Method and system for non-electrolytic treatment of liquid using alternating multi-pulse embedded wave and use of the treated liquid

Abstract

The invention provides a novel waveform, particularly alternating multi-pulse embedded (AMPE) wave, and its use in treating liquid without causing anodic and cathodic reactions. The AMPE wave comprises an alternating main AC wave and at least two unidirectional DC pulses embedded in each half cycle of the main AC wave with a net root mean square voltage equals to zero. Also provided are method and system for treating liquid to produce beneficial treatment effects with the AMPE wave, as well as various applications of the AMPE wave treatment. Also provided is a use of the AMPE wave treated liquid in the preparation of an antioxidizing and / or metabolic enhancing product, which can be used in the prevention or treatment of oxidation associated and / or metabolism associated disease or disorder.

Description

[0001] Method and System for Non-Electrolytic Treatment of Liquid Using Alternating Multi-Pulse Embedded Wave and Use of the Treated Liquid

[0002] This application claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT / IB2023 / 063162 (hereinafter referred to as ‘162 application), filed on Dec 22, 2023, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] Technical Field

[0004] The invention relates broadly to a method and a system for treating water / liquid to produce beneficial treatment effects using alternating capacitive frequency-controlled electromagnetic field. Particularly, the treatment process is a non-electrolysis process elicited by an alternating multi-pulse embedded (AMPE) wave. Furthermore, the invention also relates to use of AM PE-treated water / other liquid in improving metabolic related health conditions or diseases, such as chronic kidney disease, blood cholesterol, glucose and blood pressure control and other metabolic related health conditions.

[0005] Background of the Invention

[0006] The free electron donating effect of water or aqueous liquid is one of the unique effects of water, produced when water is at its energized states especially at bond vibration excited state. This free electron donating effect and the elevated energy of the excited water has many applications including industrial and environmental emission abatement, medicine, food and beverage, fermentation, taste improvement, wellness, agriculture, algae control, corrosion control, skin care etc. However, all prior arts of producing free electron rely on the effects of DC electrolysis which inevitably involves anodic and cathodic reactions. In water DC electrolysis, water is split into H+(acidic and oxidizing) and OH- (alkaline and reducing). These acidic oxidizing anodic and alkaline reducing cathodic reactions due to the splitting of water by DC electrolysis create many undesirable reaction end-products besides the free electrons, thus limiting the wide applications and compromising many positive effects of the free electron donating function.

[0007] In general, all the prior arts as described below utilize the effect of DC electrolysis to produce free electron donating effects to different degrees. Since DC electrolysis must have anodic and cathodic reactions taking place to complete the electrolysis current loop, the undesirable anodic and cathodic by products are unavoidable.

[0008] For example, prior art PCT / IB2021 / 057255 discloses treatment of liquid beverage using a DC biased time-varying frequency pulsating electromagnetic wave. The exemplary waveform is shown in Fig. 1A. Although the time varying AC wave with imposed DC bias component could help to produce free electron in water for the electron donating effect, PCT / IB2021 / 057255 mentioned and acknowledged the production of chlorine gas and hypochlorite due to the anodic and cathodic reactions. Whereas in prior art US 2017 / 0252439 A1 which utilized the time varying AC wave without DC bias imposed, it is unable to produce free electron although it has no anodic or cathodic reaction. The waveform is shown in Fig. 1 B which is a pure AC alternating time varying frequency wave, the main characteristic of the wave is one positive and one negative pulse in each half cycle, same as the conventional AC wave except that the frequency is varying and repeated with a predetermined sweeping frequency. Such alternating wave characteristic is unable to produce any hydrated electron in water and causes no change to the water ORP (oxidation reduction potential).

[0009] This comparison confirmed that the DC electrolysis effect was used in prior art to produce free electron in water, but it is accompanied with anodic and cathodic reactions and the breaking of water molecules due to electrolysis effects. Moreover, it can be inferred that the free electron in water is mainly contributed by the DC bias effect or DC component present in every full cycle and throughout the whole waveform in PCT / IB2021 / 057255.

[0010] US Patents No. 10,858,268 and 10,807,886 specifically use the anodic and cathodic reactions of electrolysis of the DC biased time varying frequency wave to produce their results such as corrosion protection that works on the same principle as DC cathodic protection. In these prior arts, DC bias plays the role of direction precursor to guide the traveling direction of AC time varying wave in water. These two patents are silent on the antioxidizing effect of free electrons or the detection of free electrons. Instead, their purpose of using the DC bias is to produce a directional current in the water to achieve their objectives instead of for free electron donating purpose.

[0011] Prior arts US 2012 / 0175247 A1 , US 7,452,449 B2, and US 2009 / 0166218 A1 use unidirectional DC pulse electrolysis for the purpose of enhancing the anodic and cathodic reactions of DC electrolysis to improve the performance of oxygen gas (anodic reaction endproduct) or hydrogen gas (cathodic reaction end-product) productions. Also, these prior arts are not for producing hydrated electron water or are silent on producing free electron donating hydrated electron. Some exemplary DC waveforms in these prior arts are shown in Figs. 1 C- 1 D. It is important to note that such DC pulse waves are unidirectional DC pulse waves having only one DC pulse in each half cycle. The waves are either all in positive voltage or in negative voltage direction without alternating since any reversal of DC pulse direction will degrade the anodic and cathodic reactions of producing gases. In all unidirectional DC pulse waves for DC electrolysis, regardless of time varying or fixed frequency pulse wave, they all in common possess DC root mean square (rms) voltage in each full wave cycle, hence resulting in net rms DC voltage throughout the waveform.

[0012] Irrespective of DC bias voltage, DC components of AC time varying wave or unidirectional DC pulse wave, these waves all possess DC electrolysis effect including the anodic and cathodic reactions and the reaction end-products. These anodic and cathodic reactions and end products of all above prior arts are similar to those in the static DC electrolysis with fixed DC voltage and polarity, such as that shown in Fig.l E. However, when using pure static direct current only for DC electrolysis (Fig. 1 E) without any pulsating wave, there is no free electron donating effect.

[0013] For DC electrolysis to happen, it relies on the anodic and cathodic reactions to complete the current path in the circuit. A typical DC electrolysis diagram of water is illustrated in Fig. 2. The electrons of the electrolysis current from the power source can only travel in the metallic conductor but the electrons do not go into water. Instead, when electrons reach the electrode / water interface, it splits water, and produces H+, OH- ions, O2 and H2 gases at the immersed anode and cathode surface. Concurrently, these ions in water (not electron) act as current carrier in water to complete the current path in the circuit. In other words, anodic and cathodic electro-chemical reactions must take place for electrical current to flow through the circuit and water in DC electrolysis.

[0014] In all the prior arts, water is split and dissociated into H+and OH- ions by the DC electrolysis effects to produce the results as required in the prior art. Their emphasis is focusing on producing electrical current in the water instead of producing free electron in the water. The electric current in water was called “ionic current” in prior art, which completes the electric circuit current path in DC electrolysis or DC component electrolysis.

[0015] In contrast, for the purpose of producing free electron in water instead of dissociating water into H+and OH- ions as the localized production of H+and OH- ions can produce undesirable anodic and cathodic reactions and reaction end-products, it is of interest to promote “free electron current” instead of “ionic current” to complete the electric circuit current path.

[0016] However, in all the prior arts mentioned above, they are promoting either the anodic or cathodic effect instead of minimizing or eliminating it. Since the objective of the prior art is to produce anodic and cathodic effects and energizing the water instead of producing free electron, all the prior arts are silent in how to avoid producing anodic and cathodic reactions. Moreover, all of them are silent on exploring wave frequency and other wave parameters to control or eliminate the anodic or cathodic reactions.

[0017] Prior art PCT / IB2021 / 057255 suggests varying the distance between the electrode pairs for liquids having different conductivity. However, this is not practical as it requires external mechanical means to vary the spacing between electrodes in the treatment apparatus. The situation is even worse when multiple pairs of electrodes are arranged in the treatment chamber. This document in fact does not require physically changing the distance between electrodes, but only by changing the wave frequency and wave parameters.

[0018] PCT / IB2021 / 057255 further suggests using boron doped diamond electrode with the beverages having high chloride content for suppressing the production of chlorine gas and hypochlorite. This prior art has no idea to resolve the hypochlorite issue associated with anodic and cathodic reactions.

[0019] The free electron donating effect of water or aqueous liquid has various applications. In the intended industrial, commercial, and domestic applications, the liquid to be treated can be cooling water, seawater, freshwater, alcohols, beverages, etc. Hence, the liquid contains not only water, but also many inorganics and / or organic dissolved ions including H+, OH-, Cl’, SO42+, HCC>3+, CC>32+; dissolved minerals, such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+; organics include flavonoids, vitamins, acetates, etc. Due to the presence of these ions, the reactions taking place at the anode and cathode surface can cause serious undesirable effects for the intended applications. For examples,

[0020] • The high calcium ions content in the water may cause CaCOs mineral scale deposit at the cathode area due to the high pH value (high OH- ions concentration) at the cathode vicinity produced by the cathodic reaction.

[0021] • When treating high chloride content coconut water, the anodic reactions at the anode vicinity will produce chlorine gas and hypochlorite which makes the coconut water inedible.

[0022] • When treating seawater, anodic reaction may produce hypochlorite which is prohibited to discharge to the sea as hypochlorite can kill sea organisms such as coral, fish etc. If it is for seawater fish farm, the hypochlorite can kill the fish.

[0023] • When treating red wine, the alkaline vicinity of the cathode will change the color of red wine to blue color due to the anthocyanin pigment in red wine, which is red under acidic condition and is blue under alkaline condition.

[0024] • The acid produced at the anode can also cause unpleasant fermented taste to milk and some drinks. In view of the above undesirable effects in the prior art water treatment methods, there is an eager need of a treatment method capable of producing free electrons in water for imparting the free electron donating effect but not splitting water, hence eliminating the anodic and cathodic reactions. Such treatment method shall enable wider applications which do not permit anodic and cathodic reaction end-products.

[0025] In another aspect, modern sedentary lifestyle and highly processed foods and sweetened diets are main factors contributing to the sharp rise in common metabolic disorders in more people, especially the seniors. Metabolic conditions such as high cholesterol, high blood glucose and high blood pressure are no longer uncommon. They also often escalate to cases of chronic kidney diseases, cardiovascular and other diseases, particularly amongst senior citizens. The major root causes of these metabolic disorders are the free radicals / reactive oxygen species (ROS) either from endogenic metabolisms process or from external sources such as unhealthy diets, smoking, etc., and the progressively lower body metabolic energy levels due to aging or lack of physical activities.

[0026] From medical practitioners’ point of view, regular annual blood tests are perhaps the best practical approach to monitor health conditions. However, there is nothing much the medical practitioners could do until the blood tests show “failed” medical test results. Medicinal intervention is then taken as a first step to “cure” or “restoring” back to normal metabolic conditions. The role of the doctors becomes a “post health disorders rectification role”, instead of a proactive disorder preventive role. For example, when the low-density-lipoprotein LDL blood cholesterol level reaches a certain specified high level, statin drug is prescribed by the doctor as the first line of intervention to lower the blood LDL. However, accompanying the statin drug are various common side effects which could lead to other health issues to different extent. Although the doctors know well many of these metabolic disorders can be reversed back to normal by resolving the root causes which are the lifestyles and diets, they can only provide the advisory role instead of seeing through the day-to-day implementation by the people who have metabolic disorders. Moreover, if the existing health conditions of the individual have the potential risks of developing into metabolic disorders before reaching the specified “failed” category yet, it is out of the radar screening of the doctor or blood test. By the time it is shown as failed parameter in the blood test, it is already too late and developed to full metabolic disorders.

[0027] In medical teaching, oxidative stress caused by free radicals / reactive oxygen species (ROS), and aging, or physical inactivity causing low energy are the key root causes to the common metabolic disorders. In general, the non-medicinal advice provided by the health / medical professional is to increase antioxidant foods or supplement intakes to neutralize free radicals / ROS, also avoid free radicals / ROS inducing foods such as deep fried or sugary beverages etc. However, many of these antioxidant foods such as fruits / fruits juices, if taken in at large amount to meet the antioxidant requirement, due to their high glucose and fructose content, it can exacerbate or lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver or gout / high uric acid resulting from fructose metabolism. Similarly, many antioxidants supplement themselves can become free radicals after donated their electrons and if not excreted from body, may not be able to solve the oxidative stress issue.

[0028] In addition to the above antioxidant intake advice, another piece of advice by the health advisers or doctors is to elevate body calorific / enthalpic energy level by regular exercise. Regular exercise promotes various body functions and the activation of various body enzymes. A good example is exercise can activate cell energy regulating enzyme AMPK to promote glucose uptake. Yet other functions of exercise may comprise the inhibition of lipogenesis, stimulation of fatty acid oxidation hence decreases stored triglycerides, enhancement of liver LDL receptor expression resulting in the lowering of overall blood lipid / cholesterol level.

[0029] Furthermore, free radicals / oxidative stress can damage the AMPK enzymes or inhibit the expression of AMPK. Hence by increasing both the antioxidants intake and elevating body energy, the antioxidants intake can neutralize the free radicals / oxidative stress and help to restore the AMPK enzyme expression and mitigate high lipid level in blood. However, regular exercise requires lots of determination and time, moreover, exercise is an uphill task for physically immobile handicaps and seniors. Hence, although is a good piece of advice, it is a challenge to implement.

[0030] To most people who have metabolic disorders or metabolic syndrome, despite knowing the root causes of their metabolic disorders, remodeling of their lifestyles, going for regular exercise and restricting, or choice of diets or habits can all pose a great challenge to them. This can be due to tight working schedules, budgets or even self-discipline, or physical limitations. Furthermore, the food and drinks that are available to them at most food outlets or supermarkets during working hours are taste-optimized, but not health-optimized. For these reasons, limited success in controlling metabolic syndrome without medicinal intervention.

[0031] In view of the above-mentioned limitations of the diets, exercise, self-discipline, medicine and the potential side effects of medicinal intervention, it is necessary to have a product / invention that can provide the required antioxidants for neutralizing the free radicals / ROS and helping the body to acquire sufficiently free energy (even at rest) to enhance and promote various enzymes reactions such as enhance GLUT4 translocation for glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation etc., It is a preventive wellness measure to prevent metabolic disorders and especially important for physically disabled persons.

[0032] There is also a need for a product / invention that is easily implemented and adopted by the public. For easy adaptation, it must be part of their “must do” daily act that everyone can perform without inconvenience and at no extra effort. Even the physically disabled person can benefit from it without physical exercise. The ultimate objective of the product / invention is not only limited to the wellness of the people, but also to reverse and restore the existing metabolic disorders. Even for people who are under medication to control their metabolic disorders, this application invention is still applicable, complementary, and further mitigate or reverse metabolic disorders.

[0033] In all, there is an urge need for an invention / application attaining the following:

[0034] 1 ) easy to use and be part of the “must do” act of everyone;

[0035] 2) providing sufficient antioxidants or antioxidizing properties; and

[0036] 3) providing body free energy to enhance enzymatic reactions and body functions.

[0037] Within the above framework, one of the “must do” daily acts of everyone are “drinking water or other beverages in which water is the major content. Unless otherwise indicated, the term “water” used in the present description is also applicable to beverages. Since drinking water is a must for everyone, drinking functionalized water as an antioxidant and / or an energy carrier is beneficial.

[0038] Antioxidant foods or supplements use their chemical structures (such as those of fruits, foods, or supplements) to perform the electron donating antioxidizing effect with respect to the targeted receptor’s responding reaction. Using water as a carrier for donating electrons to perform the antioxidizing effect can avoid undesirable chemical structure side effects.

[0039] Water O-H and hydrogen bonds are sensitive and selectively responsive to selective range of electromagnetic waves and resulting in strong O-H bond vibrations hence elevates the entropy energy content of the water. This elevated entropy energy water when consumed, due to its strong molecular interaction, protects protein folding integrity, enhances various enzymatic reactions efficiency, improves intermolecular and ions interactions, improves capillary flow which is important to improve blood capillary flow, enhances ions active transport process, hence resulting in improvement in various metabolic syndromes also chronic kidney disease (CKD).

[0040] In summary, in view of the above needs in the art, it is eager to provide liquid (such as water) treatment methods capable of producing free electrons for imparting free electron donating effect while avoiding the formation of undesired byproducts from anodic and cathodic reaction. In addition, there is also an eager need in the art to provide effective antioxidants which is easy to use, preferably in a must-do way, to provide body free energy and promote body metabolic functions.

[0041] Summary of the Invention

[0042] The present invention has been developed to fulfill the needs noted above and therefore has a principal object of the provision of a method and system for non-electrolytic treatment of liquid using alternating multi-pulse embedded wave to produce beneficial treatment effects, such as free electron donating effect.

[0043] The objective of eliminating DC electrolysis of water yet maintaining the effect of producing free electrons in water is achieved, at least in part, by way of using a frequency controlled alternating wave with multiple unidirectional pulses in each half cycle but zero net DC component in each full cycle. Said wave of the present invention is named as Alternating Multi-Pulse Embedded (AMPE) wave. The AMPE wave is capable of creating free electrons and elevated bond vibration in water / fluid without causing anodic and cathodic reactions according to the treatment method of the invention.

[0044] The treatment effect of this invention also enables water / fluid to become long lasting hydrated free electron / bond vibration energy carrier, free electron / vibration energy storage media, maximizing the positive effects of free electron donating and bond vibration.

[0045] The method and system of the present invention uses free electrons in water to complete the circuit electric current path in water, i.e., “free electron current”, instead of ionic current in prior art DC electrolysis.

[0046] The method and system of the present invention also utilize the capacitive arrangement of electrodes together with wave frequency control, alternating wave, and wave parameters control method to achieve the free electron production effect in water without anodic and cathodic DC electrolysis reactions.

[0047] The method and system of the present invention further comprise a feedback control that combines one or more of conductivity, pH, and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) meters to auto identify the type of liquid to be treated and to monitor optimum treatment state of the liquid.

[0048] In an embodiment of the invention, it is provided a use of alternating multi-pulse embedded (AMPE) wave in treating aqueous or semi-conductive fluid, wherein the AMPE wave comprises an alternating main AC wave and at least two unidirectional DC pulses embedded in each half cycle of the main AC wave. In specific embodiments, the AMPE wave has a net root mean square voltage equals to zero. In further embodiments, a full cycle of the AMPE wave consists of a positive half cycle and a negative half cycle whose shapes are identical to each other but in the opposite voltage direction. In certain embodiments, the main AC wave and / or the embedded DC pulses are independently time varying or non-time varying. In preferred embodiments, the polarity alternating interval of the main AC wave is shorter than the overpotential polarization time of the anodic and / or cathodic reactions. In more preferred embodiments of the AMPE wave, the polarity alternating interval is in the range of 1x104second to a few seconds, and / or the number of unidirectional DC pulse in each half cycle is in the range of 2 to 1 x105pulses. According to the embodiments, the AMPE wave creates free electrons and / or elevates bond vibration of water without causing anodic and cathodic reactions. In certain applications, the AMPE wave is applied by at least one capacitive electrode pairs inside the fluid.

[0049] In another embodiment of the invention, it is provided a method for treating a liquid using AMPE wave, comprising the steps of:

[0050] - generating an AMPE wave; and

[0051] - applying the AMPE wave to the liquid in either static or flowing state, wherein the AMPE wave has the features as described above.

[0052] In specific embodiments, the method further comprises the step of identifying the type of the liquid to be treated for the determination of wave parameters of the AMPE wave to be applied. In certain embodiments, the method further comprises the step of determining wave parameters based on manual selection of the user or based on real-time online feedback measurements. In preferred embodiments, the identification of liquid type and the feedback measurements include one or more of conductivity, pH, or ORP of the liquid.

[0053] In specific embodiments, the method further comprises the step of adjusting wave parameters based on real-time online feedback measurements during the treatment. In another embodiments, the method further comprises the step of determining operation mode of the treatment of the liquid between one pass, recirculating and batch treatment.

[0054] In further embodiments, the method further comprises the step of preserving the antioxidizing ORP and energy obtained by the treatment. In yet further embodiments, the method further comprises the step of applying non-AMPE wave for incorporating desirable anodic or cathodic reactions in the treatment.

[0055] According to the embodiments, the method of AMPE treatment provides one or more of the following effects:

[0056] (1 ) generating antioxidizing free electron donating effect without the side anodic and cathodic reactions;

[0057] (2) supplementing antioxidizing metabolic energy;

[0058] (3) removing astringency mouthfeel and throat burning sensation of liquor;

[0059] (4) reducing sourness and bitterness taste of beverage;

[0060] (5) removing muddy smell of foods;

[0061] (6) improving water penetration and migration strength;

[0062] (7) accelerating extraction of nutrients;

[0063] (8) accelerating fermentation process;

[0064] (9) improving water cleaning effectiveness;

[0065] (10) producing disinfection effect;

[0066] (1 1 ) accelerating chemical reactions;

[0067] (12) providing transportable free electron donating effect;

[0068] (13) facilitating removal of ions;

[0069] (14) producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure;

[0070] (15) providing passive corrosion control of steel;

[0071] (16) producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure

[0072] (17) increasing water capillary strength and wettability; and

[0073] (18) improving body metabolism and controlling metabolic syndrome or disorders without medicinal intervention ;

[0074] (19) using the treated water as antioxidants for reducing oxidative stress;

[0075] (20) accelerating non-enzymatic chemical reactions through increasing the entropy component of the reactions;

[0076] (21 ) using entropic energy to improve metabolic syndrome conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD);

[0077] (22) improving the blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improving blood vessel flexibility and improving kidney functions;

[0078] (23) using antioxidizing plus high entropy energy water for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions;

[0079] (24) accelerate the bacteria growth rate by enhancing the bacteria enzymatic metabolic reactions; and

[0080] (25) facilitating removal of pollutant gases at the water / gas interface by providing the electron donating effects and entropy energy component to accelerate and enhance the CO2 conversions reactions without elevated temperature.

[0081] In an embodiment of the invention, it is provided a system for treating a liquid using AMPE wave, comprising: a capacitive treatment chamber comprising capacitor electrodes arranged therein and a capacitive treatment chamber housing containing the liquid to be treated, a wave parameter controller / selector for selecting the wave parameters based on manual selection of the user or based on real-time online feedback measurement, a wave producing power switching generator, a power source for supplying AC and / or DC voltages, and a feedback controller for providing the real-time online feedback measurement of conductivity, pH, ORP of the liquid, wherein the AMPE wave has the features as described above.

[0082] It is a yet further object of the invention to provide a method for quantifying the antioxidizing free electron donating entropy energy reference to distilled water which has a natural state ORP of +375 mV, named as AMPE calculation method.

[0083] In an embodiment of the invention, it is provided a method for quantifying the antioxidizing free electron donating entropy energy of a liquid relative to distilled water comprises the steps of:

[0084] -measuring ORP potential (EORP) of the liquid vs Ag / AgCI reference cell; and

[0085] -calculating the energy according to the following equation

[0086] AG = -nF(EORp - (+375 mV)) wherein n is 1 , and Fis the Faraday constant.

[0087] The present invention achieves the objective of not splitting the water, yet being able to produce the free electrons in water hence eliminating the anodic and cathodic reactions. This enables wider applications of water treatment method, including applications which do not permitted anodic and cathodic reaction end-products such as treatment of seawater, coconut water, salt containing solution, wine, whisky, milk, cooling water, etc.

[0088] In some aspects of the present application, also provided is the use of the AMPE treated liquid in the preparation of a product for maintaining, improving or restoring health in a subject, such as by improving metabolic conditions of the subject. In some embodiments, the product can be used in the prevention or treatment of metabolic syndrome conditions; the prevention or treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD); the improvement of blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improve blood vessel flexibility and improve kidney functions; for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions. In some embodiments, the product can be used in the prevention or treatment of, such as, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), skin disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); and liver diseases.

[0089] In some embodiments of the present application, also provided is a method for maintaining, improving or restoring health in a subject, such as by improving metabolic conditions of the subject, which comprises a step of administering a sufficient amount of the AMPE treated liquid of the present application to the subject. In some embodiments, the method can be used in the prevention or treatment of metabolic syndrome conditions; the prevention or treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD); the improvement of blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improve blood vessel flexibility and improve kidney functions; for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions. In some embodiments, the method can be used in the prevention or treatment of, such as, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), skin disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); and liver diseases, if they are contributed by metabolic dysfunctions.

[0090] In some embodiments of the present application, also provided is AMPE treated liquid of the present application for maintaining, improving or restoring health in a subject, such as by improving metabolic conditions of the subject. In some embodiments, the AMPE treated liquid is for the prevention or treatment of metabolic syndrome conditions; the prevention or treatment of chronic kidney disease (CKD); the improvement of blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improve blood vessel flexibility and improve kidney functions; for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions. In some embodiments, the AMPE treated liquid is for the prevention or treatment of, such as, neurodegenerative diseases, chronic inflammatory diseases, chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), skin disorders, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); and liver diseases, if they are contributed by metabolic dysfunctions.

[0091] Not intended to be limited by the theories, since all human body metabolic process rely heavily on capillary blood vessels migration effect in exchanging the nutrients, O2, CO2 and waste, and all major organs are densely nested with the capillary to perform their functions, the enhanced capillary action therefore has a strong effect in producing better metabolic organ functions hence reducing all the metabolic related disease. In addition, oxidative stress caused by free radicals / reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ageing, or physical inactivity causing low energy are the key root causes to the common metabolic disorders. The AMPE treated liquid of the present application can be functioned as an antioxidant, has higher water vibrational energy after treatment, and capable of improving capillary blood vessel migration. The combined effects result in good control in reducing blood lipid cholesterol, blood glucose, high blood pressure and most importantly, it can also help to improve kidney filtration function which is normally considered as irreversible disease.

[0092] The objects, characteristics, advantages and technical effects of the invention will be further elaborated in the following description of the concepts and structures of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings illustrate the invention by way of examples without limitation to the invention in any manner.

[0093] Brief Description of the Drawings

[0094] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers represent like parts throughout the various views.

[0095] Figs. 1 A-1 E show exemplary waveforms used in prior art treatment methods.

[0096] Fig. 2 shows a typical DC electrolysis diagram of water.

[0097] Fig. 3 shows well-known Lewis base species with highlights of pair electron donors from electrolyzed alkaline water.

[0098] Figs. 4A-4D show examples of the AMPE waveform of the present invention. Fig. 5 shows a Pourbaix diagram of chlorine species in an aqueous system.

[0099] Fig. 6 shows a schematic diagram of the overpotential effect on an electrode surface.

[0100] Fig. 7 shows variation of O-H bond vibration in FTIR spectrum of water before and after the AMPE wave treatment.

[0101] Fig. 8 shows a typical layout of the system for AMPE wave treatment of the invention.

[0102] Fig. 9 shows an exemplary layout of the wave producing power switching generator for producing the AMPE wave.

[0103] Figs. 10A-1 OC show test results of using AMPE wave treated water on a human subject.

[0104] Fig. 11 shows capillary strength comparison between untreated and AMPE wave treated water.

[0105] Fig. 12 shows skin hydration test using face mask immersed in AMPE treated water.

[0106] Fig. 13 shows the test results of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for HHC without medication.

[0107] Fig. 14 shows the test results of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for SHS without medication

[0108] Fig. 15 shows the test results of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for PGC without medication.

[0109] Fig. 16 shows the test results of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for TLK with statin medication. Fig. 17 shows the test results of the blood glucose monitoring for HHC without medication.

[0110] Fig. 18 shows the test results of the blood glucose monitoring for KS without medication.

[0111] Fig. 19 shows the test results of the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) monitoring for HHC without medication.

[0112] Fig. 20 shows the classification of the CDK using GFR and ACR categories.

[0113] Fig. 21 shows the test results of the CKD monitoring for TLK without medication.

[0114] Fig. 22 shows the test results of the CKD monitoring for STT without medication.

[0115] Fig. 23 shows the test results of the CKD monitoring for YTY with medication.

[0116] Fig. 24 shows the test results of the blood pressure monitoring for KS without medication.

[0117] Fig. 25 shows the test results of tumor marker monitoring for TLK.

[0118] Fig. 26 shows the test results of tumor marker monitoring for HHC.

[0119] Fig. 27 shows the test results of tumor marker monitoring for SHS.

[0120] Detailed Description of Embodiments

[0121] While this invention is illustrated and described in preferred embodiments, the method and system of the invention may be carried out in many different configurations, sizes, forms and materials.

[0122] In the context of the present invention, terms “water”, “fluid”, “liquid”, “aqueous fluid” and “aqueous liquid” may be used interchangeably, and in general refers to the liquid to be treated by the method and system of the invention. It shall be understood that the term “water” refers to a liquid or solution that comprises water as one of the major components, thus “water” shall not be construed as being the pure substance (pure H2O in liquid state) unless otherwise specified.

[0123] Free electron and pair electron donating effect

[0124] Hydrated free electron in water allows water to perform antioxidizing function to neutralize strong oxidizing agents such as free radicals and many reactive oxygen species (ROS) which can only be neutralized by free electron donating antioxidant. Free electron donating water exhibits more negative reductive potential compared with non-energized natural state water. Natural water has no free electron.

[0125] Antioxidant can be free electron donor, or pair electron donors etc. However, only free electrons can neutralize the free electron snatching free radicals and most of the ROS especially in human body, but not the pair electron donors.

[0126] There are many water treatment products in the market, such as electrolyzed alkaline water which is (comprises) pair electron donor instead of free electron donor although they are collectively called as antioxidant or antioxidizing water. Alkaline pair electron donor antioxidant cannot neutralize free electron snatching free radicals. More particular, alkaline water is Lewis base pair electron donor antioxidant. It reacts preferentially with Lewis acid HCL and is neutralized in stomach. It has no more antioxidant effect when enters the blood stream.

[0127] For clarity, the following explains that not all antioxidants are free electron donating antioxidants. This is to avoid confusion of the present invention with the static DC electrolysis methods of producing alkaline water, hydrogen water, etc. Although alkaline water and hydrogen water are all claimed to be antioxidants, they are in fact pair electron donating antioxidants, not free electron donors. Static DC electrolysis cannot produce free electrons in water.

[0128] Water containing pair electron donors such as hydroxyl ions, dissolved hydrogen gas, or Lewis base water cannot donate “free electron”, although they all show reductive property as compared with untreated natural water when measured by Oxidation Reduction Potential (ORP) meter with Ag / AgCI reference cell or other reference cells. This is due to the ORP meter cannot differentiate between free electron and pair electrons.

[0129] The free electron donating effect and capacity is however detectable and measurable by test methods such as TAPEC (Total Antioxidant Potential & Energy Capacity) for determining the antioxidant capacity of a liquid or beverage (US patent application No. US 18 / 090,679, the content of which is hereby incorporated in its entirety by way of reference), or other methods such as ORAC (Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) test method developed for solid foods and beverages by US Department of Agriculture (USDA) Beltsville Human Nutrition Research Centre; both methods can detect the free electron antioxidants. In tests such as TAPEC, the standard test oxidant used can only be neutralized by “free electron” but not the “pair electron”. The free electron donating performance of the test fluid to neutralize the standard test oxidant is first confirmed by the neutralization titration method in the TAPEC test. After confirming the test fluid has the free electron effect, the antioxidant capacity scalar comparative value (also called “TAPEC value”) of the test fluid is then quantified by the ratio of its titrated volume with the titrated volume of the standard vitamin C (ascorbic acid) using the same volumetric neutralization titration method. By assigning a standard scalar value for vitamin C, the comparative scalar value of the test antioxidants tied to vitamin C can then be obtained.

[0130] Although electrolyzed hydroxyl ions alkaline water and hydrogen gas dissolved electrolyzed water all show negative ORP potential shift, i.e. antioxidizing from the perspective of ORP reading, they have zero TAPEC value as shown in the following TAPEC test results according to the above-mentioned TAPEC method.

[0131] Table 1 TAPEC test results for common beverages

[0132] The results indicate that the electrolyzed alkaline water are all pair electron donors instead of free electron donors. The pair electron characteristic of hydroxyl ions, hydrogen gas and Lewis base alkaline water are well-established chemistry knowledge and described in chemistry textbooks and numerous websites, such as those listed in Fig. 3 which include the above-mentioned Lewis base species.

[0133] In addition to the antioxidizing effect, the concurrent elevation of bond vibration energy of the energized water gives the treated water much wider applications. For example, all the enzymatic reactions in the human body and living organisms are free energy driven. Under the body constant temperature homeostasis effect (no change in enthalpy energy), the water encapsulated enzyme performance can be greatly improved if water entropy energy is elevated. Elevated bond vibration energy increases the entropy energy hence also increases the total free energy supply to the chemical reactions yet without increasing heat (enthalpy) energy. This enables many reactions which require high energy to take place without increasing temperature. Hence also shifting Gibbs free energy to more negative makes it easier for chemical reaction to process yet without increasing heat or temperature. This enables many reactions which require more negative Gibbs free energy to take place without increasing temperature.

[0134] Capacitive Frequency-Controlled Alternating Multi-Pulse Embedded Wave

[0135] The AMPE waveform of the invention comprises multiple unidirectional DC pulses in each positive or negative half cycle of the wave. After each half cycle, the direction of all the multiple unidirectional DC pulses is alternated to the opposite direction. There is rms DC voltage for each half positive or negative cycle of the wave, but zero rms DC voltage for each complete cycle consisted of one positive and one negative half cycle.

[0136] This invention uses the positive or negative half cycle unidirectional multiple DC pulses voltage to produce free electrons in water, yet the direction is alternated after each half cycle to avoid the undesirable anodic and cathodic reaction.

[0137] As compared to prior art waveform which has rms DC voltage in every full cycle and throughout the whole waveform, the DC bias by multiple DC pulses in each positive half cycle is cancelled by the negative half cycle in present invention, hence there is zero DC bias in every positive-negative full cycle to prevent or mitigate the adverse effect of the anodic and cathodic reactions.

[0138] The timing for each half cycle is programmed and timed not to exceed the full polarization time for anodic or cathodic reactions to take place, hence the anodic and cathodic reactions by products. It is important to note that some of the polarization time can be so short that it is impractical to be controlled by external reverse polarity switching especially for high current, and only using wave alternating frequency program control is possible.

[0139] The waveform of the present invention further distinguishes from prior art which used the DC bias / DC components or DC pulses to perform DC electrolysis effect and caused the anodic and cathodic reactions to produce the reaction end-products or “ionic current” in water in that frequency control is used to regulate the occurrence of anodic and cathodic reactions.

[0140] In specific embodiments, the wave can be non-time varying such as shown in Figs. 4A- 4B, or time varying such as shown in Figs. 4C-4D.

[0141] In general, for producing the hydrated electrons in water / solution while minimizing or eliminating the anodic and cathodic reactions, the AMPE wave of this invention has one or more of the following characteristics:

[0142] 1 ) The AMPE wave is a pulsating wave.

[0143] 2) The wave can comprise DC pulse, AC pulse, DC biased AC pulses, or other pulsating spike waves with or without time varying.

[0144] 3) The AMPE wave comprises an alternating main AC wave and multiple embedded unidirectional DC pulses.

[0145] 4) The form of AC wave and / or DC pulses can be sine wave, triangular wave, square wave, sawtooth wave, or other mixed waveforms.

[0146] 5) The main wave is positive and negative alternated wave which can be time 1 varying or non-time varying. In specific embodiments, the main wave can be alternated at a specific alternating frequency (fa) (i.e. fixed frequency, non-time varying), or can have a sweeping frequency (i.e. time varying) with a defined sweeping cycle and frequency range.

[0147] 6) In each half cycle of the main AC wave, there is embedded at least two unidirectional DC pulses, and the voltage of each pulse in each half cycle can be the same or different.

[0148] 7) Pulses in each half cycle can be of a uniform pulse form, irregular pulse form, time varying pulse form or other forms. Moreover, the pulses in the corresponding second half cycle shall be identical to the first half cycle but in the opposite voltage direction.

[0149] 8) The embedded DC pulses can also be time varying or non-time varying, i.e. having its own fixed frequency (frn) and / or sweeping frequency (fe) and frequency range with a sweeping cycle equal to or less than the half cycle of the main wave.

[0150] 9) In this invention, the parameters fa, frn, fs are as follows for treating water and water solutions:

[0151] • fa can be in the range of 0.1 Hz to 10 kHz, which corresponds to a positive and negative alternating interval in the range of 1 x104second to a few seconds.

[0152] • frn can be in the range of 1 Hz to 109Hz, which corresponds to a number of unidirectional DC pulse in each half cycle of the main wave of 2 to 1 x105pulses, with the multiple unidirectional DC pulses being time varying or non-time varying.

[0153] • fs can be in the range of 10-2to 103Hz for the time varying DC pulses.

[0154] For other fluids such as hydrocarbon, alcohol, organic or inorganic liquids, the parameters fa, frn, fs can be adjusted to optimize the treatment performance.

[0155] 10) The net root mean square (rms) voltage for each full cycle of the AMPE wave is equal to zero. That is, the rms voltage of the positive first half cycle is cancelled by the rms voltage of the negative second half cycle with equal magnitude but opposite polarity.

[0156] Fig. 4 illustrates several examples of the AMPE waveform of this invention. For ease of demonstration, square waveform is adopted for both the AC wave and the DC pulses in the figures.

[0157] Figs. 4A and 4B each provides an exemplary AMPE waveform in which both the AC wave and the DC pulses are non-time varying. As shown in the figures, each half cycle of the main AC wave comprises 5 DC pulses. According to the present invention, the half cycle DC bias is defined as the average of the maximum DC magnitude and the minimum DC magnitude in a half cycle; and the positive / negative overall DC bias is half of the half cycle DC bias, in view only half of the waveform is in the positive / negative voltage region.

[0158] Fig. 4C illustrates another exemplary AMPE waveform in which the AC wave is non-time varying and the DC pulses are time varying. In each half cycle of the main AC wave, the frequency / m of the DC pulse is increasing, and the sweeping cycle is equal to the half cycle of the main wave, i.e. the sweeping frequency fe is twice of the alternating frequency fa of the main wave although the voltage direction is reversed between each sweeping cycle.

[0159] Fig. 4D illustrates yet another exemplary AMPE waveform in which both the AC wave and the DC pulses are time varying. More specifically, the frequency of the DC pulses remains constant in a full cycle of the AC wave, but varies between consecutive full AC cycles. As shown in Fig. 4D, each half cycle of the main AC wave comprises 5 DC pulses. Accordingly, when the frequency of the AC wave increases in the sweeping frequency cycle, frequency of the DC pulses also increases proportionally.

[0160] It is understood that the AMPE waveform of the invention may also be embodied as other forms, such as having different number of DC pulses between full cycles, having different duty cycle by pulse width modulation (PWM) for providing different rms voltage without changing the external voltage supply, etc. In addition, in Fig. 4 the DC pulses were embedded at 50% duty cycle, thus the rms voltage of a half cycle is equal to the half cycle DC bias mentioned above. The rms voltage can be adjusted by varying the duty cycle of the DC pulses.

[0161] The principle and concept of capacitive frequency control of AMPE wave

[0162] In this invention, the free electron in water is produced in water without anodic and cathodic reactions through wave frequency / parameters control. It uses the effect of high frequency wave field to lower the loop impedance to produce electron flow between the capacitive electrode pair without anodic and cathodic reactions. This requires the semi- conductive media such as water which permit the electron flows at high frequency directly between the two capacitive electrodes pair instead of relying on ions to perform the electric current conduction role in water.

[0163] In particular, the invention utilizes wave frequency and the electrodes capacitive arrangement to lower the electrode to electrolyte potential to prevent anodic and cathodic reactions. With high wave frequency and closely spaced electrode arrangement, the two electrodes are no longer behaving as a resistive pair. Instead, the electrodes become a capacitive pair thus reducing the electrode to electrolyte potential by high wave frequency.

[0164] Using wave frequency to prevent or control anodic and cathodic reactions on electrode surface and vicinity

[0165] In this Capacitive Frequency Control AMPE wave invention, in order to use frequency to control circuit impedance, the circuit must change to the concept of capacitive circuit. Accordingly, the electrodes must be placed very closely apart of one or few millimeters distance and using water or aqueous solution as dielectric semiconductive media to form into capacitor electrodes pair. When the electrode pair becomes capacitance load instead of resistive load, the whole circuit impedance is largely determined by the capacitance load of the electrode instead of resistive load.

[0166] When the electrodes are acting as capacitors, the capacitive impedance is controlled by the frequency of the wave passing through the dielectric between the capacitance plates. The capacitance and the impedance of the electrode pair is according to the following equation (1 ).

[0167] Zc= 1 / (2nfc) (1 )

[0168] Net current flow in the circuit (exclude other resistance such as cable resistance in the circuit) is according to the following equation (2)

[0169] I = V / Zc(2) wherein Zcis impedance, c is capacitance, and f is wave frequency.

[0170] Based on the above equations (1 ) and (2), by increasing the wave frequency f, the capacitive impedance Zcin equation (1 ) will be reduced, hence increasing the circuit current I in equation (2) with the same applied voltage, or decreasing the voltage yet being able to maintain the same current.

[0171] Clearly, when the capacitive electrode pair impedance is reduced, the capacitive electrode half-cell voltage or “electrode to electrolyte” impedance will be reduced greatly without altering the external supply voltage. This enables more efficient production of free electrons in water since all energy supplied are channeled to free electron production instead of producing the anodic and cathodic reactions.

[0172] The most important outcome of the reduced half-cell voltage using frequency control method is preventing or minimizing the electrode anodic and cathodic reactions. As the current is conducted through the water media without the precondition of breaking down water molecules to generate H+and OH- ions as in the case of DC, DC pulse, or DC biased time varying wave electrolysis, it enables electrons to flow through the dielectric media between the electrode capacitance plates and produces hydrated electrons in water with no undesirable anodic and cathodic reactions.

[0173] Essentially, the wave frequency control of this invention is to achieve electron flow in water without electrolysis.

[0174] Anodic / cathodic reaction and electrode half-cell potential control Fig. 5 is a Pourbaix diagram of an aqueous system with a total chlorine species concentration of 0.5 M, which shows the electrode half-cell potential required to produce the anodic reactions and its reaction end-products at different pH. By regulating the frequency of the wave of this invention, the net electrode half-cell potential at a specific pH can be reduced to be lower than the stipulated potential required to produce certain end reaction product as shown in Fig. 5, so as to avoid the anodic reactions.

[0175] For example, to avoid anodic reactions to produce O2 at pH 7, the electrode half-cell potential can be lowered to below approximately 0.8 volt by increasing the wave frequency, yet still allowing electron to conduct through water to produce hydrated electron. In view no oxygen will be generated, it can resolve many oxidative disadvantages when treating the liquid or beverages. Similarly, the undesirable HOCI, OCI", CI2 production can be avoided if the electrode half-cell potential at different pH is reduced by increasing the wave frequency.

[0176] Using Alternating pulsed wave to take advantage of overpotential polarization time

[0177] In addition to the frequency control of wave to produce hydrated electron while minimizing anodic and cathodic reactions, the waveform of this invention is alternating. That is, the positive and negative pulses are alternating at a specific interval. In conventional alternating waveforms, each half cycle of the wave consists of only one pulse, and the pulse direction is alternated to the opposite voltage direction in the next half cycle. However, such conventional alternating pulsed wave cannot produce free electron donating water, such as mentioned in the prior art US 2017 / 0252439 A1 .

[0178] This invention utilizes the time lag period required to produce the overpotential polarization and alternates the polarities before reaching the full polarized overpotential. With the multiple unidirectional pulses in each half cycle within the polarization time lag, the AMPE waveform is possible to produce hydrated electrons in water. The undesirable anodic and cathodic reaction effects is therefore avoided without compromising the free electron donating water production.

[0179] The potential / pH graph as shown in the Pourbaix diagram of Fig. 5 for the anodic and cathodic reaction voltage is based on the calculation of theoretical equilibrium reaction values. In actual practice, the electrode surface reactions need time to build up or fully polarize the electrode surface to overcome the overpotential before the anodic and cathodic reaction can take place. This overpotential effect is shown in Fig. 6, which is due to the existence of electric double layer and gas bubbles at the electrode surface. Therefore, this invention takes advantage of this overpotential polarization time delay by reversing the polarity before the overpotential can be fully build up, hence avoiding the occurrences of anodic and cathodic reactions.

[0180] Taking advantage of this overpotential building up period together with the frequency control, hydrated electron is produced in water without producing the chemical anodic and cathodic reactions at the electrode surface.

[0181] This invention utilizes this short period of overpotential building up time. The AMPE waveform maintains at the same polarity with multiple pulses during this short overpotential build up time and alternates the polarity just before the overpotential is fully polarized. Once the polarity is reversed, the electrodes will be depolarized, and it takes time again to repolarize the electrode. The polarity alternating time can be in the order of milli second to less than a second, which is not achievable by external relay switching especially when high current is involved.

[0182] Using multiple unidirectional pulses per half cycle to produce free electrons

[0183] In this invention, this alternating polarity is done by programming the waveform such that multiple unidirectional DC pulses are in each half cycle instead of a single pulse. Within a full cycle, DC pulsed wave or DC embedded alternating time varying wave will have multiple positive pulses in one half cycle and equal number of negative pulses in the other half cycle, with the positive net rms voltage equals to the negative net rms voltage. However, the duration of each half cycle must not exceed the time before the overpotential is fully built up.

[0184] In prior art electrolysis with constant DC voltage, DC pulses and DC biased AC wave, the DC current, DC pulses or DC components are in either positive or negative voltage direction without alternating the polarity for causing the breaking up of water molecules and for improving the oxygen and hydrogen gas production. If the voltage polarity is reversed before full polarization to overcome the overpotential, there will be no gas production. Oxygen and hydrogen gas can only be generated when the electrode to electrolyte half potential is higher than the overpotential. If the polarity is reversed, the electrode will be depolarized and it will take an even longer time for the electrode to repolarize. The effect of one DC pulse will be cancelled by the subsequent pulse in the reversed polarity, as the rms voltage of each cycle is zeroed. If there is only one positive and one negative pulse in each full cycle, no hydrated electron will be produced in water. ORP of the treated water cannot show any negative shift and no TAPEC antioxidant value can be measured, such as such in the prior art US 2017 / 0252439 A1. Accordingly, reversing / alternating the polarity is counterproductive for prior art DC electrolysis practice. In this AMPE wave invention, more than one DC pulse or DC component is embedded in each half cycle instead of just one DC pulse in each half cycle regardless of with or without time varying frequency. The beneficial effect of DC pulses to produce free electron can therefore be retained by embedding multiple DC pulses in the half cycle of the wave. With multiple pulse in each half cycle which duration is controlled by the alternating frequency, the time is sufficient to produce the hydrated electron effect yet able to avoid anodic and cathodic reactions. With such wave alternating frequency plus the main wave frequency control as mentioned above, hydrated electrons can be produced in water. The alternating frequency is determined by monitoring the electrode to electrolyte half potential and set in the program such that it will not produce the undesirable anodic or cathodic reactions and no scaling is produced on the electrode plate.

[0185] AMPE wave treatment simultaneously produces hydrated free electrons, elevated antioxidizing and bond vibration entropy energy

[0186] The AMPE wave of this invention is effective in elevating the entropy energy of treated water, which is represented by the more efficient negative ORP shift and the larger peak variation of FTIR spectrograph O-H stretching and O-H scissoring. This is due to less energy is wasted in producing the anodic and cathodic reactions.

[0187] The total Gibbs free energy (G) of water has two constituent energy components - the thermal Enthalpy energy ( / - / ), and the non-thermal Entropy energy (E) which is closely related to the vibration state of the molecular bonds. The defining equation of Gibbs free energy can be written as the following equation (3):

[0188] AG° = AH0- TAS0(3) wherein T is absolute temperature.

[0189] When polar molecules, polar bonds, hydrogen bonds and other charged ions of water or other fluids are exposed to the alternating AMPE wave treatment of the invention, O-H bonds stretching vibration and scissoring vibration are energized and agitated greatly, thus the O- H bonds vibrate vigorously. Similarly, many other bonds and ions in the water are energized in the same way. All these increase in vibration activities is represented in the larger peak fluctuation magnitude of the O-H stretching and O-H scissoring vibration absorption peaks in the FTIR spectrum as shown in Fig. 7. Such elevation of vibration increases the water entropy energy, hence increases the Gibbs free energy. Elevated entropy energy of water can perform many useful functions without increasing water temperature. This proved that the AMPE wave is able to energize and increase water bond vibration and entropy energy of water, solutions, or fluids containing polar molecules, polar bonds, hydrogen bonds and other charged ions. More detailed analysis can be found in such as Example 24 of the present application.

[0190] AM PE wave treatment uses the capacitive frequency and alternating wave polarity to eliminate undesirable scaling issues

[0191] The most common scaling issues in water system is calcium carbonate precipitation. It is a persistence issue for any high hardness water especially when involving electrolytic process, heat or high alkaline water. For example, scaling at the cathode in DC electrolysis and the scaling at the heating surface are common scaling issues.

[0192] This AMPE waveform and its control parameters can resolve the scaling issues.

[0193] Scaling in water system is due to many factors and the scaling tendency of water can be predicted by the LSI (Langelier saturation Index) which is determined by the pH, calcium hardness, total dissolved solid, alkalinity, and temperature. In LSI calculation, temperature is used as the input parameter of thermal energy. However, to be technically more precise, the LSI should base on total free energy which drives the whole reaction instead of just the thermic temperature enthalpy energy only. That is, by increasing the entropy energy of water bond vibration, it can also achieve the same result as using high temperature since both enthalpy and entropy energy are the components of the total free energy.

[0194] Although the invention does not directly manipulate the calcium hardness and dissolved solid content level, pH and free energy can be controlled and changed by the AMPE wave, thus the invention controls scaling via pH and free energy (entropy energy) control.

[0195] With the invention treatment, it can control scaling due to high pH by minimizing or eliminate the alkaline cathode reaction. This is by way of increasing the frequency of the alternating pulsed wave to lower the electrode to electrolyte half-cell potential hence preventing cathode reaction taking place. This is achieved without breaking up the H2O but also creates free electrons in water.

[0196] Without breaking up H2O, no localized accumulation of alkaline hydroxyl OH- ions takes place at the cathode, which in turn eliminates the high alkaline pH caused by OH- ions at the cathode. The increase of the LSI index at cathode that causes calcium carbonate precipitation is thus minimized. Therefore, the invention resolves the scaling issue at the cathode surface.

[0197] This invention can also control or prevent scaling at high temperature surface. For example, the LSI at high temperature heating surface of hardness water system may reach 4. Under such high LSI condition, calcium carbonate scale will form on heated surface. However, with this invention treatment, it increases the entire bulk water free energy (entropy energy). This entropy energy replaces the heat enthalpy energy in LSI computation. As such the entire bulk water LSI index is elevated instead of only at the heated surface. And that boosted calcium and carbonate ions in water to form calcium carbonate in bulk water as fine crystals instead of at the localized heating surface. Once the calcium is precipitated out as calcium carbonates in bulk water, it will not form and stick at heating surface, hence controlling scaling at the heated surface.

[0198] Quantifying free electron donating antioxidizing energy

[0199] When water is treated by AMPE wave of the invention, it produces hydrated free electrons in water and shifts the oxidation reduction potential (ORP) of treated water to more negative level. The elevated antioxidizing potential energy relative to an oxidant (electron acceptor) can be calculated from the following bio-electrochemistry equation (4) derived from Nernst’s equation. This is also the utilizable potential energy of the treated water / solutions by the electron acceptor.

[0200] AG - nFEcell=- / iF EoRPelectron donor EoRPelectron acceptor,) (4)

[0201] Wherein n is the total number of electrons loss or gained in the REDOX cell reaction; F is the Faraday constant; AG is the Gibbs free energy changed; Eceii is the cell potential; EoRPeiectron donor and HoRPeiectron acceptor are the respective ORP of the donor or acceptor measured with respect to a same reference, e.g. Ag / AgCI reference cell.

[0202] In present invention, the free electron donating antioxidizing energy AG is calculated with respect to water in a completely neutralized state. The completely neutralized state of water means that any antioxidant and oxidant in water are mutually neutralized with each other, that is to say, the water has no free electron donating effect. The ORP potential of neutralized water is + 375 mV vs Ag / AgCI reference cell. Accordingly, the value of + 375 mV vs Ag / AgCI reference cell is used as EoRPeiectron acceptor in equation (4) for calculating the AMPE energy AG of any given liquid.

[0203] The treatment of the invention can increase the free electron donating antioxidizing energy AG of water and beverages. It is understood that for a liquid or beverage which has intrinsic antioxidant capacity, such as tea or coffee, its free electron donating antioxidizing energy AG is not zero before the treatment of the invention and can also be calculated according to the equation (4). Moreover, the increase in the free electron donating antioxidizing energy AG can be simply calculated by measuring the increase of EORP of the liquid before and after the AMPE wave treatment. Apparatus of the invention

[0204] Fig. 8 illustrates a typical layout of the apparatus and system to produce the AMPE wave of the invention for the treatment of liquid to produce the desirable effects.

[0205] The treatment system of the invention comprises a capacitive treatment chamber, a wave parameter controller / selector, a wave producing power switching generator, a power source, and a feedback controller.

[0206] In the embodiment of the invention, the capacitive treatment chamber comprises capacitor electrodes and a capacitive treatment chamber housing, as well as inlet, outlet and recirculating fluid channels.

[0207] The capacitor electrodes can be in the form of concentric cylinders, parallel plates or other different geometrical shapes which are equally spaced between electrode pairs with alternate polarity between adjacent electrodes. The space between adjacent electrodes is arranged to be closely apart such that they function as a capacitor. For example, the distance between electrode pairs can be less than 10 mm, preferably less than 6 mm. The cylinders or plates can be made of solid metal sheets, mesh, grids, or other configurations.

[0208] The material of the capacitor electrodes can be any conductive material, preferably a conductive material with good wet corrosion resistance property such as magnetite, 316L stainless steel, graphite, titanium, gold, etc. The material can also be inert conductive material coated metal substrates such as platinized titanium / niobium, conductive metal oxide coated titanium, etc.

[0209] The capacitive treatment chamber housing can be made of wet corrosion resistance metal such as stainless steel, or other non-conductive materials such as UPVC, PPR, PE, HDPE etc. Alternatively, the metal housing can be lined with non-conductive materials, such as Teflon lined mild steel. The overall shape of the chamber housing accommodates the shape of the capacitor electrodes. For example, the chamber housing can be a cylinder when the electrodes are concentric cylinders, whereas the chamber housing can be cuboid when the electrodes are parallel plates.

[0210] In present invention, the liquid to be treated flows between the capacitor electrodes, thus functions as the dielectric media of the capacitor. Typically, there is no restriction on the liquid to be treated. For example, the dielectric media include fluids of low conductivity, such as distilled water having conductivity of few nS / cm, and also fluids of high conductivity, such as seawater, salty soup, wine or some juices with conductivity as high as 100 mS / cm.

[0211] In the capacitive treatment chamber, flow direction of the liquid to be treated is generally in parallel flowing through the annular space or parallel space between the electrode pairs. Perpendicular flow can be accommodated if the electrodes are perforated or in mesh / grids form whereby the liquid can flow through the electrode pairs, preferably multiple passes. Furthermore, the operation mode can be one pass, recirculating or batch treatment, depending upon how the inlet, outlet, and the recirculation channel are connected.

[0212] In the embodiment of the invention, there are two major components built in the treatment system to produce different AMPE waveforms for different applications. These two components are “wave parameter controller / selector” and the “wave producing power switching generator”. The wave parameter controller / selector is programmed to control and select the correct wave parameters for producing the wave by the wave producing power switching generator.

[0213] The wave parameter controller / selector can select the wave parameters based on manual selection of the user or based on real-time online feedback measurement to choose the most appropriate wave parameters. The feedback can be measured conductivity, pH, or ORP of the liquid, and also the measured electrode potential / voltage. The wave parameters include those discussed above for the AMPE wave, such as the rms voltage for each positive and negative half cycles, wave form (square wave, sine wave, etc.), time varying behavior and frequencies fa, / m, fe of the wave. With different wave parameters input, the AMPE wave can be alternating wave with multiple DC pulses in a half cycle, alternating AC pulses or DC biased pulses wave. The key parameters of the waveform can also be varied according to application requirement and the various online feedback from the treatment loop.

[0214] Depending on the application requirements, different AMPE waves of different wave parameters programs can be pre-stored in the wave parameter controller / selector. The controller / selector can choose a specific program either by manual selection or based on the real-time feedback input to choose the best suited program for the wave power switching generator to produce the correct required wave.

[0215] In the embodiment of the invention, the treatment system comprises a power source which uses AC power source to rectify to DC power or uses a direct DC supply such as dry battery or wet battery of either the rechargeable or non-rechargeable type. The DC power supply will power both the “wave parameters controller selector” and “AMPE wave producing power switching generator”.

[0216] The wave producing power switching generator is demonstrated in an exemplary layout as shown in Fig. 9. As illustrated, the wave producing power switching generator comprises two major components namely the microcontroller unit (MCU) and the MOSFET. With the selected wave parameter input, the MCU will generate the waveform and send to the MOSFET to do the switching and amplifying to full wave output to send to the electrode / load.

[0217] The feedback controller of the treatment system of the invention provides the real-time online feedback input for the wave parameter controller / selector. The feedback controller measures conductivity, pH, ORP of the liquid and the electrode voltages. Any conventional conductivity, pH, ORP meter / probe can be incorporated into the system to measure the liquid inside the treatment chamber. For the ORP measurement, different reference cells can be used to suit the type of fluids to be treated and ease of use, such as Ag / AgCI, Cu / CuSO4, SCE, or other suitable reference cells.

[0218] Furthermore, in certain embodiments for non-food & beverage application, the feedback controller may further include corrosion rate measurement, ion concentration measurement, gas content analyzer, heat transfer measurement, bacteria count test, etc. The relevant parameters will also be input into the wave parameter controller / selector for the wave parameters determination procedures.

[0219] In further embodiment of the invention, the treatment system may comprise a cooling means for cooling down the liquid, and / or a stirrer for homogenization of the liquid, each of which can be mounted in the treatment chamber.

[0220] It is understandable that the apparatus and system using AMPE wave for the treatment of liquid is not restricted to the above embodiments. Prior art water treatment systems comprising the capacitive electrodes can also be adapted to carry out the method of the present invention with properly incorporated AMPE waves.

[0221] Method of the invention

[0222] The invention provides a method using the AMPE wave for the treatment of liquid to produce beneficial treatment effects, such as free electron donating effect. The method can be operated with the system of the invention according to the following procedures.

[0223] In one embodiment, the method comprises the steps of generating an AMPE wave, and applying the AMPE wave to a liquid in either static or flowing state. The AMPE wave can have the characteristics as defined hereinabove.

[0224] In some embodiment, the method comprises the step of identifying the types of liquid or beverage to be treated so as to determine the wave parameters of the AMPE wave to be applied.

[0225] In food & beverage (F&B) applications, to treat different types of drinks, the types of drink can be firstly identified by combining the measured electrical conductivity, ORP and pH. Different groups of drink have their characterized electrical conductivity, ORP, and pH. By the combination of conductivity, pH and ORP, the types of drink can be easily identified. Some exemplary conductivity, ORP and pH values are listed in Table 2 below (a + / - allowance can be given to each beverage for measurement error and accuracy).

[0226] In another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of determining wave parameters based on manual selection of the user or based on real-time online feedback measurements. For example, the feedback measurements include one or more of conductivity, pH, or ORP of the liquid, electrode voltage, temperature, corrosion rate, ion concentration, gas content, bacteria count, etc. In yet another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of adjusting wave parameters based on real-time online feedback measurements during the treatment.

[0227] For different application of the treatment method of the invention, different wave parameters of the AMPE waves are required to be determined and applied to the liquid. The wave parameters can either be pre-determined based on the subject liquid, or be determined in real-time based on the feedback measurements.

[0228] In the approach of pre-determining the optimum wave parameters for different drinks, the aspects such taste, antioxidant content and exclusion of undesirable side effect shall be taken into consideration.

[0229] For example, drinks such as whisky, wine or coffee can be treated by different sets of wave parameters and tasted and evaluated separately by drinks sommelier. Moreover, antioxidizing free electron donating capacity shall be determined by the TAPEC test to confirm the drinks have the required free electrons antioxidant content after treatment. For some drinks which end products from anodic or cathodic reactions are unacceptable and must be avoided, the wave parameters such as the frequency must be chosen accordingly to not produce such undesirable effect. The test procedure can be series of orthogonal tests or series of iterative tests for determine the various wave parameters, including the types of waves, main wave frequency, number of pulses per half cycle, alternating frequency, sweeping frequency etc. and total duration for treating different beverages.

[0230] With the confirmation of the desirable taste by the sommelier and the satisfactory TAPEC value and no undesirable side effect, the set of wave parameters used for treatments during this testing session can be programmed or pre-stored into the wave parameter controller / selector of the treatment system as the best wave parameter for different types of specific drinks. In actual application, the optimum wave parameters can be retrieved from the selector based on the type of liquid or beverage as identified in the previous step of the method according to the combined ORP, conductivity and the pH readings, or based on manual input of the user.

[0231] For example, to treat red wine (Cabernet sauvignon), the objective is to inactive acetobacter bacteria, to produce antioxidizing TAPEC value and to enhance taste of the wine. With the chosen parameters, the following desirable treatment effects shall be achieved.

[0232] 1 ) pH of the wine change is negligible indicating the anodic and cathodic reactions are controlled.

[0233] 2) No bubbles or blue coloration at capacitor plates indicating no undesirable alkaline cathodic reaction has taken place. 3) The ORP shifted from +130 mV to -250 mV indicating antioxidizing effect and confirmed antioxidizing effect is produced by the treatment.

[0234] 4) FTIR curve showed a larger O-H stretching and scissoring vibration peak variation.

[0235] Confirming the entropy energy has increased. Based on the Nernst equation calculation taking the healthy human body blood ORP of +120mV according to above equation (4), the potential antioxidizing metabolic energy in kcal can be calculated.

[0236] 5) Astringency is almost instantly removed in 20 second, which is similar to astringency reduction by 5 to 10 years of ageing effect. This proved the polymerization of tannin monomers has taken place, similar to the ageing effect in oak drum.

[0237] 6) The wine after treatment stored in refrigerator will last for at least 2 months indicating the acetobacter bacteria are inactivated.

[0238] On the other hand, the treatment method is not confined to only F&B applications. For other types of applications, the wave parameters are determined according to different application objectives.

[0239] For example, in non-F&B applications such as for steel passivation application by producing magnetite passivation layer on steel surfaces, the TAPEC test may not be necessary. Instead, magnetite forming visual observations, steel to electrolyte potential measurement, ferrous ions (Fe2+) concentration and instantaneous corrosion rate measured by corrosion meter shall be included to confirm whether the wave parameters so chosen are producing the desirable treatment outcome.

[0240] Furthermore, in cooling water treatment applications, scaling, corrosion rate, bacteria counts are the important factors to be considered. It is therefore necessary to add in scale thickness assessment, heat transfer measurement, energy consumption rate, corrosion rate measurement, bacteria count test into wave parameters determination procedures.

[0241] Once the treatment outcome is desirable and the required effects are confirmed, the corresponding wave parameters can be input into the selector as baseline database for selection in further treatment process.

[0242] In still another embodiment, the method also comprises the step of determining operation mode of the treatment of the liquid between one pass, recirculating and batch treatment.

[0243] In present invention, the AMPE wave treatment can be performed for one pass treatment, recirculating treatment, or batch treatment. The basic treatment principle is the same except that treatment power capacity are sized differently to suit different treatments.

[0244] To make AMPE wave useful in most non-F&B applications, it is important that the energy of the AMPE wave treatment effect is controllable such that it can be charged, stored, and released. One of the uniqueness of the AMPE wave treated vibrational entropy energy is storable in the media such as water. The elevated vibration and electron donating state can be maintained and stored in the media if they are properly isolated by energy isolating materials to prevent or minimize the energy drain such as using insulating materials with perfect sealing to prevent exchange of energy / chemicals with the surrounding including atmospheric gases. This can preserve the energy and antioxidizing effect over a long period of time such as days or months.

[0245] However, when the situation requires the stored energy to be released at the point of use or application, such energy insulation can just be removed allowing it to interact with the other substances which require such energy, free electrons, or pair electrons.

[0246] For example, it is very beneficial when this AMPE wave treatment is installed inline at the household incoming water pipeline for one pass applications. After the AMPE wave treatment, the whole household will be able to use the antioxidizing free electron donating water for shower, drinking etc. supplying the antioxidants needed by our body to fight free radicals, anti-inflammation effect etc. This makes the water not only safe but also healthier. It should be understood that the term “one pass” shall be construed as the treated water is not recycled after use, and is not limited to the situation that the liquid flows only once between the capacitive electrodes.

[0247] Alternatively, the water treatment can be repeated in certain applications for recharging the entropy energy. In some industrial applications such as the recirculating cooling water system, it requires recharging the AMPE wave energy after the treated media released its energy. This can be achieved by installing AMPE wave treatment system in the media recirculating path / pipe / cooling tower basin, which is most preferable for the applications in which the recirculating media is recycled in normal operation. It recharges the water, allowing it to dissipate the energy after charging and recharge again when the media is recirculated back to the AMPE wave treatment location.

[0248] Furthermore, the treatment can be a batch treatment in which the liquid stays in the treatment chamber for a treatment duration and then discharged from the treatment chamber for direct use or for storage purposes. The treatment duration can be adjusted according to the actual application together with other wave parameters.

[0249] In certain embodiment, the method comprises the step of preserving the antioxidizing ORP and energy obtained by the treatment.

[0250] To preserve the free electron donating effect of the treated beverage over its shelf life, the most obvious approach is by perfect sealing of the bottle to prevent contact with the external oxidizing agent or gases. Airtight bottle sealing cap can prevent the ingression of external air / oxygen into the bottle hence preserving the shelf life of the treated beverages.

[0251] Bottle material is important in preserving ORP. Only glass, non-porous plastic or other non-porous material may effectively block air infiltrate into the bottle. For example, although PET is a non-metallic material, PET bottle cannot preserve ORP as it is not dense enough to prevent the infiltration of air.

[0252] ORP of AM PE wave treated beverage if frozen will last as long as the beverage remains in solid icy state.

[0253] For cold pressed juices without any preservative and wine, the AMPE wave treatment process can be regarded as a cold pasteurization process will disinfect bacteria such as acetobacter. The treatment could prevent the wine or fruit juices becoming acidic or fermenting spontaneously.

[0254] In an alternative embodiment, the method comprises the step of applying non-AMPE wave for incorporating desirable anodic or cathodic reactions in the treatment.

[0255] In some applications, the anodic or cathodic reactions can be desirable. With the wave frequency / parameters control of the invention, in situation when anodic or cathodic reaction is required or preferred, either throughout the whole process or during part of the process, the desirable anodic or cathodic reaction can also be produced by adjusting the wave frequency and / or other wave parameters. For example, the wave frequency and alternating frequency can be lowered to promote the anodic or cathodic reactions at suitable time slots or throughout the entire treatment time.

[0256] For example, if the treatment is used for producing butter milk from milk, the frequency of the wave can be lowered to promote the anodic acidic reactions to oxidize and acidify the milk to butter milk. Butter milk command a premium price in many developing countries. This AMPE wave method with anodic reaction promotion can replace the conventional acid addition process. The process is faster, and the butter milk thus produced has better fragrance and taste.

[0257] Moreover, the wave frequency control, alternating wave frequency and capacitive electrode arrangement of the invention can also be applied on different type of waveforms including DC pulses, DC biased AC pulses, other spiked pulses, with or without time varying, in order to generate free electron and / or anodic / cathodic reaction during treatment.

[0258] Application and beneficial effect of the invention

[0259] With the above AMPE wave properties, especially the avoidance of the undesirable anodic and cathodic reactions end-products, and the storage / transport / release / recharge arrangement, it can be applied in many industrial, medical, healthcare, agricultural, domestic, environmental, cosmetics applications, etc.

[0260] An aspect of the present application provides AMPE wave treated liquid as described in the present application, as well as a product comprising the AMPE wave treated liquid.

[0261] In particular, the present application provides a product comprising the AMPE treated liquid disclosed herein, wherein the product is an antioxidizing and / or metabolic enhancing and / or entropy energy supplying product. Due to the function of the product, it can be broadly used in one or more of the following applications:

[0262] (1 ) generating antioxidizing free electron donating effect without the side anodic and cathodic reactions;

[0263] (2) supplementing antioxidizing metabolic energy;

[0264] (3) removing astringency mouthfeel and throat burning sensation of liquor;

[0265] (4) reducing sourness and bitterness taste of beverage;

[0266] (5) removing muddy smell of foods;

[0267] (6) improving water penetration and migration strength;

[0268] (7) accelerating extraction of nutrients;

[0269] (8) accelerating fermentation process;

[0270] (9) improving water cleaning effectiveness;

[0271] (10) producing disinfection effect;

[0272] (1 1 ) accelerating chemical reactions;

[0273] (12) providing transportable free electron donating effect;

[0274] (13) facilitating removal of ions;

[0275] (14) producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure;

[0276] (15) providing passive corrosion control of steel;

[0277] (16) producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure

[0278] (17) increasing water capillary strength and wettability; and

[0279] (18) improving body metabolism and controlling metabolic syndrome or disorders without medicinal intervention ;

[0280] (19) using the treated water as antioxidants for reducing oxidative stress;

[0281] (20) accelerating non-enzymatic chemical reactions through increasing the entropy component of the reactions;

[0282] (21 ) using entropic energy to improve metabolic syndrome conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD); (22) improving the blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improving blood vessel flexibility and improving kidney functions;

[0283] (23) using antioxidizing plus high entropy energy water for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions;

[0284] (24) accelerate the bacteria growth rate by enhancing the bacteria enzymatic metabolic reactions; and

[0285] (25) facilitating removal of pollutant gases at the water / gas interface by providing the electron donating effects and entropy energy component to accelerate and enhance the CO2 conversions reactions without elevated temperature.

[0286] Among others, it is quite surprising that the AMPE wave treated liquid and product comprising the same can be used in the prevention or treatment of oxidation associated and / or metabolism associated disease or disorder. Another aspect of the present application relates to the use of the AMPE wave treated liquid as described herein in the preparation of one or more compositions or product for antioxidation, enhancing metabolism and / or supplying entropy energy, and thus for example for the prevention or treatment of oxidation associated and / or metabolism associated disease or disorder. Another aspect of the present application relates to AMPE wave treated liquid and product comprising the same for the prevention or treatment of oxidation associated and / or metabolism associated disease or disorder.

[0287] In some embodiments, the oxidation stress associated and / or metabolism associated disease or disorder is one or more selected from the group consisting of but not limited to hyperglycemia, diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia hyperosmolar syndrome, hypertension, hyperlipemia, high cholesterol, hyperpurinemia, Gout, protein-energy malnutrition, osteoporosis, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

[0288] For the compositions or products of the present application, the delivery can be optionally through drinking, oral administration, irrigation, soaking, spraying, or leaching. If necessary, the composition or product may also be prepared in a form suitable for parenteral administration, such as intramuscular, intravenous, intraarterial, intraperitoneal, intravesical, intravitreal or subcutaneous administration; or through oral administration, intranasal administration, inhaled administration, vaginal administration, or rectal administration. A person skilled in the art could make conventional selection to the form of the product.

[0289] The product may also comprise one or more other components as long as those components do not affect the antioxidation, metabolic enhancing and / or entropy energy supplying function. The formulations may also include one or more buffers, stabilizing agents, emulsifiers, suspending agents, preservatives, antioxidants, processing aids, colorants, sweeteners, perfuming agents, flavoring agents, diluents and other known additives to provide an elegant presentation of the product or aid in the manufacturing or storing of the product.

[0290] The product can be applied to a subject in need of the prevention or treatment. The subject can be a living animal, for example a human, a non-human mammalian, such as a primate, a livestock, a pet and so on.

[0291] The dosage at which the compositions or product of the present application can be administered can vary within wide limits and will be fitted to the individual requirements in each case. For example, if the liquid is in the form of drinkable water, it can be used to replace part or whole drinking water that a subject need.

[0292] In addition, the product of the present application can also be a kit which may comprise one or more equipment or elements for generating, controlling, adjusting, monitoring, delivering, applying AMPE wave so as to produce the AMPE wave treated liquid freshly, and preferably immediately before use.

[0293] In another aspect, any of the products and / or kits described herein can further include instructions for use of the AMPE wave treated liquid. That is, the product or kit can include a description of use of the AMPE wave treated liquid or composition in any method described herein. A "kit," as used herein, typically defines a package, assembly, or container (such as an insulated container) including one or more of the components or embodiments of the application, and / or other components associated with the application, for example, as previously described. Any of the antes or components of the kit may be provided in liquid form (e.g., in solution), or in solid form (e.g., a dried powder, frozen, etc.).

[0294] In some cases, the kit includes one or more components, which may be within the same or in two or more receptacles, and / or in any combination thereof. The receptacle is able to contain a liquid, and non-limiting examples include bottles, vials, jars, tubes, flasks, beakers, or the like. In some cases, the receptacle is spill-proof (when closed, liquid cannot exit the receptacle, regardless of orientation of the receptacle), preferably airtight and sterile.

[0295] In additional embodiments, a kit can include instructions or instructions to a website or other source in any form that are provided for using the kit in connection with the components and / or methods described herein. For instance, the instructions may include instructions for the use, modification, mixing, diluting, preserving, assembly, storage, packaging, and / or preparation of the components and / or other components associated with the kit. In some cases, the instructions may also include instructions for the delivery of the components, for example, for shipping or storage at room temperature, sub-zero temperatures, cryogenic temperatures, etc. The instructions may be provided in any form that is useful to the user of the kit, such as written or oral (e.g., telephonic), digital, optical, visual (e.g., videotape, DVD, etc.) and / or electronic communications (including Internet or web-based communications), provided in any manner.

[0296] Exemplary embodiments

[0297] The present application provides the following particular embodiments:

[0298] Examples

[0299] The following examples are some illustrative applications of the AMPE wave treatment method and system of the invention and the beneficial effect obtainable by the treatment. The applications cited are non-exhaustive and can be extended to many other applications based on the same or similar application principle. That is, the following examples are set forth so as to provide those of ordinary skill in the art with a complete disclosure and description of how to make and use the present invention and are not intended to limit the scope of what the inventors regard as their invention nor are they intended to represent that the experiments below are all or the only experiments performed.

[0300] Efforts have been made to ensure accuracy with respect to numbers used (e.g., amounts, temperature, etc.) but some experimental errors and deviations should be accounted for. Unless indicated otherwise, parts are parts by weight, molecular weight is weight average molecular weight, temperature is in degrees Celsius, and pressure is at or near atmospheric.

[0301] Example 1. AMPE wave treatment provides antioxidizing free electron donating effect without the side anodic and cathodic undesirable end-product

[0302] Without the side anodic and cathodic undesirable end-product, and together with the antioxidizing free electron donating effect, the AMPE wave treatment can be applied to convert water, beverages, juices, even alcoholic drinks from oxidizing to antioxidizing or use as antioxidants after treatment. Antioxidants has many benefits including anti-inflammation application, antioxidizing skin care topical applications, antioxidizing swimming pool and spas. Health or medical care products require antioxidants’ free radicals neutralizing beneficial effects yet must be free of the oxidants or oxidizing effect produced from the anodic reactions.

[0303] Free electron donating effect of the treated water has many health care benefits same as antioxidizing functioning principle as Vitamin C, E or glutathione which are all functioning by donating free electron to neutralize the free radicals in our body. The antioxidant effects include anti-inflammation, mitigate oxidation of LDL cholesterol, slow ageing etc. Example 2. AMPE wave treatment supplements antioxidizinq metabolic energy

[0304] The increase in total free energy of AMPE wave treated water or beverage can supplement metabolic energy for human body. The treated water or beverage with free electron donating effect has a more negative ORP potential than blood or metabolic water produced by the cell end metabolic reaction. Hence after consumed and absorbed into the blood stream from intestine wall, by the potential difference, AMPE wave treated water or beverage will donate electron to blood stream, supplementing the cell metabolism (metabolic energy supplementing). The increase in antioxidizing metabolic energy can be quantified by the above equation (4) for quantifying free electron donating antioxidizing energy.

[0305] In all the cell metabolism processes, essentially foods are broken down into simplest biomolecules of amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose. Glucose and Fatty acids can be converted into energy in the cell through the Krebs cycle / beta-oxidation and subsequently in the mitochondria membrane electron transport chain. In the Krebs cycle, acetyl CoA undergoes many processes to donate electrons to convert the electron carrier NAD from NAD+form into NADH. NADH which is then transported to the mitochondria to release electron to mitochondria wall membrane for electron transport chain (ETC) to produce energy by converting ADP to ATP. NADH is then reversing itself back to NAD+after donated the electron and goes back to Krebs cycle to pick up electron to form NADH again for further electron conversion cycle. At the mitochondria wall electron transport chain, the donated electron from NADH converts the oxygen and H+into water and releases energy. In the whole metabolism process, the main activity is about producing electrons from food and allowing it to go through series of reactions to produce energy. When hydrated free electron rich water is consumed and entered blood stream to reach the cells, due to the hydrated free electron water has much more negative ORP (electron donating) than blood ORP and also more negative than the water product at the end of electron transport chain at mitochondria membrane, the free electron from the treated water can therefore donate and supplement the electron supply to the NAD+to NADH converting process, helping the ETC and entire metabolism to become more efficient, and boosting the metabolism process.

[0306] The supplementary potential metabolic energy from the treated drink of this invention to our human body cell can be quantified by the following equation, which is derived from above equation (5) in which the electron donor is the beverage and the electron acceptor is the cell metabolic water having OPR of +375 mV vs Ag / AgCI reference.

[0307] AG - nF(EoRPbeverage EoRPceW metabolic water) (5) Accordingly, the supplementary metabolic energy of the treated drinks can be tested and computed based on their ORP readings and TAPEC readings. Some exemplary energy value of different beverages before and after the AMPE wave treatment are listed in Table 3.

[0308] Table 3. Antioxidizing metabolic energy of different drinks before and after the AMPE wave treatment

[0309] The synergy effect of AMPE energy and antioxidizing effect of the treated drink has a strong effect in fighting inflammation and improving rejuvenation of skin due to high body metabolic energy supplementing the anabolic skin repair process. Figs. 10A-10B show test results of a human subject kept consuming AMPE wave treated water and using AMPE wave treated water for washing his face and hand for three weeks. As can be seen from the pictures before and after the tests, the skin condition clearly improved and the rough skin peel became smooth; the subject also reported amelioration of finger joint arthritis. Fig. 10 C shows the results of using AMPE wave treated pure water as eye drops for itchy and irritated eyes. The eye condition was fully recovered after 22 minutes after using AMPE wave treated water.

[0310] Example 3. AMPE wave treatment removes undesirable astringencv mouthfeel of red wine without changing the wine coloration

[0311] AMPE wave can also be used to mitigate the undesirable taste and mouth feel of alcohol beverages without causing color change in wine. During and after treatment, the alcohol content in wine does not change.

[0312] In prior art treatments, anodic and cathodic reactions caused by DC has detrimental effect to wine astringency treatment. Although DC pulse and DC bias pulse treatment can reduce the astringency feeling, the anodic oxidation will accelerate the wine pH to become more acidic. The alkaline cathodic reaction also causes blue coloration to red wine. The reason is that the coloration pigment (anthocyanin) in red wine is red in acidic pH, but at the cathode vicinity, where pH is alkaline, anthocyanin will change to blue color. The blue coloration and changes in pH is unacceptable to red wine drinker.

[0313] AMPE wave treatment will not produce the alkaline or acidic effect to the wine, thus the change in pH and blue coloration issue will not happen and making it perfect for red wine drinkers.

[0314] Astringency mouth feels of wine, tea, fruit juices etc. are due to the reaction of tannin monomers and saliva protein forming a coating on mouth lining that gives the rough and coarse mouth astringency feels. AMPE waves accelerate polymerization of tannin monomers, also its reaction with proteins in the beverage. Once tannins are polymerized, no further reaction with the saliva protein will occur hence no more astringency feels. The polymerization by AMPE wave treatment can take place in seconds instead of years when aged in oak cask.

[0315] Example 4. AMPE wave treatment removes throat burning sensation of liquor

[0316] Throat burning sensation of young high alcohol content beverage is related to the VR- 1 hot temperature receptor at throat lining which sends a hot temperature signal to the brain when in contact with the alcohol molecules. This neural response gives the burning sensation. Conventionally, with decades of ageing in oak cask, alcohol monomers will be polymerized into larger alcohol clusters, higher order alcohols or polymerized into large cluster with water and flavonoid. Once polymerized into large clusters, VR-1 cannot sense the small alcohol monomers hence no burning throat sensation.

[0317] AMPE wave can polymerize the alcohol monomers in minutes instead of decades in oat cask, which upgrades the alcohol beverage almost instantaneously. Furthermore, since there is no side acidic or alkaline reaction in the AMPE wave treatment, it will not produce sour smell or taste and compromise the quality of the whisky or liquor.

[0318] Particularly, AMPE wave can smoothen the throat burning sensation of the bottled whisky or further age the bottled whisky. Although it is well recognized by the distillers, google search information and whisky drinkers that the burning sensation or smoothness of the whisky cannot be further improved once bottled, this AMPE wave treatment proves the conventional practices wrong.

[0319] Based on a test in which experienced whisky drinkers tasted the same bottle of whisky before and after the AMPE wave treatment, none participant can tell the before (throat burning) and after (smooth) whisky are from the same bottle.

[0320] Example 5. AMPE wave treatment of liquid with high chloride content The AMPE wave can be used to shift the ORP of high chloride content solution such as coconut water to more antioxidizing without producing the chlorine gas.

[0321] The DC pulse or DC biased AC time varying wave cannot be used for treating coconut water or salt containing soup or beverages. This is due to the harmful hypochlorite will be generated by the anodic reactions of the DC component.

[0322] Alternating AMPE wave treatment can overcome this issue by avoiding the anodic reaction without producing the hypochlorite. In high chloride content solution, DC electrolysis effect due to the DC bias or DC component produces the chlorine gas at the anode and the subsequent hypochlorite end-product making it unsuitable for consumption after treatment. However, for chlorine to form at the anode surface, there is a time lag to build up the overpotential for the chlorine gas to form at the anode surface. In AMPE wave treatment, the wave parameters such as the pulses in each half cycle and polarity reversal frequency can be adjusted to high frequency, such that the momentary anodic time effect on the electrode surface is so short that before chloride ions can form into chlorine gas at the anode surface, the DC pulses of the AMPE wave already switched over into the opposite polarity in the subsequent half cycle. This prevents the formation of the chlorine gas / hypochlorite, yet the other advantages of DC pulse wave effects in producing the hydrated electrons can be maintained.

[0323] This is particularly useful for treating coconut water to antioxidizing without chlorine gas generation. Also, for other high chloride content beverages, salty soup, or broth production process without producing chlorine gas or hypochlorite due to the salt content.

[0324] Example 6. AMPE wave treatment minimizes undesirable taste in beverages for reducing sugar addition

[0325] Sugars especially corn syrups are the main cause to many chronic diseases such as diabetes, fatty liver etc.

[0326] Many countries already tightened the rules to control the amount of sugar addition to drinks and foods, and some countries impose sugar tax to control sugar addition.

[0327] One of the major reasons of excessive addition of sugar is to suppress the undesirable taste in the drinks such as sourness, bitterness, or astringency. Some of the sourness may be produced by the anodic reactions due to the DC components in prior art treatments.

[0328] With AMPE wave treatment of the invention, there is no increase in sourness, yet the astringency and bitterness can be minimized by the treatment. In addition, the vigorous vibration of the beverage molecular bonds increases the taste bud sensitivity and taste signal transmission. The overall AMPE wave treatment result is that less sugar is required to suppress the astringency and bitterness. For example, in AMPE wave treated black teas, even when the sugar content is reduced by 50% as compared to non-treated tea, the taste and sweetness of the black tea remains the same. This makes the tea healthier and solving the F&B sugar tax issues.

[0329] In particular, fructose which is the major high content in corn syrups and almost all packaged fruit juices, is one of the main causes to Non-alcoholic fatty liver and high uric acid / gout issues. Fructose cannot be metabolized by normal cells to produce energy, instead liver takes fructose similar as alcohol to detox it. In the detox process, fructose is converted to glyceraldehyde in liver and further to lipogenesis process through enzyme SREBP-1 c lipogenesis action to produce fat. Too much fat accumulation causes the fatty liver issue. In this whole liver detox process, large amount of metabolic energy is required. The ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) energy carrier instead of converting to ADP (diphosphate) is converted to AMP (monophosphate) to release more energy to produce the required metabolic energy, but the AMP will further degrade to produce the uric acid. Too much uric acid in blood will then cause the gout issue. Medical research found that using the electron donating effect of antioxidant (electron donor) can suppress the SREBP-1c enzyme lipogenesis, hence the electron donating antioxidizing effect of the AMPE treated water / beverages or juices could help to minimize the lipogenesis fatty liver issue. Moreover, the high antioxidizing metabolic energy of the AMPE treatment can also supplement the metabolic energy to liver to perform the detox process by helping to convert ATP to ADP instead of to AMP to minimize the uric acid and the subsequence potential gout issues.

[0330] Example 7. AMPE wave treatment removes earthy / muddy smells in foods

[0331] Many high nutrition plant-based foods have undesirable muddy smell / taste originated from the plants such as beet root, making the foods unpleasant to eat although nutritious. This muddy smell is contributed by the compound geosmin.

[0332] This defect can be overcome by immersing the muddy smell foods in the AMPE wave treatment water bath. The AMPE wave treatment can polymerize the geosmin monomers into large polymers which cannot be picked up by taste buds or smell sensor, so as to mitigate or eradicate the muddy smell.

[0333] Geosmin is also present in many fish, foods & beverages including some wines, and water sources. However, any oxidizing by-products from the anodic reactions in prior art treatment can degrade the freshness of the fish, fruits, or foods. In AMPE wave treatment without anodic reaction, the freshness of food will not be compromised.

[0334] Example 8. AM PE wave treatment improves water penetration / migration strength for cosmetic applications

[0335] Water penetration / migration strength can be improved in AMPE wave treated water. Facial treatment applications will find good use of the highly active penetration property of the AMPE wave treated water. Good water penetration improves skin hydration or moisture greatly. Good skin moisture content act as barrier to protect the skin and it is one of the major factors in ensuring skin in good condition.

[0336] The increase in capillary strength of AMPE wave treated water as compared to control is demonstrated in Fig. 11 . Fine gap for capillary test is formed by using two thin glass sheets clamped by magnet and then immersed in treated and untreated water for comparison. It can be seen that water climbing speed is much faster in AMPE wave treated water as compared to untreated water.

[0337] The improvement in water penetration strength is further demonstrated in the skin hydration test shown in Fig. 12. In the test, dehydrated face mask after immersion in AMPE treated water is applied on a subject for 15 mins. The skin condition before and after the face mask application is measured by a skin meter, which provides results of whiteness, hydration, oiliness and elasticity of the skin. The test is performed on three different subjects. As can be seen in the results, the skin hydration and elasticity property increased significantly after using AMPE treated face mask for 15 minutes.

[0338] Example 9. AMPE wave treatment accelerates extraction of nutrients

[0339] When substances such as meats, plants, fruits etc. are immersed in the AMPE treated water, especially when the immersed substances are subjected directly to high strength AMPE pulsating field, animal or plant cell membrane can be permeated through or broken up resulting in better extraction of nutrients from the substances. This is useful in F&B process in producing juices, cold brew tea / coffer, broth / stock also for taste / flavor enhancement. Even without other direct treatment, the high penetration effect of the treated water also has strong penetration effect in extracting nutrient out from meat, or plant base food.

[0340] Without the anodic and cathodic reaction, AMPE wave is also able to treat salty broth or soup without the concern of chlorine evolution or hypochlorite formation. Yet the advantage is the extraction can take place within seconds or minutes depending on soup conductivity and giving a tastier and healthier soup. Comparing with pressure cooker or other thermal process, the nutrient can be better preserved as no prolong heating or high temperature to destroy the nutrient. With better extraction of nutrient, soup tastier and better soup will do away the MSG addition of enhancing food flavor which is an important improvement to healthier food.

[0341] Example 10. AMPE wave treatment accelerates fermentation process

[0342] In fermentation process such as converting glucose to alcohol and further to acid, the dehydrogenase enzyme of the yeast utilizes the chemical energy from glucose’s glycolysis process to perform the fermentation conversion process. AMPE wave treatment can accelerate the entire conversion from starch to alcohol further to acetic acid by providing free electron to promote the NAD+to NADH reactions and improve the enzyme function through higher vibration energy of water molecules.

[0343] Example 11 . AMPE wave treatment improves cleaning effectiveness and water saving in laundry applications

[0344] AMPE treated water can better penetrate the fine gaps in cloth linen fiber due to its high vibration energy. When using AMPE treated water for laundry washing, it is easier to remove the dirt from the fibers. In the rinsing process, the treated rinsing water is also more effective in removing the residual detergents from the clothing. Rinsing water contributes to the major water usage in laundry process and AMPE treated water saves large quantity of water especially in the rinsing process.

[0345] Example 12. AMPE wave treatment produces disinfection effect

[0346] AMPE wave treatment can produce disinfection effect by producing ions or electron current stream in water using the pulse voltage. The ionic / electron current stream of the hydrated electron and Lewis base water, together with the instantaneous pulse voltage act as a physical mean to penetrate animal cell membranes, plant cell cellular wall, thin to thick permeable or semi permeable film / membrane. This is very useful in producing the disinfection effect without increasing temperature.

[0347] Accordingly, the AMPE wave treatment can be applied for algae and bacteria control of water, which has huge applications in marine ballast water treatment, drinking water reservoir microalgae treatment, drinking water treatment process in water plant, cooling water treatment, swimming pool and spa water treatment, wastewater treatment, F&B disinfection (cold pasteurization), fish farming, medical applications, oil field injection water bacteria control and many other disinfection applications. Example 13. AMPE wave treatment accelerates chemical reactions

[0348] The AMPE wave treatment process imparts entropy energy to all chemical species in the treated water or solution, thus can increase the chances and collisions rates between ions and molecules, accelerate formation of the desirable compound or products in water. For example, the AMPE wave can force precipitate CaCOs in bulk water without increasing temperature or ions concentration, just by using the elevated entropy energy of the treated bulk water and the chances of collision between calcium and carbonates / bicarbonates ions. This force precipitation method can also be used for precipitating CaSO4(gypsum) in bulk water to reduce the CaSC scale formation on pipe wall.

[0349] Example 14. AMPE wave treatment effect is transportable

[0350] The long-lasting free electron donating and elevated entropy energy level effects of the hydrated “free electron” of AMPE treated water is transportable, making it suitable for cooling water treatment application, particularly for scale, corrosion and bio-organism control. Cooling water commonly has long travel path and the AMPE treated water can continue to dissipate its entropy energy and electron donating effect throughout the whole cooling path. After the depletion of AMPE energy, it can be recharged again in the AMPE treatment system at the selected location such as cooling tower water basin for treatment and further recirculation.

[0351] Example 15. AMPE wave treatment facilitates removal of ions

[0352] AMPE wave can activate or excite the chloride or other ions activities. The excited chloride ions can be removed from water through spraying process or through heating / evaporation. This is particularly useful in boiler water treatment where high concentration of chloride ions is undesirable for corrosion control in boiler water.

[0353] Example 16. Lower level of AMPE wave promotes bacteria growth

[0354] AMPE wave can be adjusted to a lower energy level to promote bacteria growth in wastewater treatment plant. In wastewater treatment, bacteria are used to bio-degrade the organic wastes. Instead of using higher energy AMPE treatment for the disinfection effects, lower energy level AMPE is used as stimulating energy, as well as supplementing the enzyme function by mildly increasing the wastewater vibration energy. This stimulates the bacteria growth and reducing COD, BOD etc. of the wastewater. Example 17. AMPE wave with prolonged pulses increases oxidation by-products as precursor for desirable reactions

[0355] Although the AMPE waveform is designed to have high alternating frequency and short alternating period to take advantage of the overpotential polarization time so as to avoid the undesirable anodic and cathodic reaction, the anodic or cathodic reaction by-products are desirable in certain applications.

[0356] With suitable wave duty cycle and polarity alternating frequency, instead of preventing chlorine / hypochlorite formation, the AMPE wave can force produce hypochlorite in high chloride content water to increase oxidation and accelerate the dissociation of Fe2+ion from steel surface. In this situation, the AMPE wave is adjusted to purposely prolong the unidirectional pulse number in each half cycle and to decrease the polarity reversing frequency. Accordingly, the adjusted AMPE wave can purposely promote anodic reactions and the production of dissolve Fe2+. The Fe2+is very useful as a precursor to produce the protective magnetite film on steel surface with the elevated entropy energy level of the AMPE wave treated water. This active way of promoting the magnetite layer has immense applications in controlling Sulphate Reducing Bacteria corrosion control for steel structures and pipelines.

[0357] Example 18. AMPE wave treatment for passive corrosion control of steel

[0358] In typical AMPE waves, the polarity reversal frequency can be adjusted not to promote the formation of hypochlorite. Such AMPE wave treatment can be applied as passive magnetite formation method for steel in low chloride content water only when there is oxygen corrosion taking place.

[0359] It should be noted that such passive formation of magnetite is different from the active magnetite formation described in the following Examples 19 and 20.

[0360] Example 19. AMPE wave treatment produces protective passivation film / coating on metallic structure

[0361] The AMPE wave treatment in a high chloride content bath or tank can be used to fast passivate the steel surface by forming a stable layer of magnetite coating. This protective magnetite coating on steel plates, pipes or other structure functions as a protective coating replacing the costly zinc primer or other primer coatings / paints.

[0362] Example 20. AMPE wave treatment replaces steel anodic protection in acidic environment

[0363] For the corrosion protection of steel tank for sulfuric acid storage, the steel tank plate is connected as anode to produce the magnetite coating in conventional anodic protection method. However, any imperfect or uneven protection will cause serious corrosion pits. With AMPE wave treatment method, it is sufficient to produce large quantity of Fe2+precursor in the bulk sulfuric acid. Such fast formation of Fe2+promotes fast and uniform formation of magnetite over the entire steel tank surface, so as to passivate the whole steel tank from further corrosion.

[0364] Example 21 . AMPE wave treatment improves water capillary strength

[0365] AMPE wave treatment can increase the capillary strength of water. Good capillary strength is very important in transporting nutrients from soil mass to plant root through the root hair / soil interface and further uptaking into plant xylem to stems and leaves. Good transport and uptake of nutrient and water will greatly improve the agriculture yield or production. Accordingly, the AMPE wave treatment is also useful in agricultural applications, for example, the AMPE wave treated water can be used for agricultural irrigation.

[0366] Example 22. AMPE wave treatment increases water wettability

[0367] AMPE wave treatment can increase water wettability by increasing the fluctuation in water surface tension and capillary action strength. The increase of water wettability has great applications in water injection oil well application to increase the oil extraction from underground soil / oil reservoir. The AMPE wave treated injection water can better penetrate the fine gaps between the soil / sand particles to push out the oil trapped in the soil / sand crevices, thus increases the oil field recovery from well.

[0368] Example 23. AMPE wave treatment utilizes water as antioxidants for reducing oxidative stress.

[0369] While doctors, health professionals, biochemists, nutritionists are fully aware that antioxidants can neutralize oxidative stress and have the various health benefits, including their applications in mitigating metabolic syndrome, their common perception is antioxidant can only be obtained either from plant-based foods, fruits / fruit juices, natural supplements, man-made chemicals such as ascorbic acid (vitamin-C) etc. All these antioxidants working principle are based on their chemical structures to donate electron when reacting with the free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS). They need to have a chemical structure to act as a “carrier” to function. But these chemicals structures after donated the electron, itself may become free radicals or ROS and produces side effects unless excreted from body. In this invention, it focuses on the mitigation solutions for metabolic syndromes. In metabolism, the main source of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated from the cell mitochondrial metabolism reactions process that created the Oxidative stress hence the oxidative damages. These free radicals and ROS species are mainly the:

[0370] • Neutral Species - Hydroxyl radical (OH*), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2).

[0371] • Charged Species - Superoxide anion (O2“), peroxy-nitrite (ONOO").

[0372] The body relies on other mechanisms and molecules, such as antioxidants and specific enzymes, to manage these reactive species and protect against oxidative damage. However, as we aged or under excessive oxidative loads conditions, or other reasons, body is unable to produce sufficient neutralization antioxidants and enzymes to neutralize these oxidative loads.

[0373] In basic science teaching, water is not an antioxidant, in fact, chlorinated water is an oxidizing agent due to the chlorine or hypochlorite content for disinfection purposes. Water is therefore not being used as an antioxidant.

[0374] In the market, purportedly the alkaline water product is an antioxidant. The claimed antioxidant effect is the high pH alkaline hydroxyl ions (OH-) content in water produced at the catholyte water in DC electrolysis. Although OH" is Lewis’s base pair electron donor and good acid neutralization antioxidant, if consumed, all the alkaline effects are fully neutralized by the stomach acid before it can reach the bloodstream. Even if the hydroxyl ions (OH“) can survive till it reaches the bloodstream, and participate in some chemical reactions, due to their (OH-) negative charge, they do not react well with the neutral or negative charge free radicals and oxidative species, produced mainly in the mitochondria. Therefore, it cannot act as a bioantioxidant for neutralizing the highly reactive oxidizing species like hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, or peroxy-nitrite produced in the metabolism mitochondrial process hence no beneficial metabolic syndrome mitigation antioxidizing effect.

[0375] Hydrogen gas, if administered in gaseous state, it can neutralize hydroxyl radicals (OH*) and peroxy-nitrite (ONOO") theoretically, but the reaction requires high activation energy and administered by well-equipped hospital or clinical facility. Without the high activation energy, the reaction rate is too low to have physiological functions. Moreover, it does not have significant effect on superoxide anions (O2“), which are primarily handled by specific enzymes in the body. Nevertheless, the general hydrogen gas’s anti-inflammation effect observed is due to the suppression of cytokine’s pro-inflammatory function by H2gas. But cytokine is not produced in the mitochondrial metabolism process reactions, hydrogen gas therefore does not have direct antioxidizing function to mitigate metabolic syndrome.

[0376] There is also Hydrogen Water antioxidant product available in the market which is built on the concept of hydrogen gas’ antioxidant effect. But the antioxidant effect of hydrogen gas does not have direct metabolic syndrome mitigation effect as explained above. Additionally, if hydrogen gas is packaged in water and consumed as hydrogen water, the amount of dissolved hydrogen gas in water is extremely low due to the low solubility of hydrogen gas at room temperature. In addition, hydrogen is the lightest element on earth, it is so light that it can escape through most sealed home-use plastic water bottle wall or from the sealing metal cap of metal / glass container. That is the practical packaging containers just cannot contain a significant amount of dissolved hydrogen gas. Moreover, once the water is in contact with air when the container cap is open, hydrogen gas will escape. Even if it is ingested, it can still escape through the digestive tract, there is minimum chance for hydrogen gas to reach the bloodstream in significant quantity or to take part in the cell mitochondria metabolism reactions. “Hydrogen water” is therefore not for mitigation of metabolic syndrome although it has other anti-inflammation effects.

[0377] In this invention, it is found that using AMPE wave to treat water without producing hydrogen gas or hydroxyl ions that changes pH, hydrated electrons can be produced in water, herein collectively called “entropy water”. In this invention, water is treated to very antioxidizing potential of at least more negative than -250mV vs Ag / AgCI or more negative mV. When the treated antioxidizing water passes through the pH 1 ~4 stomach acid and further through duodenum bicarbonate pH 8.5 secretion, simulation test showed that the treated water is still able to maintain at approx. -150 mV Ag / CI after the duodenum before absorbing into the blood stream at the intestine. Table 4 shows the parameters of AMPE wave-treated water the simulated sustenance of ORP when entering the small intestine after the duodenum between both using the 24V treatment

[0378] Table 4. Parameters of water treated or untreated with AMPE wave (24V) in digestive ract simulation test

[0379] Human blood ORP is approximately +170 mV for a sick person and approximately +120- +130mV for a healthy person. Total volume of blood in our body is between 5 ~6 liters of which approximately 50% is water. When a person consumes 2 liters per day of this treated water, it translates to 2 liters of -150mV antioxidizing water entering the bloodstream per day, as blood is pumped by heart and circulating at about 5 liters per minute, this [(+120mV blood) + (-150mV treated water)] therefore creates a more electron donating antioxidizing environment for all body cells comparing with consuming untreated water. Untreated chlorinated water from tap has an ORP typically in the range of +250- 350 mV a more oxidizing potential compared with blood.

[0380] This antioxidizing environment has many beneficial effects including, but not limited to the following,

[0381] • Direct neutralization of free radicals / reactive oxygen species (ROS). As illustrated in the US18 / 090,679 TAPEC antioxidant capacity test.

[0382] • Enhances the electron transfer in mitochondria electron transport chain (ETC) pathway to lessen free radicals / ROS production.

[0383] • Antioxidizing environment helps to maintain cell REDOX balance as mitochondria metabolism process is an oxidative process and most free radicals and ROS are produced in the mitochondria. Antioxidizing environment helps to lower the oxidative stress and maintain the cell REDOX balance, otherwise oxidative stress can damage cellular components, including enzymes, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

[0384] • Mitochondria are sensitive to redox states. A reducing environment can enhance mitochondrial function, ATP production, and protecting mitochondria membrane integrity including the ATPase structure. This is achieved through neutralizing the oxidative damages at membrane due to ROS and free radicals produced in the electron transport chain (ETC)and other parts of metabolism process.

[0385] • Restoring the inhibition of enzymes by neutralizing the free radicals / reactive oxygen species, such as restoring AMPK enzyme function which was inhibited by oxidative stress. AMPK enzyme is an important cell energy regulator.

[0386] • Protect Na7K+-ATPase pump structure from oxidative damage. This protective effect can help maintain the sodium potassium pump's structure and especially the maintenance of electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane which is vital for various cellular processes, functions and overall metabolism. The above beneficial effects are important in maintaining good metabolisms and minimize free radicals / ROS production. Many metabolic disorders such as high blood glucose, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, chronic kidney diseases are caused by Oxidative stress, enzyme dysfunctions, imperfect ATP production conversions. With the above beneficial antioxidizing effects, it lessens the chances of metabolic disorders.

[0387] Example 24. AMPE wave treated water utilizes entropic energy to improve metabolic syndrome conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD)

[0388] Metabolic syndrome such as high blood glucose, high blood lipid, high blood pressure can be improved if a person changes his lifestyle by regular exercise to elevate body energy level. CKD / proteinuria can also be improved to some extent by regular low intensity exercise.

[0389] In health / medical teachings and concept, to elevate the body energy is confined to using thermic energy. It is either through increasing body cell ATP production by stimulants such as caffeine which indirectly stimulate ATP production, or some food intake. Another alternative is through physical exercise to elevate body temperature to trigger body thermoregulatory response activating the AMPK enzyme or Nitric Oxide release. Activation of AMPK enzyme can stimulate cell glucose uptake for ATP production without insulin, and Nitric Oxide release by endothelial cells can dilate blood vessels helping to increase blood vessel flexibility and lower blood pressure. All these methods are based on the thermic effect (enthalpy H energy) concept to promote metabolic reactions. Regular exercise is therefore highly recommended to maintain the beneficial metabolic effects. But the beneficial effect is during exercise and perhaps an hour after exercise, hence “regular” exercise is needed to maintain the beneficial effects and it is a challenge to many people.

[0390] Yet another conception is water has zero energy. This came from the concept that water is not combustible therefore it has zero calorific enthalpy (H) energy value in “bomb” calorimeter test but does not mean zero (G) free energy. This concept neglected the effect of entropy energy (S), the internal energy of water in metabolic reactions and processes. Therefore, in the context of no calorific value and neglecting the entropy energy effect of water, water is never a choice for metabolic energy use.

[0391] Till now, there has been no available method in the market using water entropy energy concept to promote metabolic reactions. In this invention, it uses entropy energy to promote metabolic reactions instead of enthalpy energy.

[0392] In the Gibbs’ free energy equation below,

[0393] AG = AH - TAS where G is Gibbs’ free energy, H is enthalpy energy, T is temperature and S is entropy energy

[0394] When applying the Gibbs’ free energy concept to body enzymatic metabolic reactions, under a constant body temperature condition especially the sedentary condition, AH is almost constant for a given reaction. If the reaction environment such as body entropy energy (AS) becomes more positive or higher entropy energy, AG will become more negative which means the reaction becomes more favorable to proceed although there is no change in thermal enthalpy. To create a higher entropy energy environment in body, it can be achieved by drinking the high O-H bond vibration entropy energy water. With high entropy energy water enters the blood stream especially the capillaries which reach out to all cells in our body, the continual bond vibration entropy energy from water will create a high entropic energy for cell metabolism. In this way, the more negative AG will provide a more favorable condition for the enzymatic reaction to proceed. This means that without exercise and under the same body energy level, it becomes easier for metabolism to proceed or become more efficient.

[0395] All these increase in vibration activities is represented in the larger peak fluctuation magnitude of the O-H stretching and O-H scissoring vibration absorption peaks in the FTIR spectrum as shown in Fig. 7.

[0396] Yet another important aspect of increasing the entropy energy is due to almost all body metabolic processes are enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and enzymes are fundamental to nearly all metabolic processes in the body, driving reactions essential for maintaining life and health. Almost all enzymes in the human body are water soluble and function within an aqueous environment. Enzyme performance is closely linked to protein folding, and the integrity of the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme is crucial for its function. The high O-H bond vibration entropy energy of the water treated by this invention helps to stabilize the enzyme structure. This is due to the interaction between the amino acid of the enzyme and the water molecules of the hydration shell is the critical role in maintaining the enzyme stability. A more dynamic water environment enhances, and facilitates better interactions with the enzyme's protein surface, aiding in structural adjustments and flexibility. This is beneficial for enzyme function, particularly in terms of conformational flexibility and substrate binding. A higher degree of fluctuation in OH bond vibrations also provide a more dynamic and less structured hydrogen bonding network. This mean that the water environment is more flexible and responsive in enzymatic reactions.

[0397] Another crucial issue is the deterioration of the enzyme structure which leads to poor enzymatic reactions and enzyme dysfunctions. The main causes of deterioration are oxidative stress, ageing, toxic substances, environmental factors, etc. For example, the Complex 1 , III, IV, Q10 and ATPase enzyme at mitochondria ETC process are constantly subjected to oxidative stress and they can misfold or collapse if they are not repaired. Constant repair of enzyme is therefore required, and that is an anabolic process that requires the supply of free energy. With the supply of entropic energy, it will make the anabolic reaction process more favorable. That is for a given ATP energy supply, a more favorable Gibbs’ free energy (G) condition due to the higher entropic energy of water can create a more favorable environment allowing the repair to be carried out more efficiently. High entropy energy water therefore supports the correct protein folding and is essential for enzyme performance, as it ensures that the enzyme’s active site is properly formed, the enzyme is stable, and its activity can be regulated favourably and effectively. This results in improved energy demanding metabolic functions such as better glucose uptake, more efficiency fatty acid oxidation, and better active transport protein reabsorption reactions at kidney proximal tubule.

[0398] Another important aspect of mitochondria efficiency is the molecular interactions at their ETC complexes’ sites and ATPase. High vibrational entropy energy ensures or improves the molecular interaction at these sites, therefore improving the efficiency of mitochondria ATP production and that also produces less free radicals and oxidative stress.

[0399] In all, the concept of this invention is different from exercise which uses heat or enthalpic energy input to trigger thermoregulatory response to enhance metabolic functions. This invention takes a different approach, it uses entropic energy to creates a more spontaneity or more reaction favorable conditions to improve the enzyme efficiency, optimize the enzyme activities, also improve the molecular interactions to improve metabolic reactions functions. But without the need of high thermic energy to trigger the thermoregulatory response. This allows the beneficial metabolic functions and effects to be produced continually even at rest and this is especially helpful to physically disable persons.

[0400] Example 25. AMPE wave treated water improves the blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improve blood vessel flexibility and improve kidney functions

[0401] Blood capillary flow is highly molecular activity regulated. An important contribution of high vibration entropy water is it improves greatly the migration of water in capillary. All major body organs are nested and filled with blood capillaries, and blood capillaries form the major surface area in the whole-body blood circulation system. The blood capillaries diameter is only 3 to 10 microns and the migration / flow in capillaries is therefore critical. It can affect the blood pressure, the blood flow, endothelial sheer stress etc. Approximately 50% of blood is water and it is the major content and contributor to blood fluidity and viscosity, and since body temperature is maintained constant therefore temperature has no practical impact to blood fluidity. The migration of blood flow through these capillaries therefore tied closely and largely to the water bond vibrational entropic properties that determines the capillary adhesion and intermolecular cohesion forces. Capillary test has shown that high O-H bond vibration entropy water has a superior capillary migration speed compared with the untreated water. This high O-H bond vibration water when entering the bloodstream therefore helps greatly the migration of blood in capillaries. This effect lowers the blood pressure, increase blood flow hence the increasing endothelial sheer stress that stimulates nitric oxide NO release from endothelial cells making blood vessel flexible.

[0402] Better blood flow also improving the kidney glomerular filtration efficacy reducing the protein leakage due to high blood pressure exertion on glomerular.

[0403] Most medicines such as beta blocker, alpha blocker, calcium channel blocker, ACE or ARB inhibitors all work by enzyme inhibiting principle which is a totally different concept from this invention. This high entropic energy way of lowering blood pressure is therefore unique.

[0404] Alkaline or hydrogen water do not increase the entropy energy of water hence they do not have the functions of supplementing the enzymatic reactions, and do not assist in anabolic entropic energy supply, improve enzyme functions, promote glucose uptakes or fatty acid oxidation, lowering blood pressure, or improve chronic kidney disease. That is alkaline or hydrogen water do not have the functions to improve metabolic syndromes.

[0405] Example 26. The use of antioxidizing plus high entropy energy AMPE wave treated-water for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions.

[0406] Based on the above novelties in applying metabolism. It can be extended to many other applications that involve enzymatic reactions, antioxidizing effects, and energy driven reactions. For example,

[0407] ■ Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

[0408] Metabolic disorders such as diabetes and high blood pressure can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). It has been shown that after a few months of entropy water consumption, kidney eGFR and proteinuria conditions can be greatly improved. For details, please refer to the following case study section.

[0409] ■ Tumour marker-

[0410] Case study has shown significant and consistent effect of reducing the tumour marker readings few months after consuming entropy water of this invention. This may help in reducing the risk of tumour development. The plausible reasoning is antioxidants can help protect DNA and reduce the risk of Oxidative damage to DNA which can lead to mutations and cancer development. While some oxidative stress is necessary for some tumour therapies to work, balancing oxidative damage with antioxidant support can also help protect healthy tissues and reduce side effects.

[0411] Consumption of entropy water could also have the potential to improve other body conditions due to oxidative stress and compromised cell metabolism such as,

[0412] • Neurodegenerative Diseases

[0413] • Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

[0414] • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

[0415] • Skin Disorders

[0416] • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

[0417] • Liver Diseases

[0418] Case studies: The use of AMPE wave treated water for the applications and its effects thereof

[0419] In order to study the specific effects of the AMPE treated water, technicians have carried out many experimental cases.

[0420] The following are the common metabolic disorders / functions that can be effectively improved or restored based on the blood test results of the participants.

[0421] • High Blood Lipid / cholesteroL

[0422] • High Blood Glucose

[0423] • High blood pressure

[0424] Long term metabolic disorders such as the above can all lead to chronic kidney disease CKD. And CKD conditions can also be improved as shown in blood test reports below.

[0425] Test subjects and test procedures

[0426] No special restrictions or instructions except the following for the test subjects. This is to make the test results reflects the realistic outcome when it is applied to the public with the need to over control their lifestyle and diets. Essentially it is a business as usual practice only with the add on of the following.

[0427] • Test subjects consist of male and female and mostly seniors in the age group of 60 to 70s who have metabolic disorders.

[0428] • The water is treated to more negative than -250 mV vs Ag / AgCI ORP, before bottling for whole day consumption or replenished intermittently. Water ORP will shift positively to -150 mV approximately 12 hours after first treated to -250 mV.

[0429] • Subjects drink various quantity of the treated water from 1 L / day, 2L / day to >3 L / day.

[0430] • During the test period, subject lifestyle whether with or without physical exercise and food intakes remain generally the same, except the water consumed is treated water with the quantity as mentioned above. Only one test subject has the jogging quantum reduced and replaced with treated water intake to monitor the blood test results difference.

[0431] • Subjects who are taking medications did not stop their medications to monitor the changes.

[0432] • Test periods varied for different subject from one month to 12 months to see the short- and long-term changes.

[0433] A. Test results - Blood lipid / Cholesterols

[0434] Case 1 - Subject HHC male 71 years old in 2024, who had high blood lipid / cholesterols 20 years ago, but there has been no medication so far. He started exercise with 2x10 km jogging per week in 2015 and his blood lipid condition improved without medication, and till Jul 2023, his blood lipid conditions were all in good order. To see the effect of Entropy treated water, he reduced his weekly jogging to 2 x 6 km per week but take 3L / day of entropy treated water daily. Even with the reduced exercise and without any intake of medicines or changes in food intake, his blood lipid improved further.

[0435] The blood test showed that his HDL had not changed whether it is by exercise or by drinking entropy water, but the LDL and triglycerides have improved greatly, hence the total cholesterol and the ration of total cholesterol / HDL.

[0436] Because of the further improvement in cholesterol level even with the reduced exercise and replaced with the >3L / day entropy water intake. The effect of entropy water is therefore very obvious and can be equate to better than the effect of 2x 4 km weekly jogging (Fig. 13).

[0437] Case 2 - SHS female subject 75 years old in 2024. In her Oct 2023 test report, her cholesterol level was on the borderline high to high condition, without taking any statin or medicine, she drank only 1 L / day of entropy treated water for a period of 5 months and blood test was taken again. The test results showed that even with 1 L / day of entropy water, her blood LDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol / HDL all showed observable improvement. During the 5-month entropy water drinking period, there is no cholesterol medication intervention and no change in lifestyle or foods intake. She has no exercise routine before or after taking entropy water. The result showed that even with just 1 L / day of entropy water, improvement in blood lipid level can still be improved to a better condition (Fig. 14).

[0438] Case 3- PGC female subject 67 years old in 2023. She has boarderline high blood lipid and no exercise routine, no medication. She drank 1 L / day of entropy water for a period of just one month, there is still improvement in her LDL and triglyceride level (Fig. 15).

[0439] Case 4- TLK male subject 70 years old in 2024. He has been taking Statin medication in the past 10+ years to control his LDL, and his blood cholesterol level was within the desirable range. He started drinking 2L / day of entropy water for 3 months and went for blood test to see whether the entropy water has any conflicting effect to the Statin medication. The test results showed that his LDL has shown good improvement (Fig. 16). This showed that drinking entropy water has no conflicting effects to Statin medication. And it can still further enhance the LDL level by reducing more than 20 mg / dL of LDL after 3-month 2L / day entropy water consumption.

[0440] Plausible Entropy water working principle explanation for cholesterol control

[0441] In the above test subjects monitoring case study, ALL tested subjects have blood lipid improvement particularly the lowering of their LDL and T riglyceride level. Their total cholesterol was lowered hence the total cholesterol / HDL ratio was lowered too.

[0442] These results showed that the two important properties of entropy water, the antioxidizing effect and the increase in entropy bond vibration energy provide good contribution to improve the blood lipid conditions.

[0443] Antioxidizing effect -

[0444] • The antioxidizing effect contribute to a more antioxidizing environment for the body cell metabolism process. This minimizes the oxidative stress and damages created especially in the mitochondria metabolic process. This help to protect the various enzymes in our body hence minimize the disruption or poor efficiency of various metabolic enzymatic processes due to enzyme damages.

[0445] • Antioxidizing effect also reduces the body inflammations. Inflammatory cytokines stimulate the liver to produce more LDL through the activity of HMG-CoA reductase (the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis) for cell damages repairs. These cytokines can also impair the function of LDL receptors, reducing the clearance of LDL from the blood and thereby increasing its levels.

[0446] The Entropy energy effect - The high bond vibration entropy energy contributed to the increase in entropy energy component in body enzymatic reactions. Since almost all body lipid metabolic reactions are enzymatic reactions and greatly dependent on the molecular interactions between enzyme protein and the water molecules. The high bond vibration of the water molecules provides a higher AS entropy energy compared to untreated water molecules, which makes the Gibbs’ free energy AG of the enzymatic reactions more negative. That is the elevated entropy energy of body making easier or more favorable for all the body enzymatic reactions to proceed. This improves greatly efficiency of the enzymatic reactions involved in reducing the blood lipid hence the lowering of blood LDL, and triglycerides level.

[0447] The higher bond vibration energized water molecules also mean a more flexible water clustering structure, this help to maintain the enzyme three-dimensional structure integrity, minimizing protein misfolding or collapse. Good enzyme protein folding ensures more efficient enzyme substrate reactions.

[0448] High entropy energy water in blood stream also helps in the following main enzymatic reactions in reducing the LDL.

[0449] • The more efficient breaking down of triglyceride to glycerol and free fatty acid for energy use - This involve the Lipase enzyme reactions.

[0450] • The efficient enzymatic fatty acid oxidation for energy production - which involve the enzymatic activation of Fatty Acids by the enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase converts them into fatty acyl-CoA. Transport into the Mitochondria by carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT I) and (CPT II), and the various enzymatic reactions in beta-oxidations.

[0451] • Improved liver LDL reabsorption receptor enzyme efficacy- while the initial uptake of LDL by its receptor is a non-enzymatic receptor-mediated process, the liberation of cholesterol from LDL within the lysosomes is an enzymatic reaction facilitated by lysosomal acid lipase. This enzymatic step is critical for the metabolism and regulation of cholesterol within the cell. The more favourable enzymatic environment created by entropy water therefore improved the LDL reabsorption efficiency.

[0452] • Improve HDL maturation - LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase) enzyme catalyses the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester within HDL particles. This reaction is crucial because it allows HDL particles to carry more cholesterol away from tissues and other lipoproteins back to the liver for excretion or recycling and lowering the LDL in the blood stream. HDL also helps remove cholesterol from arterial plaque and transport it to the liver for excretion, thus decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

[0453] B. Test results - Blood Glucose.

[0454] Case 1 - Subject HHC male 71 years old in 2024. Was classified as diabetic 20 years ago by his primary care doctor. After his regular 2 x10 km weekly exercise, his blood glucose level had improved but was still classified as pre-diabetic till Jul 2023. 2 months after he started drinking 3L / day entropy water and reduced his weekly jogging to 2x 6 km per week, his blood HbA1c level had not changed much, this is perhaps due to the HbA1 c reading is the average of the previous 2~3 months glucose glycated blood cells reading. In his 6 months and 10 months later HbA1 c readings, it showed significant improvement in lowering the blood glucose level. There was no medication or change in diets throughout (Fig. 17).

[0455] Case 2 - Subject KS male 34 years old in 2023. KS found out he had high blood glucose level in Oct 2021 and he started drinking 3L / day entropy water and started slow walk of half to one hour per day after dinner, 4 to 5 days weekly without changing his diets. In just a matter of a month from Nov to Dec 2021 , his fasting blood glucose level reduced from a high of 9.8 down to 6.4. The fast reduction in blood glucose is perhaps a result of the synergistic effect of walking and entropy water. During the time period of walking, it increased energy demand and that triggered the AMPK to increase glucose uptake by translocating GLUT4 but through a pathway without insulin. Whereas with entropy water, it also improves the GLUT4 translocation pathway through the insulin pathway improving insulin sensitivity and the effect is throughout the day. With both of these glucose uptake processes together, very effective blood glucose lowering effect took place (Fig. 18).

[0456] Plausible Entropy working principle explanation for blood glucose control

[0457] Mitochondrial phosphorylation metabolism is the primary source of free radicals and reactive oxygen species generation. Continuous oxidative stress and damages always occur particularly on the mitochondria ETC membrane sites. The efficient uptake of glucose for ATP production is highly dependent on the mitochondria and its enzymes integrity and efficiency. The more antioxidizing environment protects the various mitochondria complexes and ATPase enzymes integrity from oxidative stress, more efficient mitochondria functions hence enable better uptake of glucose.

[0458] Most of the prediabetics or type 2 diabetics are the results of insulin resistance which is the inefficient poor glucose uptake by cells in the presence of insulin. This can be due to the persistent supply of glucose in excess of the energy demand, inefficient mitochondria functions, inefficient GLUT4 vesicle translocations, lack of exercise to help increase glucose uptake, high inflammatory diets such as deep-fried foods that causing the insulin insensitive. But the root cause of most of these inefficiencies are due to the glucose uptake enzymatic reactions / processes cannot be proceed efficiently either due to the sedentary lifestyle, or ageing etc.

[0459] The plausible reasons why the entropy water can lower the blood glucose yet without changing their lifestyle or diets must be due to the glucose uptake enzymatic reactions / processes have become more efficient especially without extra physical activities input. The enzymatic reactions improvement shall be contributed by the improved entropy component of the enzymatic reactions as no extra enthalpy energy input is involved.

[0460] The mechanism is the high entropy energy environment creates a more favorable Gibbs’ free energy conditions for all enzymatic reactions to take place. This includes the mitochondria enzymatic ATP production hence the more efficient glucose uptake. Yet another important reason is the more efficient GLUT4 translocation from insulin receptor to cell membrane. The translocation process from insulin receptor to moving GLUT4 to membrane involve a series of enzymatic reactions, and a more favorable high entropy condition making all these enzymatic reactions to proceed more efficiently hence more efficient glucose uptake improving insulin sensitivity. This resulting in lowering the blood glucose level.

[0461] C. Test results - Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)

[0462] The test subjects are seniors who are in their late 60s or 70s. The subjects are at stage 3a CKD and one with proteinuria. All test subjects have no medical intervention except the subject with proteinuria. During the test period, all test subjects had not changed their lifestyle or diets. And blood test results on serum creatinine, serum eGFR, urine microalbumin / creatinine were monitored to see the progress.

[0463] Case 1 - Subject HHC male 71 years old in 2024.

[0464] The test subject was shocked to find out his kidney condition was already at CKD stage 3a. luckily with no proteinuria condition. From July 2023 onwards, he started >3L / day entropy water. The blood test result 2 months later showed his creatinine was reduced, and eGFR improved and back into the stage 2 conditions. 4 months after entropy water, his eGFR further improved to 70, and stabilized at 64 six months later staying at stage 2 (Fig. 19). Because of no proteinuria, according to the following kidney risk guideline, he is out of the yellow color mild-moderate risk zone to the healthy no CKD green zone range (Fig. 20).

[0465] Case 2 - Subject TLK male 70 years old in 2024.

[0466] The test subject was also not aware that he is in the stage 3a CKD stage. He has no proteinuria.

[0467] After he knew that he has the CKD condition, he started drinking entropy water 2L / day for 3 months and his blood test result showed his eGFR has restored back to 71 stage 2 and out of the CKD range. This improvement was seen within a 3 months period (Fig. 21 ).

[0468] Case 3 - Subject STT male 70 years old in 2024.

[0469] The test subject was not aware that he was already in the stage 3a ten years ago. He was only told in Jul 2021 that his eGFR 52 was already at the mild-moderate risk range that drew his attention. He started drinking entropy water at >2L / day and for 3 months, he went for his blood test again in Oct 2021. Test result showed a great improvement in eGFR to the 72 reading and out of the CKD range. Thereafter, it becomes a daily routine that he drinks more than 2L of entropy water per day and 2.5 years later, his eGFR further improved to 88 almost restored back to stage 1 good kidney condition (Fig. 22). Test subject had not changed his lifestyle or diets and taking any CKD medication.

[0470] Case 4 - Subject YTY male 72 years old in 2024.

[0471] The test subject knew that he had proteinuria condition in 2021 but his eGFR was in good condition. Since then he was prescribed with Valsartan to lower his blood pressure to reduce protein leakage or improve protein reabsorption. Due to the lowering of blood pressure, the eGFR declined after the medication but proteinuria was improved. Another year later, his blood test in July 2023 showed that not only did his eGFR declined at a too drastic rate to 67 only, his ACR also increased to 10.6. Both the eGFR and ACR are far worse than before medication. In September 2023, he started >2L / day entropy water but without stopping Valsartan, and 5 month later in late Feb 2024, his blood test result showed that he eGFR bounced back to 86 and his ACR dropped to the almost healthy range of 3.2 (Fig. 23).

[0472] Plausible Entropy working principle explanation for chronic kidney disease CKD control

[0473] The primary cause of CKD is due to the damage, or dysfunction of the kidney glomerular and the proximal tubule reabsorption. This is also tied with the kidney capillary health conditions, the blood flow and pressure, and metabolic energy availability for activating the enzymatic reactions especially the proximal tubules albumin reabsorption enzymatic reactions.

[0474] In CKD, kidney inflammations are primarily due to high blood glucose glycation, high blood pressure also from the kidney cell mitochondria metabolism process free radicals and ROS production. In addition, acidic urine conditions can also increase the oxidative stress to the kidney of CKD persons.

[0475] The more antioxidizing environment created by Antioxidizing property of entropy water helps to neutralize the oxidative stress and the damages to the glomerular and proximal tubules especially the capillary / kidney cells and reducing the further scarring of proximal tubules. Hence better protects the kidney functions and restores the dysfunctions due to oxidative stress.

[0476] Blood flow in kidney is primarily the capillary flow. Entropy water has demonstrated superior capillary flow property. This helps to increase the capillary blood flow in the kidney. Increased capillary blood flow increases the sheer stress on endothelial cells stimulates the release of Nitric Oxide NO. NO in turns trigger vasodilation further helping the blood flow. The release of NO and subsequent vasodilation improve perfusion throughout the capillary network. This is crucial not only for delivering nutrients and oxygen more efficiently but also for facilitating the removal of metabolic wastes from blood stream. This is the main reason why creatinine waste level can be lowered just by changing to entropy water, and this leads to a significant improvement in the eGFR performance.

[0477] Easier capillary blood flow also reduces the blood pressure acting on the glomerular and minimizes the damage to the glomerular and the capillary. This minimizes the deterioration of the number of functioning glomerular. Lower pressure acting on glomerular also reduces the glomerular protein leakage. Higher protein leakage from glomerular increases the downstream albumin protein reabsorption load of the proximal tubules. This helps to improve proteinuria conditions.

[0478] The albumin protein is supposedly reabsorbed by the proximal tubules cells and returning the albumin to the vein. However, proximal tubules wall cells can be damaged by free radicals / oxidative stress and the inflammation cytokine can lead to the scarring of the tubule’s cells. Once the tubules cells are damaged, it increases the load on the functioning tubules cells. The reabsorption of the albumin by the tubules cells involves receptor- mediated endocytosis followed by enzymatic degradation and this process requires high energy. With the increased entropy energy, it provides a more negative Gibbs’ free energy or more favorable reaction environment for albumin to be reabsorbed back into blood stream for the same amount of energy spent. This makes the kidney albumin reabsorption more efficient and improves the proteinuria condition.

[0479] The above explains why eGFR and proteinuria conditions can be improved in all the above CKD cases. D. Test results - Blood pressure monitoring

[0480] Blood pressure monitoring is not shown in blood test reports, it is therefore monitored by the daily measurement of blood pressure by upper arm blood pressure monitor.

[0481] Case 1 - Subject KS male 34 years old in 2023.

[0482] KS started with >3 litres per day Entropy water + 30 to 60 minutes walking after dinner and without medication. Within a period of short period of three weeks, He was able to reduce his blood pressure from 159 / 104 mm Hg, to a healthier 134 / 79. However, for blood pressure monitoring, monitoring systolic and diastolic trend is a better way to see the progress as the blood pressure fluctuates throughout the whole day and night (Fig. 24).

[0483] Case 2 - Dr. KK male 72 years old in 2023.

[0484] This is based on the experience sharing of the subject. There is no daily blood pressure logging to observe the changes.

[0485] The subject found out that he had high blood pressure 22 years ago and was on high blood pressure medication for the past 22 years. He dislikes drinking plain water, instead he uses entropy water to treat all his tea, coffee, juices, and the beverages that he drinks daily. 1 year after drinking entropy beverages, his blood pressure went too low, and his primary doctor cut down his high-pressure medication by half to one weaker dose pill per day instead of one strong and one weaker pill per day. His blood pressure is now stabilized at around slightly below 120 / 70 Hg mm.

[0486] Plausible Entropy working principle explanation for blood pressure control

[0487] This high capillary strength of entropy water helps greatly blood flow in capillary and that helps to reduce blood pressure.

[0488] Better capillary blood flow helps stimulate the endothelial Nitric Oxide release increases vascular dilation and flexibility hence reduces blood pressure. Antioxidizing environment also reduces the atherosclerosis, sometimes called "hardening of the arteries,

[0489] Entropy energy amplifies the beneficial effects of walking. Antioxidizing environment protects cell membrane and Na+ / K+pump integrity against oxidative damages. This ensures enzymatic reactions efficacy especially Na7K+ATPase enzymatic reactions. Intact Na+ / K+pumps maintain good cross cell membrane transportation, no swelling or shrinking of cells. High vibration energy also provides favourable reaction environment easier for the high energy consuming active transportation of fluids between cells and the bloodstream. This reduces pressure drop across capillary. E. Test results - Tumor markers monitoring.

[0490] Although tumor marker cannot be used as an absolute cancer indicator, it is useful in the post cancer treatment to monitoring the effectiveness of the cancer treatment. For persons without cancer, a lowering trend of cancer marker is also an indication of the healthier body condition. Following tumor marker monitoring for three test subjects all showed to have good reduction in their tumor markers readings after they consumed entropy water for a period of time. This is most likely due to the reduced body inflammations and more efficient metabolism due to the antioxidizing and the increase in entropy energy effect from the consumed entropy treated water.

[0491] The results from subjects TLK (69 years old), HHC (71 years old), and SHS (75 years old) are shown in Figs. 25, 26 and 27. The results suggest that the entropy water is also useful in the treatment of tumors by reducing the expression or amounts of tumor markers.

[0492] Preferences and options for a given aspect, feature or parameter of the invention should, unless the context indicates otherwise, be regarded as having been disclosed in combination with any and all preferences and options of all other aspects, features and parameters of the invention.

[0493] While the embodiments described herein are intended as an exemplary system and method, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments illustrated. Those skilled in the art will envision many other possible variations and modifications by means of the skilled person's common knowledge without departing from the scope of the invention, however, such variations and modifications should fall into the scope of this invention.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. Use of alternating multi-pulse embedded (AMPE) wave in treating aqueous or semiconductive fluid, wherein the AMPE wave comprises an alternating main AC wave and at least two unidirectional DC pulses embedded in each half cycle of the main AC wave.

2. The use according to claim 1 , wherein the AMPE wave has a net root mean square voltage equals to zero in each full cycle.

3. The use according to claim 1 or 2, wherein a full cycle of the AMPE wave consists of a positive half cycle and a negative half cycle whose shapes are identical to each other but in the opposite voltage direction.

4. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the main AC wave and / or the embedded DC pulses are independently time varying or non-time varying.

5. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the polarity alternating interval of the main AC wave is shorter than the overpotential polarization time of the anodic and / or cathodic reactions.

6. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 5, wherein the polarity alternating interval is in the range of 1x1 O'4second to a few seconds.

7. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 6, wherein the number of unidirectional DC pulse in each half cycle is in the range of 2 to 1 x105pulses.

8. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein the AMPE wave creates free electrons and / or elevates bond vibration of water without causing anodic and cathodic reactions.

9. The use according to any one of claims 1 to 8, wherein the AMPE wave is applied by at least one capacitive electrode pairs inside the fluid.

10. Method for treating a liquid using alternating multi-pulse embedded (AMPE) wave, comprising the steps of: generating an AMPE wave; and applying the AMPE wave to the liquid in either static or flowing state, wherein the AMPE wave has the features according to any one of claims 1 to 9.11 . The method according to claim 10, further comprising the step of identifying the type of the liquid to be treated for the determination of wave parameters of the AMPE wave to be applied.

12. The method according to claim 10 or 11 , further comprising the step of determiningwave parameters based on manual selection of the user or based on real-time online feedback measurements.

13. The method according to claim 1 1 or 12, wherein the identification of liquid type and the feedback measurements include one or more of conductivity, pH, or ORP of the liquid.

14. The method according to claim 12 or 13, further comprising the step of adjusting wave parameters based on real-time online feedback measurements during the treatment.

15. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 14, further comprising the step of determining operation mode of the treatment of the liquid between one pass, recirculating and batch treatment.

16. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 15, further comprising the step of preserving the antioxidizing ORP and energy obtained by the treatment.

17. The method according to any one of claims 10 to 16, further comprising the step of applying non-AMPE wave for incorporating desirable anodic or cathodic reactions in the treatment.

18. The method according to any one of claim 10 to 17, wherein the AMPE treatment provides one or more of the following effects to the treated liquid:(1 ) generating antioxidizing free electron donating effect without the side anodic and cathodic reactions;(2) supplementing antioxidizing metabolic energy;(3) removing astringency mouthfeel and throat burning sensation of liquor;(4) reducing sourness and bitterness taste of beverage;(5) removing muddy smell of foods;(6) improving water penetration and migration strength;(7) accelerating extraction of nutrients;(8) accelerating fermentation process;(9) improving water cleaning effectiveness;(10) producing disinfection effect;(1 1 ) accelerating chemical reactions;(12) providing transportable free electron donating effect;(13) facilitating removal of ions;(14) producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure;(15) providing passive corrosion control of steel;(16) producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure(17) increasing water capillary strength and wettability; and(18) improving body metabolism and controlling metabolic syndrome or disorders without medicinal intervention ;(19) using the treated water as antioxidants for reducing oxidative stress;(20) accelerating non-enzymatic chemical reactions through increasing the entropy component of the reactions;(21 ) using entropic energy to improve metabolic syndrome conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD);(22) improving the blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improving blood vessel flexibility and improving kidney functions;(23) using antioxidizing plus high entropy energy water for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions;(24) accelerate the bacteria growth rate by enhancing the bacteria enzymatic metabolic reactions; and(25) facilitating removal of pollutant gases at the water / gas interface by providing the electron donating effects and entropy energy component to accelerate and enhance the CO2 conversions reactions without elevated temperature.

19. System for treating a liquid using alternating multi-pulse embedded (AMPE) wave, comprising: a capacitive treatment chamber comprising capacitor electrodes arranged therein and a capacitive treatment chamber housing containing the liquid to be treated, a wave parameter controller / selector for selecting the wave parameters based on manual selection of the user or based on real-time online feedback measurement, a wave producing power switching generator, a power source for supplying AC and / or DC voltages, and a feedback controller for providing the real-time online feedback measurement of conductivity, pH, ORP of the liquid, wherein the AMPE wave has the features according to any one of claims 1 to 9; and / or wherein the system is used to carry out the method of any one of claims 10-18.

20. Method for quantifying the antioxidizing free electron donating entropy energy of a liquid, relative to distilled water, comprising the steps of: measuring ORP potential (EORR) of the liquid vs Ag / AgCI reference cell; and calculating the energy according to the following equationAG — nF(EoRP — 375 mV) wherein n is 1 and is the Faraday constant.

21. Alternating multi-pulse embedded (AMPE) wave treated liquid, wherein the liquid is prepared by the method of any one of claims 10-18.

22. The liquid of claim 21 , wherein the AMPE wave has the features according to any one of claims 1 to 9; and / or wherein the liquid is an aqueous or semiconductive fluid, such as water; and / or wherein the liquid is prepared by the system of claim 19.

23. The liquid of claim 21 or 22, wherein the liquid has one or more features selected from the group consisting of:(a) having a negative oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) shift vs Ag / AgCI reference cell;(b) having a conductivity of lower than 250 pS / cm;(c) having a physiologically acceptable or pharmaceutically acceptable pH;(d) having an OH bond vibration at 3400 cm'1ranging from 0.2 to 1 .5;(e) comparing to reference water or aqueous liquid without AMPE treatment, having an elevated O-H bond absorbance peak variation at 1650 cm'1in FTIR spectrum;(f) comparing to reference water or aqueous liquid without AMPE treatment, having an elevated capillary strength or wettability;(g) having a physiologically acceptable or pharmaceutically acceptable osmotic pressure; and(h) meeting the requirements about drinking water or medical water.

24. The liquid of any one of claims 21 -23, wherein the liquid has an ORP more negative than -50 mV, -100 mV, -150 mV, -200 mV, or -250 mV; and / or wherein comparing to distilled water, the liquid has an antioxidizing free electron donating entropy energy AG calculated by the method of claim 20 ranging from +20 to +200 kcal per 100 mL, from +30 to +150 kcal per 100 mL, from + 40 to +90 kcal per 100 mL; and / or wherein the liquid has a neutral pH, a pH ranging from 6.5 to 8.5; and / or wherein the liquid has a conductivity of lower than 220 pS / cm, 200 pS / cm, 180 pS / cm, or 150 pS / cm; and / or wherein the liquid has an OH bond vibration at 3400 cm'1ranging from 0.3 to 1 .4, or from 0.4 to 1.2; and / or wherein comparing to reference water or liquid without AMPE treatment, the liquid has an O-H bond absorbance peak variation at 1650 cm-1in FTIR spectrum ranging from 0.20 to 0.50,from 0.25 to 0.45, or from 0.30 to 0.40; and / or wherein the liquid is sterile.

25. Use of the AMPE wave treated liquid having the features according to any one of claims 1 -9, prepared according to any one of claims 10-18 and / or according to any one of claims 21 -24 in the preparation of an antioxidizing and / or metabolic enhancing and / or entropy energy supplying product.

26. The use of claim 25, wherein the antioxidizing and / or metabolic enhancing and / or entropy energy supplying product is a drinking water, a beverage, a health care product, or a medicament; and / or wherein the antioxidizing and / or metabolic enhancing and / or entropy energy supplying product is in a form of bottled liquid, packaged liquid, preferably aseptic; and / or wherein the antioxidizing and / or metabolic enhancing and / or entropy energy supplying product is in a form for drinking, oral administration, irrigation, soaking, spraying, or leaching; and / or wherein the liquid is contained in an airtight insulating container or is AMPE wave treated just before use.

27. The use of claim 25 or 26, wherein the antioxidizing and / or metabolic enhancing and / or entropy energy supplying product is for the prevention or treatment of oxidation associated and / or metabolism associated disease or disorder.

28. The use of claim 27, wherein the disease or disorder is one or more selected from the group consisting of hyperglycemia, diabetes, diabetic ketoacidosis, hyperglycemia hyperosmolar syndrome, hypertension, hyperlipemia, high cholesterol, hyperpurinemia, Gout, protein-energy malnutrition, osteoporosis, and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

29. The use of claim 25, wherein the antioxidizing and / or metabolic enhancing and / or entropy energy supplying product is for one or more uses selected from the group consisting of:(1 ) generating antioxidizing free electron donating effect without the side anodic and cathodic reactions;(2) supplementing antioxidizing metabolic energy;(3) removing astringency mouthfeel and throat burning sensation of liquor;(4) reducing sourness and bitterness taste of beverage;(5) removing muddy smell of foods;(6) improving water penetration and migration strength;(7) accelerating extraction of nutrients;(8) accelerating fermentation process;(9) improving water cleaning effectiveness;(10) producing disinfection effect;(1 1 ) accelerating chemical reactions;(12) providing transportable free electron donating effect;(13) facilitating removal of ions;(14) producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure;(15) providing passive corrosion control of steel;(16) producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure(17) increasing water capillary strength and wettability; and(18) improving body metabolism and controlling metabolic syndrome or disorders without medicinal intervention ;(19) using the treated water as antioxidants for reducing oxidative stress;(20) accelerating non-enzymatic chemical reactions through increasing the entropy component of the reactions;(21 ) using entropic energy to improve metabolic syndrome conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD);(22) improving the blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improving blood vessel flexibility and improving kidney functions;(23) using antioxidizing plus high entropy energy water for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions;(24) accelerate the bacteria growth rate by enhancing the bacteria enzymatic metabolic reactions; and(25) facilitating removal of pollutant gases at the water / gas interface by providing the electron donating effects and entropy energy component to accelerate and enhance the CO2 conversions reactions without elevated temperature.

30. A product comprising the AMPE wave treated liquid according to any one of claims 21 -24 or having the features according to any one of claims 25-29.

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