Rate control for analog communications introduction
By using distortion or perceptual metric targets, the rate control in analog communications is effectively managed, addressing the limitations of existing digital communication rate control techniques and improving the reliability and efficiency of analog communication systems.
Patent Information
- Application Number
- PCT/CN2023/140159
- Authority / Receiving Office
- WO · WO
- Patent Type
- Applications
- Current Assignee / Owner
- Filing Date
- 2023-12-20
- Publication Date
- 2025-06-26
AI Technical Summary
Existing rate control techniques for digital communications are not applicable to analog communications, as they rely on modulation coding schemes and block error rate targets that are not suitable for analog communication systems.
The proposed solution involves performing rate control for analog communications based on distortion targets or perceptual metric targets, where the Physical (PHY) and Medium Access Control (MAC) layers determine the appropriate number of resources for transmission based on channel conditions to meet these targets.
This approach allows for effective rate control in analog communications, ensuring that the distortion or perceptual metric of the transmitted information meets the specified targets, thereby enhancing the reliability and efficiency of analog communication systems.
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Figure CN2023140159_26062025_PF_FP_ABST
Abstract
Description
RATE CONTROL FOR ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS INTRODUCTION
[0001] Field of the Disclosure
[0002] Aspects of the present disclosure relate to wireless communications, and more particularly, to rate control techniques for analog communications.
[0003] Description of Related Art
[0004] Wireless communications systems are widely deployed to provide various telecommunication services such as telephony, video, data, messaging, broadcasts, or other similar types of services. These wireless communications systems may employ multiple-access technologies capable of supporting communications with multiple users by sharing available wireless communications system resources with those users.
[0005] Although wireless communications systems have made great technological advancements over many years, challenges still exist. For example, complex and dynamic environments can still attenuate or block signals between wireless transmitters and wireless receivers. Accordingly, there is a continuous desire to improve the technical performance of wireless communications systems, including, for example: improving speed and data carrying capacity of communications, improving efficiency of the use of shared communications mediums, reducing power used by transmitters and receivers while performing communications, improving reliability of wireless communications, avoiding redundant transmissions and / or receptions and related processing, improving the coverage area of wireless communications, increasing the number and types of devices that can access wireless communications systems, increasing the ability for different types of devices to intercommunicate, increasing the number and type of wireless communications mediums available for use, and the like. Consequently, there exists a need for further improvements in wireless communications systems to overcome the aforementioned technical challenges and others.SUMMARY
[0006] Analog communication may be useful in a number of scenarios, such as for semantic communications as discussed further herein. In analog communication, a set of real numbers may be transmitted directly, compressed to a smaller dimension (i.e., compressed to a smaller set of real numbers) , or expanded to a larger dimension (i.e., expanded to a larger set of real numbers) . Such analog communication differs from digital communication, where data may be quantized into binary bits, protected by channel coding, and mapped to quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols for transmission.
[0007] In certain cases, application (s) running on an apparatus (e.g., a wireless communications device, such as a user equipment (UE) or network entity) , such as part of an application layer of a protocol stack of the apparatus, may be configured to generate set (s) of real numbers for transmission. A set of real numbers may represent any type of content, such as image, speech, video, etc.
[0008] A physical (PHY) and / or a medium access control (MAC) layer of a protocol stack of the apparatus may be configured to perform the analog transmission of the set of real numbers. For example, the PHY / MAC layer is configured to transmit the set of real numbers on a set of communications resources (e.g., resource elements (REs) ) . However, an issue arises as to how the PHY / MAC layer is to perform rate control in terms of a number of communications resources to use for transmission of a number of real numbers. For example, techniques for rate control for digital communication may not be applicable to analog communication. For example, determining a modulation coding scheme (MCS) that achieves a particular block error rate (BLER) target based on channel condition (s) (e.g., signal to noise ratio (SNR) ) of a communication channel, and a corresponding transport block size is not suitable for analog communication. For example, a BLER target may not be suitable for analog communication.
[0009] Accordingly, certain aspects herein provide techniques for analog communication rate control. For example, certain aspects herein relate to performing rate control for analog communication based further on a target, such as a distortion target or a perceptual metric target (e.g., a target similarity between information (e.g., an image) reconstructed at a receiver and the information sent via analog communication) . For example, in certain aspects, the PHY / MAC layer determines a function of information to communicate on a communications channel and a number (n) of resources in a set of resources for communicating the information on the channel, in view of channel condition (s) , that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target. The PHY / MAC layer may accordingly transmit information on a set of resources that satisfies the function, thereby performing rate control for analog communication. In other words, a distortion or perceptual metric (1) resulting from allocating the information to the set of resources for communication (and in some cases, involving compression) and / or (2) resulting from the additive noise or fading in the communications channel, may satisfy the distortion target or the perceptual metric target (e.g., resulting distortion < distortion target or perceptual metric > perceptual metric target) .
[0010] In certain aspects, the function is a ratio of a number (m) of real numbers included in the information needing to be communicated and the number (n) of resources in the set of resources, in view of channel condition (s) , that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target (e.g., ratio m / n that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target) . Accordingly, the PHY / MAC layer may transmit a set of real numbers on a set of resources that meets the ratio (e.g., that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target) to perform rate control for analog communication. For example, (1) the number (m) of real numbers communicated on the number (n) of resources in the set of resources and / or (2) the number (n) of resources in the set of resources used for communication may be adapted such that ratio m / n is equal to the ratio that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target. Though certain aspects herein are described with respect to using the ratio m / n, that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target, for performing rate control, it should be noted that the ratio m / n is only one example function that may be used for performing rate control. As such, other similar functions may be used to perform the rate control techniques discussed herein in other embodiments.
[0011] Different applications may generate different content, and may have different distortion targets or perceptual metric targets for transmitting the content. For example, one application may generate a first set of real numbers and have a first distortion target or a first perceptual metric target for transmitting the first set of real numbers to a device, while another application or even the same application may generate a second set of real numbers and have a second distortion target or a second perceptual metric target for transmitting the second set of real numbers to a device. However, the PHY / MAC layer may not be able to determine the distortion target or the perceptual metric target for communication of a set of real numbers, such as based on the real numbers alone, as the PHY / MAC layer may not have information about the content of the real numbers by which to potentially determine an appropriate distortion target or an appropriate perceptual metric target. Accordingly, certain aspects herein provide techniques for an application to provide to the PHY / MAC layer a distortion target or a perceptual metric target for communication of a set of real numbers, such that the PHY / MAC layer can appropriately perform rate control for analog communication of the set of real numbers.
[0012] Semantic communications are emerging as a communication paradigm beyond merely the technical problem of communication identified by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver as part of the Shannon-Weaver model of communication. In particular, the Shannon-Weaver model identified three types of problems of communication: technical, semantic, and effectiveness. The technical problem concerns how to accurately reproduce a message from one location to another location. For the technical problem, the meaning the message carries is not relevant. The semantic problem concerns how to convey desired meaning, as in how precisely do transmitted symbols convey the desired meaning. The effectiveness problem concerns how effectively does the received meaning affect conduct in a desired way. Conventional communications have focused on the technical problem. However, semantic communications may significantly improve the performance and efficiency of data transmission, and may be particularly useful in cases where communication resources are limited. Semantic communications are promising to enable a wide range of intelligent services such as extended reality, the metaverse, smart surveillance, robotic collaboration, and / or the like.
[0013] In some semantic communications systems, joint source channel coding (JSCC) (e.g., source data to be transmitted over a channel and the channel used for transmitting the source data are jointly encoded) and analog transmission (e.g., a transmission method of conveying information using a continuous signal) techniques are adopted to transmit different types of content, such as image, speech, video, etc., in a semantic manner. Specifically, JSCC (in some cases, in combination with a semantic encoder) may be used to generate a set of real numbers (e.g., one or more real numbers) comprising a representation (e.g., a semantically encoded representation) of source data. Certain aspects herein are discussed with respect to communicating real numbers that are a semantically encoded representation of data, such as for semantic communications using analog communication. However, it should be noted that the techniques discussed herein are also applicable to analog communication of other types of data represented by real numbers.
[0014] One aspect provides a method for wireless communications by an apparatus. The method includes obtaining, from a source application, an indication of a target; determining one or more channel conditions of a communications channel; determining, based on the target and the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel, a function of first information to communicate on the communications channel to a number of resources of a first set of resources for communicating on the communications channel; obtaining, from the source application, second information corresponding to source data; and transmitting, via analog transmission, the second information over a second set of resources of the communications channel that satisfy the function.
[0015] Other aspects provide: one or more apparatuses operable, configured, or otherwise adapted to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more non-transitory, computer-readable media comprising instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that instructions may be included in only one computer-readable medium or in a distributed fashion across multiple computer-readable media, such that instructions may be executed by only one processor or by multiple processors in a distributed fashion, such that each apparatus of the one or more apparatuses may include one processor or multiple processors, and / or such that performance may be by only one apparatus or in a distributed fashion across multiple apparatuses) ; one or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that code may be stored in only one computer-readable medium or across computer-readable media in a distributed fashion) ; and / or one or more apparatuses comprising one or more means for performing any portion of any method described herein (e.g., such that performance would be by only one apparatus or by multiple apparatuses in a distributed fashion) . By way of example, an apparatus may comprise a processing system, a device with a processing system, or processing systems cooperating over one or more networks. An apparatus may comprise one or more memories; and one or more processors configured to cause the apparatus to perform any portion of any method described herein. In some examples, one or more of the processors may be preconfigured to perform various functions or operations described herein without requiring configuration by software.
[0016] The following description and the appended figures set forth certain features for purposes of illustration.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS
[0017] The appended figures depict certain features of the various aspects described herein and are not to be considered limiting of the scope of this disclosure.
[0018] FIG. 1 depicts an example wireless communications network.
[0019] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0020] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example base station and an example user equipment (UE) .
[0021] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict various example aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network.
[0022] FIG. 5 depicts the relationship between distortion, D, and coding rate, R, for lossy source coding.
[0023] FIG. 6 depicts example distortion achieved for an analog system and a conventional digital system when the channel conditions (e.g., signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ) are unknown or inaccurately determined.
[0024] FIG. 7A-7C depict example joint source channel coding (JSCC) systems for semantic communications.
[0025] FIG. 8 depicts example rate controlling by a radio access network (RAN) layer (e.g., a physical (PHY) layer or a medium access control (MAC) layer of a RAN protocol stack) for sematic communications.
[0026] FIG. 9 depicts a process flow for communications in a network between a source application and a RAN layer for rate control of analog communications.
[0027] FIGS. 10-14 depict example rate control techniques for semantic communications.
[0028] FIG. 15 depicts example quality of service (QoS) types that may be indicated to a RAN by a source application and their effect on rate control performed for analog communications.
[0029] FIG. 16 depicts a method for wireless communications.
[0030] FIG. 17 depicts aspects of an example communications device.DETAILED DESCRIPTION
[0031] Aspects of the present disclosure provide apparatuses, methods, processing systems, and computer-readable mediums for rate control in analog communications. For example, aspects described herein provide various rate control techniques used to achieve a tolerable distortion target (e.g., a tolerable level of alteration of a signal) , Dtarget, or a desired perceptual metric target given current channel condition (s) , when transmitting data (e.g., semantically encoded data) over a communications channel using analog communication. The rate control techniques described herein may be generic to different source types including, for example, images, speech, video, and / or the like.
[0032] Analog communication may be useful in a number of scenarios, such as for semantic communications as discussed further herein. In analog communication, a set of real numbers may be transmitted directly, compressed to a smaller dimension (i.e., compressed to a smaller set of real numbers) , or expanded to a larger dimension (i.e., expanded to a larger set of real numbers) . Such analog communication differs from digital communication, where data may be quantized into binary bits, protected by channel coding, and mapped to quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols for transmission.
[0033] In certain cases, application (s) running on an apparatus (e.g., a wireless communications device, such as a user equipment (UE) or network entity) , such as part of an application layer of a protocol stack of the apparatus, may be configured to generate set (s) of real numbers for transmission. A set of real numbers may represent any type of content, such as image, speech, video, etc.
[0034] A radio access network (RAN) layer (e.g., a physical (PHY) and / or a medium access control (MAC) layer) of a protocol stack of the apparatus may be configured to perform the analog transmission of the set of real numbers. For example, the RAN layer is configured to transmit the set of real numbers on a set of communications resources (e.g., resource elements (REs) ) . However, a technical problem arises as to how the RAN (e.g., radio link control (RLC) , PHY / MAC, etc. ) layer is to perform rate control in terms of a number of communications resources to use for transmission of a number of real numbers. For example, techniques for rate control for digital communication may not be applicable to analog communication. For example, determining a modulation coding scheme (MCS) that achieves a particular block error rate (BLER) target based on channel condition (s) (e.g., signal to noise ratio (SNR) ) of a communications channel, and a corresponding transport block size is not suitable for analog communication. For example, a BLER target may not be suitable for analog communication.
[0035] Accordingly, certain aspects herein provide techniques for analog communication rate control. For example, certain aspects herein relate to performing rate control for analog communication based further on a target, such as a distortion target or a perceptual metric target (e.g., a target similarity between information (e.g., an image) reconstructed at a receiver and the information sent via analog communication) . For example, in certain aspects, the RAN layer determines a function of information to communicate on a communications channel and a number (n) of resources in a set of resources for communicating the information on the channel, in view of channel condition (s) , that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target. The RAN layer may accordingly transmit information on a set of resources that satisfies the function, thereby performing rate control for analog communication. In other words, a distortion or perceptual metric (1) resulting from allocating the information to the set of resources for communication (and in some cases, involving compression) and / or (2) resulting from the additive noise or fading in the communications channel, may satisfy the distortion target or the perceptual metric target (e.g., resulting distortion < distortion target or perceptual metric > perceptual metric target) .
[0036] In certain aspects, the function is a ratio of a number (m) of real numbers included in the information needing to be communicated and the number (n) of resources in the set of resources, in view of channel condition (s) , that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target (e.g., ratio m / n that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target) . Accordingly, the RAN layer may transmit a set of real numbers on a set of resources that meets the ratio (e.g., that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target) to perform rate control for analog communication. For example, (1) the number (m) of real numbers communicated on the number (n) of resources in the set of resources and / or (2) the number (n) of resources in the set of resources used for communication may be adapted such that ratio m / n is equal to the ratio that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target. Though certain aspects herein are described with respect to using the ratio m / n, that meets the distortion target or the perceptual metric target, for performing rate control, it should be noted that the ratio m / n is only one example function that may be used for performing rate control. As such, other similar functions may be used to perform the rate control techniques discussed herein in other embodiments.
[0037] Different applications may generate different content, and may have different distortion targets or perceptual metric targets for transmitting the content. For example, one application may generate a first set of real numbers and have a first distortion target or a first perceptual metric target for transmitting the first set of real numbers to a device, while another application or even the same application may generate a second set of real numbers and have a second distortion target or a second perceptual metric target for transmitting the second set of real numbers to a device. However, the RAN layer may not be able to determine the distortion target or the perceptual metric target for communication of a set of real numbers, such as based on the real numbers alone, as the RAN layer may not have information about the content of the real numbers by which to potentially determine an appropriate distortion target or the perceptual metric target. Accordingly, certain aspects herein provide techniques for an application to provide to the RAN layer a distortion target or perceptual metric target for communication of a set of real numbers, such that the RAN layer can appropriately perform rate control for analog communication of the set of real numbers. This may have the beneficial technical effect of enhancing reliability of analog communications, while reducing communication resources used for communication, enabling more throughput.
[0038] Semantic communications are emerging as a communication paradigm beyond merely the technical problem of communication identified by Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver as part of the Shannon-Weaver model of communication. In particular, the Shannon-Weaver model identified three types of problems of communication: technical, semantic, and effectiveness. The technical problem concerns how to accurately reproduce a message from one location to another location. For the technical problem, the meaning the message carries is not relevant. The semantic problem concerns how to convey desired meaning, as in how precisely do transmitted symbols convey the desired meaning. The effectiveness problem concerns how effectively does the received meaning affect conduct in a desired way. Conventional communications have focused on the technical problem. However, semantic communications may significantly improve the performance and efficiency of data transmission, and may be particularly useful in cases where communication resources are limited. Semantic communications are promising to enable a wide range of intelligent services such as extended reality, the metaverse, smart surveillance, robotic collaboration, and / or the like.
[0039] In some semantic communications systems, joint source channel coding (JSCC) (e.g., source data to be transmitted over a channel and the channel used for transmitting the source data are jointly encoded) and analog transmission (e.g., a transmission method of conveying information using a continuous signal) techniques are adopted to transmit different types of content, such as image, speech, video, etc., in a semantic manner. Specifically, JSCC (in some cases, in combination with a semantic encoder) may be used to generate a set of real numbers (e.g., one or more real numbers) comprising a representation (e.g., a semantically encoded representation) of source data. Certain aspects herein are discussed with respect to communicating real numbers that are a semantically encoded representation of data, such as for semantic communications using analog communication. However, it should be noted that the techniques discussed herein are also applicable to analog communication of other types of data represented by real numbers.
[0040] Introduction to Wireless Communications Networks
[0041] The techniques and methods described herein may be used for various wireless communications networks. While aspects may be described herein using terminology commonly associated with 3G, 4G, 5G, 6G, and / or other generations of wireless technologies, aspects of the present disclosure may likewise be applicable to other communications systems and standards not explicitly mentioned herein.
[0042] FIG. 1 depicts an example of a wireless communications network 100, in which aspects described herein may be implemented.
[0043] Generally, wireless communications network 100 includes various network entities (alternatively, network elements or network nodes) . A network entity is generally a communications device and / or a communications function performed by a communications device (e.g., a user equipment (UE) , a base station (BS) , a component of a BS, a server, etc. ) . As such communications devices are part of wireless communications network 100, and facilitate wireless communications, such communications devices may be referred to as wireless communications devices. For example, various functions of a network as well as various devices associated with and interacting with a network may be considered network entities. Further, wireless communications network 100 includes terrestrial aspects, such as ground-based network entities (e.g., BSs 102) , and non-terrestrial aspects (also referred to herein as non-terrestrial network entities) , such as satellite 140 and transporter, which may include network entities on-board (e.g., one or more BSs) capable of communicating with other network elements (e.g., terrestrial BSs) and UEs.
[0044] In the depicted example, wireless communications network 100 includes BSs 102, UEs 104, and one or more core networks, such as an Evolved Packet Core (EPC) 160 and 5G Core (5GC) network 190, which interoperate to provide communications services over various communications links, including wired and wireless links.
[0045] FIG. 1 depicts various example UEs 104, which may more generally include: a cellular phone, smart phone, session initiation protocol (SIP) phone, laptop, personal digital assistant (PDA) , satellite radio, global positioning system, multimedia device, video device, digital audio player, camera, game console, tablet, smart device, wearable device, vehicle, electric meter, gas pump, large or small kitchen appliance, healthcare device, implant, sensor / actuator, display, internet of things (loT) devices, always on (AON) devices, edge processing devices, data centers, or other similar devices. UEs 104 may also be referred to more generally as a mobile device, a wireless device, a station, a mobile station, a subscriber station, a mobile subscriber station, a mobile unit, a subscriber unit, a wireless unit, a remote unit, a remote device, an access terminal, a mobile terminal, a wireless terminal, a remote terminal, a handset, and others.
[0046] BSs 102 wirelessly communicate with (e.g., transmit signals to or receive signals from) UEs 104 via communications links 120. The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and UEs 104 may include uplink (UL) (also referred to as reverse link) transmissions from a UE 104 to a BS 102 and / or downlink (DL) (also referred to as forward link) transmissions from a BS 102 to a UE 104. The communications links 120 may use multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna technology, including spatial multiplexing, beamforming, and / or transmit diversity in various aspects.
[0047] BSs 102 may generally include: a NodeB, enhanced NodeB (eNB) , next generation enhanced NodeB (ng-eNB) , next generation NodeB (gNB or gNodeB) , access point, base transceiver station, radio base station, radio transceiver, transceiver function, transmission reception point, and / or others. Each of BSs 102 may provide communications coverage for a respective coverage area 110, which may sometimes be referred to as a cell, and which may overlap in some cases (e.g., small cell 102' may have a coverage area 110' that overlaps the coverage area 110 of a macro cell) . A BS may, for example, provide communications coverage for a macro cell (covering relatively large geographic area) , a pico cell (covering relatively smaller geographic area, such as a sports stadium) , a femto cell (relatively smaller geographic area (e.g., a home) ) , and / or other types of cells.
[0048] Generally, a cell may refer to a portion, partition, or segment of wireless communication coverage served by a network entity within a wireless communication network. A cell may have geographic characteristics, such as a geographic coverage area, as well as radio frequency characteristics, such as time and / or frequency resources dedicated to the cell. For example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by multiple cells employing different frequency resources (e.g., bandwidth parts) and / or different time resources. As another example, a specific geographic coverage area may be covered by a single cell. In some contexts (e.g., a carrier aggregation scenario and / or multi-connectivity scenario) , the terms “cell” or “serving cell” may refer to or correspond to a specific carrier frequency (e.g., a component carrier) used for wireless communications, and a “cell group” may refer to or correspond to multiple carriers used for wireless communications. As examples, in a carrier aggregation scenario, a UE may communicate on multiple component carriers corresponding to multiple (serving) cells in the same cell group, and in a multi-connectivity (e.g., dual connectivity) scenario, a UE may communicate on multiple component carriers corresponding to multiple cell groups.
[0049] While BSs 102 are depicted in various aspects as unitary communications devices, BSs 102 may be implemented in various configurations. For example, one or more components of a base station may be disaggregated, including a central unit (CU) , one or more distributed units (DUs) , one or more radio units (RUs) , a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) , or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC, to name a few examples. In another example, various aspects of a base station may be virtualized. More generally, a base station (e.g., BS 102) may include components that are located at a single physical location or components located at various physical locations. In examples in which a base station includes components that are located at various physical locations, the various components may each perform functions such that, collectively, the various components achieve functionality that is similar to a base station that is located at a single physical location. In some aspects, a base station including components that are located at various physical locations may be referred to as a disaggregated radio access network architecture, such as an Open RAN (O-RAN) or Virtualized RAN (VRAN) architecture. FIG. 2 depicts and describes an example disaggregated base station architecture.
[0050] Different BSs 102 within wireless communications network 100 may also be configured to support different radio access technologies, such as 3G, 4G, and / or 5G. For example, BSs 102 configured for 4G LTE (collectively referred to as Evolved Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) ) may interface with the EPC 160 through first backhaul links 132 (e.g., an S1 interface) . BSs 102 configured for 5G (e.g., 5G NR or Next Generation RAN (NG-RAN) ) may interface with 5GC 190 through second backhaul links 184. BSs 102 may communicate directly or indirectly (e.g., through the EPC 160 or 5GC 190) with each other over third backhaul links 134 (e.g., X2 interface) , which may be wired or wireless.
[0051] Wireless communications network 100 may subdivide the electromagnetic spectrum into various classes, bands, channels, or other features. In some aspects, the subdivision is provided based on wavelength and frequency, where frequency may also be referred to as a carrier, a subcarrier, a frequency channel, a tone, or a subband. For example, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 1 (FR1) as including 410 MHz -7125 MHz, which is often referred to (interchangeably) as “Sub-6 GHz” . Similarly, 3GPP currently defines Frequency Range 2 (FR2) as including 24,250 MHz -71,000 MHz, which is sometimes referred to (interchangeably) as a “millimeter wave” ( “mmW” or “mmWave” ) . In some cases, FR2 may be further defined in terms of sub-ranges, such as a first sub-range FR2-1 including 24,250 MHz -52,600 MHz and a second sub-range FR2-2 including 52,600 MHz -71,000 MHz. A base station configured to communicate using mmWave / near mmWave radio frequency bands (e.g., a mmWave base station such as BS 180) may utilize beamforming (e.g., 182) with a UE (e.g., 104) to improve path loss and range.
[0052] The communications links 120 between BSs 102 and, for example, UEs 104, may be through one or more carriers, which may have different bandwidths (e.g., 5, 10, 15, 20, 100, 400, and / or other MHz) , and which may be aggregated in various aspects. Carriers may or may not be adjacent to each other. Allocation of carriers may be asymmetric with respect to DL and UL (e.g., more or fewer carriers may be allocated for DL than for UL) .
[0053] Communications using higher frequency bands may have higher path loss and a shorter range compared to lower frequency communications. Accordingly, certain base stations (e.g., 180 in FIG. 1) may utilize beamforming 182 with a UE 104 to improve path loss and range. For example, BS 180 and the UE 104 may each include a plurality of antennas, such as antenna elements, antenna panels, and / or antenna arrays to facilitate the beamforming. In some cases, BS 180 may transmit a beamformed signal to UE 104 in one or more transmit directions 182'. UE 104 may receive the beamformed signal from the BS 180 in one or more receive directions 182”. UE 104 may also transmit a beamformed signal to the BS 180 in one or more transmit directions 182”. BS 180 may also receive the beamformed signal from UE 104 in one or more receive directions 182'. BS 180 and UE 104 may then perform beam training to determine the best receive and transmit directions for each of BS 180 and UE 104. Notably, the transmit and receive directions for BS 180 may or may not be the same. Similarly, the transmit and receive directions for UE 104 may or may not be the same.
[0054] Wireless communications network 100 further includes a Wi-Fi AP 150 in communication with Wi-Fi stations (STAs) 152 via communications links 154 in, for example, a 2.4 GHz and / or 5 GHz unlicensed frequency spectrum.
[0055] Certain UEs 104 may communicate with each other using device-to-device (D2D) communications link 158. D2D communications link 158 may use one or more sidelink channels, such as a physical sidelink broadcast channel (PSBCH) , a physical sidelink discovery channel (PSDCH) , a physical sidelink shared channel (PSSCH) , a physical sidelink control channel (PSCCH) , and / or a physical sidelink feedback channel (PSFCH) .
[0056] EPC 160 may include various functional components, including: a Mobility Management Entity (MME) 162, other MMEs 164, a Serving Gateway 166, a Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) Gateway 168, a Broadcast Multicast Service Center (BM-SC) 170, and / or a Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway 172, such as in the depicted example. MME 162 may be in communication with a Home Subscriber Server (HSS) 174. MME 162 is the control node that processes the signaling between the UEs 104 and the EPC 160. Generally, MME 162 provides bearer and connection management.
[0057] Generally, user Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through Serving Gateway 166, which itself is connected to PDN Gateway 172. PDN Gateway 172 provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions. PDN Gateway 172 and the BM-SC 170 are connected to IP Services 176, which may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) , a Packet Switched (PS) streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0058] BM-SC 170 may provide functions for MBMS user service provisioning and delivery. BM-SC 170 may serve as an entry point for content provider MBMS transmission, may be used to authorize and initiate MBMS Bearer Services within a public land mobile network (PLMN) , and / or may be used to schedule MBMS transmissions. MBMS Gateway 168 may be used to distribute MBMS traffic to the BSs 102 belonging to a Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) area broadcasting a particular service, and / or may be responsible for session management (start / stop) and for collecting eMBMS related charging information.
[0059] 5GC 190 may include various functional components, including: an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) 192, other AMFs 193, a Session Management Function (SMF) 194, and a User Plane Function (UPF) 195. AMF 192 may be in communication with Unified Data Management (UDM) 196.
[0060] AMF 192 is a control node that processes signaling between UEs 104 and 5GC 190. AMF 192 provides, for example, quality of service (QoS) flow and session management.
[0061] Internet protocol (IP) packets are transferred through UPF 195, which is connected to the IP Services 197, and which provides UE IP address allocation as well as other functions for 5GC 190. IP Services 197 may include, for example, the Internet, an intranet, an IMS, a PS streaming service, and / or other IP services.
[0062] In various aspects, a network entity or network node can be implemented as an aggregated base station, as a disaggregated base station, a component of a base station, an integrated access and backhaul (IAB) node, a relay node, a sidelink node, to name a few examples.
[0063] FIG. 2 depicts an example disaggregated base station 200 architecture. The disaggregated base station 200 architecture may include one or more central units (CUs) 210 that can communicate directly with a core network 220 via a backhaul link, or indirectly with the core network 220 through one or more disaggregated base station units (such as a Near-Real Time (Near-RT) RAN Intelligent Controller (RIC) 225 via an E2 link, or a Non-Real Time (Non-RT) RIC 215 associated with a Service Management and Orchestration (SMO) Framework 205, or both) . A CU 210 may communicate with one or more distributed units (DUs) 230 via respective midhaul links, such as an F1 interface. The DUs 230 may communicate with one or more radio units (RUs) 240 via respective fronthaul links. The RUs 240 may communicate with respective UEs 104 via one or more radio frequency (RF) access links. In some implementations, the UE 104 may be simultaneously served by multiple RUs 240.
[0064] Each of the units, e.g., the CUs 210, the DUs 230, the RUs 240, as well as the Near-RT RICs 225, the Non-RT RICs 215 and the SMO Framework 205, may include one or more interfaces or be coupled to one or more interfaces configured to receive or transmit signals, data, or information (collectively, signals) via a wired or wireless transmission medium. Each of the units, or an associated processor or controller providing instructions to the communications interfaces of the units, can be configured to communicate with one or more of the other units via the transmission medium. For example, the units can include a wired interface configured to receive or transmit signals over a wired transmission medium to one or more of the other units. Additionally or alternatively, the units can include a wireless interface, which may include a receiver, a transmitter or transceiver (such as a radio frequency (RF) transceiver) , configured to receive or transmit signals, or both, over a wireless transmission medium to one or more of the other units.
[0065] In some aspects, the CU 210 may host one or more higher layer control functions. Such control functions can include radio resource control (RRC) , packet data convergence protocol (PDCP) , service data adaptation protocol (SDAP) , or the like. Each control function can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other control functions hosted by the CU 210. The CU 210 may be configured to handle user plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit -User Plane (CU-UP) ) , control plane functionality (e.g., Central Unit -Control Plane (CU-CP) ) , or a combination thereof. In some implementations, the CU 210 can be logically split into one or more CU-UP units and one or more CU-CP units. The CU-UP unit can communicate bidirectionally with the CU-CP unit via an interface, such as the E1 interface when implemented in an O-RAN configuration. The CU 210 can be implemented to communicate with the DU 230, as necessary, for network control and signaling.
[0066] The DU 230 may correspond to a logical unit that includes one or more base station functions to control the operation of one or more RUs 240. In some aspects, the DU 230 may host one or more of a radio link control (RLC) layer, a medium access control (MAC) layer, and one or more high physical (PHY) layers (such as modules for forward error correction (FEC) encoding and decoding, scrambling, modulation and demodulation, or the like) depending, at least in part, on a functional split, such as those defined by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) . In some aspects, the DU 230 may further host one or more low PHY layers. Each layer (or module) can be implemented with an interface configured to communicate signals with other layers (and modules) hosted by the DU 230, or with the control functions hosted by the CU 210.
[0067] Lower-layer functionality can be implemented by one or more RUs 240. In some deployments, an RU 240, controlled by a DU 230, may correspond to a logical node that hosts RF processing functions, or low-PHY layer functions (such as performing fast Fourier transform (FFT) , inverse FFT (iFFT) , digital beamforming, physical random access channel (PRACH) extraction and filtering, or the like) , or both, based at least in part on the functional split, such as a lower layer functional split. In such an architecture, the RU (s) 240 can be implemented to handle over the air (OTA) communications with one or more UEs 104. In some implementations, real-time and non-real-time aspects of control and user plane communications with the RU (s) 240 can be controlled by the corresponding DU 230. In some scenarios, this configuration can enable the DU (s) 230 and the CU 210 to be implemented in a cloud-based RAN architecture, such as a vRAN architecture.
[0068] The SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support RAN deployment and provisioning ofnon-virtualized and virtualized network elements. For non-virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to support the deployment of dedicated physical resources for RAN coverage requirements which may be managed via an operations and maintenance interface (such as an O 1 interface) . For virtualized network elements, the SMO Framework 205 may be configured to interact with a cloud computing platform (such as an open cloud (O-Cloud) 290) to perform network element life cycle management (such as to instantiate virtualized network elements) via a cloud computing platform interface (such as an O2 interface) . Such virtualized network elements can include, but are not limited to, CUs 210, DUs 230, RUs 240 and Near-RT RICs 225. In some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate with a hardware aspect of a 4G RAN, such as an open eNB (O-eNB) 211, via an O1 interface. Additionally, in some implementations, the SMO Framework 205 can communicate directly with one or more DUs 230 and / or one or more RUs 240 via an O1 interface. The SMO Framework 205 also may include a Non-RT RIC 215 configured to support functionality of the SMO Framework 205.
[0069] The Non-RT RIC 215 may be configured to include a logical function that enables non-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources, Artificial Intelligence / Machine Learning (AI / ML) workflows including model training and updates, or policy-based guidance of applications / features in the Near-RT RIC 225. The Non-RT RIC 215 may be coupled to or communicate with (such as via an A1 interface) the Near-RT RIC 225. The Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to include a logical function that enables near-real-time control and optimization of RAN elements and resources via data collection and actions over an interface (such as via an E2 interface) connecting one or more CUs 210, one or more DUs 230, or both, as well as an O-eNB, with the Near-RT RIC 225.
[0070] In some implementations, to generate AI / ML models to be deployed in the Near-RT RIC 225, the Non-RT RIC 215 may receive parameters or external enrichment information from external servers. Such information may be utilized by the Near-RT RIC 225 and may be received at the SMO Framework 205 or the Non-RT RIC 215 from non-network data sources or from network functions. In some examples, the Non-RT RIC 215 or the Near-RT RIC 225 may be configured to tune RAN behavior or performance. For example, the Non-RT RIC 215 may monitor long-term trends and patterns for performance and employ AI / ML models to perform corrective actions through the SMO Framework 205 (such as reconfiguration via O1) or via creation of RAN management policies (such as A1 policies) .
[0071] FIG. 3 depicts aspects of an example BS 102 and a UE 104.
[0072] Generally, BS 102 includes various processors (e.g., 318, 320, 330, 338, and 340) , antennas 334a-t (collectively 334) , transceivers 332a-t (collectively 332) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., data source 312) and wireless reception of data (e.g., data sink 314) . For example, BS 102 may send and receive data between BS 102 and UE 104. BS 102 includes controller / processor 340, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0073] Generally, UE 104 includes various processors (e.g., 358, 364, 366, 370, and 380) , antennas 352a-r (collectively 352) , transceivers 354a-r (collectively 354) , which include modulators and demodulators, and other aspects, which enable wireless transmission of data (e.g., retrieved from data source 362) and wireless reception of data (e.g., provided to data sink 360) . UE 104 includes controller / processor 380, which may be configured to implement various functions described herein related to wireless communications.
[0074] In regards to an example downlink transmission, BS 102 includes a transmit processor 320 that may receive data from a data source 312 and control information from a controller / processor 340. The control information may be for the physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , physical control format indicator channel (PCFICH) , physical hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) indicator channel (PHICH) , physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) , group common PDCCH (GC PDCCH) , and / or others. The data may be for the physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) , in some examples.
[0075] Transmit processor 320 may process (e.g., encode and symbol map) the data and control information to obtain data symbols and control symbols, respectively. Transmit processor 320 may also generate reference symbols, such as for the primary synchronization signal (PSS) , secondary synchronization signal (SSS) , PBCH demodulation reference signal (DMRS) , and channel state information reference signal (CSI-RS) .
[0076] Transmit (TX) multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) processor 330 may perform spatial processing (e.g., precoding) on the data symbols, the control symbols, and / or the reference symbols, if applicable, and may provide output symbol streams to the modulators (MODs) in transceivers 332a-332t. Each modulator in transceivers 332a-332t may process a respective output symbol stream to obtain an output sample stream. Each modulator may further process (e.g., convert to analog, amplify, filter, and upconvert) the output sample stream to obtain a downlink signal. Downlink signals from the modulators in transceivers 332a-332t may be transmitted via the antennas 334a-334t, respectively.
[0077] In order to receive the downlink transmission, UE 104 includes antennas 352a-352r that may receive the downlink signals from the BS 102 and may provide received signals to the demodulators (DEMODs) in transceivers 354a-354r, respectively. Each demodulator in transceivers 354a-354r may condition (e.g., filter, amplify, downconvert, and digitize) a respective received signal to obtain input samples. Each demodulator may further process the input samples to obtain received symbols.
[0078] RX MIMO detector 356 may obtain received symbols from all the demodulators in transceivers 354a-354r, perform MIMO detection on the received symbols if applicable, and provide detected symbols. Receive processor 358 may process (e.g., demodulate, deinterleave, and decode) the detected symbols, provide decoded data for the UE 104 to a data sink 360, and provide decoded control information to a controller / processor 380.
[0079] In regards to an example uplink transmission, UE 104 further includes a transmit processor 364 that may receive and process data (e.g., for the PUSCH) from a data source 362 and control information (e.g., for the physical uplink control channel (PUCCH) ) from the controller / processor 380. Transmit processor 364 may also generate reference symbols for a reference signal (e.g., for the sounding reference signal (SRS) ) . The symbols from the transmit processor 364 may be precoded by a TX MIMO processor 366 if applicable, further processed by the modulators in transceivers 354a-354r (e.g., for SC-FDM) , and transmitted to BS 102.
[0080] At BS 102, the uplink signals from UE 104 may be received by antennas 334a-t, processed by the demodulators in transceivers 332a-332t, detected by a RX MIMO detector 336 if applicable, and further processed by a receive processor 338 to obtain decoded data and control information sent by UE 104. Receive processor 338 may provide the decoded data to a data sink 314 and the decoded control information to the controller / processor 340.
[0081] Memories 342 and 382 may store data and program codes for BS 102 and UE 104, respectively.
[0082] Scheduler 344 may schedule UEs for data transmission on the downlink and / or uplink.
[0083] In various aspects, BS 102 may be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 312, scheduler 344, memory 342, transmit processor 320, controller / processor 340, TX MIMO processor 330, transceivers 332a-t, antenna 334a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 334a-t, transceivers 332a-t, RX MIMO detector 336, controller / processor 340, receive processor 338, scheduler 344, memory 342, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0084] In various aspects, UE 104 may likewise be described as transmitting and receiving various types of data associated with the methods described herein. In these contexts, “transmitting” may refer to various mechanisms of outputting data, such as outputting data from data source 362, memory 382, transmit processor 364, controller / processor 380, TX MIMO processor 366, transceivers 354a-t, antenna 352a-t, and / or other aspects described herein. Similarly, “receiving” may refer to various mechanisms of obtaining data, such as obtaining data from antennas 352a-t, transceivers 354a-t, RX MIMO detector 356, controller / processor 380, receive processor 358, memory 382, and / or other aspects described herein.
[0085] In some aspects, a processor may be configured to perform various operations, such as those associated with the methods described herein, and transmit (output) to or receive (obtain) data from another interface that is configured to transmit or receive, respectively, the data.
[0086] In various aspects, artificial intelligence (AI) processors 318 and 370 may perform AI processing for BS 102 and / or UE 104, respectively. The AI processor 318 may include AI accelerator hardware or circuitry such as one or more neural processing units (NPUs) , one or more neural network processors, one or more tensor processors, one or more deep learning processors, etc. The AI processor 370 may likewise include AI accelerator hardware or circuitry. As an example, the AI processor 370 may perform AI-based beam management, AI-based channel state feedback (CSF) , AI-based antenna tuning, and / or AI-based positioning (e.g., global navigation satellite system (GNSS) positioning) . In some cases, the AI processor 318 may process feedback from the UE 104 (e.g., CSF) using hardware accelerated AI inferences and / or AI training. The AI processor 318 may decode compressed CSF from the UE 104, for example, using a hardware accelerated AI inference associated with the CSF. In certain cases, the AI processor 318 may perform certain RAN-based functions including, for example, network planning, network performance management, energy-efficient network operations, etc.
[0087] FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D depict aspects of data structures for a wireless communications network, such as wireless communications network 100 of FIG. 1.
[0088] In particular, FIG. 4A is a diagram 400 illustrating an example of a first subframe within a 5G (e.g., 5G NR) frame structure, FIG. 4B is a diagram 430 illustrating an example of DL channels within a 5G subframe, FIG. 4C is a diagram 450 illustrating an example of a second subframe within a 5G frame structure, and FIG. 4D is a diagram 480 illustrating an example of UL channels within a 5G subframe.
[0089] Wireless communications systems may utilize orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) with a cyclic prefix (CP) on the uplink and downlink. Such systems may also support half-duplex operation using time division duplexing (TDD) . OFDM and single-carrier frequency division multiplexing (SC-FDM) partition the system bandwidth (e.g., as depicted in FIGS. 4B and 4D) into multiple orthogonal subcarriers. Each subcarrier may be modulated with data. Modulation symbols may be sent in the frequency domain with OFDM and / or in the time domain with SC-FDM.
[0090] A wireless communications frame structure may be frequency division duplex (FDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for either DL or UL. Wireless communications frame structures may also be time division duplex (TDD) , in which, for a particular set of subcarriers, subframes within the set of subcarriers are dedicated for both DL and UL.
[0091] In FIG. 4A and 4C, the wireless communications frame structure is TDD where D is DL, U is UL, and X is flexible for use between DL / UL. UEs may be configured with a slot format through a received slot format indicator (SFI) (dynamically through DL control information (DCI) , or semi-statically / statically through radio resource control (RRC) signaling) . In the depicted examples, a 10 ms frame is divided into 10 equally sized 1 ms subframes. Each subframe may include one or more time slots. In some examples, each slot may include 12 or 14 symbols, depending on the cyclic prefix (CP) type (e.g., 12 symbols per slot for an extended CP or 14 symbols per slot for a normal CP) . Subframes may also include mini-slots, which generally have fewer symbols than an entire slot. Other wireless communications technologies may have a different frame structure and / or different channels.
[0092] In certain aspects, the number of slots within a subframe (e.g., a slot duration in a subframe) is based on a numerology, which may define a frequency domain subcarrier spacing and symbol duration as further described herein. In certain aspects, given a numerology μ, there are 2μ slots per subframe. Thus, numerologies (μ) 0 to 6 may allow for 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, and 64 slots, respectively, per subframe. In some cases, the extended CP (e.g., 12 symbols per slot) may be used with a specific numerology, e.g., numerology 2 allowing for 4 slots per subframe. The subcarrier spacing and symbol length / duration are a function of the numerology. The subcarrier spacing may be equal to 2μ × 15 kHz, where μ is the numerology 0 to 6. As an example, the numerology μ = 0 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 15 kHz, and the numerology μ = 6 corresponds to a subcarrier spacing of 960 kHz. The symbol length / duration is inversely related to the subcarrier spacing. FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D provide an example of a slot format having 14 symbols per slot (e.g., a normal CP) and a numerology μ = 2 with 4 slots per subframe. In such a case, the slot duration is 0.25 ms, the subcarrier spacing is 60 kHz, and the symbol duration is approximately 16.67 μs.
[0093] As depicted in FIGS. 4A, 4B, 4C, and 4D, a resource grid may be used to represent the frame structure. Each time slot includes a resource block (RB) (also referred to as physical RBs (PRBs) ) that extends, for example, 12 consecutive subcarriers. The resource grid is divided into multiple resource elements (REs) . The number of bits carried by each RE depends on the modulation scheme including, for example, quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) or quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) .
[0094] As illustrated in FIG. 4A, some of the REs carry reference (pilot) signals (RS) for a UE (e.g., UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) . The RS may include demodulation RS (DMRS) and / or channel state information reference signals (CSI-RS) for channel estimation at the UE. The RS may also include beam measurement RS (BRS) , beam refinement RS (BRRS) , and / or phase tracking RS (PT-RS) .
[0095] FIG. 4B illustrates an example of various DL channels within a subframe of a frame. The physical downlink control channel (PDCCH) carries DCI within one or more control channel elements (CCEs) , each CCE including, for example, nine RE groups (REGs) , each REG including, for example, four consecutive REs in an OFDM symbol.
[0096] A primary synchronization signal (PSS) may be within symbol 2 of particular subframes of a frame. The PSS is used by a UE (e.g., 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3) to determine subframe / symbol timing and a physical layer identity.
[0097] A secondary synchronization signal (SSS) may be within symbol 4 of particular subframes of a frame. The SSS is used by a UE to determine a physical layer cell identity group number and radio frame timing.
[0098] Based on the physical layer identity and the physical layer cell identity group number, the UE can determine a physical cell identifier (PCI) . Based on the PCI, the UE can determine the locations of the aforementioned DMRS. The physical broadcast channel (PBCH) , which carries a master information block (MIB) , may be logically grouped with the PSS and SSS to form a synchronization signal (SS) / PBCH block. The MIB provides a number of RBs in the system bandwidth and a system frame number (SFN) . The physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) carries user data, broadcast system information not transmitted through the PBCH such as system information blocks (SIBs) , and / or paging messages.
[0099] As illustrated in FIG. 4C, some of the REs carry DMRS (indicated as R for one particular configuration, but other DMRS configurations are possible) for channel estimation at the base station. The UE may transmit DMRS for the PUCCH and DMRS for the PUSCH. The PUSCH DMRS may be transmitted, for example, in the first one or two symbols of the PUSCH. The PUCCH DMRS may be transmitted in different configurations depending on whether short or long PUCCHs are transmitted and depending on the particular PUCCH format used. UE 104 may transmit sounding reference signals (SRS) . The SRS may be transmitted, for example, in the last symbol of a subframe. The SRS may have a comb structure, and a UE may transmit SRS on one of the combs. The SRS may be used by a base station for channel quality estimation to enable frequency-dependent scheduling on the UL.
[0100] FIG. 4D illustrates an example of various UL channels within a subframe of a frame. The PUCCH may be located as indicated in one configuration. The PUCCH carries uplink control information (UCI) , such as scheduling requests, a channel quality indicator (CQI) , a precoding matrix indicator (PMI) , a rank indicator (RI) , and HARQ ACK / NACK feedback. The PUSCH carries data, and may additionally be used to carry a buffer status report (BSR) , a power headroom report (PHR) , and / or UCI.
[0101] Aspects Related to Analog Communication
[0102] Analog communication and digital communication differ in many ways and may each have their own advantages and disadvantages.
[0103] For example, in analog communication, information is transferred in an analog signal using a continuous signal which varies in amplitude, phase, and / or some other property or properties with time in proportion to the information being transferred.
[0104] On the other hand, digital communication is the process of conveying information digitally encoded as discreet symbols on a carrier wave. For example, with digital communication, information is first quantized into binary bits for transmission. Channel coding is then performed to add redundant bits to a stream of bits to help correct errors introduce by a channel where the bits are to be transmitted. These bits are then mapped to quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) symbols for transmission.
[0105] One major advantage of analog communication is that it can convey a continuous range of values, such as real numbers that are not quantized, which may be useful for communicating semantically encoded data represented by real numbers. Analog signals also tend to be more robust in noisy environments, as small fluctuations in signal strength can be more easily smoothed out by a receiver.
[0106] Further, analog communication may be better suited than digital communication to achieve a rate-distortion pair (R, D) for reliable communication of information over a channel. In particular, per standard “Rate-Distortion Theory, ” source coding may be lossy; thus, some amount of distortion, D, may be tolerated. The theory says that if D is the tolerable amount of distortion, then rate distortion function, R (D) , is the best possible source coding rate achievable (e.g., for a given maximum tolerable distortion, D, the rate distortion function R (D) is the lower bound for the transmission bi-rate) . Thus, when the compression is lossless (i.e., no distortion or D = 0) , the best possible source coding rate is R (D = 0) = H, where H is the entropy rate or the limit to lossless data compression.
[0107] FIG. 5 depicts the relationship between distortion, D, and source coding rate, R, for lossy source coding. As shown in FIG. 5, the source coding rate, R, may be lowered by allowing some acceptable distortion, D, of source data.
[0108] In point-to-point communication systems, per Shannon, source data can be reliably transmitted over a channel, if and only if, the source coding rate, R (D) , is below a channel capacity, C (e.g., number of bits transmitted per second) , of the channel. In other words, a rate-distortion pair (R, D) is achievable iff mR (D) ≤ nC
[0109] where R is the rate of lossy source coding, m is the number of real numbers of a set of real numbers comprising a representation of the source, D is the tolerable distortion, C is the channel capacity of the channel, and n is the number of resources used to transmit the set of real numbers comprising the representation of the source.
[0110] Unlike legacy digital communication, analog communication approaches the above equality with a small codebook length. For example, for a ratio m / n (or a ratio of a number of real numbers (m) to a number of resources (n) (e.g., REs) used to transmit the real numbers) , analog communication may achieve values of m =2 and n = 1. Digital communication, on the other hand, requires sufficiently long (e.g., infinite) codeblock length (i.e., large values of (m, n) pairs) .
[0111] Further, an important advantage of analog transmission includes its graceful degradation with respect to channel quality. In particular, conventional digital communication systems suffer from the “cliff-effect, ” i.e., communication completely breaks down if the channel quality falls below the correction capability of the channel code. Although these errors are often compensated by methods such as hybrid automatic repeat request (HARQ) , they consume additional bandwidth and result in further delay. In contrast, analog communication systems exhibit graceful degradation as the channel quality decays. This property of analog communication systems has important implications in terms of channel estimation requirements when communicating over a time-varying channel.
[0112] FIG. 6 depicts example distortion achieved for an analog communication system and a digital communication system when the channel capacity (e.g., signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) ) is unknown or inaccurately determined. As shown in FIG. 6, at a SNR = 10 dB, a same distortion, D, is achievable by both the analog and digital communication systems. However, if the actual channel SNR is better than 10 dB (e.g., > 10 dB) , then only the analog communication system may adapt. This adaptation is illustrated by the curved distortion line shown for the analog communication system indicating that distortion, D, decreases as the channel SNR gets better. The digital communication system, on the other hand, may not be able to benefit from the better channel condition (s) , and as such, the distortion remains the same as the channel condition (s) improve.
[0113] Alternatively, if the actual channel SNR is worse than 10 dB (e.g., < 10 dB) , then the digital communication system may have a high distortion (e.g., infinite) even for if the SNR is only slightly worse than 10 dB because the actual channel cannot afford the source rate. This is illustrated as the “cliff effect” in FIG. 6. The analog system on the other hand, however, may be able to gracefully degrade between SNR = 0 dB and SNR = 10 dB.
[0114] Analog communication may be useful in a number of scenarios, including, for example, semantic communications, as discussed below.
[0115] Aspects Related to Semantic Communications
[0116] Many years ago, Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver established a model for the mathematical theory of communication (also referred to as the “Shannon and Weaver model” ) , which categorizes communications into different levels where communication can be interrupted. In particular, relative to the subject of communication, Shannon and Weaver identified three possible problems with communication in their model: (1) technical problems (Level A) , (2) semantic problems (Level B) , and (3) effectiveness problems (Level C) .
[0117] The technical problems (Level A) are concerned with the accuracy of transference from a sender to a receiver of symbols (e.g., written speech) , of a continuously varying signal (e.g., a telephonic and / or radio transmission of voice and / or music) , or of a continuously varying two-dimensional pattern (e.g., television) , and / or the like (e.g., How accurately can the symbols of communication be transmitted? ) . The semantic problems (Level B) are concerned with the identity, or satisfactorily close approximation, in the interpretation of meaning by a receiver, as compared with the intended meaning of a sender (e.g., How precisely do the transmitted symbols convey the desired meaning? ) . The effectiveness problems (Level C) are concerned with the success with which the meaning conveyed to the receiver leads to desired conduct on the receiver’s part (e.g., How effectively does the received meaning affect conduct in the desired way? ) . In particular, communication either affects conduct or is without any discernible and probable effect at all.
[0118] Level A communications (e.g., the transmission of symbols) and its associated problems have been well studied and delivered in telecommunications over the past few decades. In particular, building on Shannon’s theory over the past decades, the research on communications has produced a number of significant advancements, including multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) communications, new waveform design, mitigation of multiuser interference in both uplink and downlink channels, etc. In parallel, progress has been achieved with respect to network architecture, leading to network traffic engineering, network function virtualization (NFV) , software defined networking (SDN) , and network slicing, which represent some of the key 5G network technologies.
[0119] Today, however, there exists a need for a paradigm shift beyond merely the technical problem of communication. Accordingly, semantic communications has recently attracted extensive attention from industry and academia.
[0120] Semantic communications aim at the successful transmission of semantic information conveyed by a source rather than the accurate reception of each single symbol, or bit, regardless of their meaning. In contrast to conventional data-oriented communication networks, the capacity of which is improved at the cost of system complexity, semantic communications enables lightening of the network burden via transmission of the most relevant information for the receiver (s) after the pre-processing of the data based on, for example, advanced artificial intelligence (AI) technology.
[0121] For example, where the specific task at the receiver is image recognition, a semantic transmitter may extract features relevant to recognize an object, e.g., a dog, in a source image, instead of transmitting bit sequences representing the whole image. The irrelevant information, such as image background, is omitted to minimize the transmitted data without degrading performance. As a result, the demands on energy and wireless resources are lowered significantly, thereby contributing to a more sustainable and robust communications network.
[0122] Accordingly, semantic communications overcome traditional communication constraints and are expected to help achieve lower latency than 5G and enhanced reliability. For example, semantic communications may help to reduce the wireless data transmission burden of 6G networks, as well as help to enhance efficiency of 6G network control and management, among others.
[0123] Aspects Related to Joint Source Channel Coding (JSCC) and Analog Transmission
[0124] In some semantic communications systems, joint source channel coding (JSCC) and analog transmission techniques are adopted to transmit different types of content, such as image, speech, video, etc., in a semantic manner. With a JSCC system, source data to be transmitted over a channel and the channel used for transmitting the source data are jointly encoded, as opposed to performing source compression (or source coding) (e.g., which removes the redundancy from the source) and channel coding (e.g., which adds specific redundancies to correct for errors introduced by the channel) separately. The JSCC (in some cases, in combination with a semantic encoder) may be used to generate a set of real numbers (e.g., one or more real numbers) of source data (e.g., a set of real numbers comprising a semantically encoded representation of source data) for analog transmission, for example, as illustrated in FIGS. 7A-7C.
[0125] In particular, FIGS. 7A-7C depict example JSCC systems for semantic communications. As shown in FIG. 7A, a JSCC (or analog coding) encoder 702 is used to encode source data x (e.g., a text, image, video, etc. ) , with dimension k meaning the source data x includes k real numbers, to a set of real numbers, Sm, for transmission, where m is the dimension of the set of real numbers, meaning the set of real numbers Sm includes m real numbers. The set of real numbers Sm are transmitted (e.g., via analog transmission over a communications channel 706) to a JSCC (or analog coding) decoder 704 of a receiver via communication resources. The JSCC (or analog coding) decoder 704 uses the noisy version of the set of real numbers received, as input to try and recover the original source,
[0126] Different from FIG. 7A, in FIG. 7B, a semantic encoder 708 and semantic decoder 710 are used in combination with the JSCC (or analog coding) encoder 702 and JSCC (or analog coding) decoder 704. In this example JSCC system, the semantic encoder 708 is used to generate a semantically encoded representation of a source x (e.g., a text, image, video, etc. ) , with dimension k, as a set of real numbers, where k’ is the number of real numbers in the set of real numbers. The JSCC (or analog coding) encoder 702 then encodes the set of real numbers, to a set of real numbers, Sm, for transmission. The set of real numbers Sm are transmitted (e.g., via analog transmission over a communication channel 706) to a JSCC (or analog coding) decoder 704 of a receiver via communication resources. The JSCC (or analog coding) decoder 704 uses the noisy version of the set of real numbers received, as input to try and recover the set of real numbers, and the semantic decoder 710 uses the set of real numbers, to try and recover the original source,
[0127] Different from FIG. 7B, in FIG. 7C, a hyperprior model (e.g., hyperprior encoder (s) 712 and decoder (s) 714) is used to generate assistance information (e.g., a probability of semantic features) that assists encoding and decoding by the JSCC (or analog coding) encoder 702 and JSCC (or analog coding) decoder 704, respectively.
[0128] In some cases, application (s) running on an apparatus (e.g., a wireless communications device, such as a UE or network entity) , such as part of an application layer of a protocol stack of the apparatus, may be configured to generate the set (s) of real numbers for analog transmission. Further, a physical (PHY) and / or a medium access control (MAC) layer of a protocol stack of the apparatus may be configured to perform the analog transmission of the set of real numbers. Such architecture, however, for analog transmission of semantic communications, presents at technical challenge with respect to understanding how the PHY / MAC layer is to perform rate control to maintain a tolerable level of distortion.
[0129] For example, existing rate control techniques used in digital communication systems may not be applied for rate control in analog communication. Specifically, in digital communication systems, rate control is performed by determining a transport block (TB) size (m) for a resource allocation (n) based on a determined modulation coding scheme (MCS) . The MCS may be determined based on one or more channel conditions (e.g., SNR) of a channel that is to be used for communication and a block error rate (BLER) target. Similar rate control techniques may not be suitable for analog communication systems because BLER is not suitable for analog communication, and further, the channel condition (s) may be taken into consideration for rate control at both source application (s) and a PHY / MAC layer of the apparatus.
[0130] Accordingly, techniques for controlling the rate of analog communications to yield a certain distortion target, Dtarget, are desired.
[0131] Aspects Related to Rate Control for Analog Communications
[0132] Embodiments described herein provide rate control techniques for analog communications. More specifically, the embodiments described herein provide rate control techniques used to adapt a number of real numbers included in information (e.g., source data, such as semantically encoded representations of source data) that is to be communicated on a communications channel (mPHY) (e.g., via analog transmission) , adapt a number of resources for communicating the real numbers on the communications channel (n) , and / or adapt a number of real numbers included in information (e.g., real numbers of source data) (mAPP) output by a source application. One or more of these rate control techniques may be used to achieve a distortion target, Dtarget, or a perceptual metric target, given current channel condition (s) of the communications channel used for transmission. As discussed, though certain examples are discussed with respect to communicating semantically encoded representations of source data, the techniques discussed herein are applicable to communicating other types of source data, such as encoded representations of source data encoded using other encoding techniques.
[0133] For example, FIG. 8 depicts example rate controlling by a RAN layer 804, such as a PHY or MAC layer of a protocol stack of an apparatus. As shown in FIG. 8, a source application 802 (e.g., part of an application layer of the protocol stack of the apparatus) may generate a first set of real numbers, where mAPP is the number of real numbers in the set of real numbers generated by source application 802. The first set of real numbers, generated by source application 802 may be a representation of a source x (e.g., a text, image, video, etc. ) , with dimension k.
[0134] In certain aspects, source application 802 is configured to use a machine learning (ML) model to generate the first set of real numbers, Further, as shown in FIG. 8, source application 802 includes (1) a semantic encoder and / or (2) a JSCC / analog coding encoder (e.g., similar to FIGS. 7A and 7B described above) that may be used to encode the first set of real numbers, such that the first set of real numbers comprise a semantically encoded representation of the source x. In certain other aspects, source application 802 is configured to use an ML model to generate the semantically encoded representation of a source x (e.g., a text, image, video, etc. ) as the first set of real numbers,
[0135] This first set of real numbers, is then obtained by RAN layer 804 via an interface between source application 802 and RAN layer 804. RAN layer 804 selects a second set of real numbers, from the first set of real numbers, As described in detail below, a number of real numbers, mPHY in the second set of real numbers, may be (1) equal to a number of real numbers, mAPP, in the first set of real numbers, (e.g., meaning the real numbers delivered from application 802 are transmitted by the RAN layer 804 directly) , (2) greater than a number of real numbers, mAPP, in the first set of real numbers, (e.g., meaning that the transport block (TB) of RAN layer 804 is an aggregation of multiple packets delivered from application 802) , or (3) less than a number of real numbers, mAPP, in the first set of real numbers, (e.g., meaning that segmentation has occurred) . RAN layer 804 then maps the second set of real numbers, to a set of resources, for transmission, where n is the number of resources in the set of resources. The mapping of may be generic to all different source types (e.g., this is different from the mapping of performed by the JSCC / analog coding encoder of source application 802 where the mapping is source-specific) . The set of real numbers are then transmitted (e.g., via analog transmission) to a JSCC / analog coding decoder of a receiver via the identified resources.
[0136] As described above, for a lossy source coding transmitted on a channel with capacity C, some amount of distortion, D, is tolerated as long as it satisfies a distortion target or a perceptual metric target. RAN layer 804 may obtain this amount of tolerated distortion (e.g., distortion target, Dtarget) or desired perceptual metric (e.g., perceptual metric target) from source application 802 (and / or one or more other source applications not shown in FIG. 8) . As used herein, the perceptual metric target refers to a target similarity between source information reconstructed at a receiver (e.g., after analog communication) and the original source information. The perceptual metric target may be a peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) target, a multi-scale structural similarity index (MS-SSIM) target, and / or a learned perceptual image patch similarity (LPIPS) target, to name a few. PSNR is similar to mean-squared-error (MSE) distortion, but is instead described with respect to pixels. MS-SSIM is based on the assumption that the human visual system is highly adapted for extracting structural information from the scene and therefore, a measure of structural similarity may provide a good approximation to perceived image quality. LPIPS is a learning based quantity which can imitate the human perceptual assessment process.
[0137] To maintain the distortion of the source below or equal to the distortion target, Dtarget, RAN layer 804 may (1) adjust the value of mPHY, or the number of real numbers in the set of real numbers and / or (2) adjust the value of n, or the number of resources in the set of resources. For example, distortion may be formulated to: D = Dacc (mPHY, n) + Dchannel
[0138] where mPHY is the is the number of real numbers comprising semantically-encoded source data communicated on a communications channel, n is the number of resources for communicating on the communications channel, Dacc is the distortion resulting from analog channel coding of the semantically-encoded source data or analog channel coding of the output of JSCC, and Dchannel is the distortion resulted by the fading or additive noise in the wireless channel. Thus, per the equation, the Dacc and Dchannel may make up the total distortion experienced by an analog signal (e.g. two causes of the final distortion) , which alters the basic waveform of the signal.
[0139] Similarly, to maintain the perceptual metric of the source above or equal to the perceptual metric target, RAN layer 804 may also (1) adjust the value of mPHY, or the number of real numbers in the set of real numbers and / or (2) adjust the value of n, or the number of resources in the set of resources.
[0140] RAN layer 804 may determine one or more channel conditions (e.g., SNR, reference signal received power (RSRP) , a channel quality, etc. ) of a communications channel 810 used for transmission. For example, RAN layer 804 may measure one or more reference signals (RSs) received at RAN layer 804 to determine the one or more channel conditions. As another example, RAN layer 804 may transmit one or more RSs to a network entity, and in response, receive information indicative of the channel condition (s) of communications channel 810 from the network entity (e.g., based on network entity measuring the RS (s) to determine the channel condition (s) ) . As another example, RAN layer 804 may predict the channel condition (s) using a ML model, where the prediction is based on past measurements and / or one or more other factors. RAN layer 804 may then use the one or more channel conditions, as well as the distortion target, Dtarget, or the perceptual metric target obtained from source application 802 to determine a function of a number of real numbers to communicate on communications channel 810 and a number of resources for communicating on the communications channel 810. Using the function, RAN layer 804 may (1) adapt mPHY and / or (2) adapt n to yield the distortion, Dtarget, or the perceptual metric target.
[0141] In certain aspects, the function used to adapt the number of real numbers, mPHY, and / or the number of resources, n, is a ratio of the number of real numbers, mPHY, to the number of resources, n, (e.g., ratio mPHY / n) that yields the distortion target (e.g., based on the one or more channel conditions) or the perceptual metric target. Thus, using the ratio, RAN layer 804 may (1) adapt mPHY and / or (2) adapt n to yield the distortion target, Dtarget, or the perceptual metric target. For example, ifratio mPHY / n = 3 and the available number of resources for communicating on the communications channel 810, n = 3, then the largest value of mPHY (e.g., ) that may be mapped to the available resources for analog transmission is mPHY = 9 (e.g., mPHY = n *3 = 3 *3 = 9) while maintaining the distortion target. In another example, if ratio mPHY / n = 3 and the number of real numbers comprising semantically-encoded source data to be communicated on communications channel 810, mPHY = 12, then the smallest value of n, or the smallest number of resources (e.g., n*) that can be used for transmission of the real numbers is n = 4 (e.g., ) while maintaining the distortion target or the perceptual metric target. In certain aspects, after determining the number of real numbers, mPHY, and / or the number of resources, n (e.g., based on the function, such as the ratio) , an ML model may be used to map the real numbers to specific resources (e.g., while maintaining n) for communication on communications channel 810.
[0142] For all possible N resource allocations, the total semantic features to be transmitted is:
[0143] Alternatively, is obtained assuming total resource allocation N x n. A scheduler (e.g., proportional fair (PF) scheduler implemented at the transmitter side that adopts proportional fairness as the scheduling criteria) takes
[0144] or the equivalent source size:
[0145] for an instantaneous throughput calculation. The final resource allocation N x n is chosen such that the scheduling criteria (e.g., maximal throughput, round-robin, proportional fairness, etc. ) is optimized. For example, the scheduler may select the best UE, best resource allocation, or the best rate on each allocated resource that the metric is optimized.
[0146] As such, in some cases, mPHY = n such that (e.g., the simplest RAN layer 804 operation) . In some other cases, mPHY ≠ n, and repetition or other way of analog channel coding are used to map In some other cases where mPHY ≠ n, an ML-based approach may be used to determine as In either case, an ML model may be used to map the number of real numbers, mPHY, to specific resources (e.g., for the total number of resources, n) for analog transmission.
[0147] In some embodiments, the distortion function or the perceptual metric used by RAN layer 804 for rate control further takes into account dimension k of source x (e.g., a text, image, video, etc. ) that is used as input into source application 802. For example, the distortion may be alternatively formulated to: D = Dsource (k, k′, mAPP) + Dacc (mPHY, n) + Dchannel
[0148] (e.g., the impact of mAPP to the source coding (via a semantic encoder and / or a JSCC / analog coding encoder is taken into account) . In this case, RAN layer 804 may determine one or more channel conditions (e.g., SNR) of a communications channel 810 used for transmission, and use the channel condition (s) , as well as the distortion target, Dtarget, obtained from source application 802 to determine a number of real numbers used to represent semantic features of source data (mAPP) , which are output by a source application. Alternatively, RAN layer 804 may use the channel condition (s) , as well as the perceptual metric to determine a number of real numbers used to represent semantic features of source data (mAPP) , which are output by a source application. In other words, the channel condition (s) and the distortion target, Dtarget or the channel conditions and the perceptual metric target, are used to control the output of source application 802. In this case, as described below, mPHY may be equal to mAPP since mAPP is adapted to meet the distortion target, Dtarget, or the perceptual metric target.
[0149] Different techniques for adapting mAPP, mPHY, and / or n for rate control in analog communications are described below with respect to FIGS. 9-14.
[0150] Example Operations of Entities in a Communications Network for Analog Communications Rate Control
[0151] FIG. 9 depicts a process flow 900 for communications in a network between a source application 902 and a RAN layer 904 (e.g., a PHY or MAC layer) . In some aspects, the source application 902 is running on an apparatus (e.g., such as part of an application layer of a protocol stack of the apparatus) , such as BS 102 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and 3, a disaggregated base station depicted and described with respect to FIG. 2, or UE 104 depicted and described with respect to FIG. 1 and 3. In some aspects, the RAN layer 804 may be a PHY layer or a MAC layer of the protocol stack of the same apparatus where the source application 902 is running.
[0152] Process flow 900 is used to implement rate control techniques for analog communications. Specifically, the rate control techniques may be implemented at RAN layer 904 to maintain distortion below or equal to a distortion target, Dtarget or a perceptual metric above or equal to a perceptual metric target, given current channel condition (s) of a communications channel being used to transmit source data (e.g., such as a semantically-encoded representation of source data) .
[0153] For example, process flow 900 begins, at 906, with source application 902 sending, and RAN layer 904 obtaining, an indication of a target. The target may be a distortion target, Dtarget or a perceptual metric target. At 908, RAN layer 904 determines one or more channel conditions (e.g., SNR) of a communications channel (e.g., such as communications channel 810 in FIG. 8) that is to be used for transmission of source data, such as by measuring one or more reference signals communicated on the communications channel.
[0154] Process flow 900 then proceeds, at 910, with RAN layer 904 determining a first ratio of a number of real numbers to communicate on the communications channel (mPHY) to a number of resources for communicating on the communications channel (n) . RAN layer 904 makes this determination of the first ratio based on the target indication (e.g., obtained at 906) and the channel condition (s) of the communications channel (e.g., determined at 908) . In other words, RAN layer 904 determines a first ratio mPHY / n that would result in distortion equal to (or less than) distortion target, Dtarget, or a perceptual metric equal to (or greater than) the perceptual metric target when transmitting the source data over the communications channel.
[0155] Using this first ratio mPHY / n, RAN layer 904 obtains, at 914, a first set of real numbers comprising an encoded representation of source data from source application Obtaining the first set of real numbers may include performing one or more scenarios to help ensure that the first ratio mPHY / n is met. For example, as described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 10, obtaining the first set of real numbers may simply include obtaining all of the first set of real numbers, of source data x (e.g., a text, image, video, etc. ) generated by source application 902. In other examples, as described in more detail below with respect to FIGS. 11 and 12, obtaining the first set of real numbers may include concatenating or segmenting set (s) of real numbers, generated by source application 902 (e.g., essentially adapting / adjusting mPHY to meet first ratio, and thus respect the distortion target or the perceptual metric target) . In other examples, as described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 13, obtaining the first set of real numbers may include selecting one set of real numbers from a plurality of candidate sets of real numbers, generated by source application 902. In other examples, as described in more detail below with respect to FIG. 14, obtaining the first set of real numbers may include transmitting an explicit or implicit indication of a number of real numbers (mAPP) that source application 902 is to generate in a first set of real numbers for source data xk. In either of these examples, RAN layer 904 may also determine a number of resources (n) needed given the mPHY obtained (e.g., essentially adapt / adjust n to meet the first ratio, and thus achieve a distortion equal to (or less than) the distortion target or a perceptual metric equal to (or greater than) the perceptual metric target) .
[0156] In particular, in FIG. 10, a source application 1002 (e.g., an example of source application 902 in FIG. 9) generates a set of real numbers for a source x (e.g., a text, image, video, etc. ) , with dimension k, where mAPP is the number of real numbers in the set of real numbers. In this case, the first set of real numbers obtained by RAN layer 1004 (e.g., an example of RAN layer 904 in FIG. 9) is equal to (e.g., the number of real numbers, mPHY , in the first set of real numbers is equal to mAPP) . In other words, RAN layer 904 may not need to adapt mPHY in this case. Further, RAN layer 904 may or may not need to adapt the number of resources (n) in this case such that a second ratio of number of real numbers obtained, mPHY = mAPP, to the number of resources (n) is equal to the first ratio determined at 910 in FIG. 9.
[0157] Different from FIG. 10, in FIG. 11, two source applications 1102 (1) and 1102 (2) (e.g., each an example of source application 902 in FIG. 9) generates two sets of real numbers, and (e.g., associated with different sources x) (e.g., source application 1102 (1) generates and source application 1102 (2) generates , where mAPP is the number of real numbers in each set of real numbers (mAPP may the same or different for each set of real numbers) . Although FIG. 11 depicts source application 1102 (1) and source application 1102 (2) each generating only a single set of real numbers, in some other examples, source application 1102 (1) and / or source application 1102 (2) generates more than one set of real numbers. In this example, the first set of real numbers obtained by RAN layer 1104 (e.g., an example of RAN layer 904 in FIG. 9) may include real numbers from and In other words, is a concatenation of real numbers from and Thus, the number of real numbers (mPHY) in may be greater than the number of real numbers (mAPP) in and / or the number of real numbers (mAPP) in In certain aspects, RAN layer 1104 adapts mPHY based on a fixed or adapted number of resources (n) such that a second ratio of number of real numbers obtained (mPHY) to the number of resources (n) is equal to the first ratio determined at 910 in FIG. 9.
[0158] Similar to FIG. 10, in FIG. 12, a source application 1202 (e.g., an example of source application 902 in FIG. 9) generates a set of real numbers for a source x, with dimension k, where mAPP is the number of real numbers in the set of real numbers. However, different form FIG. 10, in FIG. 12, the first set of real numbers obtained by RAN layerl204 (e.g., an example of RAN layer 904 in FIG. 9) may include only a portion (e.g., a segment) of real numbers from In other words, is a segment of For example, as shown, may be segmented by RAN layer 1204 (or other upper layers, such as SDAP / PDCP / RLC layers) into and where a number of real numbers in each of and is less than a number of real numbers in The first set of real numbers obtained by RAN layer 1204 may be equal to or In certain aspects, RAN layer 1204 adapts mPHY based on a fixed or adapted number of resources (n) such that a second ratio of number of real numbers obtained (mPHY for or ) to the number of resources (n) is equal to the first ratio determined at 910 in FIG. 9.
[0159] In some cases, is segmented into multiple segments where the amount of data in each segment, and the number of resources (n) allocated for transmission of each segment, are determined per channel condition (s) on their respective resource allocations. In other words, segmentation of may be non-uniform, the number of resources (n) allocated for transmission of each segment may be different, and / or the ratio of mPHY / n for rate control of each segment may be different.
[0160] Concatenation and segmentation techniques may be used for a traffic type where the source application (e.g., source application 902, 1102, or 1202) generates the set(s) of real numbers ahead of time and stores the set (s) of real numbers in a buffer. Thus, RAN layer 904, 1104, and / or 1204 may determine the number of real numbers (mPHY) of the first set of real numbers and obtain the first set of real numbers from the buffer.
[0161] Different from FIGS. 10-12 described above where mPHY (and / or n) is adapted, in FIGS. 13 and 14, mAPP is alternatively adapted and mPHY = mAPP. For example, in FIG. 13, a source application 1302 (e.g., an example of source application 902 in FIG. 9) generates a plurality of candidate sets (e.g., in this example, three candidate sets) of real numbers, such as and In this traffic type, each of the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers may be generated by source application 1302 ahead of time and stored in a buffer. In this example, the first set of real numbers obtained by a RAN layer 1304 (e.g., an example of RAN layer 904 in FIG. 9) includes real numbers from one or multiple of and (e.g., in other words, RAN layer 1304 selects among and ) given a distortion target or a perceptual metric target and channel condition (s) . RAN layer 1304 selects or based on a fixed or adapted number of resources (n) such that a second ratio of number of real numbers obtained (mPHY for or ) to the number of resources (n) is equal to the first ratio determined at 910 in FIG. 9. In this example, RAN layer 904 determines the semantic or source rate by selecting the proper dimension of source application 1302 output from the candidate options based on a distortion target or a perceptual metric target and channel condition (s) . The remaining portion and / or unselected candidates may be dropped and / or stored for future transmission instances.
[0162] In certain aspects, each candidate set of the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers ( and ) are transmitted on different transmission occasions. For example, may be transmitted on a first transmission occasion, may be transmitted on a second transmission occasion, and may be transmitted on a third transmission occasion. Candidate sets of real numbers may be transmitted on separate transmission occasions for re-transmission or based on configure-grant based transmission where data is transmitted periodically.
[0163] In some cases, the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers (e.g., and ) generated by source application 1302 are each associated with a different channel condition. In some other cases, the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers (e.g., and ) generated by source application 1302 are each associated with a different semantic importance ranking. For example, may include real numbers associated with more important semantic features associated with a source than and Further, may include real numbers associated with more important semantic features associated with the source than The number of real numbers (m1, m2, and m3) in and respectively, may be non-overlapped, with an importance of m1 > m2 > m3..
[0164] In some cases, and are organized in a progressive manner and are nested to each other based on semantic importance, where and are each real numbers comprising semantically encoded source data. The number of real numbers in may be less than (<) the number of real numbers in which maybe less than (<) the number of real numbers in As an illustrative example, may include two real numbers associated with the top two most important semantic features in some source data, may include five real numbers associated with the top five most important semantic features in the source data, and may include ten real numbers associated with the top ten most important semantic features in the source data. The top ten most important semantic features may include the top five most important semantic features and the top two most semantic features. Further, the top five most important semantic features may include the top two most important semantic features. In some cases, RAN layer 1304 selects the first set of real numbers as and transmits these real numbers over a communications channel in a first transmission occasion. Subsequently, RAN layer 1304 may select a second set of real numbers having a number of real numbers equal to (m2 -m1) such that three (e.g., 5 -2 = 3) of the top most important semantic features (e.g., excluding the two top most important semantic features previously transmitted) are transmitted via analog transmission in a second transmission. The transmission of the real numbers associated with three of the top most important semantic features may be transmitted over the communications channel in a second occasion. Similar techniques may be used for transmission of other semantic features of the source data over the communications channel.
[0165] As another example, in FIG. 14, a RAN layer 1404 (e.g., an example of RAN layer 904 in FIG. 9) determines a number of real numbers to include in the first set of real numbers (mPHY) based on the first ratio and a fixed or adapted number of resources (n) , and sends an indication, to a source application 1402 (e.g., an example of source application 902 in FIG. 9) of the number of real numbers (mAPP) to include in the set of real numbers generated by source application 1402.
[0166] For example, in some cases, the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the first set of real numbers, transmitted to source application 1402, is an indication of the channel condition (s) of the communications channel that will be used to transmit the encoded representation of the source data. Source application 1402 may use the channel condition (s) when generating an encoded representation of a source x, with dimension k, as a set of real numbers, such that mAPP is adapted based on the indicated channel condition (s) .
[0167] In some other cases, the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the first set of real numbers, transmitted to source application 1402, is an indication of a source rate (e.g., number of real numbers to generate and send to RAN layer 1404 per unit of time) to be used by source application 1402. Source application 1402 may use this source rate when generating a set of real numbers, for source data x, such that mAPP is adapted based on the source rate.
[0168] In some other cases, the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the first set of real numbers, transmitted to source application 1402, is an explicit indication of the number of real numbers to include in the first set of real numbers. Source application 1402 may use this explicit indication when generating a set of real numbers, for source data x, such that mAPP is equal to the indicated number of real numbers (e.g., RAN layer 1404 indicates that source application 1402 is to generate five real numbers and source application 1402 generates five real numbers based on this indication) .
[0169] In certain aspects, rate control techniques described in FIGS. 13 and 14 may be used for the traffic type where the source application (e.g., source application 902, 1102, or 1202) generates the set (s) of real numbers on-the fly (e.g., as opposed to generating the set (s) of real numbers ahead of time and storing the set (s) of real numbers in a buffer) .
[0170] Returning to FIG. 9, after obtaining the first set of real numbers of source data (e.g., using one or more of the techniques described above) , at 916, RAN layer 904 transmits the first set of real numbers over a set of resources such that a second ratio of a number of real numbers of the first set of real numbers to a number of resources of the set of resources used for the transmission equals the first ratio (e.g., determined at 910) .
[0171] In some embodiments, an ability of RAN layer 904 to adapt a number of real numbers (mPHY) , adapt a number of resources for communicating on the communications channel (n) , and / or adapt a number of real numbers (mAPP) generated by source application 902 is based on a an indication of a quality of service (QoS) type transmitted to RAN layer 904 from source application 902.
[0172] For example, FIG. 15 depicts example QoS types that may be indicated to RAN layer 904 by source application 902, or by a network entity. As shown in FIG. 15, an ability of RAN layer 904 to, at least, adapt mPHY, n, and / or mAPP may be different per QoS type.
[0173] In particular, in some cases, source application 902 or a network entity transmits, to RAN layer 904, an indication of QoS Type 1. Alternatively, in some other cases, RAN layer 904 determines the QoS Type as QoS Type 1 based on a radio bearer (e.g., different QoS types may be mapped to different radio bearers) . Based on receiving this indication (or determining the QoS Type) , RAN layer 904 may determine that RAN layer 904 is unable to use analog coding (e.g., unable to adapt mPHY and n) , unable to adapt source application 902's output (e.g., unable to adapt mAPP) , and unable to apply any power control. Essentially, RAN layer 904 may not perform any rate control techniques when QoS Type 1 is indicated; however, this may be acceptable given the distortion target, Dtarget or perceptual metric target, for QoS Type 1 is variable (e.g., meaning no QoS is gauranteed) .
[0174] In some other cases, source application 902 or a network entity transmits, to RAN layer 904, an indication of QoS Type 1.5. Alternatively, in some other cases, RAN layer 904 determines the QoS Type as QoS Type 1.5 based on a radio bearer (e.g., different QoS types may be mapped to different radio bearers) . Based on receiving this indication (or determining the QoS type) , RAN layer 904 may determine that RAN layer 904 is unable to use analog coding (e.g., unable to adapt mPHY and n) , unable to adapt source application 902's output (e.g., unable to adapt mAPP) , but is able to use power control techniques such that distortion is below or equal to the distortion target, Dtarget (e.g., which is fixed for this QoS type) or a perceptual metric is above the perceptual metric target. Application of power control techniques may include determining a transmission power for transmitting the first set of real numbers and using this determined transmission power during transmission. RAN layer 904 may allocate higher power to more important source semantic features of source data and allocate lower power to less important source semantic features of source data. Further, RAN layer 904 may allocate higher power for low SNR channels and lower power for high SNR channels to achieve the fixed distortion rate or perceptual metric target for QoS type 1.5.
[0175] In some cases, source application 902 or a network entity transmits, to RAN layer 904, an indication of QoS Type 2. Alternatively, in some other cases, RAN layer 904 determines the QoS Type as QoS Type 2 based on a radio bearer (e.g., different QoS types may be mapped to different radio bearers) . Based on receiving this indication (or determining the QoS Type) , RAN layer 904 may determine that RAN layer 904 is able to use analog coding (e.g., is able to adapt mPHY and / or n) , unable to adapt source application 902's output (e.g., unable to adapt mAPP) , and may or may not be able to apply any power control. As such, RAN layer 904 may adapt mPHY and / or n, using one or more of the techniques described above, to ensure that distortion is below or equal to the distortion target, Dtarget (e.g., which is fixed for this QoS type) or the perceptual metric target.
[0176] In some cases, source application 902 or a network entity transmits, to RAN layer 904, an indication of QoS Type 3. Alternatively, in some other cases, RAN layer 904 determines the QoS Type as QoS Type 3 based on a radio bearer (e.g., different QoS types may be mapped to different radio bearers) . Based on receiving this indication (or determining the QoS Type) , RAN layer 904 may determine that RAN layer 904 is able to use analog coding (e.g., is able to adapt mPHY and / or n) and to adapt source application 902's output (e.g., unable to adapt mAPP) , and may or may not be able to apply any power control. As such, RAN layer 904 may adapt mPHY, n, and / or mAPP, using one or more of the techniques described above, to ensure that distortion is below or equal to the distortion target, Dtarget (e.g., which is fixed for this QoS type) or the perceptual metric target. In another QoS type, RAN layer 904 may not adapt the rate mPHY / n for analog coding (e.g., meaning that mPHY = n) , but may adapt the application layer output dimension mAPP (e.g., as shown in FIG. 13) . In this case, variable source and / or semantic rate may be obtained and a fixed perceptual metric target may be achieved.
[0177] In some cases where RAN layer 904 is unable to adapt source application 902's output (e.g., unable to adapt mAPP) , the value of mAPP may vary for different SNR ranges. For example, for a first SNR range, a first value of mAPP may be used, for a second SNR range, a second value of mAPP may be used, for a third SNR range, a third value of mAPP may be used, etc. Further, variable distortion may be expected for each SNR range.
[0178] In some cases, different values of mAPP are associated with different distortion targets or perceptual metric targets. For example, a first value of mAPP may be associated with a first distortion target or a first perceptual metric target, while a second value of mAPP (different from the first value of mAPP) may be associated with a second distortion target or a second perceptual metric target. These associations may be negotiated between source application 902 and RAN layer 904.
[0179] Certain aspects have been discussed with analog coding as a channel coding scheme, assuming the incoming information from the application layer to the RAN layer are the end result of source coding and may conform to a Gaussian assumption. It should be noted, however, that multiple different implementations for the proposed analog coding may be used. For example, in some aspects, analog coding functions as analog channel coding and taking the output of JSCC as input, and JSCC may receive input as raw input to the source coding. In some other aspects, analog coding may receive input at an intermediate stage in source coding. In some cases, the input may be the input to an entropy encoder where the independent and identically distributed (iid) Gaussian assumption is close to reality. For example, the input may be entropy encoding in joint photographic experts group (JPEG) for image compression (e.g., analog coding may receive input after entropy encoding in discrete cosine transform (DCT) and quantization) . As another example, the input may be entropy encoding in H. 264 for videos after inter-frame, intra-frame redundancy suppression, DCT, and quantization. In some other cases, the input for analog coding may be parameter values in the latent space (e.g., specifically in the context of artificial intelligence (AI) / machine learning (ML) , for an autoencoder based codec) . For example, the input for analog coding may be random samples based on random Gaussian distribution (e.g., with variational autoencoder (VAE) ) . A common feature between AI and conventional codecs may be the use of the values in the transform space as the input to the analog coding. In particular, latent space of an autoencoder may be similar to the transform (e.g., DCT, wavelets, etc. ) space of conventional codec.
[0180] Example Operations of a RAN Layer of a Protocol Stack of an Apparatus
[0181] FIG. 16 shows a method 1600 of wireless communications by a RAN layer (e.g., a PHY layer or a MAC layer) of an apparatus, such as UE 104 of FIGS. 1 and 3, BS 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3, or a disaggregated base station discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0182] Method 1600 begins at step 1605 with obtaining, from a source application, an indication of a target. The target may be a distortion target or a perceptual metric target.
[0183] Method 1600 then proceeds to step 1610 with determining one or more channel conditions of a communications channel.
[0184] Method 1600 then proceeds to step 1615 with determining, based on the target and the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel, a function of first information to communicate on the communications channel and a number of resources of a first set of resources for communicating on the communications channel.
[0185] Method 1600 then proceeds to step 1620 with obtaining, from the source application, second information corresponding to source data.
[0186] Method 1600 then proceeds to step 1625 with transmitting, via analog transmission, the second information over a second set of resources of the communications channel that satisfy the function.
[0187] In certain aspects, transmitting the second information over the second set of resources comprises mapping the second information to the second set of resources using an ML model.
[0188] In certain aspects, the first information includes a first set of real numbers, and the function comprises a first ratio of a number of real numbers of the first set of real numbers to communicate to the number of resources for communicating. Further, the second information may include a second set of real numbers, and the second set of resources may satisfy the function based on a second ratio of a number of real numbers of the second set of real numbers to a number of resources of the second set of resources equaling the first ratio.
[0189] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes determining the second set of resources based on the first ratio and the number of real numbers of the second set of real numbers.
[0190] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources.
[0191] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes sending an indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers to the source application.
[0192] In certain aspects, the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers comprises an indication comprising the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel.
[0193] In certain aspects, the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers comprises an explicit indication comprising the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers.
[0194] In certain aspects, the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers comprises an indication comprising a source rate.
[0195] In certain aspects, step 1620 includes: determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; obtaining a plurality of candidate sets of real numbers from the source application, each of the plurality of candidate sets including a different number of real numbers; and selecting the second set of real numbers as from the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers based on the number of real numbers in the second set of real numbers.
[0196] In certain aspects, step 1620 includes: determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; obtaining a plurality of candidate sets of real numbers from the source application, each of the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers associated with a different semantic importance ranking, and each of the plurality of candidate sets comprising a different number of real numbers; and selecting the second set of real numbers as one of the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers based on the number of real numbers in the second set of real numbers.
[0197] In certain aspects, the second set of real numbers is associated with a first semantic importance ranking; and method 1600 further includes: obtaining, from the source application, an indication of a second target; determining, based on the second target and the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel, a third ratio of a number of real numbers of a third set of real numbers to communicate on the communications channel to a number of resources of a third set of resources for communicating on the communications channel; selecting a fourth set of real numbers based on the second set of real numbers and a candidate set of real numbers of the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers associated with a second semantic importance ranking with a lower ranking than the first semantic importance ranking; and transmitting, via the analog transmission, the fourth set of real numbers over a fourth set of resources of the communications channel, wherein a fourth ratio of a number of real numbers of the fourth set of real numbers to a number of resources of the fourth set of resources equals the third ratio.
[0198] In certain aspects, the second set of resources are associated with a first transmission occasion, and the fourth set of resources are associated with a second transmission occasion.
[0199] In certain aspects, step 1620 includes: obtaining a second third set of real numbers from the source application or other upper layers; determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; and selecting the second set of real numbers from the third set of real numbers based on the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers.
[0200] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes obtaining the third set of real numbers from the source application from a buffer.
[0201] In certain aspects, step 1620 includes: obtaining a third set of real numbers and a fourth set of real numbers from the source application or other upper layers; determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; and selecting the second set of real numbers from the third set of real numbers and the fourth set of real numbers based on the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers.
[0202] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes obtaining the third set of real numbers and the fourth set of real numbers from the source application from a buffer.
[0203] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio, the number of resources of the second set of resources, and a number of real numbers of a third set of real numbers comprising a semantic representation of the source data.
[0204] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes determining, based on the target and the first ratio, a transmission power for transmitting the second set of real numbers.
[0205] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes receiving, from the source application, an indication of a QoS type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via power control.
[0206] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes receiving, from the source application, an indication of a QoS type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via analog coding.
[0207] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes determining, based on receipt of the indication of the QoS type: the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; or the second set of resources based on the first ratio and the number of real numbers of the second set of real numbers.
[0208] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes receiving, from the source application, an indication of a QoS type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via at least adjustment of an indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers. In certain aspects, step 1620 includes, based on receipt of the indication of the QoS type: determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; and sending an indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers to the source application.
[0209] In certain aspects, method 1600 further includes receiving, from the source application, an indication of a QoS type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via at least adjustment of a number of candidate sets of real numbers generated by the source application, each of the candidate sets including a different number of real numbers. In certain aspects, step 1620 includes, based on receipt of the indication of the QoS type: determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; obtaining a plurality of candidate sets of real numbers from the source application; and selecting the second set of real numbers as from the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers based on the number of real numbers in the second set of real numbers.
[0210] In certain aspects, the second information corresponding to the source data comprises a semantically encoded representation of the source data.
[0211] In certain aspects, method 1600, or any aspect related to it, may be performed by an apparatus, such as communications device 1700 of FIG. 17, which includes various components operable, configured, or adapted to perform the method 1600. Communications device 1700 is described below in further detail.
[0212] Note that FIG. 16 is just one example of a method, and other methods including fewer, additional, or alternative steps are possible consistent with this disclosure.
[0213] Example Communications Devices
[0214] FIG. 17 depicts aspects of an example communications device 1700. In some aspects, communications device 1700 is a user equipment, such as UE 104 described above with respect to FIGS. 1 and 3. In some aspects, communications device 1700 is a network entity, such as BS 102 of FIGS. 1 and 3, or a disaggregated base station as discussed with respect to FIG. 2.
[0215] The communications device 1700 includes a processing system 1705 coupled to a transceiver 1775 (e.g., a transmitter and / or a receiver) and / or a network interface 1785. The transceiver 1775 is configured to transmit and receive signals for the communications device 1700 via an antenna 1780, such as the various signals as described herein. The network interface 1785 is configured to obtain and send signals for the communications device 1700 via communications link (s) , such as a backhaul link, midhaul link, and / or fronthaul link as described herein, such as with respect to FIG. 2. The processing system 1705 may be configured to perform processing functions for the communications device 1700, including processing signals received and / or to be transmitted by the communications device 1700.
[0216] The processing system 1705 includes one or more processors 1710. In various aspects, the one or more processors 1710 may be representative of one or more of receive processor 338, receive processor 358, transmit processor 320, transmit processor 364, TX MIMO processor 330, TX MIMO processor 366, controller / processor 340, and / or controller / processor 380, as described with respect to FIG. 3. The one or more processors 1710 are coupled to a computer-readable medium / memory 1740 via a bus 1770. In certain aspects, the computer-readable medium / memory 1740 is configured to store instructions (e.g., computer-executable code) that when executed by the one or more processors 1710, enable and cause the one or more processors 1710 to perform the method 1600 described with respect to FIG. 16, or any aspect related to it, including any additional steps or sub-steps described in relation to FIG. 16. Note that reference to a processor performing a function of communications device 1700 may include one or more processors performing that function of communications device 1700, such as in a distributed fashion.
[0217] In the depicted example, computer-readable medium / memory 1740 stores code for obtaining 1745, code for determining 1750, code for transmitting 1755, code for sending 1760, and code for receiving 1765. Processing of the code 1745-1765 may enable and cause the communications device 1700 to perform the method 1600 described with respect to FIG. 16, or any aspect related to it.
[0218] The one or more processors 1710 include circuitry configured to implement (e.g., execute) the code stored in the computer-readable medium / memory 1740, including circuitry for obtaining 1715, circuitry for determining 1720, circuitry for transmitting 1725, circuitry for sending 1730, and circuitry for receiving 1735. Processing with circuitry 1715-1735 may enable and cause the communications device 1700 to perform the method 1600 described with respect to FIG. 16, or any aspect related to it.
[0219] More generally, means for communicating, transmitting, sending or outputting for transmission may include: the transceivers 332, antenna (s) 334, transmit processor 320, TX MIMO processor 330, and / or controller / processor 340 of the BS 102 illustrated in FIG. 3; the transceivers 354, antenna (s) 352, transmit processor 364, TX MIMO processor 366, and / or controller / processor 380 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3; transceiver 1775 and / or antenna 1780 of the communications device 1700 in FIG. 17; and / or one or more processors 1710 of the communications device 1700 in FIG. 17. Means for communicating, receiving or obtaining may include: the transceivers 332, antenna (s) 334, receive processor 338, and / or controller / processor 340 of the BS 102 illustrated in FIG. 3; the transceivers 354, antenna (s) 352, receive processor 358, and / or controller / processor 380 of the UE 104 illustrated in FIG. 3; transceiver 1775 and / or antenna 1780 of the communications device 1700 in FIG. 17; and / or one or more processors 1704 of the communications device 1700 in FIG. 17.
[0220] Example Clauses
[0221] Implementation examples are described in the following numbered clauses:
[0222] Clause 1: A method for wireless communications by an apparatus comprising: obtaining, from a source application, an indication of a target; determining one or more channel conditions of a communications channel; determining, based on the target and the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel, a function of first information to communicate on the communications channel to a number of resources of a first set of resources for communicating on the communications channel; obtaining, from the source application, second information corresponding to source data; and transmitting, via analog transmission, the second information over a second set of resources of the communications channel that satisfy the function.
[0223] Clause 2: The method of Clause 1, wherein transmitting the second information over the second set of resources comprises mapping the second information to the second set of resources using a machine learning (ML) model.
[0224] Cause 3: The method of any one of Clauses 1-2, wherein: the first information comprises a first set of real numbers, the function comprises a first ratio of a number of real numbers of the first set of real numbers to communicate to the number of resources for communicating, the second information comprises a second set of real numbers, and the second set of resources satisfies the function based on a second ratio of a number of real numbers of the second set of real numbers to a number of resources of the second set of resources equaling the first ratio.
[0225] Clause 4: The method of Clause 3, further comprising: determining the second set of resources based on the first ratio and the number of real numbers of the second set of real numbers.
[0226] Clause 5: The method of any one of Clauses 3-4, further comprising: determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; and sending an indication of the number of real numbers to include in the secnd set of real numbers to the source application.
[0227] Clause 6: The method of Clause 5, wherein the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers comprises an indication comprising the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel.
[0228] Clause 7: The method of Clause 5, wherein the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers comprises an explicit indication comprising the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers.
[0229] Clause 8: The method of Clause 5, wherein the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers comprises an indication comprising a source rate.
[0230] Clause 9: The method of any one of Clauses 3-4, wherein obtaining the second information comprising the second set of real numbers comprises: determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; obtaining a plurality of candidate sets of real numbers from the source application, each of the plurality of candidate sets including a different number of real numbers; and selecting the second set of real numbers as from the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers based on the number of real numbers in the second set of real numbers.
[0231] Clause 10: The method of any one of Clauses 3-4, wherein obtaining the second information comprising the second set of real numbers comprises: determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; obtaining a plurality of candidate sets of real numbers from the source application, each of the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers associated with a different semantic importance ranking, and each of the plurality of candidate sets comprising a different number of real numbers; and selecting the second set of real numbers as one of the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers based on the number of real numbers in the second set of real numbers.
[0232] Clause 11: The method of Clause 10, wherein: the second set of real numbers is associated with a first semantic importance ranking; and the method further comprises: obtaining, from the source application, an indication of a second target; determining, based on the second target and the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel, a third ratio of a number of real numbers of a third set of real numbers to communicate on the communications channel to a number of resources of a third set of resources for communicating on the communications channel; selecting a fourth set of real numbers based on the second set of real numbers and a candidate set of real numbers of the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers associated with a second semantic importance ranking with a lower ranking than the first semantic importance ranking; and transmitting, via the analog transmission, the fourth set of real numbers over a fourth set of resources of the communications channel, wherein a fourth ratio of a number of real numbers of the fourth set of real numbers to a number of resources of the fourth set of resources equals the third ratio.
[0233] Clause 12: The method of Clause 11, wherein: the second set of resources are associated with a first transmission occasion, and the fourth set of resources are associated with a second transmission occasion.
[0234] Clause 13: The method of any one of Clauses 3-12, wherein obtaining the second information comprising the second set of real numbers comprises: obtaining a third set of real numbers from the source application or other upper layers; determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; and selecting the second set of real numbers from the third set of real numbers based on the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers.
[0235] Clause 14: The method of Clause 13, further comprising obtaining the third set of real numbers from the source application from a buffer.
[0236] Clause 15: The method of any one of Clauses 3-12, wherein obtaining the second information comprising the second set of real numbers comprises: obtaining a third set of real numbers and a fourth set of real numbers from the source application or other upper layers; determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; and selecting the second set of real numbers from the third set of real numbers and the fourth set of real numbers based on the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers.
[0237] Clause 16: The method of Clause 15, further comprising obtaining the third set of real numbers and the fourth set of real numbers from the source application from a buffer.
[0238] Clause 17: The method of any one of Clauses 2-16, further comprising: determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio, the number of resources of the second set of resources, and a number of real numbers of a third set of real numbers comprising a semantic representation of the source data.
[0239] Clause 18: The method of Clause 3, further comprising: determining, based on the target and the first ratio, a transmission power for transmitting the second set of real numbers.
[0240] Clause 19: The method of Clause 18, further comprising receiving, from the source application, an indication ofa QoS type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via power control.
[0241] Clause 20: The method of Clause 3, further comprising: receiving, from the source application, an indication of a QoS type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via analog coding; and determining, based on receipt of the indication of the QoS type: the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; or the second set of resources based on the first ratio and the number of real numbers of the second set of real numbers.
[0242] Clause 21: The method of Clause 3, wherein: the method further comprises receiving, from the source application, an indication of a QoS type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via at least adjustment of an indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers; obtaining the second information comprising the second set of real numbers comprises, based on receipt of the indication of the QoS type: determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; and sending an indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers to the source application.
[0243] Clause 22: The method of Clause 3, wherein: the method further comprises receiving, from the source application, an indication of a QoS type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via at least adjustment of a number of candidate sets of real numbers generated by the source application, each of the candidate sets including a different number of real numbers; and obtaining the second information comprising the second set of real numbers comprises, based on receipt of the indication of the QoS type: determining the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; obtaining a plurality of candidate sets of real numbers from the source application; and selecting the second set of real numbers as from the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers based on the number of real numbers in the second set of real numbers.
[0244] Clause 23: The method of any one of Clauses 1-22, wherein the second information corresponding to the source data comprises a semantically encoded representation of the source data.
[0245] Clause 24: The method of any one of Clauses 1-23, wherein determining the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel comprises: receiving one or more reference signals (RSs) ; and measuring the one or more RSs to determine the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel.
[0246] Clause 25: The method of any one of Clauses 1-24, wherein the target comprises a distortion target or a perceptual metric target.
[0247] Clause 26: One or more apparatuses, comprising: one or more memories (e.g., comprising executable instructions) ; and one or more processors configured to (e.g., execute the executable instructions and) cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-25.
[0248] Clause 27: One or more apparatuses, comprising means for performing a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-25.
[0249] Clause 28: One or more non-transitory computer-readable media comprising executable instructions that, when executed by one or more processors of one or more apparatuses, cause the one or more apparatuses to perform a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-25.
[0250] Clause 29: One or more computer program products embodied on one or more computer-readable storage media comprising code for performing a method in accordance with any one of clauses 1-25.
[0251] Additional Considerations
[0252] The preceding description is provided to enable any person skilled in the art to practice the various aspects described herein. The examples discussed herein are not limiting of the scope, applicability, or aspects set forth in the claims. Various modifications to these aspects will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the general principles defined herein may be applied to other aspects. For example, changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements discussed without departing from the scope of the disclosure. Various examples may omit, substitute, or add various procedures or components as appropriate. For instance, the methods described may be performed in an order different from that described, and various actions may be added, omitted, or combined. Also, features described with respect to some examples may be combined in some other examples. For example, an apparatus may be implemented or a method may be practiced using any number of the aspects set forth herein. In addition, the scope of the disclosure is intended to cover such an apparatus or method that is practiced using other structure, functionality, or structure and functionality in addition to, or other than, the various aspects of the disclosure set forth herein. It should be understood that any aspect of the disclosure disclosed herein may be embodied by one or more elements of a claim.
[0253] The various illustrative logical blocks, modules and circuits described in connection with the present disclosure may be implemented or performed with a general purpose processor, an AI processor, a digital signal processor (DSP) , an ASIC, a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or other programmable logic device (PLD) , discrete gate or transistor logic, discrete hardware components, or any combination thereof designed to perform the functions described herein. A general-purpose processor may be a microprocessor, but in the alternative, the processor may be any commercially available processor, controller, microcontroller, or state machine. A processor may also be implemented as a combination of computing devices, e.g., a combination of a DSP and a microprocessor, a plurality of microprocessors, one or more microprocessors in conjunction with a DSP core, a system on a chip (SoC) , or any other such configuration.
[0254] As used herein, a phrase referring to “at least one of” a list of items refers to any combination of those items, including single members. As an example, “at least one of: a, b, or c” is intended to cover a, b, c, a-b, a-c, b-c, and a-b-c, as well as any combination with multiples of the same element (e.g., a-a, a-a-a, a-a-b, a-a-c, a-b-b, a-c-c, b-b, b-b-b, b-b-c, c-c, and c-c-c or any other ordering of a, b, and c) .
[0255] As used herein, the term “determining” encompasses a wide variety of actions. For example, “determining” may include calculating, computing, processing, deriving, investigating, looking up (e.g., looking up in a table, a database or another data structure) , ascertaining and the like. Also, “determining” may include receiving (e.g., receiving information) , accessing (e.g., accessing data in a memory) and the like. Also, “determining” may include resolving, selecting, choosing, establishing and the like.
[0256] As used herein, “coupled to” and “coupled with” generally encompass direct coupling and indirect coupling (e.g., including intermediary coupled aspects) unless stated otherwise. For example, stating that a processor is coupled to a memory allows for a direct coupling or a coupling via an intermediary aspect, such as a bus.
[0257] The methods disclosed herein comprise one or more actions for achieving the methods. The method actions may be interchanged with one another without departing from the scope of the claims. In other words, unless a specific order of actions is specified, the order and / or use of specific actions may be modified without departing from the scope of the claims. Further, the various operations of methods described above may be performed by any suitable means capable of performing the corresponding functions. The means may include various hardware and / or software component (s) and / or module (s) , including, but not limited to a circuit, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC) , or processor.
[0258] The following claims are not intended to be limited to the aspects shown herein, but are to be accorded the full scope consistent with the language of the claims. Reference to an element in the singular is not intended to mean only one unless specifically so stated, but rather “one or more. ” The subsequent use of a definite article (e.g., “the” or “said” ) with an element (e.g., “the processor” ) is not intended to invoke a singular meaning (e.g., “only one” ) on the element unless otherwise specifically stated. For example, reference to an element (e.g., “aprocessor, ” “acontroller, ” “amemory, ” “atransceiver, ” “an antenna, ” “the processor, ” “the controller, ” “the memory, ” “the transceiver, ” “the antenna, ” etc. ) , unless otherwise specifically stated, should be understood to refer to one or more elements (e.g., “one or more processors, ” “one or more controllers, ” “one or more memories, ” “one more transceivers, ” etc. ) . The terms “set” and “group” are intended to include one or more elements, and may be used interchangeably with “one or more. ” Where reference is made to one or more elements performing functions (e.g., steps of a method) , one element may perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively perform the functions. When more than one element collectively performs the functions, each function need not be performed by each of those elements (e.g., different functions may be performed by different elements) and / or each function need not be performed in whole by only one element (e.g., different elements may perform different sub-functions of a function) . Similarly, where reference is made to one or more elements configured to cause another element (e.g., an apparatus) to perform functions, one element may be configured to cause the other element to perform all functions, or more than one element may collectively be configured to cause the other element to perform the functions. Unless specifically stated otherwise, the term “some” refers to one or more. All structural and functional equivalents to the elements of the various aspects described throughout this disclosure that are known or later come to be known to those of ordinary skill in the art are intended to be encompassed by the claims. Moreover, nothing disclosed herein is intended to be dedicated to the public regardless of whether such disclosure is explicitly recited in the claims.
Claims
1.An apparatus configured for wireless communications, comprising:one or more memories; andone or more processors configured to cause the apparatus to:obtain, from a source application, an indication of a target;determine one or more channel conditions of a communications channel;determine, based on the target and the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel, a function of first information to communicate on the communications channel and a number of resources of a first set of resources for communicating on the communications channel;obtain, from the source application, second information corresponding to source data; andtransmit, via analog transmission, the second information over a second set of resources of the communications channel that satisfy the function.2.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the target comprises a distortion target or a perceptual metric target.3.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to transmit the second information over the second set of resources, the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to map the second information to the second set of resources using a machine learning (ML) model.4.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein:the first information comprises a first set of real numbers,the function comprises a first ratio of a number of real numbers of the first set of real numbers to communicate to the number of resources for communicating,the second information comprises a second set of real numbers, andthe second set of resources satisfies the function based on a second ratio of a number of real numbers of the second set of real numbers to a number of resources of the second set of resources equaling the first ratio.5.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to:determine the second set of resources based on the first ratio and the number of real numbers of the second set of real numbers.6.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to:determine the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; andsend an indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers to the source application.7.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers comprises an indication comprising the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel.8.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers comprises an explicit indication comprising the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers.9.The apparatus of claim 6, wherein the indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers comprises an indication comprising a source rate.10.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein, to obtain the second information comprising the second set of real numbers, the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to:determine the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources;obtain a plurality of candidate sets of real numbers from the source application, each of the plurality of candidate sets including a different number of real numbers; andselect the second set of real numbers from the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers based on the number of real numbers in the second set of real numbers.11.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein, to obtain the second information comprising the second set of real numbers, the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to:determine the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources;obtain a plurality of candidate sets of real numbers from the source application, each of the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers associated with a different semantic importance ranking, and each of the plurality of candidate sets comprising a different number of real numbers; andselect the second set of real numbers as one of the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers based on the number of real numbers in the second set of real numbers.12.The apparatus of claim 11, wherein:the second set of real numbers is associated with a first semantic importance ranking; andthe one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to:obtain, from the source application, an indication of a second target;determine, based on the second target and the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel, a third ratio of a number of real numbers of a third set of real numbers to communicate on the communications channel to a number of resources of a third set of resources for communicating on the communications channel;select a fourth set of real numbers based on the second set of real numbers and a candidate set of real numbers of the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers associated with a second semantic importance ranking with a lower ranking than the first semantic importance ranking; andtransmit, via the analog transmission, the fourth set of real numbers over a fourth set of resources of the communications channel, wherein a fourth ratio of a number of real numbers of the fourth set of real numbers to a number of resources of the fourth set of resources equals the third ratio.13.The apparatus of claim 12, wherein:the second set of resources are associated with a first transmission occasion, andthe fourth set of resources are associated with a second transmission occasion.14.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein, to obtain the second information comprising the second set of real numbers, the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to:obtain a third set of real numbers from the source application or other upper layers;determine the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; andselect the second set of real numbers from the third set of real numbers based on the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers.15.The apparatus of claim 14, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to obtain the third set of real numbers from the source application from a buffer.16.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein, to obtain the second information comprising the second set of real numbers, the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to:obtain a third set of real numbers and a fourth set of real numbers from the source application or other upper layers;determine the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; andselect the second set of real numbers from the third set of real numbers and the fourth set of real numbers based on the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers.17.The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to obtain the third set of real numbers and the fourth set of real numbers from the source application from a buffer.18.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to:determine the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio, the number of resources of the second set of resources, and a number of real numbers of a third set of real numbers comprising a semantic representation of the source data.19.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to:determine, based on the target and the first ratio, a transmission power for transmitting the second set of real numbers.20.The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to receive, from the source application, an indication of a quality of service (QoS) type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via power control.21.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to:receive, from the source application, an indication of a quality of service (QoS) type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via analog coding; anddetermine, based on receipt of the indication of the QoS type:the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; orthe second set of resources based on the first ratio and the number of real numbers of the second set of real numbers.22.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein:the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to receive, from the source application, an indication of a quality of service (QoS) type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via at least adjustment of an indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers;to obtain the second information comprising the second set of real numbers, the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to, based on receipt of the indication of the QoS type:determine the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources; andsend an indication of the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers to the source application.23.The apparatus of claim 4, wherein:the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to receive, from the source application, an indication of a quality of service (QoS) type, the QoS type associated with maintaining the target via at least adjustment of a number of candidate sets of real numbers generated by the source application, each of the candidate sets including a different number of real numbers; andto obtain the second information comprising the second set of real numbers, the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to, based on receipt of the indication of the QoS type:determine the number of real numbers to include in the second set of real numbers based on the first ratio and the number of resources of the second set of resources;obtain a plurality of candidate sets of real numbers from the source application; andselect the second set of real numbers as from the plurality of candidate sets of real numbers based on the number of real numbers in the second set of real numbers.24.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the second information corresponding to the source data comprises a semantically encoded representation of the source data.25.The apparatus of claim 1, wherein to determine the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel, the one or more processors are configured to cause the apparatus to:receive one or more reference signals (RSs) ; andmeasure the one or more RSs to determine the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel.26.A method for wireless communications by an apparatus, comprising:obtaining, from a source application, an indication of a target;determining one or more channel conditions of a communications channel;determining, based on the target and the one or more channel conditions of the communications channel, a function of first information to communicate on the communications channel and a number of resources of a first set of resources for communicating on the communications channel;obtaining, from the source application, second information corresponding to source data; andtransmitting, via analog transmission, the second information over a second set of resources of the communications channel that satisfy the function.27.The method of claim 26, wherein the target comprises a distortion target or a perceptual metric target.28.The method of claim 26, wherein transmitting the second information over the second set of resources comprises mapping the second information to the second set of resources using a machine learning (ML) model.29.The method of claim 26, wherein:the first information comprises a first set of real numbers,the function comprises a first ratio of a number of real numbers of the first set of real numbers to communicate to the number of resources for communicating,the second information comprises a second set of real numbers, andthe second set of resources satisfies the function based on a second ratio of a number of real numbers of the second set of real numbers to a number of resources of the second set of resources equaling the first ratio.30.The method of claim 28, further comprising:determining the second set of resources based on the function and the number of real numbers of the second set of real numbers.
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