenuate the promoter-independent transcription significantly. Among these T7 RNAP mutants, G47W was found to produce the least full-length dsRNA. Further studies into the full-length dsRNA and solutions to reduce its production is of importance. It should be noticed that a mutant of T7 RNA polymerase containing a G47P substitution (alanine to proline) had been reported in 2007 for the study of transcription elongation (36) , although unrelated to dsRNA reduction.Summary
[0008] In first aspect, the present application provides a T7 RNA polymerase variant comprising a substitution with a large amino acid at a position corresponding to position 47 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the large amino acid has a molecular weight of over 150 Da and / or has a cyclic structure on its side chain, wherein the T7 RNA polymerase variant has at least 80%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0009] In some embodiments, the cyclic structure is aromatic.
[0010] In some embodiments, the large amino acid is selected from tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine.
[0011] In some embodiments, the large amino acid is tryptophan.
[0012] In second aspect, the present application provides a T7 RNA polymerase variant comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0013] In third aspect, the present application provides a polynucleotide encoding the T7 RNA polymerase variant provided herein.
[0014] In fourth aspect, the present application provides an expression vector comprising the polynucleotide provided herein.
[0015] In fifth aspect, the present application provides a host cell comprising the polynucleotide or the expression vector provided herein.
[0016] In sixth aspect, the present application provides a composition or a kit comprising the T7 RNA polymerase variant provided herein and optionally an in vitro transcription reagent.
[0017] In seventh aspect, the present application provides a method of obtaining a T7 RNA polymerase variant, comprising introducing into a parental T7 RNA polymerase a substitution with a large amino acid at a position corresponding to position 47 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the large amino acid has a molecular weight of over 150 Da and / or has a cyclic structure on its side chain, wherein the parental T7 RNA polymerase has at least 80%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0018] In some embodiments, the cyclic structure is aromatic.
[0019] In some embodiments, the large amino acid is selected from tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine.
[0020] In some embodiments, the large amino acid is tryptophan.
[0021] In eighth aspect, the present application provides use of the T7 RNA polymerase variant, the polynucleotide, the expression vector, the host cell or the composition or kit provided herein in in vitro transcription.
[0022] In ninth aspect, the present application provides a method of producing an RNA, comprising contacting a DNA template with the T7 RNA polymerase variant provided herein under conditions that result in the production of RNA transcripts.
[0023] In some embodiments, the method is an in vitro transcription method.
[0024] In tenth aspect, the present application provides RNA transcripts produced by the method provided herein.
[0025] In eleventh aspect, the present application provides a composition comprising the RNA transcripts provided herein and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
[0026] In twelfth aspect, the present application provides a method of reducing dsRNA byproducts produced in an in vitro transcription reaction, comprising contacting a DNA template with the T7 RNA polymerase variant provided herein in the in vitro transcription reaction.
[0027] In some embodiments, the dsRNA byproducts are full-length dsRNA byproducts.
[0028] In thirteenth aspect, the present application provides a method of reducing immunogenicity of RNA transcripts produced in an in vitro transcription reaction, comprising contacting a DNA template with the T7 RNA polymerase variant provided herein in the in vitro transcription reaction.Brief Description of the Drawings
[0029] Figure 1 shows full-length dsRNA in the IVT products of T7 RNAP. (A) 1.5%agarose gel electrophoresis analysis and (B) dot blot analysis of four genes transcribed by T7 RNAP. (C) 1.5%agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of GFP transcripts treated with RNase If (1 / 40, 1 / 20, 1 / 10, and 1 / 5 units / μl) and RNase III (1 / 10,000, 1 / 5000, 1 / 2500, and 1 / 1250 units / μl) . (D) 6%native PAGE analysis of GFP tranccripts treated with RNases as in (C) . The gel bands were visualized by acridine orange staining. Gel bands corresponding to ssRNA, dsRNA, and termintaed RNA are indicated by green, orange, and purple arrows, respectively.
[0030] Figure 2 shows DNA-terminus-initiated transcription by T7 RNAP. (A) 1.5%agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of the IVT reactions by T7 RNAP on DNA templates with 5′extensions. The non-coding sequences upstream of the T7 promoter of templates T1, T2, and T3 were 53, 290, and 583 bp in size, respectively. T indicates the DNA templates, and R indicates the transcripts. (B) Schematic showing the formation of full-length dsRNA in IVT. (C) 5′RACE results of antisense RNA. Corresponding positions of listed DNA and RNA sequences are indicated in the dashed red boxes in (B) . (D) Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of the IVT products of T7 RNAP on DNA templates with various termini. The last 4-nt sequences of DNA templates are indicated on top of the gel. (E) Quantification of the full-length dsRNA shown in (D) . The gray values of the gel bands corresponding to the run-off ssRNA and the full-length dsRNA were measured, and the percentage of full-length dsRNA was calculated as the ratio between the full-length dsRNA and the sum of the run-off ssRNA and the full-length dsRNA. (F) Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of the IVT products of T7 RNAP on DNA templates with various termini. The original DNA template ends with four Ts. Each of these four Ts was substituted with A, G, or C, and the production of full-length dsRNA on these templates was analyzed. (G) Dot blot analysis of transcripts shown in (F) , demonstrating their full-length dsRNA contents. (H) Quantification of the full-length dsRNA shown in (G) . dsRNA content was normalized to that obtained using the original DNA template (four Ts) . DNA templates, ssRNA, and dsRNA are indicated by blue, green, and orange arrows, respectively, in all gels.
[0031] Figure 3 shows representative ssRNAPs and their production of full-length dsRNA in IVT. (A) Schematic showing Autographivirinae clusters based on genome sequence comparison (an inaccurately modified version of Fig. 3 in (41) ) . (B) Schematic illustration of the genome organization of phage T7, SP6, Syn5, KP34, and VSW-3. The approximate positions of T7, SP6, and Syn5 promoters are indicated by downward arrows. Genome sizes are also shown. (C) Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of the GFP transcripts synthesized by representative ssRNAPs in IVT. (D) Quantification of the results shown in (C) . The gray values of the gel bands corresponding to the run-off ssRNA and the full-length dsRNA were measured, and the percentage of the full-length dsRNA was calculated as the ratio between the full-length dsRNA and the sum of the run-off ssRNA and the full-length dsRNA. Gel bands corresponding to ssRNA and dsRNA are indicated by green and orange arrows, respectively.
[0032] Figure 4 shows that C-helix mutations in T7 RNAP affect the production of full-length dsRNA. (A) Structures of the C-helix in the T7 RNAP initiation complex (IC, PDB: 2PI4) and elongation complex (EC, PDB: 1MSW) . Residue G47 is colored in red, and S43 is colored in purple. (B) Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of GFP transcripts synthesized by wild-type T7 RNAP and its mutants E42Y, S43Y, E45Y, M46Y, G47Y, and E48Y in IVT. (C) Quantification of the results shown in (B) . The gray values of the gel bands corresponding to the run-off ssRNA and the full-length dsRNA were measured, and the percentage of the full-length dsRNA was calculated as the ratio between the full-length dsRNA and the sum of the run-off ssRNA and the full-length dsRNA. (D) Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of GFP transcripts synthesized by wild-type T7 RNAP and its mutants G47F, G47W, G47Y, G47H, and G47A in IVT. (E) Dot blot analysis of dsRNA contents from samples in (D) . (F) Quantification of the full-length dsRNA shown in (E) . dsRNA content was normalized to that obtained using wild-type T7 RNAP. Gel bands corresponding to ssRNA and dsRNA are indicated by green and orange arrows, respectively.
[0033] Figure 5 shows that C-helix mutations affect the DNA binding by T7 RNAP. (A) Agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of GFP transcripts synthesized by wild-type T7 RNAP and its mutants E42K, E45K, and E48K. (B) Dot blot analysis of dsRNA contents from samples in (A) . (C) Quantification of the full-length dsRNA shown in (B) . dsRNA content was normalized to that obtained using wild-type T7 RNAP. (D) Binding of wild-type T7 RNAP or its G47W or E45K mutant to a 5′-6-FAM (indicated by the red asterisk) fluorescently tagged DNA hairpin without T7 promoter. The 5′terminal sequence of the DNA hairpin was GGGG to enhance the DNA-terminus-binding of T7 RNAP. The incubated complexes were analyzed by 10%native PAGE, and the bands corresponding to the unbound DNA, the bound DNA, and the large complex are enclosed by purple, green and orange dashed box, respectively. (E) DNA binding percentages of wild-type T7 RNAP or its G47W or E45K mutant at 200 nM enzyme concentration in (D) . The gray values of the gel bands corresponding to the unbound DNA were measured, and the percentage of bound DNA was calculated as the reduction of unbound DNA compare to that of the no protein group “0” . (F) Binding of wild-type T7 RNAP or its G47W or E45K mutant to a 5′-6-FAM (indicated by the red asterisk) fluorescently tagged DNA hairpin with a T7 promoter. The 5′terminal sequence of the DNA hairpin was AAAA to minimize the DNA-terminus-binding of T7 RNAP. The incubated complexes were analyzed by 10%native PAGE, and the bands corresponding to the unbound DNA, the bound DNA, and the large complex are enclosed by purple, green and orange dashed box, respectively. (G) DNA binding percentages of wild-type T7 RNAP or its G47W or E45K mutant at 200 nM enzyme concentration in (F) . The percentage of bound DNA was calculated as (E) . (H) 20%denaturing PAGE analysis of the IVT transcripts from wild-type T7 RNAP or its G47W or E45K mutant at the indicated time points. IVT reactions were initiated by the fluorescently labeled dinucleotide 6-FAM-GG, and results were visualized by fluorescence imaging. The run-off RNA, abortive RNA, and unincorporated 6-FAM-GG are marked. (I) Quantification of the run-off RNA shown in (H) . The gray values of the gel bands corresponding to the run-off RNA and the abortive RNA were measured. Run-off RNA yield was normalized to that obtained using wild-type T7 RNAP in the left panel. The percentage of abortive RNA was calculated as the ratio between abortive RNA and the sum of the abortive RNA and the run-off RNA. The percentage of abortive RNA was normalized to the percentage obtained using wild-type T7 RNAP in the right panel. The abortive RNA obtained using the E45K mutant was undetectable. Gel bands corresponding to ssRNA and dsRNA are indicated by green and orange arrows, respectively.
[0034] Figure 6 shows that T7 RNAP-G47W is advantageous for mRNA synthesis. (A) 1.5%agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of the IVT production of GFP RNA by T7 RNAP (WT) or its G47W or G47A+884G mutant. (B) Quantification of the run-off ssRNA shown in (A) . The gray values of the gel bands corresponding to the run-off ssRNA were measured. The run-off ssRNA yield was normalized to that obtained using wild-type T7 RNAP. (C) 1.5%agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of the IVT production of Cas9 RNA by T7 RNAP (WT) or its G47W or G47A+884G mutant. (D) Quantification of the run-off ssRNA shown in (C) . (E) 1.5%agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of the IVT production of S-gene RNA by T7 RNAP (WT) or its G47W or G47A+884G mutant. (F) Quantification of the run-off ssRNA shown in (E) . DNase I treatment was omitted for all reactions shown in panels (A) , (C) , and (E) , and the DNA template is shown as a loading control. DNA templates, ssRNA, dsRNA, and terminated RNA are indicated by blue, green, orange, and purple arrows, respectively, in panels (A) , (C) , and (E) . (G) Expression levels of GFP mRNA produced by T7 RNAP-WT or T7 RNAP-G47W in HEK293T cells recorded by fluorescence microscopy at 4, 16, and 20 h after transfection. (H) Fluorescence intensity of cells transfected with GFP mRNA synthesized by T7 RNAP-WT or T7 RNAP-G47W at 20 h after transfection, as determined by flow cytometry. (I) Concentrations of IFN-β in cells transfected with GFP mRNA synthesized by T7 RNAP-WT or T7 RNAP-G47W at 20 h after transfection. The cells treated with lipofectamine2000 alone served as the control.
[0035] Figure 7 shows the results of SDS-PAGE analysis of all the purified RNA polymerases and mutants in Example 1.
[0036] Figure 8 shows IVT by T7 RNAP on GFP DNA without T7 promoter. Shown is agarose gel electrophoresis analysis of transcripts synthesized by wild-type T7 RNAP on GFP coding DNA with or without a T7 promoter. Gel bands corresponding to ssRNA and dsRNA are indicated by green and orange arrows, respectively. Schematics depicting the products formation are shown on both sides of the gel.
[0037] Figure 9 is a schematic diagram showing the generation of full-length dsRNA from the DNA-terminus-initiated transcription by T7 RNAP, and the reduction of full-length dsRNA by a T7 RNAP G47W mutant.Detailed Description
[0038] Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All publications, patent applications, patents, and other references mentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. In case of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, will control. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples herein are illustrative only and not intended to be limiting.
[0039] The terms “about” and “approximate, ” when used along with a numerical variable, generally means the value of the variable and all the values of the variable within a measurement or an experimental error (e.g., 95%confidence interval for the mean) or within a specified value within a broader range (e.g., ± 10%) .
[0040] As used herein, the singular forms “a” , “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.
[0041] The term “comprise” and variations thereof, such as “comprises” and “comprising” , as well as “contain” , “containing” , “have” , “having” , “include” and “including” means including the recited steps or elements, but not excluding other steps or elements. “Consisting of” means excluding any step or element not specified. “Consisting essentially of” means not excluding steps or elements that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristics of the claimed invention. The term “comprise" and its variants also include the cases of “consisting of ......” and “consisting essentially of ......” .
[0042] Where a range of values is provided, it is understood that the upper and lower limits, and each smaller range between the upper limit (or the lower limit) and any intervening value, or between any two intervening values in that range, shall be considered to be specifically disclosed. Any intervening range and all individual value in the stated range of value may be excluded from said range of value.
[0043] The term “and / or” refers to any one, several or all of the elements connected by the term.
[0044] Unless otherwise indicated, nucleic acids are written left to right in 5’ to 3’ orientation; amino acid sequences are written left to right in N-terminus to C-terminus orientation, respectively.
[0045] The methods provided herein may be in vivo, in vitro or ex vivo. And the methods provided herein may be for non-disease-diagnostic and / or non-therapeutic purposes.
[0046] RNA polymerase (DNA-dependent RNA polymerase) is an enzyme that catalyzes the sequential addition of a ribonucleotide to the 3’ end of a growing RNA chain (transcription of RNA in the 5’ →3’ direction) , with nucleoside triphosphates (NTPs) acting as substrates for the enzyme and with the sequence of nucleotides specified by a DNA template. Transcription relies on the complementary pairing of bases. The two strands of a double helix separate locally, and one of the separated strands serves as a template (DNA template) . RNA polymerase then catalyzes the alignment of free nucleotides on the DNA template by their complementary bases in the template. Thus, a RNA polymerase is considered to have RNA polymerase activity if the polymerase catalyzes the sequential addition of a ribonucleotide to the 3’ end of a growing RNA chain.
[0047] T7 RNA polymerase (T7 RNAP) is a 99 kDa DNA-dependent RNA polymerase encoded by the genome of bacteriophage T7 and is highly specific for T7 phage promoters. Structural studies of T7 RNAP have shown that the conformation of the N-terminal domain changes substantially between the initiation phase and elongation phase of transcription. The N-terminal domain comprises a C-helix subdomain and the promoter binding domain, which includes two segments separated by subdomain H. The promoter binding domain and the bound promoter rotate by approximately 45 degrees upon synthesis of an 8-nt RNA transcript, allowing the promoter contacts to be maintained while the active site is expanded to accommodate a growing heteroduplex. The C-helix subdomain moves modestly toward its elongation conformation, whereas subdomain H undergoes little change (35) . In addition, T7 RNAP has an activity to initiate transcription of the DNA in a promoter-independent manner (i.e. initiating transcription from a promoter-less DNA terminus) , the structural mechanism of which is yet unclear, and such aberrant activity results in the production of an antisense RNA that is fully complementary to the intended sense RNA product, and consequently a full-length dsRNA (15) .
[0048] Provided herein, in some aspects, are T7 RNAP variants which may reduce dsRNA byproducts produced, e.g. during an IVT reaction, compared with other T7 RNAPs, while retaining RNAP activity. The term “dsRNA byproducts” refers to the undesired double-stranded RNA produced, e.g. during an IVT reaction, which may be immunogenic. The term “dsRNA byproducts” as used herein may include long dsRNA similar in length to the desired single-stranded RNA product (referred to as the full-length dsRNA) , other dsRNA which is relatively short compared to the full-length dsRNA, and the combination thereof. Full-length dsRNA is generally known as a byproduct of in vitro transcription (IVT) that occurs when plus-strand and minus-strand RNA transcripts anneal together. The term “other T7 RNAPs” include but are not limited to a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP, a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein (e.g. a T7 RNAP variant with substitutions G47A+884G) , and the combination thereof.
[0049] A T7 RNAP variant is an RNA polymerase having an insertion, deletion and / or substitution of one or more amino acids relative to a parental T7 RNAP, while maintaining RNA polymerase activity. As indicated above, a T7 RNA polymerase variant is considered to have RNA polymerase activity if the variant catalyzes the sequential addition of a ribonucleotide to the 3’ end of a growing RNA chain under an appropriate condition. The parental T7 RNAP may be a wild-type T7 RNAP (SEQ ID NO: 1) , or a variant thereof which has RNA polymerase activity and has at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%but less than 100%sequence identity thereto. In some embodiments, the parental T7 RNAP is the wild-type T7 RNAP (SEQ ID NO: 1) . For example, an enzyme that comprises the amino acid sequence SEQ ID NO: 1 with an amino acid substitution at position G47 and maintains RNA polymerase activity is considered a T7 RNAP variant of wild-type T7 RNAP.
[0050] The term “identity” (also called “homology” in this context) refers to the degree of sequence relatedness between or among sequences as determined by the number of matches between strings of two or more amino acid residues or nucleic acid residues. Identity measures the percent of identical matches between the smaller of two or more sequences with gap alignments (if any) addressed by a particular mathematical model or computer program (e.g., “algorithms” ) . Identity of related proteins or nucleic acids can be readily calculated by known methods. “Percent (%) identity” as it applies to polypeptide or polynucleotide sequences is defined as the percentage of residues (amino acid residues or nucleic acid residues) in the candidate amino acid or nucleic acid sequence that are identical with the residues in the amino acid sequence or nucleic acid sequence of a second sequence after aligning the sequences and introducing gaps, if necessary, to achieve the maximum percent identity. Methods and computer programs for the alignment are well known in the art. It is understood that identity depends on a calculation of percent identity but may differ in value due to gaps and penalties introduced in the calculation. Generally, variants of a particular polynucleotide or polypeptide (e.g., enzyme) have at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%but less than 100%sequence identity to that particular reference polynucleotide or polypeptide as determined by sequence alignment programs and parameters described herein and known to those skilled in the art. Such tools for alignment include those of the BLAST suite (Stephen F. Altschul, et al (1997) , “Gapped BLAST and PSI-BLAST: a new generation of protein database search programs” , Nucleic Acids Res. 25: 3389-3402) . Another popular local alignment technique is based on the Smith-Waterman algorithm (Smith, T.F. & Waterman, M.S. (1981) “Identification of common molecular subsequences. ” J. Mol. Biol. 147: 195-197) . A general global alignment technique based on dynamic programming is the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm (Needleman, S.B. & Wunsch, C. D. (1970) “A general method applicable to the search for similarities in the amino acid sequences of two proteins. ” J. Mol. Biol. 48: 443-453) . More recently a Fast Optimal Global Sequence Alignment Algorithm (FOGSAA) has been developed that purportedly produces global alignment of nucleotide and protein sequences faster than other optimal global alignment methods, including the Needleman-Wunsch algorithm.
[0051] T7 RNAP variants of the present disclosure comprise at least one amino acid change relative to a parental T7 RNAP. In some embodiments, the at least one amino acid change comprises a substitution at a position corresponding to position 47 of SEQ ID NO: 1. The term “a position corresponding to position X of … (a reference sequence) ” refers to the position in the query sequence which corresponds to position X in the reference sequence when the query sequence is optimally aligned to the reference sequence to achieve the maximum percent identity, wherein X is the number of the position starting from the N-terminus. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the reference sequence is SEQ ID NO: 1. Amino acid substitution at a specific site is represented by “the amino acid before substitution” + “the number of the position” + “the amino acid after substitution” , wherein “the amino acid before substitution” may be omitted, which indicates that the amino acid before substitution may be any appropriate amino acid (such as in the case where the parental amino acid sequence is a variant of the wild-type T7 RNAP) , and “the amino acid after substitution” may be omitted, which indicates that the amino acid at that position can be substituted by any amino acid. For example, “G47W” means a substitution from glycine to tryptophan at a position corresponding to position 47 of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0052] In some embodiments, the at least one amino acid change comprises a substitution at a position corresponding to position 47 of SEQ ID NO: 1 by a large amino acid. The term “large amino acid” refers to an amino acid which is relatively large in terms of molecular weight or the size of its side chain. In some embodiments, a large amino acid has a molecular weight larger than that of the original amino acid for which it substitutes. In some embodiments, a large amino acid has a molecular weight exceeding the average molecular weight of common amino acids. In some embodiments, a large amino acid has a molecular weight of more than about 150 Da, e.g., more than about 155 Da, more than about 160 Da, more than about 165 Da, more than about 170 Da, more than about 175 Da, more than about 180 Da, more than about 185 Da, more than about 190 Da, more than about 195 Da, or more than about 200 Da.
[0053] In other embodiments, a large amino acid contains a cyclic structure in its side chain. The side chain refers to the part of the amino acid molecule other than the primary functional groups, i.e. the amino group (-NH2) and the carboxyl group (-COOH) , which determines the chemical properties and biological functions of an amino acids. In some embodiments, the cyclic structure contained in the side chain of a large amino acid is aromatic, as determined by Hückel’s Rule which is well known in the art. The aromatic cyclic structure includes but is not limited to a carbocyclic aromatic structure such as phenyl, a heteroaromatic ring such as imidazole, and / or a bicyclic aromatic structure such as indole. In some embodiments, the cyclic structure contained in the side chain of a large amino acid is non-aromatic, such as a non-aromatic carbocyclic or heterocyclic structure.
[0054] In exemplary embodiments, the large amino acid is selected from tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine. In a specific embodiment, the large amino acid is tryptophan, and the at least one amino acid change comprises G47W. In a specific embodiment, the large amino acid is phenylalanine, and the at least one amino acid change comprises G47F. In a specific embodiment, the large amino acid is tyrosine, and the at least one amino acid change comprises G47Y. In a specific embodiment, the large amino acid is histidine, and the at least one amino acid change comprises G47H. In an exemplary embodiment, the parental T7 RNAP is the wild-type T7 RNAP. In an exemplary embodiment, the amino acid sequence of the T7 RNAP variant is set forth as SEQ ID NO: 2.
[0055] In some embodiments, the at least one amino acid change does not comprise specific substitution (s) . In some embodiments, the at least one amino acid change does not comprise a substitution of E42. In some embodiments, the at least one amino acid change does not comprise a substitution of E42Y. In some embodiments, the at least one amino acid change does not comprise a substitution of E45. In some embodiments, the at least one amino acid change does not comprise a substitution of E45Y. In some embodiments, the at least one amino acid change does not comprise a substitution of 884G.
[0056] Those skilled in the art will appreciate that T7 RNAP variants of the present disclosure may comprise amino acid modification (s) in addition to those provided herein, which do not substantively influence the functions thereof, e.g. a conservative variation. The term “conservative variation” refers to those amino acid variations that do not substantially affect or decrease a function of a protein, such as the RNA polymerase activity herein. For example, a T7 RNAP variant provided herein can include up to 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, or up to 10 conservative substitutions compared to a parental T7 RNAP while retaining the RNA polymerase activity. A substitution, deletion or addition which alters, adds or deletes a single amino acid or a small percentage of amino acids (for instance less than 10%, in some embodiments less than 5%) in an encoded sequence is a conservative variation where the alteration results in the substitution of an amino acid with a chemically similar amino acid. The following six groups are examples of amino acids that are considered to be conservative substitutions for one another: (1) Alanine (A) , Serine (S) , Threonine (T) ; (2) Aspartic acid (D) , Glutamic acid (E) ; (3) Asparagine (N) , Glutamine (Q) ; (4) Arginine (R) , Lysine (K) ; (5) Isoleucine (I) , Leucine (L) , Methionine (M) , Valine (V) ; and (6) Phenylalanine (F) , Tyrosine (Y) , Tryptophan (W) .
[0057] Therefore, in some embodiments, the T7 RNAP variants provided herein have at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%but less than 100%sequence identity to the parental T7 RNAP sequence. In some embodiments, the T7 RNAP variants provided herein have at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 91%, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98%, or at least 99%but less than 100%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0058] In some embodiments, the T7 RNAP variants provided herein may comprise the peptide segment of SEQ ID NO: 3, wherein the glycine in SEQ ID NO: 3 is substituted by a large amino acid as described herein. In exemplary embodiments, the large amino acid may be selected from tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine. The peptide segment of SEQ ID NO: 3 comprises an amino acid sequence corresponding to position 42 to position 52 of the wild-type T7 RNAP (SEQ ID NO: 1) , including glutamate corresponding to position 42 of SEQ ID NO: 1, serine corresponding to position 43 of SEQ ID NO: 1, glutamate corresponding to position 45 of SEQ ID NO: 1, glycine corresponding to position 47 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and glutamate corresponding to position 48 of SEQ ID NO: 1, etc. This peptide segment is located relatively close to the DNA in the transcription complex formed between the T7 RNAP and the DNA during transcription, and has a relatively large conformational change during the transition from transcription initiation to elongation. In some embodiments, the position of the peptide segment of SEQ ID NO: 3 (with the glycine therein substituted) within a T7 RNAP variant provided herein may be changed compared with the wild-type T7 RNAP (i.e. no longer at positions 42-52 of a T7 RNAP variants provided herein) , without influencing or substantively influencing the RNAP activity of the T7 RNAP variant provided herein.
[0059] Provided herein are unexpected experimental results demonstrating that the production of the full-length dsRNA during IVT is primarily derived from promoter-independent transcription (which is also called promoter-independent DNA-terminus-initiated transcription in the present disclosure) by T7 RNAP, and the T7 RNAP variants described herein (e.g., those with a substitution at a position corresponding to position 47 of SEQ ID NO: 1 with a large amino acid such as tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine) may reduce promoter-independent binding to the DNA terminus (i.e. binding to a promoter-less DNA terminus) without substantively influencing the binding to the T7 promoter and the conformational changes of the C-helix occur during the transition from transcription initiation to elongation, therefore can significantly reduce full-length dsRNA byproducts while retaining the normal functions of T7 RNAP and the efficiency of transcription.
[0060] Surprisingly, a T7 RNAP variant provided herein shows reduced promoter-independent binding to the DNA terminus compared with other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the promoter-independent DNA binding percentage of a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is at least 50% (e.g., at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or 100%) lower relative to that of other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the promoter-independent DNA binding percentage is measured by the reduction of unbound DNA after exposure to the RNAPs relative to the DNA that was not exposed to the RNAPs, wherein the DNA lacks a T7 promoter. In some embodiments, the amount of unbound DNA (i.e. DNA which does not form a DNA-RNAP complex) is determined by the quantitative analysis on results of a gel electrophoresis.
[0061] Surprisingly, a T7 RNAP variant provided herein reduces dsRNA byproducts produced, e.g. during an IVT reaction, compared with other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the amount of dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is at least 50% (e.g., at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or 100%) lower relative to dsRNA byproducts produced using other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the amount of dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP is determined by the quantitative analysis on results of a gel electrophoresis.
[0062] In some embodiments, the percentage of dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is at least 30% (e.g., at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%or at least 70%) lower relative to the percentage of dsRNA byproducts produced using other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the percentage of dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is less than 50% (e.g. less than 45%, less than 40%, less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5%) . In some embodiments, the percentage of dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP refers to the ratio of dsRNA byproducts to the total RNA transcripts produced using a T7 RNAP. In some embodiments, the percentage of dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP refers to the ratio of dsRNA byproducts to the sum of the desired ssRNA and the dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP. In some embodiments, the percentage of dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP is determined by the quantitative analysis on results of a gel electrophoresis.
[0063] Surprisingly, a T7 RNAP variant provided herein reduces full-length dsRNA byproducts produced, e.g. during an IVT reaction, compared with other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the amount of full-length dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is at least 50% (e.g., at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or 100%) lower relative to full-length dsRNA byproducts produced using other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the amount of full-length dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP is determined by the quantitative analysis on results of a gel electrophoresis.
[0064] In some embodiments, the percentage of full-length dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is at least 30% (e.g., at least 30%, at least 35%, at least 40%, at least 45%, at least 50%, at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%or at least 70%) lower relative to the percentage of full-length dsRNA byproducts produced using other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the percentage of full-length dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is less than 50% (e.g. less than 45%, less than 40%, less than 35%, less than 30%, less than 25%, less than 20%, less than 15%, less than 10%, or less than 5%) . In some embodiments, the percentage of full-length dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP refers to the ratio of full-length dsRNA byproducts to the total RNA transcripts produced using a T7 RNAP. In some embodiments, the percentage of full-length dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP refers to the ratio of full-length dsRNA byproducts to the sum of the desired ssRNA and the full-length dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP. In some embodiments, the percentage of full-length dsRNA byproducts produced using a T7 RNAP is determined by the quantitative analysis on results of a gel electrophoresis.
[0065] Surprisingly, a T7 RNAP variant provided herein achieves higher yield of desired ssRNA, e.g. during an IVT reaction, compared with other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. Specifically, in some embodiments of synthesizing large RNA molecules (e.g., RNA molecules which are more than 2000 nt in length, such as more than 2500 nt, more than 3000 nt, more than 3500 nt, or more than 4000 nt, etc. ) , the RNA yield using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is at least 1-fold (e.g., at least 1.1-fold, at least 1.2-fold, at least 1.3-fold, at least 1.4-fold, at least 1.5-fold, or more) higher than the RNA yield using other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the large RNA molecule is a Cas9 RNA. In some embodiments, the large RNA molecule is a S-gene RNA.
[0066] Surprisingly, the RNA transcripts produced by a T7 RNAP variant provided herein show higher expression level compared with other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the expression level of the produced by using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is at least 1-fold (e.g., at least 1-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, or more) higher than that for other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the cells used to test the RNA expression level are HEK293T cells. In some embodiments, the RNA transcripts produced by the RNAPs is GFP mRNA. In some embodiments, the expression level is measured by fluorescence intensity of cells transfected with the mRNA of a fluorescent protein (e.g. GFP) , which is produced by the RNAPs.
[0067] Surprisingly, the RNA transcripts produced by a T7 RNAP variant provided herein shows reduced immunogenicity (e.g., induces reduced cytokine response) in the cells transfected therewith compared with other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, almost no cytokine response is induced in the cells transfected with RNA transcripts produced by a T7 RNAP variant provided herein compared to the negative control. In some embodiments, the RNA transcripts produced using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein stimulates a cytokine response that is at least 50% (e.g., at least 55%, at least 60%, at least 65%, at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%or 100%) lower relative to the RNA transcripts produced using other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the cells used to test a cytokine response are HEK293T cells. In some embodiments, the cytokine includes but is not limited to IFN-β. In some embodiments, the cytokine response is measured by concentrations of cytokine (e.g., IFN-β) in cells transfected with RNA synthesized by the RNAPs.
[0068] In some embodiments, the binding of a T7 RNAP variant provided herein to the T7 promoter is not influenced or not substantively influenced compared to the wild-type T7 RNAP. In some embodiments, the promoter-mediated DNA binding percentage of a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is at least 75% (e.g., at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 100%, or more) of the percentage of a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the promoter-mediated DNA binding percentage of a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is at least 1-fold (e.g., at least 1-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, or more) higher than the percentage of other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein.
[0069] Moreover, the initiation of the transcription and the transition from transcription initiation to elongation when using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is not influenced or not substantively influenced compared to the wild-type T7 RNAP. In some embodiments, the runoff RNA (i.e. the desired ssRNA) yield in an IVT reaction using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is at least 1-fold (e.g., at least 1-fold, at least 2-fold, at least 3-fold, at least 4-fold, at least 5-fold, or more) higher than the percentage of other T7 RNAPs, such as a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein. In some embodiments, the ratio between the abortive and run-off RNA in an IVT reaction using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is comparable to that of a parental T7 RNAP from which a T7 RNAP variant provided herein is derived, the wild-type T7 RNAP or a T7 RNAP variant without the amino acid change (s) provided herein, wherein the abortive RNA refers to the abortive transcription products (i.e. RNA) during the transition from transcription initiation to elongation, which may be truncated compared with the desired ssRNA.
[0070] In further aspects, provided herein are polynucleotides, expression vectors and host cells used to produce a T7 RNAP variant provided herein. A polynucleotide (e.g. DNA fragment) encoding a T7 RNAP variant provided herein may be inserted into an expression vector, which may be transformed into a host cell for expressing a T7 RNAP variant provided herein. The host cell may be cultured under an appropriate condition and lysed to release the T7 RNAP expressed, which may be then isolated and purified. The term “expression vector” refers to a vector designed for gene expression in cells, which usually comprises one or more expression control sequences that controls and regulates the transcription and / or translation of a polynucleotide (e.g. DNA fragment) inserted therein. In some embodiments, the expression vector is a plasmid. In specific embodiments, the expression vector is a pQE82L vector and / or a pET28b vector. The term “host cell” refers to any cell that contains an exogenous nucleic acid, and expression of a protein of interest in the host cell can be achieved by introducing an exogenous polynucleotide encoding the protein of interest into the host cell and culturing the host cell. The host cells may be, for example, mammalian cells, insect cells, bacteria, fungus cells, etc. In some embodiments, the host cell is a bacterium. In some embodiments, the host cell is Escherichia. coli. In some embodiments, the T7 RNAP expressed is released after lysis of the host cell and then undergoes isolation and purification, which can be carried out through common techniques such as chromatography. In specific embodiments, isolation and purification is carried out through affinity chromatography (e.g. using a Ni-NTA-agarose column) and / or ion exchange chromatography (e.g. using a HiTrap Q HP column) . The isolated and purified T7 RNAP may be identified by conventional methods such as Western Blotting. In some embodiments, the polynucleotides, expression vectors and host cells provided herein may be included in a kit for use (e.g. in the production a T7 RNAP variant provided herein and / or in a further application thereof) . Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the expression vectors, host cells and operation methods of expression, purification and the like are not limited to the exemplary embodiments as described above. Rather, any appropriate expression vector, host cell and operation method which is well-known or commonly used in the art can be utilized in the production a T7 RNAP variant provided herein and / or in a further application thereof, and these are encompassed by the present disclosure.
[0071] In further aspects, provided herein are use of the T7 RNAP variant provided herein in IVT, a composition or a kit comprising the T7 RNAP variant provided herein, methods of producing RNA using the T7 RNAP variant provided herein, the RNA transcripts produced by such methods and a composition comprising such RNA transcript. In some embodiments, the T7 RNAP variant provided herein may be included in a composition or a kit for use (e.g. in IVT) . In some embodiments, the kit or the composition may comprise IVT reagents such as buffer, dithiothreitol (DTT) and magnesium ions, nucleoside triphosphates, including GTP, ATP, CTP, and UTP (or nucleotide analogs) or any combination thereof. The method of producing an RNA may comprise contacting a DNA template with the T7 RNAP variant provided herein under conditions that result in the production of an RNA transcript. In some embodiments, the method may be an in vitro transcription (IVT) method. IVT conditions typically require a purified linear DNA template containing a promoter, nucleoside triphosphates, a buffer system that includes dithiothreitol (DTT) and magnesium ions, and an RNA polymerase. The exact conditions used in the transcription reaction depend on the amount of RNA needed for a specific application. Typical IVT reactions are performed by incubating a DNA template with a RNA polymerase and nucleoside triphosphates, including GTP, ATP, CTP, and UTP (or nucleotide analogs) in a transcription buffer. A transcribed RNA may be produced from the IVT reaction. The transcribed RNA (e.g. mRNA) may be further purified and a 5’-cap and / or a 3’-poly (A) tail may be added thereto. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the specific conditions and / or operation methods are not limited to the exemplary embodiments as described above. Rather, any appropriate conditions and / or operation methods which are well-known or commonly used in the art can be utilized in producing RNA using a T7 RNAP variant provided herein, and these are encompassed by the present disclosure.
[0072] The “RNA transcripts” refer to the total RNA product produced according to the methods provided herein, which may include target RNA product (i.e., the desired RNA product) and byproduct (such as dsRNA) . The target RNA product may include but not limited to mRNA (including modified mRNA and / or unmodified RNA) , long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) , self-replicating RNA, circular RNA, CRISPR guide RNA, and the like. In some embodiments, the target RNA product may include an RNA (e.g., mRNA or self-replicating RNA) that encodes a polypeptide, such as therapeutic proteins (e.g. a cytokine, a growth factor, an antibody or a fusion protein) , vaccine antigen, and the like. In some embodiments, the target RNA product may be designed to encode one or more antimicrobial peptides (AMP) or antiviral peptides (AVP) . In some embodiments, the RNA transcripts may or may not undergo further purification for removing (partially or completely) the byproduct, such as dsRNA, e.g. by chromatography. In some embodiments, the produced RNA transcripts or the purified RNA transcripts may be used as a radiolabeled RNA probe, a guide RNA (gRNA) for gene targeting, or an anti-sense RNA for gene expression experiment. In some embodiments, the produced RNA transcripts or the purified RNA transcripts may be used for non-isotopic RNA labeling, in vitro translation and micro injection, RNA amplification, or RNA structure, processing and catalysis studies. In some embodiments, the produced RNA transcripts or the purified RNA transcripts may be used in an RNA-based drug or an RNA-based vaccine (e.g. against the COVID-19 pandemic) . Other applications of the produced RNA transcripts or the purified RNA transcripts are also encompassed by the present disclosure.
[0073] In some embodiments, the produced RNA transcripts or the purified RNA transcripts may be included in a composition (e.g., a pharmaceutical composition, especially in the case where the target RNA product is an active ingredient of a drug or a vaccine, such as a mRNA vaccine) which may further comprise a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier. In some embodiments, such composition may be used as an RNA-based drug or an RNA-based vaccine (e.g. against the COVID-19 pandemic) . The term “pharmaceutically acceptable carrier” preferably includes the liquid or non-liquid basis of the composition for administration. For example, if the composition is provided in liquid form, the carrier may be water, e.g. pyrogen-free water; isotonic saline or buffered (aqueous) solutions, e.g. phosphate, citrate etc. buffered solutions. The choice of a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier as defined herein is determined, in principle, by the manner, in which the composition provided herein is administered. In exemplary embodiments of an RNA-based vaccine, the composition is preferably administered locally. Routes for local administration in general include, for example, topical administration routes but also intradermal, transdermal, subcutaneous, or intramuscular injections or intralesional, intracranial, intrapulmonal, intracardial, intraarticular and sublingual injections. In some embodiments, the composition provided herein may be formulated in liquid or solid form. The suitable amount of the composition provided herein to be administered can be determined by routine experiments, e.g. by using animal models including but not limited to rabbit, sheep, mouse, rat, dog and non-human primate models. In exemplary embodiments of an RNA-based vaccine, the unit dose forms for injection of the composition provided herein may include sterile solutions of water, physiological saline or mixtures thereof.
[0074] The present disclosure encompasses additional embodiments as stated in the following clauses:
[0075] Clause 1. A T7 RNA polymerase variant, wherein the T7 RNA polymerase variant is obtained by mutating glycine at position 47 starting from the N-terminus of the full-length amino acid sequence of the wild-type T7 RNA polymerase to phenylalanine, tryptophan or tyrosine; or
[0076] the T7 RNA polymerase variant has at least 80%homology to the amino acid sequence of the wild-type T7 RNA polymerase, and the glycine in the peptide segment of SEQ ID NO: 3 in the amino acid sequence thereof is mutated to phenylalanine, tryptophan or tyrosine; wherein the full-length amino acid sequence of the wild-type T7 RNA polymerase is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 1.
[0077] Clause 2. The T7 RNA polymerase variant of clause 1, wherein the T7 RNA polymerase variant is obtained by mutating the glycine at position 47 starting from the N-terminus of the full-length amino acid sequence of the wild-type T7 RNA polymerase to phenylalanine; or
[0078] the T7 RNA polymerase variant has at least 80%homology to the amino acid sequence of the wild-type T7 RNA polymerase, and the glycine in the peptide segment of SEQ ID NO: 3 in the amino acid sequence thereof is mutated to phenylalanine.
[0079] Clause 3. Use of the T7 RNA polymerase variant of clause 1 or 2 in in vitro transcription.
[0080] Clause 4. Use of the T7 RNA polymerase variant of clause 1 or 2 in the synthesis of non-coding RNA or mRNA for non-disease diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
[0081] Clause 5. Use of the T7 RNA polymerase variant of clause 1 or 2 in gene editing for non-disease diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
[0082] Clause 6. Use of the T7 RNA polymerase variant of clause 1 or 2 in the synthesis of an RNA-based drug.
[0083] Clause 7. Use of the T7 RNA polymerase variant of clause 1 or 2 in the manufacture of an RNA-based vaccine.
[0084] Clause 8. Use of the T7 RNA polymerase variant of clause 1 or 2 in in vivo protein expression or in vitro cell-free protein expression system for non-disease diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
[0085] Clause 9. Use of the T7 RNA polymerase variant of clause 1 or 2 in the synthesis of biological transcriptional regulatory elements for non-disease diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
[0086] Example
[0087] Example 1
[0088] MATERIALS AND METHODS
[0089] Protein expression and purification
[0090] DNA fragments encoding T7 RNAP variants were inserted into the pQE82L vector and DNA fragments encoding WT SP6 RNAP were inserted into the pET28b vector with N-terminal His-tags. The vectors were transformed into Escherichia. coli BL21 (DE3) , and cells were cultured in 1 L LB medium containing 100 mg / ml ampicillin (for T7-RNAP-pQE82L vector) or 50 mg / ml kanamycin (for SP6-RNAP-pET28b vector) at 37℃ until the OD600 reached 1.2. Overexpression of RNAPs was induced by addition of 0.5 mM IPTG and continuous incubation at 16℃ for 16 h. The cells were collected, resuspended in buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 300 mM NaCl) , and lysed by ultrasonication. The supernatants were filtered through the 0.2 μm filters and then loaded into the Ni-NTA-agarose columns (Qiagen) equilibrated with wash buffer containing 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, and 300 mM NaCl. After the supernatants flowing through, the Ni-NTA-agarose columns were eluted with wash buffer containing gradient imidazole (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 300 mM NaCl, 20 mM, 40 mM, 60 mM, 80 mM or 120 mM imidazole) and each 6 ml eluents were collected. All the eluents were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and the fractions containing RNAP with a purity over 80%were collected and concentrated for next steps. Then the RNAPs were purified using HiTrap Q HP columns (cytiva) with a start buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0) and a gradient elution buffer (20 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 0~1 M NaCl) and a flow rate of 1 mL / min. Eluted fractions were analyzed by SDS-PAGE and the fractions containing RNAP with a purity over 90%were collected and concentrated. Finally, the concentrated proteins were dialyzed two times against dialysis buffer (100 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 1 mM DTT, 0.1 mM EDTA, 50%glycerol, 0.1%Triton X-100) . VSW-3, KP34, and Syn5 RNAP were purified as described previously (27-29, 37, 38) . Protein purity was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and shown as Figure 7.
[0091] Transcription assays
[0092] Sequences of the DNA templates and primers are shown in Table 2. All the DNA templates were prepared by PCR unless otherwise noted. IVT reactions by T7, KP34 (27) , SP6 (39) , or VSW-3 RNAP (28) contained 40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 15 mM MgCl2, 2 mM spermidine, 5 mM DTT, 0.2 μM inorganic pyrophosphatase, 1.5 U / μl RNase inhibitor, 4 mM each of ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP, 30 ng / μl DNA templates, and 0.2 μM RNAP. The reaction mixtures were incubated at 37℃ for 2 h (unless otherwise indicated) or at 25℃ for 16 h (only for VSW-3 RNAP) . IVT reactions by Syn5 RNAP containing 40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 15 mM MgCl2, 2 mM spermidine, 5 mM DTT, 0.2 μM inorganic pyrophosphatase, 1.5 U / μl RNase inhibitor, 4 mM each of ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP, 30 ng / μl DNA templates, and 2 μM RNAP were incubated at 30℃ for 4 h (37) . After incubation, 1 unit of DNase I was added to the reaction mixtures to remove DNA templates. In some assays, the DNase I treatment was omitted to show the DNA templates along with the transcripts. All the reactions were stopped by mixing with the RNA loading dye (47.5%formamide, 0.01%SDS, 0.01%bromophenol blue, 0.005%xylene cyanol and 40 mM EDTA) before electrophoresis. The IVT products were purified with Monarch RNA purification kits (New England Biolabs, NEB) , and the purified RNA was quantified using a nanophotometer (IMPLEN) .
[0093] To show the abortive products during the transition from transcription initiation to elongation, 0.32 mM fluorescently labeled dinucleotide 6-FAM-GG (Takara) was added into the IVT reactions containing 40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 15 mM MgCl2, 2 mM spermidine, 5 mM DTT, 0.2 μM inorganic pyrophosphatase, 1.5 U / μl RNase inhibitor, 4 mM each of ATP, CTP, GTP, and UTP, 1 μM DNA templates, and 0.2 μM RNAP. 1 μM fluorescently tagged RNA was heated at 90℃ for 15 min in 50 mM NaOH, and then was used as an RNA ladder to mark 1 to 39 nt RNA. The gels were imaged and analyzed using a ChemiScope 6000 Imaging System (CLINX) .
[0094] RNase III / RNase If digestion
[0095] For RNase digestion, 600 ng GFP RNA was incubated with 1, 2, 4, or 8 μl RNase III (1: 1000 diluted, New England Biolabs) or RNase If (1: 100 diluted, New England Biolabs) in buffer 3 (100 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.9, 10 mM MgCl2, and 1 mM DTT, New England Biolabs) or in 50 mM NaCl, 50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.5, 20 mM MnCl2, and 1 mM DTT at 37℃ for 30 min. Reactions were terminated by heat inactivation at 85℃ for 5 min.
[0096] Native gel electrophoresis
[0097] To visually distinguish ssRNA and dsRNA, IVT transcripts were analyzed by 6%TBE polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and stained by acridine orange (AO) (Sigma Aldrich) . Fluorescence gel images were obtained by a ChemiScope 6000 Imaging System (CLINX) . For ssRNA-specific image, the 473-nm filter was used for excitation and the 792-nm filter was used for emission. For dsRNA-specific image, the 532-nm filter was used for excitation and the 554-nm filter was used for emission. The fluorescence images were superimposed.
[0098] Dot blot
[0099] Various concentrations of IVT transcripts were dropped onto an Immobilon TM-Ny+Membrane (Millipore) , which was dried, blocked with 5%non-fat dry milk in TBS-T buffer (50 mM Tris-HCl, pH 7.4, 150 mM NaCl, and 0.05%Tween-20) , and incubated with dsRNA-specific J2 mAb (SCICONS) for 30 min at 25℃. The membrane was washed three times with TBS-T buffer and incubated with hydrogen peroxidase-conjugated donkey anti-mouse Ig (1: 2000 diluted, Jackson Immunology) . After washing the membrane three times, chemiluminescence detection was performed using the ECLTM Enhanced Pico Light Chemiluminescence Kit (EpiZyme) and a ChemiScope 6000 Imaging System (CLINX) .
[0100] RNA 5′RACE and 3′RACE
[0101] A 200-nt RNA linker was prepared by IVT and its triphosphate group was converted to a monophosphate group by RppH (New England Biolabs) for 3′RACE. Then, the GFP RNA was linked to the treated linker with T4 RNA ligase 1 (New England Biolabs) . The obtained RNA was purified with the Monarch RNA purification kit (New England Biolabs) , and reverse transcription (RT) was performed with a specific primer using Magicscript thermotolerant reverse transcriptase (MAGIGEN) . Then, the cDNA was amplified by PCR with a pair of specific primers and purified with the AxyPrep PCR Cleanup kit (Axygen) . The cDNA was inserted into the plasmid pUC18 and subjected to Sanger sequencing (Genecreate) . For 5′RACE, the GFP RNA was treated with RppH and linked to the 200-nt RNA linker, following the same steps as those for 3′RACE. All primers used are listed in Table 2.
[0102] DNA binding
[0103] 5′-6-FAM fluorescently tagged DNA fragments (Genscript, sequences are shown in Table 2) with or without T7 promoter were annealed in 10 mM Tris-HCl pH 7.5 and 5 mM NaCl. Then 10 nM DNA hairpins were incubated with various concentrations (0, 25, 50, 100, 200, 400 and 800 nM) of WT T7 RNAP or its G47W or E45K mutant in 40 mM Tris-HCl, pH 8.0, 15 mM MgCl2, 2 mM spermidine, and 5 mM DTT at 37℃ for 20 min. The mixtures were mixed with 5 μl loading dye (0.01%SDS, 0.01%bromophenol blue, 0.005%xylene cyanol) and separated by 10%TBE PAGE at 100 V for 75 min (40) . The gels were imaged using a ChemiScope 6000 Imaging System (CLINX) and images were analyzed by ImageJ.
[0104] Quantitative analysis
[0105] The gray value of gel bands and immuno-blot dots was quantified with ImageJ software, and the diagrams were generated by Prism.
[0106] mRNA synthesis
[0107] First, 3.2 mM CleanCap AG (3′OMe) (Trilink) was added to the IVT reaction by T7 RNAP or T7 RNAP-G47W to obtain 5′-capped GFP RNA. The capped RNA was purified with the Monarch RNA purification kit, and a poly (A) tail was added to the capped RNA by E. coli poly (A) polymerase (New England Biolabs) . The final GFP mRNA was purified with the Monarch RNA purification kit.
[0108] Cell culture and flow cytometry
[0109] HEK293T cells were cultured in 24-well plates (NEST) in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium (Gibco) supplemented with 10%fetal calf serum (Gibco) , 1%penicillin / streptomycin (Thermo Fisher Scientific) , and 2.5 mg / ml plasmocin prophylactic (Invivogen) . At about 80%confluence, the cells were transfected with 500 ng GFP mRNA encapsulated in lipofectamine2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) as per the manufacturer’s protocol. GFP expression levels were recorded by fluorescence microscopy at 4, 8, and 20 h after transfection. After 20 h, fluorescence intensity was quantified by flow cytometry using SH800S (SONY) .
[0110] IFN-β detection
[0111] HEK293T cells were cultured in 6-well plates as described above. At about 80%confluence, the cells were transfected with 2000 ng GFP mRNA encapsulated in lipofectamine2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) as per the manufacturer’s protocol. After 20 h, the cells were collected, lysed, and centrifuged, and the IFN-β in the supernatant was detected using the Human IFN-β (Interferon Beta) ELISA Kit (Elabscience) as per the manufacturer’s protocol.
[0112] RESULTS
[0113] T7 RNA polymerase produces full-length dsRNA byproducts in IVT
[0114] Four common DNA templates (gfp, sox7, the S-gene from SARS-CoV2, and cas9) were transcribed by T7 RNAP. The IVT products were analyzed by native agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 1A) and dot blot analysis (Figure 1B) . The dot blot assay detected dsRNA byproducts in all the transcripts, with the highest dsRNA content in GFP transcripts (Figure 1B) . Consistently, we observed an obvious band above the gel band corresponding to the desired GFP ssRNA (Figure 1A) . The position of the upper band indicates a byproduct corresponding to the full-length GFP dsRNA. To confirm the identity of this byproduct, we digested the GFP transcripts with RNase If and RNase III, which specifically degrade ssRNA and dsRNA, respectively. Then, the RNase-treated transcripts were analyzed by native agarose gel electrophoresis or PAGE, followed by ethidium bromide or acridine orange dyeing, as previously reported (15) . The upper band was sensitive to RNase III but not to RNase If (Figure 1C) , confirming that it represents dsRNA. As expected for the full-length dsRNA, it migrated faster than the single-stranded GFP RNA in the native PAGE (Figure 1D) . Acridine orange staining further distinguished the GFP ssRNA (orange) from the full-length dsRNA (green) (Figure 1D) . To reveal the mechanism of full-length dsRNA formation, we focused on the GFP transcripts with the most significant full-length dsRNA content for following investigations.
[0115] T7 RNA polymerase initiates transcription from DNA terminus without promoter
[0116] Previous studies reported that the large dsRNA byproducts of T7 RNAP were mainly generated by self-templated RNA extension (9-13) or promoter-independent transcription (15, 21) . To reveal the origin of the full-length dsRNA in GFP transcripts, we extended the gfp DNA templates with 53-, 290-, or 583-bp non-coding sequences at the 5′termini, upstream of the T7 promoter (Figure 2A) . These extensions do not affect the desired GFP ssRNA initiated from the promoter, so the size of the full-length dsRNA would not change if it originated from the self-templated RNA extension as described previously (9-13) . However, if T7 RNAP initiates transcription at the 3′-termini of the DNA template, the antisense GFP transcript would be extended following the extension of the antisense DNA, and the size of the full-length dsRNA annealed by the GFP transcript (initiated at the promoter) and the antisense GFP transcript (initiated at the 3′DNA terminus) would also increase. As shown in Figure 2A, the gel bands corresponding to the GFP ssRNA had the same mobility, despite the template 5′extension. However, the gel mobilities of the upper bands corresponding to the full-length dsRNA were lower following the template 5′extensions, confirming that the full-length dsRNA in GFP transcripts originated from promoter-free DNA-terminus-initiated transcription (Figure 2B, Figure 9) but not from RNA-templated self-extension. We also performed IVT on GFP DNA lacking T7 promoter (Figure 8) and the results showed that T7 RNAP still produces the full-length dsRNA on such DNA template, confirming the promoter-independent transcription by T7 RNAP. To further characterize the antisense transcript, we performed 3′RACE and 5′RACE analyses on the antisense RNA from the GFP DNA template with a 290-bp 5′extension. The results of our 5′RACE analysis showed that most of the antisense RNA initiated from the second base at the non-promoter end of the DNA template (Figure 2C) . 3′RACE analysis showed that the 3′sequence of the antisense RNA matches the 5′sequence of the antisense strand of the template DNA, confirming the run-off termination of the antisense RNA (Table 1) .
[0117] Table 1. 3’RACE results of antisense RNA
[0118] Previous studies (14, 15) have demonstrated that the terminal structures of DNA templates influence the production of dsRNA by T7 RNAP, with the 3′protruding DNA ends leading to more dsRNA production. The result that the production of full-length dsRNA (Figure 1A and B) varied among various DNA templates (all produced by PCR with blunt ends) indicates that the terminal sequences of DNA templates affect the DNA-terminus-initiated transcription by T7 RNAP. To clarify such influence, we prepared eight blunt-ended DNA templates with various 4-bp terminal sequences by PCR and examined their transcripts generated by T7 RNAP (Figure 2D) . We calculated the proportion of dsRNA and found that DNA templates with four consecutive Gs at the ends yielded the most full-length dsRNA (Figure 2E) . In contrast, DNA templates with four As or Ts at the ends yielded the least dsRNA. These results are consistent with a previous report showing that adding poly (dA) to the 3′end of DNA templates reduces dsRNA generation in T7 RNAP IVT (30) .
[0119] We further tested the effect of single variations in the 4-bp (5′-TTTT-3′) template terminal sequence on the production of full-length dsRNA. Each of the four terminal Ts was replaced by G, C, or A. The IVT products were analyzed by agarose gel electrophoresis (Figure 2F) and dot blot analysis (Figure 2G) . Then we quantified the dsRNA from these templates based on Figure 2G and compared them to that from the original template (Figure 2H) . Results showed that the last two bases have the most significant impact on the generation of full-length dsRNA; a single guanosine or cytidine in the terminal 2-nt region increases the yield of full-length dsRNA.
[0120] DNA-terminus-dependent transcription is not common for bacteriophage ssRNAPs
[0121] Bacteriophages encoding ssRNAPs belong to the Autographivirinae, a subfamily of the Podoviridae, which were classified into four distinct clusters corresponding to phiKMV-, P60-, SP6-, and T7-like viruses (41) (Figure 3A) . We have characterized Syn5 (38) and KP34 (27) RNAP as the representative ssRNAPs of the P60-like and phiKMV-like bacteriophages distantly related to T7, respectively. Bacteriophage VSW-3, which encodes another recently characterized ssRNAP (28) , most likely also belongs to the cluster of phiKMV-like viruses based on its genomic organization (Figure 3B) . We aimed to determine whether these distantly related ssRNAPs also catalyze the DNA-terminus-dependent transcription and produce the full-length dsRNA. With DNA templates harboring the same GFP coding sequence, we compared the production of the full-length dsRNA by these ssRNAPs to that by T7 and SP6 RNAP (39) . Interestingly, among the five ssRNAPs investigated, KP34 and VSW-3 RNAP do not produce detectable full-length dsRNA (Figure 3C and D) , indicating the ssRNAPs from phiKMV-like viruses might not initiate transcription from DNA termini. Thus, DNA-terminus-initiated, promoter-independent transcription is not a common feature for bacteriophage ssRNAPs.
[0122] T7 RNAP mutants with low full-length dsRNA production
[0123] Previous efforts (2, 17-32) have been made to eliminate the dsRNA byproducts in IVT, which is the major source of immunogenicity for mRNA therapeutics. However, these works have barely focused on the dsRNA generated by promoter-independent antisense transcription. The fact that KP34 and VSW-3 RNAP do not initiate transcription from DNA termini encouraged us to engineer T7 RNAP to reduce its DNA-terminus-dependent transcription. Previous studies (31, 32, 35, 36) suggested that the C-helix (residues 28–71) of T7 RNAP is important for the transition from initiation to elongation, and contacts the DNA template in the elongation complex. The C-helix consists of two helices that are hinged to allow bending to create one longer helix during the transition from transcription initiation to elongation, with drastic conformational changes occurring at the two hinge residues, Ser43 and Gly47 (Figure 4A) . Dousis et al. reported that alanine substitution at position 47 of T7 RNAP is the most advantageous for the formation of the C-helix, thus reducing the production of self-extended dsRNA to the highest extent (32) . Our previous work applying directed evolution revealed that a tyrosine substitution at position 43 of T7 RNAP causes the most significant reduction of the terminal self-extended dsRNA (31) . Hence, we performed a “tyrosine screen” for residues 42–48 by substituting each of the residues with tyrosine and examined the IVT products by these T7 RNAP mutants on GFP templates (Figure 4B) . Interestingly, tyrosine substitutions at these positions showed various effects on the production of full-length dsRNA: E42Y and E45Y mutations increased the production of full-length dsRNA; S43Y slightly reduced the production of full-length dsRNA; while G47Y significantly reduced the production of full-length dsRNA (Figure 4C) . To further confirm whether aromatic residues at position 47 cause the observed effect, we mutated G47 to Tyr, Trp, Phe, His, and Ala and analyzed their effects on the production of full-length dsRNA (Figure 4D and E) . All these mutations reduced the production of full-length dsRNA by T7 RNAP, with aromatic residues showing the strongest effects (Figure 4F) . Among them, the G47W mutant, with the largest residue at position 47, produced the least full-length dsRNA. The amount of full-length dsRNA in the GFP transcripts produced by the G47W mutant was reduced 9-fold compared with that produced by wild-type T7 RNAP (Figure 4F) .
[0124] T7 RNAP mutants with high full-length dsRNA production
[0125] In contrast to G47Y, mutations E42Y and E45Y increased the production of full-length dsRNA (Figure 4C) . We also replaced the three negatively charged glutamic acids E42, E45, and E48 in the C-helix with positively charged lysine residues. Both gel electrophoresis (Figure 5A) and dot blot analyses (Figure 5B and C) showed significant increases in the production of full-length dsRNA in the IVT of GFP RNA by E42K, E45K, and E48K mutants compared to that by the wild-type T7 RNAP. The most significant increase was observed for the E45K mutant (Figure 5C) . To elucidate the mechanism by which G47W and E45K mutations affect the DNA-terminus-dependent transcription by T7 RNAP, we designed a 5′-6-FAM fluorescently labeled 43-bp DNA hairpin with four consecutive Gs at the 5′-terminus lacking T7 promoter (Figure 5D) and investigated the binding of such DNA template by the wild-type T7 RNAP and its G47W and E45K mutants. Wild-type, G47W, or E45K T7 RNAP was incubated with the promoter-less DNA, and the binding of the enzymes to the DNA was analyzed by 10%native PAGE. The fluorescence gel image was obtained using the 492-nm and 517-nm filters for excitation and emission, respectively, and the image was converted into black / white (Figure 5D) . At low enzyme concentrations (≤ 200 nM) , the EMSA results showed weak but specific slowly moving gel bands for wild-type T7 RNAP and the E45K mutant (Figure 5D, green dashed box) , indicating promoter-independent binding to the DNA terminus. Such binding is much weaker for the G47W mutant compared to that of the wild-type T7 RNAP (Figure 5D, green dashed box) , consistent with its low full-length dsRNA production in IVT. At 200 nM enzyme concentration, the DNA-terminus binding of WT T7 RNAP and its C-helix mutants was quantified and compared (Figure 5E) .
[0126] We also investigated the effect of G47W or E45K mutation on the normal functions of T7 RNAP. First, the binding of wild-type and mutant RNAPs to a 5′-6-FAM fluorescently labeled 43 bp DNA hairpin containing a T7 promoter was evaluated. The 5′-terminus of such DNA hairpin was designed as four consecutive As to minimize the terminus binding (Figure 5F) . Inconsistent with the binding to DNA terminus, the binding to the T7 promoter was slightly weakened by the G47W mutation (Figure 5F, green dashed box) . At 200 nM enzyme concentration, the promoter binding of WT T7 RNAP and its C-helix mutants was quantified and compared (Figure 5G) . While unexpectedly, the E45K mutation decreased the binding of T7 RNAP to its promoter (Figure 5F and G) . Since the promoter binding and non-promoter binding are in competition, the weakened promoter binding of E45K might be responsible for its increased dsRNA synthesis. These results indicate different modes of promoter or DNA-terminus binding by T7 RNAP.
[0127] We noticed that for both DNA substrates tested in the EMSA, at high enzyme concentrations (above 200 nM) , the gel bands indicating DNA binding were retarded close to the loading wells (Figure 5D and F, orange dashed box) , indicating formation of large complex. Intriguingly, this binding was independent of either the DNA promoter or terminus, suggesting that another binding mode to DNA distinct from the promoter and terminus binding modes exists. The E45K mutation attenuated the formation of large complex at high enzyme concentrations (Figure 5D and F, orange dashed box) . The mechanism underlying this unknown DNA binding by T7 RNAP is to be investigated.
[0128] Moreover, as conformational changes of the C-helix occur during the transition from transcription initiation to elongation (35) , we also investigated the influence of G47W or E45K mutation on this step. T7 RNAP is known to initiate transcription efficiently with dinucleotides matching the initial RNA sequences (42-44) , so we designed a 53-bp template with a T7 promoter, followed by three consecutive Gs, and added the fluorescently labeled dinucleotide 6-FAM-GG into the reactions to initiate the IVT by wild-type T7 RNAP or its G47W or E45K mutant. At 10, 20, 40, and 80 min after initiation of the reactions, 0.5 μl of every sample was taken and analyzed by 20%denaturing PAGE. Then, fluorescence gel image of RNA transcripts was obtained using the 492-nm and 517-nm filters for excitation and emission, respectively, and the image was converted into black / white (Figure 5H) . We quantified the yield of run-off ssRNA and the abortive RNA products. The result demonstrated that the G47W mutant initiates transcription more efficiently with the dinucleotide GG compared to wild-type T7 RNAP to produce more run-off and abortive RNA (Figure 5I) . However, the ratio between the abortive and run-off products was not significantly changed by the G47W mutation (Figure 5H and I) , indicating that the transition from transcription initiation to elongation was not affected. In contrast, the E45K mutation severely reduced the initiation and the yield in IVT (Figure 5H and I) , consistent with its effect on promoter binding.
[0129] T7 RNAP-G47W reduces the dsRNA byproducts for mRNA production
[0130] To evaluate the advantages of T7 RNAP-G47W in mRNA production, we compared wild-type T7 RNAP and T7 RNAP-G47W in the IVT production of GFP, Cas9, and S-gene RNA. Another mutant of T7 RNAP, G47A+884G, which was recently reported to significantly reduce the self-templated dsRNA (32) , was also included in the comparison. For both the G47W and G47A+884G mutants, the gel bands corresponding to the full-length dsRNA in the GFP IVT products were not observable (Figure 6A) , indicating that DNA-terminus-initiated transcription by the G47A+884G mutant is also reduced compared to that by the wild-type T7 RNAP. The IVT yield of GFP RNA, with a relatively short length (873 nt) , was similar for wild-type T7 RNAP and both mutants (Figure 6A and B) . However, when synthesizing large RNA molecules like Cas9 (4314 nt) and S-gene (3975 nt) , the IVT yield of the G47W mutant was slightly lower than that of wild-type T7 RNAP, while the IVT yield of the G47A+884G mutant was obviously reduced (Figure 6C–F) . In addition, the G47A+884G mutant produced more terminated products compared to the wild-type and G47W T7 RNAP (Figure 6C and E, indicated by purple arrows) .
[0131] To compare the expression efficiency of mRNA produced by wild-type T7 RNAP and the G47W mutant, we transfected HEK293T cells with GFP mRNA synthesized by either enzyme, and their expression levels were recorded by fluorescence microscopy at 4, 16, and 20 h after transfection (Figure 6G) . After 20 h, we quantified their fluorescence intensity by flow cytometry (Figure 6H) . As expected, mRNA transcribed by the G47W mutant showed higher expression level than that transcribed by wild-type T7 RNAP. We also determined the concentration of IFN-β in HEK293T cells at 20 h after transfection by ELISA and found that almost no IFN-β response was induced in the cells transfected with GFP mRNA produced by the G47W mutant compared to the negative control (Figure 6I) . However, the mRNA produced by wild-type T7 RNAP elicited a strong IFN-β response. These results are consistent with the low production of full-length dsRNA by the T7 RNAP-G47W mutant. It should be noted that uncharacterized factors other than the dsRNA contents may also influence the results of these assays.
[0132] DISCUSSION
[0133] It is well known that mRNA transcribed by T7 RNAP can stimulate the mammalian innate immune system and that it is necessary to reduce the immuno-stimulatory effect of the dsRNA to fit therapeutic applications. Previous studies (9-11, 13) focused on the dsRNA generated by self-template extension. Recently, Mu et al. reported that wild-type T7 RNA polymerase can initiate transcription from the end of the DNA in a promoter-independent manner to generate full-length dsRNA and that this transcription could be suppressed by low concentrations of Mg2+ (15) . Yet, the mechanisms underlying such non-conventional transcription remain elusive.
[0134] In the present study, we further analyzed the promoter-independent transcription by T7 RNAP and revealed more details about the process. We demonstrated that the production of antisense RNA is mostly initiated from the penultimate position of the DNA terminus and that the presence of guanosine or cytidine in the 2-nt terminal region of the DNA template strengthens the promoter-independent transcription by T7 RNAP significantly. Therefore, adding poly (A) to the end of DNA templates is an effective way to reduce the amounts of full-length dsRNA in mRNA production.
[0135] Moreover, we tested the full-length dsRNA production by various ssRNAPs and found that DNA-terminus-dependent transcription is not common for bacteriophage ssRNAPs. Although T7, SP6 (39) , and Syn5 (37, 38) RNAP as representative ssRNAPs all produce significant amounts of full-length dsRNA in IVT, the products of KP34 (27) and VSW-3 (28, 29) RNAP from phiKMV-like viruses (41) contain non-detectable dsRNA generated by promoter-independent transcription.
[0136] Previous studies proved that mutations S43Y and G47A in T7 RNAP were able to attenuate the self-template extension (31, 32) . We replaced residues 42–48 of T7 RNAP with various amino acids, and the results showed that substitutions of G47 with large amino acids such as aromatic amino acids most significantly reduce the dsRNA generated from promoter-independent transcription (Figure 9) . In contrast, substitutions of negatively charged E42, E45, or E48 with lysine enhanced the promoter-independent transcription. Moreover, we demonstrated that the G47W and E45K mutants affected the DNA binding of T7 RNAP. As the direct interaction between DNA template and the C-helix in the elongation complex occurs several amino acids away from G47 and E45 (36) , the impact of their substitutions on DNA interaction is likely an indirect effect, presumably on the rigidity of the C-helix. In summary, our results demonstrate the importance of residues 42–48 of T7 RNAP for the interaction with DNA; these residues may serve as potential targets for further engineering.
[0137] Some of the sequences involved in the present disclosure
[0138] SEQ ID NO: 1, amino acid sequence of the wild-type T7 RNAP.
[0139] SEQ ID NO: 2, exemplary amino acid sequence of a T7 RNAP variant with a G47X substitution, wherein X is selected from W, F, Y or H.
[0140] SEQ ID NO: 3, amino acid sequence of a peptide segment in the wild-type T7 RNAP.
[0141] Table 2. Sequences of the DNA templates and primers used in Example 1.
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Claims
1.A T7 RNA polymerase variant comprising a substitution with a large amino acid at a position corresponding to position 47 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the large amino acid has a molecular weight of over 150 Da and / or has a cyclic structure on its side chain, wherein the T7 RNA polymerase variant has at least 80%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.2.The T7 RNA polymerase variant of claim 1, wherein the cyclic structure is aromatic.3.The T7 RNA polymerase variant of claim 1 or 2, wherein the large amino acid is selected from tryptophan, phenylalanine, tyrosine and histidine.4.The T7 RNA polymerase variant of claim 3, wherein the large amino acid is tryptophan.5.A T7 RNA polymerase variant comprising an amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 2.6.A polynucleotide encoding the T7 RNA polymerase variant of any of claims 1-4.7.An expression vector comprising the polynucleotide of claim 6.8.A host cell comprising the polynucleotide of claim 6 or the expression vector of claim 7.9.A composition or a kit comprising the T7 RNA polymerase variant of any one of claims 1-4 and optionally an in vitro transcription reagent.10.A method of obtaining a T7 RNA polymerase variant, comprising introducing into a parental T7 RNA polymerase a substitution with a large amino acid at a position corresponding to position 47 of SEQ ID NO: 1, wherein the large amino acid has a molecular weight of over 150 Da and / or has a cyclic structure on its side chain, wherein the parental T7 RNA polymerase has at least 80%sequence identity to the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 1.11.Use of the T7 RNA polymerase variant of any of claims 1-4, the polynucleotide of claim 6, the expression vector of claim 7, the host cell of claim 8 or the composition or kit of claim 9 in in vitro transcription.12.A method of producing an RNA, comprising contacting a DNA template with the T7 RNA polymerase variant of any one of claims 1-4 under conditions that result in the production of RNA transcripts.13.The method of claim 12, wherein the method is an in vitro transcription method.14.RNA transcripts produced by the method of claim 12 or 13.15.A composition comprising the RNA transcripts of claim 14 and optionally a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.16.A method of reducing dsRNA byproducts produced in an in vitro transcription reaction, comprising contacting a DNA template with the T7 RNA polymerase variant of any one of claims 1-4 in the in vitro transcription reaction.17.The method of claim 16, wherein the dsRNA byproducts are full-length dsRNA byproducts.18.A method of reducing immunogenicity of RNA transcripts produced in an in vitro transcription reaction, comprising contacting a DNA template with the T7 RNA polymerase variant of any one of claims 1-4 in the in vitro transcription reaction.
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