Method, apparatus and system for treating liquid by using differential DC pulse wave and applications of treated liquid

Abstract

The invention provides a novel waveform, particularly differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave, its use in treating liquid without causing anodic and cathodic reactions. The DDCP wave has a normal forward cycle having a fixed frequency from 0.1 ~ 100KHz (duty cycle: 35 ~ 95 %) and a reverse cycle having a frequency from 0.1 ~ 100KHz (duty cycle: 35 ~ 95 %). In treatment mode, the fixed frequency used in normal forward cycle is higher than reverse cycle by 0.05 to 5KHz and the duty cycle of forward cycle is about 1 to 10% higher than reverse cycle. The forward and reverse cycle alternating frequency shall be selected according to water conductivity and quality, and the reversal time range is 5 to 60 sec. The emitter surface area is large enough to lower cathode current density; and the cathode potential vs Ag / AgCl is more positive than -1.2V. The wave peak voltage is 5 to 60 volts. Treated water ORP shift vs Ag / AgCl reference cell is more negative than -150 mV, preferably more negative than -250 mV. Also provided are method, apparatus and system for treating liquid by using DDCP wave so as to produce beneficial treatment effects, as well as various applications or uses of the DDCP wave treatment.

Description

[0001] METHOD, APPARATUS AND SYSTEM FOR TREATING LIQUID BY USING DIFFERENTIAL DC PULSE WAVE AND APPLICATIONS OF TREATED LIQUID

[0002] This application claims priority to PCT Application No. PCT / IB2023 / 063162 (hereinafter referred to as ‘ 162 application), filed on Dec 22, 2023, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.

[0003] Technical Field

[0004] The invention relates broadly to a method, an apparatus and a system for treating liquid (including water or beverages) by using differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave to produce beneficial treatment effects and the applications or uses thereof.

[0005] Background of the Invention

[0006] Modern sedentary lifestyle and highly processed foods and sweetened diets are a few main factors contributing to the sharp rise in common metabolic disorders in more people, especially the seniors. Metabolic conditions such as high cholesterol, high blood glucose and high blood pressure are no longer uncommon. They also often escalate to cases of chronic kidney diseases, cardiovascular and other diseases, particularly amongst senior citizens. The major root causes of these metabolic disorders are due to the free radicals / reactive oxygen species (ROS) either from endogenic metabolisms process or from external sources such unhealthy diets, smoking, etc., and the progressively lower body metabolic energy levels due to ageing or lack of physical activities.

[0007] From medical practitioners’ point of view, regular annual blood tests are perhaps the best practical approach to monitor health conditions. However, there is nothing much the medical practitioners could do until the blood tests show “failed” medical test results. Medicinal intervention is then taken as a first step to “cure” or “restoring” back to normal metabolic conditions. The role of the doctors becomes a “post health disorders rectification role”, instead of a proactive disorder preventive role. For example, when the Low-Density-Lipoprotein LDL blood cholesterol level reached a certain specified high level, Statin drug is prescribed by the doctor as the first line of intervention to lower the blood LDL, but accompanying the Statin drug are the various common side effects which could lead to other health issues to different extent. Although the doctors know well many of these metabolic disorders can be reversed back to normal by resolving the root causes which is the lifestyles and diets, they can only provide the advisory role instead of seeing through the day-to-day implementation by the people who has metabolic disorders. Moreover, if the existing health conditions of the individual have the potential risks of developing into metabolic disorders but not reaching the specified” failed” category yet, it is out of the radar screening of the doctor or blood test. By the time it is shown as failed parameter in the blood test, it is already too late and developed to full metabolic disorders.

[0008] In medical teaching, Oxidative stress caused by free radicals / reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ageing, or physical inactivity causing low energy are the key root causes to the common metabolic disorders. In general, the non-medicinal advice provided by the health / medical professional is to increase antioxidant foods or supplement intakes to neutralize free radicals / ROS, also avoid free radicals / ROS inducing foods such as deep fried or sugary beverages etc. However, many of these antioxidant foods such as fruits / fruits juices, if taken in at large amount to meet the antioxidant requirement, due to their high glucose and fructose content, it can exacerbate or lead to non-alcoholic fatty liver or gout / high uric acid resulting from fructose metabolism. Similarly, many antioxidants supplement themselves can become free radicals after donated their electrons and if not excreted from body, it is not solving the oxidative stress issue.

[0009] In addition to the above antioxidant intake advice, another piece of advice by the health advisers or doctors is to elevate body calorific / enthalpic energy level by regular exercise. Regular exercise promotes various body functions and the activation of the various body enzymes. A good example is exercise can activate cell energy regulating enzyme AMPK to promote glucose uptake. Yet another function is the inhibition of lipogenesis, stimulation of fatty acid oxidation hence decreases stored triglycerides, enhancement of liver LDL receptor expression resulting in the lowering of overall blood lipid / cholesterol level.

[0010] Furthermore, free radicals / oxidative stress can damage the AMPK enzymes or inhibit the expression of AMPK. Hence by increasing both the antioxidants intake and elevating body energy, the antioxidants intake can neutralize the free radicals / oxidative stress and help to restore the AMPK enzyme expression and mitigate high lipid level in blood. But regular exercise requires lots of determination and time, moreover, exercise is an uphill task for physically immobile handicaps and seniors, although is a good piece of advice, it is a challenge to implement.

[0011] To most people who have metabolic disorders or metabolic syndrome, despite knowing the root causes of their metabolic disorders, remodeling of their lifestyles, going for regular exercise and restricting, or choice of diets or habits can all pose a great challenge to them. This can be due to tight working schedules, budgets or even self-discipline, or physical limitations. Furthermore, the food and drinks that are available to them at most food outlets or supermarkets during working hours are taste-optimized, but not health-optimized. For these reasons, limited success in controlling metabolic syndrome without medicinal intervention.

[0012] In view of the above-mentioned limitations of the diets, exercise, self-discipline, medicine and the potential side effects of medicinal intervention, it is necessary to have a product / solution / invention that can provide the required antioxidants for neutralizing the free radicals / ROS and helping the body to acquire sufficiently free energy EVEN AT REST to enhance and promote the various enzymes reactions such as enhance GLUT4 translocation for glucose uptake, fatty acid oxidation etc. It is a preventive wellness measure to prevent metabolic disorders and especially important for physically disabled persons.

[0013] Summary of the Invention

[0014] The present invention has been developed to fulfill the needs noted above and therefore has a principal object of the provision of a method, apparatus and system for treating liquid by using differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave to produce beneficial treatment effects, such as free electron donating effect. By drinking such treated liquid (including water or beverages), the treated liquid can provide immense health benefits especially for chronic kidney disease, blood cholesterol, glucose and blood pressure control and others metabolic related health conditions and the metabolic disorders can be mitigated.

[0015] This invention provides a novel waveform, particularly differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave, its use in treating liquid without causing anodic and cathodic reactions, and the applications and beneficial effects thereof. According to the wave specifications in this invention, the DDCP wave should have a normal forward cycle having a fixed frequency from 0.1 ~ lOOKHz (duty cycle: 35 ~ 95 %) and a reverse cycle having a frequency from 0.1 ~ lOOKHz (duty cycle: 35 ~ 95 %). In treatment mode, the fixed frequency used in normal forward cycle is higher than reverse cycle by 0.05 to 5KHz and the duty cycle of forward cycle is about 1 to 10% higher than reverse cycle. The forward and reverse cycle alternating frequency shall be selected according to water conductivity and quality, and the reversal time range is 5 to 60 sec, depending on the water LSI (Langelier Saturation Index) which is determined by water calcium hardness, water temperature, conductivity, pH. Higher LSI due to high hardness, temperature, pH and conductivity needs to use shorter reversing time to minimize calcium carbonate scale forming on emitter surface. In addition, the emitters in this invention can be single or multiple pairs. The emitter surface area shall be large enough to lower cathode current density to avoid hydrogen gas generation. The cathode potential vs Ag / AgCl shall be more positive than -1.2V to minimize hydrogen generation. The wave peak voltage: 5 to 60 volts. Low conductivity water generally needs higher peak voltage to drive the current. Higher than 60 Volt can be used but for safety reason, it is kept below 60V. Treated water ORP shift vs Ag / AgCl reference cell should be more negative than -150 mV preferably more negative than -250 mV for consumption to produce the desirable effect. In an embodiment of the invention, it is provided a method for treating a liquid by using differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave, comprising the steps of: generating a DDCP wave; and applying the DDCP wave to the liquid in either static or flowing state; wherein the DDCP wave complying with the above wave specifications.

[0016] In specific embodiments, the water LSI is determined by water calcium hardness, water temperature, conductivity, pH.

[0017] In further embodiments, wherein the DDPC treated liquid having an OH bond vibration at 3400 cm-1 ranging from 0.4019 to 1.1708.

[0018] In certain embodiments, the method further comprises the step of identifying a type of the liquid to be treated for determination of wave parameters of the DDCP wave to be applied.

[0019] In another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of determining the wave parameters of the DDCP wave based on manual selection of the user or based on real-time online feedback measurements.

[0020] In specific embodiments, the method further comprises the step of adjusting the wave parameters of the DDCP wave based on real-time online feedback measurements during the treatment.

[0021] In preferred embodiments, the real-time online feedback measurements include one or more of water calcium hardness, water temperature, water quality, conductivity, pH or ORP of the liquid In further embodiments, the method further comprises the step of determining operation mode of the treatment of the liquid between one pass, recirculating and batch treatment.

[0022] In another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of preserving antioxidizing ORP and energy obtained by the treatment.

[0023] In specific embodiments, the method further comprises the step of applying non-DDCP wave for incorporating desirable anodic or cathodic reactions in the treatment.

[0024] According to the embodiments, the method of DDCP treatment provides one or more of the following effects:

[0025] (1 ) generating anti oxidizing free electron donating effect without the side anodic and cathodic reactions;

[0026] (2) supplementing antioxidizing metabolic energy;

[0027] (3) removing astringency mouthfeel;

[0028] (4) removing throat burning sensation of liquor;

[0029] (5) reducing sourness and bitterness taste of beverage;

[0030] (6) removing muddy smell of foods; (7) improving water penetration and migration strength;

[0031] (8) accelerating extraction of nutrients;

[0032] (9) accelerating enzymatic processes including fermentation process;

[0033] (10) improving cleaning effectiveness and water saving in laundry applications;

[0034] (11 ) producing disinfection effect;

[0035] (12) accelerating chemical reactions;

[0036] (13) providing transportable free electron donating effect;

[0037] (14) facilitating removal of ions;

[0038] (15) accelerating the bacteria growth rate by enhancing the bacteria enzymatic metabolic reactions producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure;

[0039] (16) providing passive corrosion control of steel;

[0040] (17) producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure;

[0041] (18) increasing water capillary strength and wettability;

[0042] (19) using the treated water as antioxidants for reducing oxidative stress;

[0043] (20) accelerating non-enzymatic chemical reactions through increasing the entropy component of the reactions;

[0044] (21 ) using en tropic energy to improve metabolic syndrome conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD);

[0045] (22) improving the blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improve blood vessel flexibility and improve kidney functions;

[0046] (23) using antioxidizing plus high entropy energy water for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions.

[0047] (24) converting whole blood ORP to more antioxidizing to create a more antioxidizing environment to all the body cells.

[0048] In an embodiment of the invention, it is provided an apparatus for treating a liquid by using differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave, comprising: a power supply that is configured to supply a DC voltage; a wave parameter selector that is configured to select wave parameters of the DDCP wave based on manual selection of a user or based on real-time online feedback measurement; a DDCP wave generator that is configured to generate a required DDCP wave based on the selected wave parameters; and single or multiple pairs of emitters that are electrically coupled with the output terminals of the DDCP wave generator and generate a corresponding electromagnetic field based on the DDCP wave, wherein the DDCP wave complying with the above wave specifications.

[0049] In specific embodiments, the DDCP wave generator comprises: a waveform generation algorithm module comprising a plurality of DDCP waveform generation algorithms, each of which complies with the wave specifications and corresponds to a different type of the liquid; a feedback module that provides the real-time online feedback measurement of various properties of the liquid; a microprocessor that generates a corresponding DDCP wave control instruction based on the selected wave parameters from the wave parameter selector in accordance with the algorithm retrieved from the waveform generation algorithm module; a DDCP wave control module that generates a required DDCP wave in accordance with the DDCP wave control instruction and outputs it to the respective electrodes via the output terminals at the same time.

[0050] In further embodiments, wherein the DDPC treated liquid having an OH bond vibration at 3400 cm-1 ranging from 0.4019 to 1.1708.

[0051] In certain embodiments, the power supply is a linear AC / DC power supply, a DC Dry or Wet battery, or a switched mode AC / DC power supply.

[0052] In another embodiment, the real-time online feedback measurement comprises the measurements of various properties of the liquid to be treated.

[0053] In further embodiments, the properties of the liquid include water calcium hardness, water temperature, water quality, conductivity, pH or ORP.

[0054] In specific embodiments, different DDCP waves of different wave parameters programs are pre-stored in the wave parameter selector, and the wave parameter selector choose a specific program either by manual selection or based on the measured properties of the liquid to choose the best suited program for the DDCP wave generator to produce the correct required wave.

[0055] In certain embodiments, the wave parameter selector can be integrated into the DDCP wave generator as a part thereof, rather than as a separate component.

[0056] In another embodiment, the DDCP wave generator further comprises a protection circuit and a buffer circuit, which make the DDCP circuit work more stable, more reliable and longer service life.

[0057] In further embodiments, the microprocessor determines the type of the liquid to be treated in accordance with the real-time online feedback measurement and retrieves the algorithm associated with the type of the liquid from the waveform generation algorithm module.

[0058] According to an embodiment of the invention, it is provided a system for treating a liquid by using differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave, comprising: the apparatus for treating the liquid by using DDCP wave according to any one of claims 10- 18; a holder that is configured to keep the emitters in place to generate a stable pulsating electromagnetic field; and a treatment chamber that comprises the emitters arranged therein and a treatment chamber housing containing the liquid to be treated so that untreated liquid being treated under the electromagnetic field generated by the emitters in the treatment chamber so as to become the entropy treated liquid.

[0059] In specific embodiments, the entropy treated liquids is transmitted from an outlet of the treatment chamber to whole household or building via water supply lines.

[0060] In another embodiment, the system further comprises a cooling means for cooling down the liquid, and / or a stirrer for homogenization of the liquid, each of which can be mounted in the treatment chamber.

[0061] In further embodiments, the emitter material, if used for drinking purposes, should be platinum coated. The substrate can be titanium. Magnetite electrode may be used if the black color appearance is acceptable.

[0062] According to an embodiment of the invention, it is provided a use of the liquid treated by the DDCP treatment method in the preparation of a product for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

[0063] According to an embodiment of the invention, it is provided a use of the liquid treated by the DDCP treatment method in the preparation of a product for the improvement of blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improve blood vessel flexibility and improve kidney functions.

[0064] According to an embodiment of the invention, it is provided a use of the liquid treated by the DDCP treatment method in the preparation of a product for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions.

[0065] In another embodiment, the product is an antioxidizing product having entropic energy. More particular, DDCP increases the entropic energy to make enzymatic reactions more favourable. The antioxidizing effect of hydrated electron is created in the DDCP treatment effect but it is not directly due to the increase in entropic energy.

[0066] In further embodiments, diseases that can be related or indirectly caused by metabolic dysfunctions comprise:

[0067] Neurodegenerative Diseases;

[0068] Chronic Inflammatory Diseases;

[0069] Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS);

[0070] Skin Disorders; Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); and

[0071] Liver Diseases.

[0072] It should be noted that DDCP’s effect in improving the metabolic functions can help in mitigating these conditions if they are caused by metabolic dysfunction. It does not directly prevent or cure diseases.

[0073] According to an embodiment of the invention, it is provided a method for the prevention or treatment of metabolic syndrome conditions and / or CKD in a subject in need of such a prevention or treatment, wherein the method comprises the step of administering the subject prevention or treatment effective amount of the liquid treated by the above method.

[0074] According to an embodiment of the invention, it is provided the liquid treated by the above method for prevention or treatment of metabolic syndrome conditions and / or CKD.

[0075] It is understandable that the apparatus and system using DDCP wave for the treatment of liquid is not restricted to the above embodiments. Prior art water treatment systems comprising the capacitive electrodes can also be adapted to carry out the method of the present invention with properly incorporated DDCP waves.

[0076] The objects, characteristics, advantages and technical effects of the invention will be further elaborated in the following description of the concepts and structures of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. The drawings illustrate the invention by way of examples without limitation to the invention in any manner.

[0077] Brief Description of the Drawings

[0078] In the following detailed description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings. In the drawings, like reference numbers represent like parts throughout the various views.

[0079] Fig. 1 shows an exemplary structure of an apparatus for treating liquid by using differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0080] Fig. 2 shows an exemplary structure layout of the DDCP wave generator according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0081] Fig. 3 shows a system for treating the liquid by using the DDCP wave according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0082] Fig. 4 shows an exemplary flowchart of a method for treating water by using the DDCP wave according to an embodiment of the invention.

[0083] Fig. 5 shows the exemplary difference of FTIR absorbance peak variation between the AMPE wave in the ‘162 application and the DDCP wave in this invention for the same ORP mV treatment level. Fig. 6(a)- 1 to Fig. 6(a)-2 show an exemplary waveform of the AMPE wave in the ‘162 application.

[0084] Fig. 6(b) shows an exemplary waveform of the DDCP wave in this invention.

[0085] Fig. 7(a) - 7(b) show test results of a human subject kept consuming DDCP wave treated water and using DDCP wave treated water for washing his face and hand for three weeks.

[0086] Fig. 7(c) shows the results of using DDCP wave treated pure water as eye drops for itchy and irritated eyes.

[0087] Fig. 8 demonstrates the increase in capillary strength of DDCP wave treated water as compared to control.

[0088] Fig. 9 demonstrates the improvement in water penetration strength in the skin hydration test.

[0089] Fig. 10 illustrates the test results of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for HHC without medication.

[0090] Fig. 11 illustrates the test results of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for SHS without medication

[0091] Fig. 12 illustrates the test results of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for PGC without medication.

[0092] Fig. 13 illustrates the test results of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for TLK with statin medication.

[0093] Fig. 14 illustrates the test results of the blood glucose monitoring for HHC without medication.

[0094] Fig. 15 illustrates the test results of the blood glucose monitoring for KS without medication.

[0095] Fig. 16 illustrates the test results of the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) monitoring for HHC without medication.

[0096] Fig. 17 illustrates the classification of chronic kidney disease using GFR and ACR categories.

[0097] Fig. 18 illustrates the test results of the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) monitoring for TLK without medication.

[0098] Fig. 19 illustrates the test results of the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) monitoring for STT without medication.

[0099] Fig. 20 illustrates the test results of the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) monitoring for YTY with medication.

[0100] Fig. 21 illustrates the test results of the blood pressure monitoring for KS without medication.

[0101] Fig. 22 illustrates the test results of tumor markers monitoring for three persons.

[0102] Detailed Description of Embodiments

[0103] While this invention is illustrated and described in preferred embodiments, the method, apparatus and system of the invention may be carried out in many different configurations, sizes, forms and materials.

[0104] In the context of the present invention, terms “water”, “fluid”, “liquid”, “beverage”, “aqueous fluid” and “aqueous liquid” may be used interchangeably, and in general refers to the liquid to be treated by the method, apparatus and system of the invention. In the following embodiments, "water" is described as the treatment object. However, it shall be understood that the term “water” in the context refers to a liquid or solution that comprises water as one of the major components, thus “water” shall not be construed as being the pure substance (pure H2O in liquid state) unless otherwise specified.

[0105] According to the disclosure in the background, in all, this invention / application must satisfy the following requirements:

[0106] 1) Must be easy to use and be part of the “must do” act of everyone.

[0107] 2) There must be sufficient antioxidants or antioxidizing properties.

[0108] 3) It can provide body free energy to enhance enzymatic reactions and body functions.

[0109] Within the above framework, one of the “must do” daily acts of everyone are “drinking water or other beverages in which water is the major content. Since drinking water is a must for everyone, water is then used to act as antioxidants, and energy carrier in this invention.

[0110] The free electron donating effect of water or aqueous liquid is one of the unique effects of water, produced when water is at its energized states especially at bond vibration excited state. Water O-H and hydrogen bonds are also sensitive and selectively responsive to selective range of electromagnetic waves and resulting in strong O-H bond vibrations hence elevates the entropy energy content of the water. This free electron donating effect and the elevated energy of the excited water has many applications including industrial and environmental emission abatement, medicine, food and beverage, fermentation, taste improvement, wellness, agriculture, algae control, corrosion control, skin care etc.

[0111] However, most of the prior arts of producing free electron rely on the effects of DC electrolysis which inevitably involves anodic and cathodic reactions. In water DC electrolysis, water is split into H+ (acidic & oxidizing) and OH- (alkaline and reducing). These acidic oxidizing anodic and alkaline reducing cathodic reactions due to the splitting of water by DC electrolysis create many undesirable reaction endproducts besides the free electrons, thus limiting the wide applications and compromising many positive effects of the free electron donating function.

[0112] For example, prior art PCT / IB20 1 / 057255 discloses treatment of liquid beverage using a DC biased time-varying frequency pulsating electromagnetic wave. The exemplary waveform is shown in Fig. 1A. Although the time varying AC wave with imposed DC bias component could help to produce free electron in water for the electron donating effect, PCT / IB2021 / 057255 also mentioned and acknowledged the production of chlorine gas and hypochlorite due to the anodic and cathodic reactions. To solve the above problem, in the ‘162 application which provided non-electrolytic treatment of liquid using alternating multi-pulse embedded wave (AMPE), this prior art can control or eliminate the anodic or cathodic reactions by adjusting wave frequency and other wave parameters so as to produce free electrons in water for imparting the free electron donating effect but not splitting water.

[0113] However, the pulsed wave treated water in the ‘162 application gives no mention of the effect on human organ function and the applications thereof to metabolic conditions. In addition, the efficiency for the AMPE wave treatment to generate the OH bond vibrations and produce the bond vibration entropy energy is not very high.

[0114] Concretely, to excite or increase the water bond vibration energy to achieve the high vibration and antioxidizing effect, the ‘ 162 application has disclosed a method to increase the entropic energy of water by using AMPE wave. And the increase in vibration energy can be detected in the larger FTIR O-H peak fluctuation amplitude. The AMPE wave comprises an alternating main AC wave and at least two unidirectional DC pulses embedded in each half cycle of the main AC wave. The AMPE waveform comprises multiple unidirectional DC pulses in each positive or negative half cycle of the wave. After each half cycle, the direction of all the multiple unidirectional DC pulses is alternated to the opposite direction. There is rms DC voltage for each half positive or negative cycle of the wave, but zero rms DC voltage for each complete cycle consisted of one positive and one negative half cycle.

[0115] As compared to prior art waveform which has rms DC voltage in every full cycle and throughout the whole waveform, the DC bias by multiple DC pulses in each positive half cycle is cancelled by the negative half cycle in present invention, hence there is zero DC bias in every positive-negative full cycle to prevent or mitigate the adverse effect of the anodic and cathodic reactions.

[0116] On the other hand, in this invention, it is found that using a Differential DC fixed frequency pulsed wave, (denoted as “DDCP”) wave but without time varying. In the differential pulse wave, the forward cycle fixed frequency DC pulse has a higher frequency than the reversed cycle fixed frequency DC pulse frequency. And the duty cycle of the forward cycle is higher than the reversed cycle. This increases dramatically the O-H bond vibration absorption peak deviation indicating a highly rigorous vibration state or higher entropy energy compared with the AMPE waveform in the ‘ 162 application. The auto reversal is at a frequency such that the water O-H bond vibration is the highest, negative ORP shift is efficient, yet the scaling on the emitter / receiver surface is minimum. And OH bond vibrations and the antioxidizing effects of Hydrated electrons are the keys in promoting the body metabolic functions.

[0117] In addition, this invention further uses the treated water to mitigate metabolic syndromes by making water antioxidizing and posse high entropic vibration energy.

[0118] Moreover, this invention further produce an antioxidizing product having entropic vibration energy to promote the body metabolic functions

[0119] The FTIR O-H peak fluctuation amplitude so produced is shown to be much larger than ‘162 waveform, which indicates a higher O-H bond vibration entropic energy in the treated water. The graphs in fig. 5 shows the difference thereof. In the figure, the three graphs show the FTIR absorbance peak variations of the untreated tap water, the ‘ 162 treated tap water and the DDCP treated tap water for the same ORP mV treatment level and the table shows concrete experimental data thereof.

[0120] In fig. 6 (a)-l to Fig. 6(a)-2 and 6(b), they further show the comparison of the waveforms of the AMPE wave in the ‘162 application and the DDCP wave in this invention. The DDCP wave as shown in fig. 6(b) has been shown to be more efficient in producing the entropic bond vibration energy effect, consuming less energy, and without the time varying feature, when compared with the AMPE waveform shown in fig. 6 (a)-l to Fig. 6(a)-2. This lowers the production cost for the printed circuit board (PCB) and the emitter platinum or metal oxide coating has a longer service life for the same coating thickness.

[0121] The DDCP wave power supply can be either DC Dry or Wet battery, switching power rectifier, or the transformer rectifier to step down the 230 / 110V AC supply and rectified to low voltage DC 12 -60 V. PCB circuit design can be varied but the output should be DDCP wave of the following wave specifications:

[0122] 1. Normal Forward Cycle: A Fixed Frequency from range: 0.1 - lOOKHz i. (preferably from fixed frequency within the range 1-10K Hz) ii. Duty Cycle: 35 - 95 % (preferably from 50 -95%)

[0123] 2. Reverse Cycle: Frequency: 0.1 - lOOKHz i. (preferably from fixed frequency within the range 1-10K Hz) ii. Duty Cycle: 35 - 95 % (preferably from 50 -95%)

[0124] 3. Frequency differential: In treatment mode, the fixed frequency used in normal forward cycle is higher than Reverse Cycle by 0.05 to 5K Hz and the Duty cycle of Forward cycle is about 1 to 10% higher than Reverse Cycle.

[0125] 4. The forward and reverse cycle alternating frequency shall be selected according to water conductivity and quality to avoid hydrogen and chlorine gas generation, also avoiding pH shift to alkaline or acidic direction. 5. Reversal time range: 5 to 60 sec. Depending on the water LSI (Langelier Saturation Index) which is determined by water calcium hardness, water temperature, conductivity, pH. Higher LSI due to high hardness, temperature, pH and conductivity needs to use shorter reversing time to minimize calcium carbonate scale forming on emitter surface.

[0126] 6. Emitters can be single or multiple pairs. The emitter surface area shall be large enough to lower cathode current density to avoid hydrogen gas generation. The cathode potential vs Ag / AgCl shall be more positive than -1.2V to minimize hydrogen generation.

[0127] 7. Wave peak voltage: 5 to 60 volts. Low conductivity water generally needs higher peak voltage to drive the current. Higher than 60 Volt can be used but for safety reason, it is kept below 60V.

[0128] 8. Treated water ORP shift vs Ag / AgCl reference cell should be more negative than -150 mV preferably more negative than -250 mV for consumption to produce the desirable effect.

[0129] 9. The emitter material, if used for drinking purposes, should be platinum coated. The substrate can be titanium. Magnetite electrode may be used if the black color appearance is acceptable.

[0130] Fig. 1 illustrates an exemplary structure of an apparatus for treating liquid (e.g. water) by using differential DC pulse wave (also called “DDCP wave apparatus”).

[0131] As shown in the figure, the apparatus 100 mainly comprises a power supply 110, a wave parameter selector 120, a DDCP wave generator 130 and the emitters 141 and 142 (the emitters can be single or multiple pairs, two emitters are shown herein) , etc.

[0132] The power supply 110 is configured to supplying DC voltages with a predefined DC voltage (e.g. 12V-60V). The power supply 110 can be either DC Dry or Wet battery of either the rechargeable or non-rechargeable type, switching power rectifier, or the transformer rectifier to step down the 230 / 110V AC supply and rectified to low voltage DC 12 -60V.

[0133] In addition, the power supply 110 also can be other types. For example, as show, it can be a linear AC / DC power supply, which comprises an AC input, an input transformer, a rectifier, an output filter and a DC output. Alternatively, the power supply 110 can be a switched mode AC / DC power supply, which comprises an AC input, an input rectifier and filter, a PFC (Optional), a DC / AC converter, an isolation transformer, an output rectifier and filter, and a DC output.

[0134] In the embodiment of the invention, there are two major components built in the DDCP wave apparatuslOO to generate different DDCP waveforms for different types of liquids. These two components are the “wave parameter selector 120” and the “DDCP wave generator 130”.

[0135] The wave parameter selector 120 is configured to select the wave parameters of the DDCP wave for the DDCP wave generator 130 so as to generate the required wave. The wave parameter selector is programmed to control and select the correct wave parameters of the required DDCP wave.

[0136] The wave parameter selector 120 can select the wave parameters based on manual selection of the user or based on real-time online feedback measurement. The real-time online feedback measurement may comprise the measurements of various properties of the water to be treated, which can include the water calcium hardness, water temperature, water quality, conductivity, pH or ORP, etc.

[0137] For example, the water conductivity and quality can be used to select the forward and reverse cycle alternating frequency so as to avoid pH shift to alkaline or acidic direction. In addition, the reversal time can be determined by the water LSI which is determined by water calcium hardness, water temperature, conductivity, pH. Higher LSI due to high hardness, temperature, pH and conductivity needs to use shorter reversing time to minimize calcium carbonate scale forming on emitter surface.

[0138] Depending on the application requirements, different DDCP waves of different wave parameters programs can be pre-stored in the wave parameter selector 120. The wave parameter selector can choose a specific program either by manual selection or based on the measured properties of the water to choose the best suited program for the DDCP wave generator 130 to produce the correct required wave.

[0139] It shall be understood that the wave parameter selector 120 also can be integrated into the DDCP wave generator as a part thereof, rather than as a separate component as mentioned above. Such an embodiment also falls into the protection scope of the present invention.

[0140] The DDCP wave generator 130 is configured to generate the required DDCP wave based on the selected wave parameter input. The generated DDCP wave shall comply with the above wave specifications. The concrete structure of the DDCP wave generator 130 is demonstrated in an exemplary layout as shown in fig. 2. The hardware circuit of the DDCP wave generator 130 is composed of a series of functional modules as shown in the figure and can be achieved in the form of PCB. The PCB circuit design can be varied but the output should be DDCP wave of the above wave specifications.

[0141] Generally, when receiving the DC current from the power supply 110 via the DC input terminals, the noise filter filters the received DC current so as to obtain pure DC current. Then, the filtered DC current is transmitted to the DC buck converter module. The DC buck converter module is configured to convert high voltage DC into low voltage DC as required. Next, in accordance with the algorithm retrieved from the waveform generation algorithm module, the microprocessor generates the corresponding DDCP wave control instruction based on the selected wave parameters from the wave parameter selector. Finally, the DDCP wave control module generates the required DDCP wave in accordance with the DDCP wave control instruction and outputs it to the respective emitters via the output terminals at the same time.

[0142] The waveform generation algorithm module comprises a plurality of DDCP waveform generation algorithms, each of which complies with the above wave specifications and corresponds to a different type of the water. So the microprocessor can retrieve the algorithm associated with the type of the water to be treated from the waveform generation algorithm module and use it to generate the corresponding control instruction.

[0143] In addition, besides the above components, the new DDCP circuit (PCB) of the DDCP wave generator 130 comes with added protection circuit and buffer circuit, which make DDCP circuit work more stable, more reliable and longer service life.

[0144] In a preferable embodiment, the DDCP wave generator 130 further comprises a feedback module which can provide the real-time online feedback measurement of various properties of the water with corresponding instruments. These measured properties of the water can be provided to the microprocessor and the wave parameter selector 120, respectively.

[0145] Hence, the microprocessor can determine the type of the water to be treated in accordance with the real-time online feedback measurement and retrieve the algorithm associated with the type of the water from the waveform generation algorithm module. And the most appropriate wave parameters of the DDCP wave also can be selected by the wave parameter selector 120 based on the real-time online feedback measurement.

[0146] The wave parameters can include the normal forward cycle, the reverse cycle, the forward and reverse cycle alternating frequency and the reversal time range of the DDCP wave, etc. These key parameters of the waveform also can be varied according to application requirements and the various online feedback from the treatment loop.

[0147] The feedback can be measured calcium hardness, temperature, quality, conductivity, pH, or ORP of the water, and also the measured electrode potential / voltage, etc. For example, the feedback module measures water calcium hardness, water temperature, water quality, conductivity, pH or ORP, etc. Any conventional conductivity, pH, ORP meter / probe can be incorporated into the apparatus to measure the properties of the water. Then, these measured properties will be used to determine the type of the water and select the most appropriate wave parameters. And these selected wave parameters can help the microprocessor to generate the corresponding control instruction for generating the DDCP wave.

[0148] Furthermore, in certain embodiments for non-food & beverage application, the feedback module may further include corrosion rate measurement, ion concentration measurement, gas content analyzer, heat transfer measurement, bacteria count test, etc. The relevant parameters will also be input into the wave parameter selector 120 for the wave parameters determination procedures.

[0149] The two emitters 141 and 142 are electrically coupled with the two output terminals of the DDCP wave generator 130, respectively, and generate an electromagnetic field based on the received DDCP wave. The emitters 141 and 142 are arranged in a predetermined pattern and placed to be in direct contact with the water (i.e. immersed in the water contained in the treatment chamber) to generate a pulsating capacitive electromagnetic field having a field strength between the emitters based on the DDCP wave. The emitters 141 and 142 can be capacitive. In other words, they are capacitor electrodes that can be in the form of concentric cylinders, parallel plates or other different geometrical shapes.

[0150] The material of the emitters can be any conductive material, preferably a conductive material with good wet corrosion resistance property such as magnetite, 316L stainless steel, graphite, titanium, gold, etc. The material can also be inert conductive material coated metal substrates such as platinized titanium / niobium, conductive metal oxide coated titanium, etc. If used for drinking purposes, the emitter material should be platinum coated. The substrate can be titanium. Magnetite electrode may be used if the black color appearance is acceptable.

[0151] Naturally, it is very beneficial when this DDCP wave apparatus is installed inline at the household incoming water pipeline for one pass applications. After the DDCP wave treatment, the whole household will be able to use the antioxidizing free electron donating water for shower, drinking etc. supplying the antioxidants needed by our body to fight free radicals, anti-inflammation effect and mitigation of metabolic disorders etc. This makes the water not only safe but also healthier. It should be understood that the term “one pass” shall be construed as the treated water is not recycled after use, and is not limited to the situation that the liquid flows only once between the capacitive electrodes.

[0152] Alternatively, the water treatment can be repeated in certain applications for recharging the entropy energy. In some industrial applications such as the recirculating cooling water system, it requires recharging the DDCP wave energy after the treated media released its energy. This can be achieved by installing DDCP wave treatment system in the media recirculating path / pipe / cooling tower basin, which is most preferable for the applications in which the recirculating media is recycled in normal operation. It recharges the water, allowing it to dissipate the energy after charging and recharge again when the media is recirculated back to the DDCP wave treatment location.

[0153] Furthermore, the treatment can be a batch treatment in which the water stays in the treatment chamber for a treatment duration and then discharged from the treatment chamber for direct use or for storage purposes. The treatment duration can be adjusted according to the actual application together with other wave parameters.

[0154] On this basis, a (water treatment) system for treating the liquid by using the DDCP wave will be further illustrated in conjunction with fig. 3. Such a water treatment system can be applied to various scenarios besides home, such as factory, office building, hospital or school, etc., for one pass, batch treatment or continuous flow applications.

[0155] As shown in fig. 3, the DC current is transmitted from the DC power supply to the DDCP wave apparatus in the form of PCB. During the treatment process, the DDCP PCB outputs the DDCP wave following the above wave specifications to the emitters. Moreover, in order to achieve the batch treatment or continuous flow applications, the water treatment system further provides a holder and a treatment chamber as follows.

[0156] The holder is configured to keep the emitters (electrodes) in place to generate a stable pulsating electromagnetic field.

[0157] The treatment chamber comprises the emitters arranged therein and a treatment chamber housing containing the water to be treated, as well as inlet, outlet and recirculating fluid channels.

[0158] The treatment chamber housing can be made of wet corrosion resistance metal such as stainless steel, or other non-conductive materials such as UPVC, PPR, PE, HDPE etc. Alternatively, the metal housing can be lined with non-conductive materials, such as Teflon lined mild steel. The overall shape of the chamber housing accommodates the shape of the emitters. For example, the chamber housing can be a cylinder when the emitters are concentric cylinders, whereas the chamber housing can be cuboid when the emitters are parallel plates.

[0159] In present invention, the water to be treated flows between the emitters, thus functions as the dielectric media of the capacitor. Typically, there is no restriction on the water to be treated. For example, the dielectric media include fluids of low conductivity, such as distilled water having conductivity of few pS / cm, and also fluids of high conductivity, such as seawater, salty soup, wine or some juices with conductivity as high as 100 mS / cm.

[0160] In the treatment chamber, flow direction of the water to be treated is generally in parallel flowing through the annular space or parallel space between the emitters. Perpendicular flow can be accommodated if the emitters are perforated or in mesh / grids form whereby the water can flow through the emitters, preferably multiple passes. Furthermore, the operation mode can be one pass, recirculating or batch treatment, depending upon how the inlet, outlet, and the recirculation channel are connected.

[0161] When in use, untreated water is incoming pipeline from wet riser and then is treated under the electromagnetic field generated by the emitters in the treatment chamber so as to become the entropy treated water. Such entropy treated water is transmitted from the outlet of the treatment chamber to whole household or building via the water supply lines. So the user can easily drink it by opening the water tap.

[0162] It is understandable that the apparatus and system using DDCP wave for the treatment of water is not restricted to the above embodiments. Other variations of the embodiments also fall into the scope of protection of the invention.

[0163] For example, in further embodiment of the invention, the treatment system may comprise a cooling means for cooling down the liquid, and / or a stirrer for homogenization of the liquid, each of which can be mounted in the treatment chamber.

[0164] This invention also provides a method for treating liquid (e,g, water) by using differential DC pulse wave to produce beneficial treatment effects, such as free electron donating effect. The method can be operated with the apparatus or the system of the invention according to the following procedures.

[0165] Fig. 4 shows the exemplary flowchart of the method for treating water by using differential DC pulse wave according to an embodiment of the invention (also called “DDCP wave treatment method”).

[0166] For different types and different applications of the water, different wave parameters of the DDCP waves are required to be determined and applied to the water. The wave parameters can either be pre-determined based on the subject liquid, or be determined in real-time based on the feedback measurements.

[0167] Based on the above ideas, the method firstly comprises the step (410) of identifying the type of the water to be treated for the determination of wave parameters of the DDCP wave to be applied. As mentioned above, the feedback module can execute the real-time online feedback measurement to measure the properties of the water to be treated.

[0168] In food & beverage (F&B) applications, to treat different types of drinks, the types of drink can be firstly identified by combining the measured electrical conductivity, ORP and pH. Different groups of drink have their characterized electrical conductivity, ORP, pH. By the combination of conductivity, pH and ORP, the types of drink can be easily identified. Some exemplary conductivity, ORP and pH values are listed in Table 1 below (a + / - allowance can be given to each beverage for measurement error and accuracy).

[0169] Table 1

[0170] Then, the method further comprises the step (420) of generating a DDCP wave based on the determined wave parameters. As mentioned above, in accordance with the algorithm associated with the type of the water from the waveform generation algorithm module, the microprocessor can generate the corresponding control instruction of the DDCP wave based on the wave parameters selected by the wave parameter selector 120, and send the control instruction to the DDCP wave control module so as to generate the corresponding DDCP wave.

[0171] Next, the method further comprises the step (430) of applying the DDCP wave to the water in either static or flowing state. The DDCP wave shall have the characteristics as defined in the above wave specifications and generate the corresponding electromagnetic field to energize the treatment water such that one or more treatment effects are induced in the treatment water. These treatment effects will be described in detail below.

[0172] In a preferable embodiment, the method further comprises the step (440) of adjusting the wave parameters based on real-time online feedback measurements during the treatment. As mentioned above, the feedback module measures the properties of the water, e.g. water calcium hardness, water temperature, water quality, conductivity, pH or ORP, etc., in real-time. These measured properties of the water can be used to adjust the wave parameters of the DDCP wave.

[0173] In further embodiments, the method further comprises the step (450) of preserving the antioxidizing ORP and energy obtained by the treatment.

[0174] To make DDCP wave useful in most non-F&B (food & beverage) applications, it is important that the energy of the DDCP wave treatment effect is controllable such that it can be charged, stored, and released. One of the uniqueness of the DDCP wave treated vibrational entropy energy is storable in the media such as water. The elevated vibration and electron donating state can be maintained and stored in the media if they are properly isolated by energy isolating materials to prevent or minimize the energy drain such as using insulating materials with perfect sealing to prevent exchange of energy / chemicals with the surrounding including atmospheric gases. This can preserve the energy and antioxidizing effect over a long period of time such as days or months.

[0175] To preserve the free electron donating effect of the treated beverage over its shelf life, the most obvious approach is by perfect sealing of the bottle to prevent contact with the external oxidizing agent or gases. Airtight bottle sealing cap can prevent the ingression of external air / oxygen into the bottle hence preserving the shelf life of the treated beverages. Bottle material is important in preserving ORP. Only glass, non-porous plastic or other non-porous material may effectively block air infiltrate into the bottle. For example, although PET is a non-metallic material, PET bottle cannot preserve ORP as it is not dense enough to prevent the infiltration of air.

[0176] For cold pressed juices without any preservative and wine, the DDCP wave treatment process can be regarded as a cold pasteurization process will disinfect bacteria such as acetobacter. The treatment could prevent the wine or fruit juices becoming acidic or fermenting spontaneously.

[0177] However, when the situation requires the stored energy to be released at the point of use or application, such energy insulation can just be removed allowing it to interact with the other substances which require such energy, free electrons, or pair electrons.

[0178] In another embodiment, the method further comprises the step of determining operation mode of the treatment of the water between one pass, recirculating and batch treatment.

[0179] In a certain embodiment, the wave parameters of the DDCP wave can be determined by manual selection of the user.

[0180] In yet further embodiments, the method further comprises the step of applying non-DDCP wave for incorporating desirable anodic or cathodic reactions in the treatment.

[0181] In some specific applications, the anodic or cathodic reactions can be desirable. With the wave frequency / parameters control of the invention, in situation when anodic or cathodic reaction is required or preferred, either throughout the whole process or during part of the process, the desirable anodic or cathodic reaction can also be produced by adjusting the wave frequency and / or other wave parameters.

[0182] According to the embodiments, the method of DDCP treatment provides one or more of the following effects:

[0183] (1) generating antioxidizing free electron donating effect without the side anodic and cathodic reactions;

[0184] (2) supplementing antioxidizing metabolic energy;

[0185] (3) removing astringency mouthfeel;

[0186] (4) removing throat burning sensation of liquor;

[0187] (5) reducing sourness and bitterness taste of beverage;

[0188] (6) removing muddy smell of foods;

[0189] (7) improving water penetration and migration strength;

[0190] (8) accelerating extraction of nutrients;

[0191] (9) accelerating enzymatic processes including fermentation process;

[0192] (10) improving cleaning effectiveness and water saving in laundry applications;

[0193] (11 ) producing disinfection effect;

[0194] (12) accelerating chemical reactions;

[0195] (13) providing transportable free electron donating effect;

[0196] (14) facilitating removal of ions;

[0197] (15) accelerating the bacteria growth rate by enhancing the bacteria enzymatic metabolic reactions producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure;

[0198] (16) providing passive corrosion control of steel;

[0199] (17) producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure;

[0200] (18) increasing water capillary strength and wettability;

[0201] (19) using the treated water as antioxidants for reducing oxidative stress;

[0202] (20) accelerating non-enzymatic chemical reactions through increasing the entropy component of the reactions.

[0203] (21 ) using entropic energy to improve metabolic syndrome conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD);

[0204] (22) improving the blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improve blood vessel flexibility and improve kidney functions;

[0205] (23) using antioxidizing plus high entropy energy water for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions.

[0206] Application and beneficial effect of the invention

[0207] With the above DDCP wave properties, especially the avoidance of the undesirable anodic and cathodic reactions end-products, and the storage / transport / release / recharge arrangement, it can be applied in many industrial, medical, healthcare, agricultural, domestic, environmental, cosmetics applications, etc.

[0208] The following examples are some illustrative applications of the DDCP wave treatment method and system of the invention and the beneficial effect obtainable by the treatment. The applications cited are non-exhaustive and can be extended to many other applications based on the same or similar application principle.

[0209] Example 1. DDCP wave treatment provides antioxidizing free electron donating effect without the side anodic and cathodic undesirable end-product.

[0210] Without the side anodic and cathodic undesirable end-product, and together with the antioxidizing free electron donating effect, the DDCP wave treatment can be applied to convert water, beverages, juices, even alcoholic drinks from oxidizing to antioxidizing or use as antioxidants after treatment. Antioxidants has many benefits including anti-inflammation application, antioxidizing skin care topical applications, antioxidizing swimming pool and spas. Health or medical care products require antioxidants’ free radicals neutralizing beneficial effects yet must be free of the oxidants or oxidizing effect produced from the anodic reactions.

[0211] Free electron donating effect of the treated water has many health care benefits same as antioxidizing functioning principle as Vitamin C, E or glutathione which are all functioning by donating free electron to neutralize the free radicals in our body. The antioxidant effects include anti-inflammation, mitigate oxidation of LDL cholesterol, slow ageing etc.

[0212] Example 2. DDCP wave treatment supplements antioxidizing metabolic energy.

[0213] The increase in total free energy of DDCP wave treated water or beverage can supplement metabolic energy for human body. The treated water or beverage with free electron donating effect has a more negative ORP potential than blood or metabolic water produced by the cell end metabolic reaction. Hence after consumed and absorbed into the blood stream from intestine wall, by the potential difference, DDCP wave treated water or beverage will donate electron to blood stream, supplementing the cell metabolism (metabolic energy supplementing). The increase in antioxidizing metabolic energy can be quantified by the above equation (4) for quantifying free electron donating antioxidizing energy.

[0214] In all the cell metabolism processes, essentially foods are broken down into simplest biomolecules of amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose. Glucose and Fatty acids can be converted into energy in the cell through the Krebs cycle / beta-oxidation and subsequently in the mitochondria membrane electron transport chain. In the Krebs cycle, acetyl Co A undergoes many processes to donate electrons to convert the electron carrier NAD from NAD+form into NADH. NADH which is then transported to the mitochondria to release electron to mitochondria wall membrane for electron transport chain (ETC) to produce energy by converting ADP to ATP. NADH is then reversing itself back to NAD+after donated the electron and goes back to Krebs cycle to pick up electron to form NADH again for further electron conversion cycle. At the mitochondria wall electron transport chain, the donated electron from NADH converts the oxygen and H+into water and releases energy. In the whole metabolism process, the main activity is about producing electrons from food and allowing it to go through series of reactions to produce energy. When hydrated free electron rich water is consumed and entered blood stream to reach the cells, due to the hydrated free electron water has much more negative ORP (electron donating) than blood plasma ORP and also more negative than the water product at the end of electron transport chain at mitochondria membrane, the free electron from the treated water can therefore donate and supplement the electron supply to the NAD+to NADH converting process, helping the ETC and entire metabolism to become more efficient, and boosting the metabolism process.

[0215] The supplementary potential metabolic energy from the treated drink of this invention to our human body cell can be quantified by the following equation, which is derived from above equation (5) in which the electron donor is the beverage and the electron acceptor is the cell metabolic water having OPR of +375 mV vs Ag / AgCl reference.

[0216] Wherein is the total number of electrons loss or gained in the REDOX cell reaction; is the Faraday constant; AG is the Gibbs free energy changed; Ecell is the cell potential; and are the respective ORP of the beverage or cell metabolic water measured with respect to a same reference, e.g. Ag / AgCl reference cell.

[0217] Accordingly, the supplementary metabolic energy of the treated drinks can be tested and computed based on their ORP readings and TAPEC readings. Some exemplary energy value of different beverages before and after the DDCP wave treatment are listed in Table 2.

[0218] Table 2

[0219] The synergy effect of DDCP energy and antioxidizing effect of the treated drink has a strong effect in fighting inflammation and improving rejuvenation of skin due to high body metabolic energy supplementing the anabolic skin repair process. Fig. 7(a) - 7(b) show test results of a human subject kept consuming DDCP wave treated water and using DDCP wave treated water for washing his face and hand for three weeks. As can be seen from the pictures before and after the tests, the skin condition clearly improved and the rough skin peel became smooth; the subject also reported amelioration of finger joint arthritis. Fig. 7(c) shows the results of using DDCP wave treated pure water as eye drops for itchy and irritated eyes. The eye condition was fully recovered after 22 minutes after using DDCP wave treated water.

[0220] Example 3. DDCP wave treatment removes undesirable astringency mouthfeel of red wine without changing the wine coloration.

[0221] DDCP wave can also be used to mitigate the undesirable taste and mouth feel of alcohol beverages without causing color change in wine. During and after treatment, the alcohol content in wine does not change.

[0222] In prior art treatments, anodic and cathodic reactions caused by DC has detrimental effect to wine astringency treatment. Although DC pulse and DC bias pulse treatment can reduce the astringency feeling, the anodic oxidation will accelerate the wine pH to become more acidic. The alkaline cathodic reaction also causes blue coloration to red wine. The reason is that the coloration pigment (anthocyanin) in red wine is red in acidic pH, but at the cathode vicinity, where pH is alkaline, anthocyanin will change to blue color. The blue coloration and changes in pH is unacceptable to red wine drinker.

[0223] DDCP wave treatment will not produce the alkaline or acidic effect to the wine, thus the change in pH and blue coloration issue will not happen and making it perfect for red wine drinkers.

[0224] Astringency mouth feels of wine, tea, fruit juices etc. are due to the reaction of tannin monomers and saliva protein forming a coating on mouth lining that gives the rough and coarse mouth astringency feels. DDCP waves accelerate polymerization of tannin monomers, also its reaction with proteins in the beverage. Once tannins are polymerized, no further reaction with the saliva protein will occur hence no more astringency feels. The polymerization by DDCP wave treatment can take place in seconds instead of years when aged in oak cask.

[0225] Example 4. DDCP wave treatment removes throat burning sensation of liquor.

[0226] Throat burning sensation of young high alcohol content beverage is related to the VR-1 hot temperature receptor at throat lining which sends a hot temperature signal to the brain when in contact with the alcohol molecules. This neural response gives the burning sensation. Conventionally, with decades of ageing in oak cask, alcohol monomers will be polymerized into larger alcohol clusters, higher order alcohols or polymerized into large cluster with water and flavonoid. Once polymerized into large clusters, VR-1 cannot sense the small alcohol monomers hence no burning throat sensation.

[0227] DDCP wave can polymerize the alcohol monomers in minutes instead of decades in oak cask, which upgrades the alcohol beverage almost instantaneously. Furthermore, since there is no side acidic or alkaline reaction in the DDCP wave treatment, it will not produce sour smell or taste and compromise the quality of the whisky or liquor.

[0228] Particularly, DDCP wave can smoothen the throat burning sensation of the bottled whisky or further age the bottled whisky. Although it is well recognized by the distillers, google search information and whisky drinkers that the burning sensation or smoothness of the whisky cannot be further improved once bottled, this DDCP wave treatment proves the conventional practices wrong.

[0229] Based on a test in which experienced whisky drinkers tasted the same bottle of whisky before and after the DDCP wave treatment, none participant can tell the before (throat burning) and after (smooth) whisky are from the same bottle.

[0230] Example 5. DDCP wave treatment reduces sourness and bitterness taste of beverage.

[0231] The DDCP wave treatment can minimize undesirable taste in beverages for reducing sugar addition.

[0232] Sugars especially corn syrups are the main cause to many chronic diseases such as diabetes, fatty liver etc.

[0233] Many countries already tightened the rules to control the amount of sugar addition to drinks and foods, and some countries impose sugar tax to control sugar addition.

[0234] One of the major reasons of excessive addition of sugar is to suppress the undesirable taste in the drinks such as sourness, bitterness, or astringency. Some of the sourness may be produced by the anodic reactions due to the DC components in prior art treatments.

[0235] With DDCP wave treatment of the invention, there is no increase in sourness, yet the astringency and bitterness can be minimized by the treatment. In addition, the vigorous vibration of the beverage molecular bonds increases the taste bud sensitivity and taste signal transmission. The overall DDCP wave treatment result is that less sugar is required to suppress the astringency and bitterness. For example, in DDCP wave treated black teas, even when the sugar content is reduced by 50% as compared to non-treated tea, the taste and sweetness of the black tea remains the same. This makes the tea healthier and solving the F&B sugar tax issues.

[0236] In particular, fructose which is the major high content in corn syrups and almost all packaged fruit juices, is one of the main causes to Non-alcoholic fatty liver and high uric acid / gout issues. Fructose cannot be metabolized by normal cells to produce energy, instead liver takes fructose similar as alcohol to detox it. In the detox process, fructose is converted to glyceraldehyde in liver and further to lipogenesis process through enzyme SREBP-lc lipogenesis action to produce fat. Too much fat accumulation causes the fatty liver issue. In this whole liver detox process, large amount of metabolic energy is required. The ATP (Adenosine tri phosphate) energy carrier instead of converting to ADP (di phosphate) is converted to AMP (mono phosphate) to release more energy to produce the required metabolic energy, but the AMP will further degrade to produce the uric acid. Too much uric acid in blood will then cause the gout issue. Medical research found that using the electron donating effect of antioxidant (electron donor) can suppress the SREBP-lc enzyme lipogenesis, hence the electron donating antioxidizing effect of the DDCP treated water / beverages or juices could help to minimize the lipogenesis fatty liver issue. Moreover, the high antioxidizing metabolic energy of the DDCP treatment can also supplement the metabolic energy to liver to perform the detox process by helping to convert ATP to ADP instead of to AMP to minimize the uric acid and the subsequence potential gout issues.

[0237] Example 6. DDCP wave treatment removes earthy / muddy smells in foods.

[0238] Many high nutrition plant-based foods have undesirable muddy smell / taste originated from the plants such as beet root, making the foods unpleasant to eat although nutritious. This muddy smell is contributed by the compound geosmin.

[0239] This defect can be overcome by immersing the muddy smell foods in the DDCP wave treatment water bath. The DDCP wave treatment can polymerize the geosmin monomers into large polymers which cannot be picked up by taste buds or smell sensor, so as to mitigate or eradicate the muddy smell.

[0240] Geosmin is also present in many fish, foods & beverages including some wines, and water sources. However, any oxidizing by-products from the anodic reactions in prior art treatment can degrade the freshness of the fish, fruits, or foods. In DDCP wave treatment without anodic reaction, the freshness of food will not be compromised.

[0241] Example 7. DDCP wave treatment improves water penetration / migration strength for cosmetic applications.

[0242] Water penetration / migration strength can be improved in DDCP wave treated water. Facial treatment applications will find good use of the highly active penetration property of the DDCP wave treated water. Good water penetration improves skin hydration or moisture greatly. Good skin moisture content act as barrier to protect the skin and it is one of the major factors in ensuring skin in good condition.

[0243] The increase in capillary strength of DDCP wave treated water as compared to control is demonstrated in Fig. 8. Fine gap for capillary test is formed by using two thin glass sheets clamped by magnet and then immersed in treated and untreated water for comparison. It can be seen that water climbing speed is much faster in DDCP wave treated water as compared to untreated water.

[0244] The improvement in water penetration strength is further demonstrated in the skin hydration test shown in Fig. 9. In the test, dehydrated face mask after immersion in DDCP treated water is applied on a subject for 15 mins. The skin condition before and after the face mask application is measured by a skin meter, which provides results of whiteness, hydration, oiliness and elasticity of the skin. The test is performed on three different subjects. As can be seen in the results, the skin hydration and elasticity property increased significantly after using DDCP treated face mask for 15 minutes.

[0245] Example 8. DDCP wave treatment accelerates extraction of nutrients.

[0246] When substances such as meats, plants, fruits etc. are immersed in the DDCP treated water, especially when the immersed substances are subjected directly to high strength DDCP pulsating field, animal or plant cell membrane can be permeated through or broken up resulting in better extraction of nutrients from the substances. This is useful in F&B process in producing juices, cold brew tea / coffer, broth / stock also for taste / flavor enhancement. Even without other direct treatment, the high penetration effect of the treated water also has strong penetration effect in extracting nutrient out from meat, or plant base food. Without the anodic and cathodic reaction, DDCP wave is also able to treat salty broth or soup without the concern of chlorine evolution or hypochlorite formation. Yet the advantage is the extraction can take place within seconds or minutes depending on soup conductivity and giving a tastier and healthier soup. Comparing with pressure cooker or other thermal process, the nutrient can be better preserved as no prolong heating or high temperature to destroy the nutrient. With better extraction of nutrient, soup tastier and better soup will do away the MSG addition of enhancing food flavor which is an important improvement to healthier food.

[0247] Example 9. DDCP wave treatment accelerates enzymatic processes including fermentation process.

[0248] In fermentation process such as converting glucose to alcohol and further to acid, the dehydrogenase enzyme of the yeast utilizes the chemical energy from glucose’s glycolysis process to perform the fermentation conversion process. DDCP wave treatment can accelerate the entire conversion from starch to alcohol further to acetic acid by providing free electron to promote the NAD+to NADH reactions and improve the enzyme function through higher vibration energy of water molecules.

[0249] Example 10. DDCP wave treatment improves cleaning effectiveness and water saving in laundry applications.

[0250] DDCP treated water can better penetrate the fine gaps in cloth linen fiber due to its high vibration energy. When using DDCP treated water for laundry washing, it is easier to remove the dirt from the fibers. In the rinsing process, the treated rinsing water is also more effective in removing the residual detergents from the clothing. Rinsing water contributes to the major water usage in laundry process and DDCP treated water saves large quantity of water especially in the rinsing process.

[0251] Example 11. DDCP wave treatment produces disinfection effect.

[0252] DDCP wave treatment can produce disinfection effect by producing ions or electron current stream in water using the pulse voltage. The ionic / electron current stream of the hydrated electron and Lewis base water, together with the instantaneous pulse voltage act as a physical mean to penetrate animal cell membranes, plant cell cellular wall, thin to thick permeable or semi permeable film / membrane. This is very useful in producing the disinfection effect without increasing temperature.

[0253] Accordingly, the DDCP wave treatment can be applied for algae and bacteria control of water, which has huge applications in marine ballast water treatment, drinking water reservoir microalgae treatment, drinking water treatment process in water plant, cooling water treatment, swimming pool and spa water treatment, wastewater treatment, F&B disinfection (cold pasteurization), fish farming, medical applications, oil field injection water bacteria control and many other disinfection applications.

[0254] Example 12. DDCP wave treatment accelerates chemical reactions. This may be further explained as DDCP accelerate chemical reaction or the increase in entropic energy AS term decreases the free energy in Gibbs Free Energy equation. More negative Gibbs Free Energy AG means the chemical reaction has become more favourable or easier to proceed at the same temperature condition.

[0255] The DDCP wave treatment process imparts entropy energy to all chemical species in the treated water or solution, thus can increase the chances and collisions rates between ions and molecules, accelerate formation of the desirable compound or products in water. For example, the DDCP wave can force precipitate CaCO3in bulk water without increasing temperature or ions concentration, just by using the elevated entropy energy of the treated bulk water and the chances of collision between calcium and carbonates / bicarbonates ions. This force precipitation method can also be used for precipitating CaSO4(gypsum) in bulk water to reduce the CaSO4scale formation on pipe wall.

[0256] Example 13. DDCP wave treatment provides transportable free electron donating effect.

[0257] The long-lasting free electron donating and elevated entropy energy level effects of the hydrated “free electron” of DDCP treated water is transportable, making it suitable for cooling water treatment application, particularly for scale, corrosion and bio-organism control. Cooling water commonly has long travel path and the DDCP treated water can continue to dissipate its entropy energy and electron donating effect throughout the whole cooling path. After the depletion of DDCP energy, it can be recharged again in the DDCP treatment system at the selected location such as cooling tower water basin for treatment and further recirculation.

[0258] Example 14. DDCP wave treatment facilitates removal of ions.

[0259] DDCP wave can activate or excite the chloride or other ions activities. The excited chloride ions can be removed from water through spraying process or through heating / evaporation. This is particularly useful in boiler water treatment where high concentration of chloride ions is undesirable for corrosion control in boiler water.

[0260] Example 15. DDCP wave accelerate the bacteria growth rate by enhancing the bacteria enzymatic metabolic reactions.

[0261] DDCP wave can be adjusted to a lower energy level to promote bacteria growth in wastewater treatment plant. In wastewater treatment, bacteria are used to bio-degrade the organic wastes. Instead of using higher energy DDCP treatment for the disinfection effects, lower energy level DDCP is used as stimulating energy, as well as supplementing the enzyme function by mildly increasing the wastewater vibration energy. This stimulates the bacteria growth and reducing COD, BOD etc. of the wastewater.

[0262] Example 16. DDCP wave treatment for passive corrosion control of steel.

[0263] In typical DDCP waves, the forward and reverse cycle alternating frequency can be adjusted not to promote the formation of hypochlorite. Such DDCP wave treatment can be applied as passive magnetite formation method for steel in low chloride content water only when there is oxygen corrosion taking place.

[0264] It should be noted that such passive formation of magnetite is different from the active magnetite formation described in the following Examples 17.

[0265] Example 17. DDCP wave treatment produces protective passivation film / coating on metallic structure.

[0266] The DDCP wave treatment in a high chloride content bath or tank can be used to fast passivate the steel surface by forming a stable layer of magnetite coating. This protective magnetite coating on steel plates, pipes or other structure functions as a protective coating replacing the costly zinc primer or other primer coatings / paints.

[0267] Example 18. DDCP wave treatment increases water capillary strength and wettability.

[0268] DDCP wave treatment can increase water wettability by increasing the fluctuation in water surface tension and capillary action strength. The increase of water wettability has great applications in water injection oil well application to increase the oil extraction from underground soil / oil reservoir. The DDCP wave treated injection water can better penetrate the fine gaps between the soil / sand particles to push out the oil trapped in the soil / sand crevices, thus increases the oil field recovery from well.

[0269] DDCP wave treatment can increase the capillary strength of water. Good capillary strength is very important in transporting nutrients from soil mass to plant root through the root hair / soil interface and further uptaking into plant xylem to stems and leaves. Good transport and uptake of nutrient and water will greatly improve the agriculture yield or production. Accordingly, the DDCP wave treatment is also useful in agricultural applications, for example, the DDCP wave treated water can be used for agricultural irrigation. Example 19. DDCP wave treatment utilizes water as antioxidants for reducing oxidative stress.

[0270] While doctors, health professionals, biochemists, nutritionists are fully aware that antioxidants can neutralize oxidative stress and have the various health benefits, including their applications in mitigating metabolic syndrome, their common perception is antioxidant can only be obtained either from plant-based foods, fruits / fruit juices, natural supplements, man-made chemicals such as ascorbic acid (vitamin-C) etc. All these antioxidants working principle are based on their chemical structures to donate electron when reacting with the free radicals or reactive oxygen species (ROS). They need to have a chemical structure to act as a “carrier” to function. But these chemicals structures after donated the electron, itself may become free radicals or ROS and produces side effects unless excreted from body.

[0271] In this invention, it focuses on the mitigation solutions for metabolic syndromes. In metabolism, the main source of free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated from the cell mitochondrial metabolism reactions process that created the Oxidative stress hence the oxidative damages.

[0272] The body relies on other mechanisms and molecules, such as antioxidants and specific enzymes, to manage these reactive species and protect against oxidative damage. However, as we aged or under excessive oxidative loads conditions, or other reasons, body is unable to produce sufficient neutralization antioxidants and enzymes to neutralize these oxidative loads.

[0273] In basic science teaching, water is not an antioxidant, in fact, chlorinated water is an oxidizing agent due to the chlorine or hypochlorite content for disinfection purposes. Water is therefore not being used as an antioxidant.

[0274] In the market, purportedly the alkaline water product is an antioxidant. The claimed antioxidant effect is the high pH alkaline hydroxyl ions (OH ) content in water produced at the catholyte water in DC electrolysis. Although OH is Lewis’s base pair electron donor and good acid neutralization antioxidant, if consumed, all the alkaline effects are fully neutralized by the stomach acid before it can reach the bloodstream. Even if the hydroxyl ions (OH ) can survive till it reaches the bloodstream, and participate in some chemical reactions, due to their (OH ) negative charge, they do not react well with the neutral or negative charge free radicals and oxidative species, produced mainly in the mitochondria. Therefore, it cannot act as a bio-antioxidant for neutralizing the highly reactive oxidizing species like hydroxyl radicals, superoxide anions, or peroxy -nitrite produced in the metabolism mitochondrial process hence no beneficial metabolic syndrome mitigation antioxidizing effect.

[0275] Hydrogen gas, if administered in gaseous state, it can neutralize hydroxyl radicals (OH*) and peroxynitrite (ONOO ) theoretically, but the reaction requires high activation energy and administered by well- equipped hospital or clinical facility. Without the high activation energy, the reaction rate is too low to have physiological functions. Moreover, it does not have significant effect on superoxide anions (O2 ). which are primarily handled by specific enzymes in the body. Nevertheless, the general hydrogen gas’s anti-inflammation effect observed is due to the suppression of cytokine’s pro-inflammatory function by Hz gas. But cytokine is not produced in the mitochondrial metabolism process reactions, hydrogen gas therefore does not have direct antioxidizing function to mitigate metabolic syndrome.

[0276] There is also Hydrogen Water antioxidant product available in the market which is built on the concept of hydrogen gas’ antioxidant effect. But the antioxidant effect of hydrogen gas does not have direct metabolic syndrome mitigation effect as explained above. Additionally, if hydrogen gas is packaged in water and consumed as hydrogen water, the amount of dissolved hydrogen gas in water is extremely low due to the low solubility of hydrogen gas at room temperature. In addition, hydrogen is the lightest element on earth, it is so light that it can escape through most sealed home-use plastic water bottle wall or from the sealing metal cap of metal / glass container. That is the practical packaging containers just cannot contain a significant amount of dissolved hydrogen gas. Moreover, once the water is in contact with air when the container cap is open, hydrogen gas will escape. Even if it is ingested, it can still escape through the digestive tract, there is minimum chance for hydrogen gas to reach the bloodstream in significant quantity or to take part in the cell mitochondria metabolism reactions. “Hydrogen water” is therefore not for mitigation of metabolic syndrome although it has other anti-inflammation effects.

[0277] In this invention, it is found that using Differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave or AMPE wave in the ‘162 application to treat water, but without producing hydrogen gas or hydroxyl ions that changes pH, hydrated electrons can be produced in water, herein collectively called “entropy water”. In this invention, water is treated to very antioxidizing potential of at least more negative than -250mV vs Ag / AgCl or more negative mV. When the treated antioxidizing water passes through the pH 1-4 stomach acid and further through duodenum bicarbonate pH 8.5 secretion, simulation test showed that the treated water is still able to maintain at approx. -150 mV Ag / Cl after the duodenum before absorbing into the blood stream at the intestine.

[0278] Moreover, the ORP sustenance of DDCP wave in this invention is better than that of AMPE wave in the ‘162 application as shown in the following tables:

[0279] Table 3: Using the AMPE wave 24V Table 4: Using the DDCP wave 24V

[0280] In the above comparison using the same 24V driving voltage, DDCP wave has a better ORP sustenance in the digestive tract simulation test. For other voltage treatment, the results are similar to this comparison so that it can be seen that the DDCP wave treatment can provide improved capillary effect and metabolic syndrome mitigation.

[0281] Human blood plasma ORP is approximately +170 mV for a sick person and approximately + 120- + 130mV for a healthy person. Total volume of blood in our body is between 5 -6 liters of which approximately 50% is water. When a person consumes 2 liters per day of this treated water, it translates to 2 liters of -150mV antioxidizing water entering the bloodstream per day, as blood is pumped by heart and circulating at about 5 liters per minute, this [(+120mV blood) + (-150mV treated water)] therefore creates a more electron donating antioxidizing environment for all body cells comparing with consuming untreated water. Untreated chlorinated water from tap has an ORP typically in the range of +250- 350 mV a more oxidizing potential compared with blood.

[0282] Test were further carried out for whole blood (including plasma and red blood cells) ORP, wherein 10 people are divided into two groups. One group consume entropy water and the participants’ whole blood ORP is between 40 to 75 mV, the other group do not consume entropy water and the participants’ whole blood ORP is between 88 to 110 mV.

[0283] It can be noted that “plasma only” ORP is more positive than the whole blood ORP as the red blood cells contains natural antioxidant but not in the plasma part of the whole blood. The whole blood ORP is therefore more negative than plasma only ORP.

[0284] This test proves that entropy water can convert the blood from more oxidizing to antioxidizing. Since all cells are in the proximity to blood capillary, the antioxidizing blood is creating the antioxidizing environment to the whole body in combating inflammation and ROS.

[0285] This antioxidizing environment has many beneficial effects including, but not limited to the following,

[0286] • Direct neutralization of free radicals / reactive oxygen species (ROS). As illustrated in the US18 / 090,679 TAPEC antioxidant capacity test.

[0287] • Enhances the electron transfer in mitochondria electron transport chain (ETC) pathway to lessen free radicals / ROS production.

[0288] • Antioxidizing environment helps to maintain cell REDOX balance as mitochondria metabolism process is an oxidative process and most free radicals and ROS are produced in the mitochondria. Antioxidizing environment helps to lower the oxidative stress and maintain the cell REDOX balance, otherwise oxidative stress can damage cellular components, including enzymes, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.

[0289] • Mitochondria are sensitive to redox states. A reducing environment can enhance mitochondrial function, ATP production, and protecting mitochondria membrane integrity including the ATPase structure. This is achieved through neutralizing the oxidative damages at membrane due to ROS and free radicals produced in the electron transport chain (ETC)and other parts of metabolism process.

[0290] • Restoring the inhibition of enzymes by neutralizing the free radicals / reactive oxygen species, such as restoring AMPK enzyme function which was inhibited by oxidative stress. DDCP enzyme is an important cell energy regulator.

[0291] • Protect Na+ / K+- ATPase pump structure from oxidative damage. This protective effect can help maintain the sodium potassium pump's structure and especially the maintenance of electrochemical gradient across the cell membrane which is vital for various cellular processes, functions and overall metabolism.

[0292] The above beneficial effects are important in maintaining good metabolisms and minimize free radicals / ROS production. Many metabolic disorders such as high blood glucose, high cholesterol, high blood pressure, chronic kidney diseases are caused by Oxidative stress, enzyme dysfunctions, imperfect ATP production conversions. With the above beneficial antioxidizing effects, it lessens the chances of metabolic disorders.

[0293] Example 20. DDCP wave treatment accelerates non-enzymatic chemical reactions through increasing the entropy component of the reactions.

[0294] In addition, the DDCP wave treatment can be used to produce an antioxidizing product having such entropic energy to achieve the following effects:

[0295] Example 21. DDCP wave treatment uses entropic energy to improve metabolic syndrome conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

[0296] Metabolic syndrome such as high blood glucose, high blood lipid, high blood pressure can be improved if a person changes his lifestyle by regular exercise to elevate body energy level. CKD / proteinuria can also be improved to some extent by regular low intensity exercise.

[0297] In health / medical teachings and concept, to elevate the body energy is confined to using thermic energy. It is either through increasing body cell ATP production by stimulants such as caffeine which indirectly stimulate ATP production, or some food intake. Another alternative is through physical exercise to elevate body temperature to trigger body thermoregulatory response activating the AMPK enzyme or Nitric Oxide release. Activation of AMPK enzyme can stimulate cell glucose uptake for ATP production without insulin, and Nitric Oxide release by endothelial cells can dilate blood vessels helping to increase blood vessel flexibility and lower blood pressure. All these methods are based on the thermic effect (enthalpy H energy) concept to promote metabolic reactions. Regular exercise is therefore highly recommended to maintain the beneficial metabolic effects. But the beneficial effect is during exercise and perhaps an hour after exercise, hence “regular” exercise is needed to maintain the beneficial effects and it is a challenge to many people.

[0298] Yet another conception is water has zero energy. This came from the concept that water is not combustible therefore it has zero calorific enthalpy (H) energy value in “bomb” calorimeter test but does not mean zero (G) free energy. This concept neglected the effect of entropy energy (S), the internal energy of water in metabolic reactions and processes. Therefore, in the context of no calorific value and neglecting the entropy energy effect of water, water is never a choice for metabolic energy use.

[0299] Till now, there has been no available method in the market using water entropy energy concept to promote metabolic reactions. In this invention, it uses entropy energy to promote metabolic reactions instead of enthalpy energy.

[0300] In the Gibbs’ free energy equation below,

[0301] AG = AH - TAS

[0302] Where G is Gibbs’ free energy, H is Enthalpy energy, T is temperature and S is Entropy energy

[0303] When applying the Gibbs’ free energy concept to body enzymatic metabolic reactions, under a constant body temperature condition especially the sedentary condition, AH is almost constant for a given reaction. If the reaction environment such as body entropy energy (AS) becomes more positive or higher entropy energy, AG will become more negative which means the reaction becomes more favorable to proceed although there is no change in thermal enthalpy. To create a higher entropy energy environment in body, it can be achieved by drinking the high O-H bond vibration entropy energy water. With high entropy energy water enters the blood stream especially the capillaries which reach out to all cells in our body, the continual bond vibration entropy energy from water will create a high entropic energy for cell metabolism. In this way, the more negative AG will provide a more favorable condition for the enzymatic reaction to proceed. This means that without exercise and under the same body energy level, it becomes easier for metabolism to proceed or become more efficient.

[0304] Yet another important aspect of increasing the entropy energy is due to almost all body metabolic processes are enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and enzymes are fundamental to nearly all metabolic processes in the body, driving reactions essential for maintaining life and health. Almost all enzymes in the human body are water soluble and function within an aqueous environment. Enzyme performance is closely linked to protein folding, and the integrity of the three-dimensional structure of an enzyme is crucial for its function. The high O-H bond vibration entropy energy of the water treated by this invention helps to stabilize the enzyme structure. This is due to the interaction between the amino acid of the enzyme and the water molecules of the hydration shell is the critical role in maintaining the enzyme stability. A more dynamic water environment enhances, and facilitates better interactions with the enzyme's protein surface, aiding in structural adjustments and flexibility. This is beneficial for enzyme function, particularly in terms of conformational flexibility and substrate binding. A higher degree of fluctuation in OH bond vibrations also provide a more dynamic and less structured hydrogen bonding network. This mean that the water environment is more flexible and responsive in enzymatic reactions.

[0305] Another crucial issue is the deterioration of the enzyme structure which leads to poor enzymatic reactions and enzyme dysfunctions. The main causes of deterioration are oxidative stress, ageing, toxic substances, environmental factors, etc. For example, the Complex 1, III, IV, Q10 and ATPase enzyme at mitochondria ETC process are constantly subjected to oxidative stress and they can misfold or collapse if they are not repaired. Constant repair of enzyme is therefore required, and that is an anabolic process that requires the supply of free energy. With the supply of entropic energy, it will make the anabolic reaction process more favorable. That is for a given ATP energy supply, a more favorable Gibbs’ free energy (G) condition due to the higher entropic energy of water can create a more favorable environment allowing the repair to be carried out more efficiently. High entropy energy water therefore supports the correct protein folding and is essential for enzyme performance, as it ensures that the enzyme’s active site is properly formed, the enzyme is stable, and its activity can be regulated favorably and effectively. This results in improved energy demanding metabolic functions such as better glucose uptake, more efficiency fatty acid oxidation, and better active transport protein reabsorption reactions at kidney proximal tubule.

[0306] Another important aspect of mitochondria efficiency is the molecular interactions at their ETC complexes’ sites and ATPase. High vibrational entropy energy ensures or improves the molecular interaction at these sites, therefore improving the efficiency of mitochondria ATP production and that also produces less free radicals and oxidative stress.

[0307] In all, the concept of this invention is different from exercise which uses heat or enthalpic energy input to trigger thermoregulatory response to enhance metabolic functions. This invention takes a different approach, it uses entropic energy to creates a more spontaneity or more reaction favorable conditions to improve the enzyme efficiency, optimize the enzyme activities, also improve the molecular interactions to improve metabolic reactions functions. But without the need of high thermic energy to trigger the thermoregulatory response. This allows the beneficial metabolic functions and effects to be produced continually even at rest and this is especially helpful to physically disable persons.

[0308] Of cause, this invention also has good effects on the prevention of the metabolic syndrome conditions and the CKD if the user can drink the treated water daily.

[0309] Example 22. DDCP wave treatment improves the blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improve blood vessel flexibility and improve kidney functions.

[0310] Blood capillary flow is highly molecular activity regulated. An important contribution of high vibration entropy water is it improves greatly the migration of water in capillary. All major body organs are nested and filled with blood capillaries, and blood capillaries form the major surface area in the whole-body blood circulation system. The blood capillaries diameter is only 3 to 10 microns and the migration / flow in capillaries is therefore critical. It can affect the blood pressure, the blood flow, endothelial sheer stress etc.

[0311] Approximately 50% of blood is water and it is the major content and contributor to blood fluidity and viscosity, and since body temperature is maintained constant therefore temperature has no practical impact to blood fluidity. The migration of blood flow through these capillaries therefore tied closely and largely to the water bond vibrational entropic properties that determines the capillary adhesion and intermolecular cohesion forces. Capillary test has shown that high O-H bond vibration entropy water has a superior capillary migration speed compared with the untreated water. This high O-H bond vibration water when entering the bloodstream therefore helps greatly the migration of blood in capillaries. This effect lowers the blood pressure, increase blood flow hence the increasing endothelial sheer stress that stimulates nitric oxide NO release from endothelial cells making blood vessel flexible.

[0312] Better blood flow also improving the kidney glomerular filtration efficacy reducing the protein leakage due to high blood pressure exertion on glomerular.

[0313] Most medicines such as beta blocker, alpha blocker, calcium channel blocker, ACE or ARB inhibitors all work by enzyme inhibiting principle which is a totally different concept from this invention. This high entropic energy way of lowering blood pressure is therefore unique.

[0314] Alkaline or hydrogen water do not increase the entropy energy of water hence they do not have the functions of supplementing the enzymatic reactions, and do not assist in anabolic entropic energy supply, improve enzyme functions, promote glucose uptakes or fatty acid oxidation, lowering blood pressure, or improve chronic kidney disease. That is alkaline or hydrogen water do not have the functions to improve metabolic syndromes.

[0315] Example 23. DDCP wave treatment uses antioxidizing plus high entropy energy water for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions.

[0316] Based on the above novelties in applying metabolism. It can be extended to many other applications that involve enzymatic reactions, antioxidizing effects, and energy driven reactions.

[0317] For example,

[0318] Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) -

[0319] Metabolic disorders such as diabetes and high blood pressure can lead to chronic kidney disease (CKD). It has been shown that after a few months of entropy water consumption, kidney eGFR and proteinuria conditions can be greatly improved, (details are provided and explained in the case study section)

[0320] Tumour marker-

[0321] Case study has shown significant and consistent effect of reducing the tumour marker readings few months after consuming entropy water of this invention. This may help in reducing the risk of tumour development. The plausible reasoning is antioxidants can help protect DNA and reduce the risk of Oxidative damage to DNA which can lead to mutations and cancer development. While some oxidative stress is necessary for some tumour therapies to work, balancing oxidative damage with antioxidant support can also help protect healthy tissues and reduce side effects.

[0322] Consumption of entropy water could also have the potential to improve other body conditions due to oxidative stress and compromised cell metabolism such as,

[0323] • Neurodegenerative Diseases

[0324] • Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

[0325] • Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS)

[0326] • Skin Disorders

[0327] • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)

[0328] • Liver Diseases. Example 24. Acetone meter test

[0329] When body is using fat for energy production, in his exhale air during breathing will contain acetone which comes from the fat metabolism. For those who do not take entropy water, the exhale acetone level is zero. For those drink 1 to 3 L / day entropy water regularly, their breathe out acetone readings range from 2 to 10 ppm. This is a prove that entropy water can promote fat metabolism even at rest. This is also one of the contributing factors in lowering the LDL level in blood.

[0330] In order to study the specific effects of the DDCP treated water, technicians have carried out many experimental cases as follows:

[0331] Test results - Blood lipid / Cholesterols.

[0332] Case 1 - Subject HHC male 71 years old in 2024, who had high blood lipid / cholesterols 20 years ago, but there has been no medication so far. He started exercise with 2x10 km jogging per week in 2015 and his blood lipid condition improved without medication, and till Jul 2023, his blood lipid condition were all in good order. To see the effect of Entropy treated water, he reduced his weekly jogging to 2 x 6 km per week but take 3L / day of entropy treated water daily. Even with the reduced exercise and without any intake of medicines or changes in food intake, his blood lipid improved further.

[0333] The blood test showed that his HDL had not changed whether it is by exercise or by drinking entropy water, but the LDL and triglycerides have improved greatly, hence the total cholesterol and the ratio of total cholesterol / HDL.

[0334] Because of the further improvement in cholesterol level even with the reduced exercise and replaced with the >3L / day entropy water intake. The effect of entropy water is therefore very obvious and can be equate to better than the effect of 2x 4 km weekly jogging.

[0335] Fig. 10 illustrates the test resluts of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for HHC without medication.

[0336] Case 2 - SHS female subject 75 years old in 2024. In her Oct 2023 test report, her cholesterol level was on the borderline high to high condition, without taking any statin or medicine, she drank only IL / day of entropy treated water for a period of 5 months and blood test was taken again. The test results showed that even with IL / day of entropy water, her blood LDL, triglycerides and total cholesterol / HDL all showed observable improvement. During the 5 month entropy water drinking period, there is no cholesterol medication intervention and no change in lifestyle or foods intake. She has no exercise routine before or after taking entropy water. The result showed that even with just 1 L / day of entropy water, improvement in blood lipid level can still be improved to a better condition.

[0337] Fig. 11 illustrates the test resluts of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for SHS without medication.

[0338] Case 3- PGC female subject 67 years old in 2023. She has boarderline high blood lipid and no exercise routine, no medication. She drank IL / day of entropy water for a period of just one month, there is still improvement in her LDL and triglyceride level.

[0339] Fig. 12 illustrates the test resluts of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for PGC without medication.

[0340] Case 4- TLK male subject 70 years old in 2024. He has been taking Statin medication in the past 10+ years to control his LDL, and his blood cholesterol level was within the desirable range. He started drinking 2L / day of entropy water for 3 months and went for blood test to see whether the entropy water has any conflicting effect to the Statin medication. The test results showed that his LDL has shown good improvement. This showed that drinking entropy water has no conflicting effects to Statin medication. And it can still further enhance the LDL level by reducing more than 20 mg / dL of LDL after 3 months 2L / day entropy wate consumption.

[0341] Fig. 13 illustrates the test resluts of the blood lipid / cholesterol monitoring for TLK with statin medication.

[0342] Plausible Entropy working principle explanation for cholesterol control

[0343] In the above test subjects monitoring case study, ALL test subjects have blood lipid improvement particularly the lowering of their LDL and Triglyceride level. Their total cholesterol are lowered hence the total cholesterol / HDL ratio are lowered too.

[0344] These results showed that the two important properties of entropy water, the antioxidizing effect and the increase in entropy bond vibratoin energy provide good contribution to improve the blood lipid conditions.

[0345] Antioxidizing effect

[0346] • The antioxidizing effect contribute to a more antioxidizing environment for the body cell metabolism process. This minimizes the oxidative stress and damages created especially in the mitochodria metabolic process. This help to protect the various enzymes in our body hence minimize the disruption or poor efficiency of various metabolic enzymatic processes due to enzyme damages.

[0347] • Antioxidizing effect also reduces the body inflammations. Inflammatory cytokines stimulate the liver to produce more LDL through the activity of HMG-CoA reductase (the enzyme responsible for cholesterol synthesis) for cell damages repairs. These cytokines can also impair the function of LDL receptors, reducing the clearance of LDL from the blood and thereby increasing its levels.

[0348] The Entropy energy effect

[0349] The high bond vibration entropy energy contributed to the increase in entropy energy component in body enzymatic reactions. Since almost all body lipid metbaolic reactions are enzymatic reactions and greatly dependent on the molecular interactions between enzyme protein and the water molecules. The high bond vibration of the water molecules provides a higher AS entropy energy compared to untreated water molecules, which makes the Gibbs’ free energy AG of the enzymatic reactions more negative. That is the elevated entropy energy of body making easier or more favorable for all the body enzymatic reactions to proceed. This improves greatly efficiency of the enzymatic reactions involved in reducing the blood lipid hence the lowering of blood LDL, and Triglycerides level.

[0350] The higher bond vibration energized water molecules also means a more flexible water clustering structure, this help to maintain the enzyme three dimenstional structure integrity, minimizing protein misfolding or collapse. Good enzyme protein folding ensure more effcient enyme substrate reactions.

[0351] High entropy energy water in blood stream also helps in the following main enzymatic reactions in reducing the LDL.

[0352] • The more efficient breaking down of triglyceride to glycerol and free fatty acid for energy use - This involve the Lipase enzyme reactions.

[0353] • The efficient enzymatic fatty acid oxidation for energy production - which involve the enzymatic activation of Fatty Acids by the enzyme acyl-CoA synthetase converts them into fatty acyl-CoA. Transport into the Mitochondria by carnitine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT I) and (CPT II), and the various enzymatic reactions in beta-oxidations. • Improved liver LDL reabsorption receptor enzyme efficacy- while the initial uptake of LDL by its receptor is a non-enzymatic receptor-mediated process, the liberation of cholesterol from LDL within the lysosomes is an enzymatic reaction facilitated by lysosomal acid lipase. This enzymatic step is critical for the metabolism and regulation of cholesterol within the cell. The more favourable enzymatic environment created by entropy water therefore improved the LDL reabsorption efficiency.

[0354] • Improve HDL maturation - LCAT (lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase) enzyme catalyses the conversion of free cholesterol into cholesteryl ester within HDL particles. This reaction is crucial because it allows HDL particles to carry more cholesterol away from tissues and other lipoproteins back to the liver for excretion or recycling and lowering the LDL in the blood stream. HDL also helps remove cholesterol from arterial plaque and transport it to the liver for excretion, thus decreasing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

[0355] Test results - Blood Glucose.

[0356] Case 1 - Subject HHC male 71 years old in 2024. Was classified as diabetic 20 years ago by his primary care doctor. After his regular 2 xlO km weekly exercise, his blood glucose level had improved but was still classified as pre-diabetic till Jul 2023. 2 months after he started drinking 3L / day entropy water and reduced his weekly jogging to 2x 6 km per week, his blood HbAlc level had not changed much, this is perhaps due to the HbAlc reading is the average of the previous 2-3 months glucose glycated blood cells reading. In his 6 months and 10 months later HbAlc readings, it showed significant improvement in lowering the blood glucose level. There were no medication or change in diets througout.

[0357] Fig. 14 illustrates the test results of the blood glucose monitoring for HHC without medication.

[0358] Case 2 - Subject KS male 34 years old in 2023. KS found out he had high blood glucose level in Oct 2021 and he started drinking 3L / day entropy water and started slow walk of haff to one hour per day after dinner, 4 to 5 days weekly without changing his diets. In just a matter of a month from Nov to Dec 2021, his fasting blood glucose level reduced from a high of 9.8 down to 6.4. The fast reduction in blood glucose is perhaps a result of the synergistic effect of walking and entropy water. During the time period of Walking, it increases energy demand and that triggers the AMPK to increase glucose uptake by translocating GLUT4 but through a pathway without insulin. Whereas with entropy water, it also improves the GLUT4 translocation pathway through the insulin pathway improving insulin sensitivity and the effect is throughtout the day. With both of these glucose uptake processes together, very effective blood glucose lowering effect took place.

[0359] Fig. 15 illustrates the test results of the blood glucose monitoring for KS without medication.

[0360] Plausible Entropy working principle explanation for blood glucose control

[0361] Mitochondrial phosphorylation metabolism is the primary source of free radicals and reactive oxygen species generation. Continuous oxidative stress and damages always occur particularly on the mithochonria ETC membrane sites. The efficient uptake of glucose for ATP production is highly dependent on the mitochondria and its enzymes integrity and efficiency. The more antioxidizing environment protects the various mithochondria complexes and ATPase enzymes integrity from oxidative stress, more effcient mitochondria functions hence enable better uptake of glucose.

[0362] Most of the prediabetics or type 2 diabetics are the results of insulin resistance which is the inefficient poor glucose uptake by cells in the presence of insulin. This can be due to the persistent supply of glucose in excess of the energy demand, inefficient mitochondria functions, inefficient GLUT4 vesicle translocations, lack of exercise to help increase glucose uptake, high inflammatory diets such as deep fried foods that causing the insulin insensitive. But the rooot cause of most of these inefficiencies are due to the glucose uptake enzymatic reactions / processes cannot be proceed efficiently either due to the sedentary lifestyle, or ageing etc.

[0363] The plausible reasons why the entropy water can lower the blood glucose yet without changing their lifestyle or diets must be due to the glucose uptake enzymatics reactions / processes have become more efficient especially without extra physical activities input. This enzymatic reactions improvement shall be contributed by the improved entropy component of the enzymatic reactions as no extra enthalpy energy input is involved.

[0364] The mechanism is the high entropy energy environment creates a more favorable Gibbs’ free energy conditions for all enzymatic reactions to take place. This inlcudes the mitochondria enzymatic ATP production hence the more effcient glucose uptake. Yet another important reason is the more effcient GLUT4 translocation from insulin receptor to cell membrane. The translocation process from insulin receptor to moving GLUT4 to membrance involve a series of enzymatic reactions, and a more favorable high entropy condition making all these enzymatic reactions to proceed more effciently hence more efficient glucose uptake improving insulin sensitivity. This resulting in lowering the blood glucose level. Test results - Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD).

[0365] The test subjects are seniors who are in their late 60s or 70s. The subjects are at stage 3a CKD and one with proteinuria. All test subjects have no medical intervention except the subject with proteinuria. During the test period, all test subjects had not changed their lifestyle or diets. And blood test results on serum creatinine, serum eGFR, urine microalbumin / creatinine were monitored to see the progress.

[0366] Case 1 - Subject HHC male 71 years old in 2024.

[0367] Fig. 16 illustrates the test results of the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) monitoring for HHC without medication.

[0368] The test subject was shocked to find out his kidney condition was already at CKD stage 3a. luckily with no proteinuria condition. From July 2023 onwards, he started >3L / day entropy water. The blood test result 2 months later showed his creatinine was reduced, and eGFR improved and back into the stage 2 conditions. 4 months after entropy water, his eGFR further improved to 70, and stabilized at 64 six months later staying at stage 2. Because of no proteinuria, according to the kidney risk guideline shown in fig. 17, he is out of the yellow color mild-moderate risk zone to the healthy no CKD green zone range.

[0369] Fig. 17 illustrates the classification of chronic kidney disease using GFR and ACR categories.

[0370] Case 2 - Subject TLK male 70 years old in 2024.

[0371] The test subject was also not aware that he is in the stage 3a CKD stage. He has no proteinuria.

[0372] After he knew that he has the CKD condition, he started drinking entropy water 2L / day for 3 months and his blood test result showed his eGFR has restored back to 71 stage 2 and out of the CKD range. This imporvement is seen within a 3 months period.

[0373] Fig. 18 illustrates the test results of the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) monitoring for TLK without medication.

[0374] Case 3 - Subject STT male 70 years old in 2024.

[0375] The test subject was not aware that he was already in the stage 3a ten years ago. He was only told in Jul 2021 that his eGFR 52, is already at the mild-moderate risk range that drew his attention. He started drinking entropy at >2L / day and for 3 months, he went for his blood test again in Oct 2021. Test result showed a great improvement in eGFR to the 72 reading and out of the CKD range. Thereafter, it becomes a daily routine that he drinks more than 2L of entropy water per day and 2.5 years later, his eGFR further improved to 88 almost restored back to stage 1 good kidney condition. Test subject had not changed his lifestyle or diets and taking any CKD medication.

[0376] Fig. 19 illustrates the test results of the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) monitoring for STT without medication.

[0377] Case 4 - Subject YTY male 72 years old in 2024.

[0378] The test subject knew that he had proteinuria condition in 2021 but his eGFR was in good condition. Since then he was prescribed with Valsartan to lower his blood pressure to reduce protein leakage or improve protein reabsorption. Due to the lowering of blood pressure, the eGFR declined after the medication but proteinuria was improved. Another year later, his blood test in July 2023 showed that not only did his eGFR declined at a too drastic rate to 67 only, his ACR also increased to 10.6. Both the eGFR and ACR are far worse than before medication. In September 2023, he started >2L / day entropy water but without stopping Valsartan, and 5 month later in late Feb 2024, his blood test result showed that his eGFR bounced back to 86 and his ACR dropped to the almost healthy range of 3.2.

[0379] Fig. 20 illustrates the test results of the Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) monitoring for YTY with medication.

[0380] Plausible Entropy working principle explanation for chronic kidney disease CKD control -

[0381] The primary cause of CKD is due to the damage, or dysfunction of the kidney glomerular and the proximal tubule reabsorption. This is also tied with the kidney capillary health conditions, the blood flow and pressure, and metabolic energy availability for activating the enzymatic reactions especially the proximal tubules albumin reabsorption enzymatic reactions.

[0382] In CKD, kidney inflammations are primarily due to high blood glucose glycation, high blood pressure also from the kidney cell mitochondria metabolism process free radicals and ROS production. In addition, acidic urine conditions can also increase the oxidative stress to the kidney of CKD persons.

[0383] The more antioxidizing environment created by Antioxidizing property of entropy water helps to neutralize the oxidative stress and the damages to the glomerular and proximal tubules especially the capillary / kidney cells and reducing the further scarring of proximal tubules. Hence better protects the kidney functions and restores the dysfunctions due to oxidative stress.

[0384] Blood flow in kidney is primarily the capillary flow. Entropy water has demonstrated superior capillary flow property. This helps to increase the capillary blood flow in the kidney. Increased capillary blood flow increases the sheer stress on endothelial cells stimulates the release of Nitric Oxide NO. NO in turns trigger vasodilation further helping the blood flow. The release of NO and subsequent vasodilation improve perfusion throughout the capillary network. This is crucial not only for delivering nutrients and oxygen more efficiently but also for facilitating the removal of metabolic wastes from blood stream. This is the main reason why creatinine waste level can be lowered just by changing to entropy water, and this leads to a significant improvement in the eGFR performance.

[0385] Easier capillary blood flow also reduces the blood pressure acting on the glomerular and minimizes the damage to the glomerular and the capillary. This minimizes the deterioration of the number of functioning glomerular. Lower pressure acting on glomerular also reduces the glomerular protein leakage. Higher protein leakage from glomerular increases the downstream albumin protein reabsorption load of the proximal tubules. This helps to improve proteinuria conditions.

[0386] The albumin protein is supposedly reabsorbed by the proximal tubules cells and returning the albumin to the vein. However, proximal tubules wall cells can be damaged by free radicals / oxidative stress and the inflammation cytokine can lead to the scarring of the tubule’s cells. Once the tubules cells are damaged, it increases the load on the functioning tubules cells. The reabsorption of the albumin by the tubules cells involves receptor-mediated endocytosis followed by enzymatic degradation and this process requires high energy. With the increased entropy energy, it provides a more negative Gibbs’ free energy or more favorable reaction environment for albumin to be reabsorbed back into blood stream for the same amount of energy spent. This makes the kidney albumin reabsorption more efficient and improves the proteinuria condition.

[0387] The above explains why eGFR and proteinuria conditions can be improved in all the above CKD cases.

[0388] Test results - Blood pressure monitoring.

[0389] Blood pressure monitoring is not shown in blood test reports, it is therefore monitored by the daily measurement of blood pressure by upper arm blood pressure monitor.

[0390] Case 1 - Subject KS male 34 years old in 2023.

[0391] KS started with >3 litres per day Entropy water + 30 to 60 minutes walking after dinner and without medication. Within a period of short period of three weeks, He was able to reduce his blood pressure of 159 / 104 mm Hg, to a healthier 134 / 79. However, for blood pressure monitoring, monitoring systolic and diastolic trend is a better way to see the progress as the blood pressure fluctuates throughout the whole day and night.

[0392] Fig. 21 illustrates the test results of the blood pressure monitoring for KS without medication.

[0393] Case 2 - Dr. KK male 72 years old in 2023.

[0394] This is based on the experience sharing of the subject. There is no daily blood pressure logging to observe the changes.

[0395] The subject found out that he had high blood pressure 22 years ago and was on high blood pressure medication for the past 22 years. He dislikes drinking plain water, instead he uses entropy to treat all his tea, coffee, juices, and the beverages that he drinks daily. 1 year after drinking entropy beverages, his blood pressure went too low, and his primary doctor cut down his high- pressure medication by half to one weaker dose pill per day instead of one strong and one weaker pill per day. His blood pressure is now stabilized at around slightly below 120 / 70 Hg mm.

[0396] Plausible Entropy working principle explanation for blood pressure control

[0397] This high capillary strength of entropy water helps greatly blood flow in capillary and that helps to reduce blood pressure.

[0398] Better capillary blood flow helps stimulate the endothelial Nitric Oxide release increases vascular dilation and flexibility hence reduces blood pressure. Antioxidizing environment also reduces the atherosclerosis, sometimes called “hardening of the arteries”.

[0399] Entropy energy amplifies the beneficial effects of walking. Antioxidizing environment protects cell membrane and Na+ / K+pump integrity against oxidative damages. This ensures enzymatic reactions efficacy especially Na+ / K+ATPase enzymatic reactions. Intact Na+ / K+pumps maintain good cross cell membrane transportation, no swelling or shrinking of cells. High vibration energy also provides favourable reaction environment easier for the high energy consuming active transportation of fluids between cells and the bloodstream. This reduces pressure drop across capillary. Test results -Tumor markers monitoring

[0400] Although tumor marker cannot be used as an absolute cancer indicator, it is useful in the post cancer treatment to monitoring the effectiveness of the cancer treatment. For persons without cancer, a lowering trend of cancer marker is also an indication of the healthier body condition. Following tumor marker monitoring for three test subjects all showed to have good reduction in their tumor markers readings after they consumed entropy water for a period of time. This is most likely due to the reduced body inflammations and more efficient metabolism due to the antioxidizing and the increase in entropy energy effect from the consumed entropy treatedd water.

[0401] Fig. 22 illustrates the test results of tumor markers monitoring for three persons (TLK, HHC, SHS).

[0402] The overall health effects of DDCP treated water are due to the following:

[0403] • The antioxidizing effect of is derived from the creation of “hydrated electrons” by DDCP treatment which is measured in the more negative ORP of the treated water.

[0404] • The treated water when consumed, convert the whole blood ORP to more negative antioxidizing potential. This makes the blood in the whole body antioxidizing, providing a more health favourable antioxidizing environment for all body cells. This antioxidizing environment help to neutralize the oxidative stress of cells, minimize inflammations mitigating damages to enzyme or cell functions.

[0405] • The increase in O-H bond vibration of treated water increases the water entropic energy. The increase in entropy energy makes the body enzyme reaction more favourable and easier proceed by lowering the reaction Gibbs Free Energy. Hence greatly enhances the whole-body enzymatic reactions functions.

[0406] • The O-H bond also supports the water hydration interaction effect with enzyme, helping the enzyme to maintain its 3D forms, ensuring optimum Enzyme structure is maintained to perform the enzyme functions.

[0407] • The better O-H bond entropic energy improves the blood capillary action producing better nutrients and waste exchange across the capillary permeable wall between blood and cells, also lowering the flow resistance and pressure drop across in blood capillary migration.

[0408] Preferences and options for a given aspect, feature or parameter of the invention should, unless the context indicates otherwise, be regarded as having been disclosed in combination with any and all preferences and options of all other aspects, features and parameters of the invention.

[0409] While the embodiments described herein are intended as an exemplary system and method, it will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the present invention is not limited to the embodiments illustrated. Those skilled in the art will envision many other possible variations and modifications by means of the skilled person's common knowledge without departing from the scope of the invention, however, such variations and modifications should fall into the scope of this invention.

Claims

What is claimed is:

1. Method for treating a liquid by using differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave, comprising the steps of: generating a DDCP wave; and applying the DDCP wave to the liquid in either static or flowing state; wherein the DDCP wave complying with the following wave specification: in treatment mode, a fixed frequency used in forward cycle of the DDCP wave is higher than reverse cycle of the DDCP wave by 0.05 to 5KHz and a duty cycle of the forward cycle is about 1 to 10% higher than that of the reverse cycle;2. The method according to claim 1, wherein the wave specification further comprising: the forward cycle: a fixed frequency from range: 0.1 ~ lOOKHz, preferably from fixed frequency within a range l~10KHz; the duty cycle: 35 - 95 %, preferably from 50 -95%; the reverse cycle: the frequency: 0.1 - lOOKHz, preferably from fixed frequency within a range l~10KHz; the duty cycle: 35 - 95 %, preferably from 50 -95%; a wave peak voltage: 5 to 60 volts.

3. The method according to claim 2, wherein the wave specification further comprising: the forward and reverse cycle alternating frequency is selected according to water conductivity and quality; a reversal time range: 5 to 60 sec, depending on water LSI.

4. The method according to claim 3, wherein the water LSI being determined by water calcium hardness, water temperature, conductivity, pH.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein the wave specification further comprising: emitters are single or multiple pairs; the emitter surface area is large enough to lower cathode current density; and the cathode potential vs Ag / AgCl is more positive than -1.2V.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein the wave specification further comprising: treated liquid ORP shift vs Ag / AgCl reference cell is more negative than -150 mV, preferably more negative than -250 mV.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the material of the emitters, if used for drinking purposes, being platinum coated; a substrate being titanium, and magnetite electrode being used if black color appearance is acceptable.

8. The method according to claim 1, wherein the DDPC treated liquid having an OH bond vibration at 3400 cm-1 ranging from 0.4019 to 1.1708.

9. The method according to claim 1, further comprising the step of identifying a type of the liquid to be treated for determination of wave parameters of the DDCP wave to be applied.

10. The method according to claim 9, further comprising determining the wave parametersof the DDCP wave based on manual selection of the user or based on real-time online feedback measurements.

11. The method according to claim 10, further comprising adjusting the wave parameters of the DDCP wave based on real-time online feedback measurements during the treatment.

12. The method according to claim 10 or 11, wherein the real-time online feedback measurements including one or more of water calcium hardness, water temperature, water quality, conductivity, pH or ORP of the liquid.

13. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 12, further comprising the step of determining operation mode of the treatment of the liquid between one pass, recirculating and batch treatment.

14. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 13, further comprising the step of preserving antioxidizing ORP and energy obtained by the treatment.

15. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 14, further comprising the step of applying non-DDCP wave for incorporating desirable anodic or cathodic reactions in the treatment.

16. The method according to any one of claims 1 to 15, wherein the DDCP treatment provides one or more of the following effects:(1 ) generating antioxidizing free electron donating effect without the side anodic and cathodic reactions;(2) supplementing antioxidizing metabolic energy;(3) removing astringency mouthfeel;(4) removing throat burning sensation of liquor;(5) reducing sourness and bitterness taste of beverage;(6) removing muddy smell of foods;(7) improving water penetration and migration strength;(8) accelerating extraction of nutrients;(9) accelerating enzymatic processes including fermentation process;(10) improving cleaning effectiveness and water saving in laundry applications;(11) producing disinfection effect;(12) accelerating chemical reactions;(13) providing transportable free electron donating effect;(14) facilitating removal of ions;(15) accelerating the bacteria growth rate by enhancing the bacteria enzymatic metabolic reactions producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure;(16) providing passive corrosion control of steel;(17) producing protective passivation coating on metallic structure;(18) increasing water capillary strength and wettability;(19) using the treated water as antioxidants for reducing oxidative stress;(20) accelerating non-enzymatic chemical reactions through increasing the entropy component of the reactions;(21) using entropic energy to improve metabolic syndrome conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD);(22) improving the blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improve blood vessel flexibility and improve kidney functions;(23) using antioxidizing plus high entropy energy water for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions;(24) converting whole blood ORP to more antioxidizing to create a more antioxidizing environment to all the body cells.

17. Apparatus for treating a liquid by using differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave, comprising: a power supply that is configured to supply a DC voltage; a wave parameter selector that is configured to select wave parameters of the DDCP wave based on manual selection of a user or based on real-time online feedback measurement; a DDCP wave generator that is configured to generate a required DDCP wave based on the selected wave parameters; and single or multiple pairs of emitters that are electrically coupled with the output terminals of the DDCP wave generator and generate a corresponding electromagnetic field based on the DDCP wave, wherein the DDCP wave complying with the following wave specifications: in treatment mode, the fixed frequency used in normal forward cycle is higher than reverse cycle by 0.05 to 5KHz and the duty cycle of forward cycle is about 1 to 10% higher than reverse cycle.

18. The Apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the wave specification further comprising: the forward cycle: a fixed frequency from range: 0.1 ~ lOOKHz, preferably from fixed frequency within a range l~10KHz; the duty cycle: 35 - 95 %, preferably from 50 -95%; the reverse cycle: the frequency: 0.1 - lOOKHz, preferably from fixed frequency within a range l~10KHz; the duty cycle: 35 - 95 %, preferably from 50 -95%; a wave peak voltage: 5 to 60 volts.

19. The apparatus according to claim 18, wherein the wave specification further comprising: the forward and reverse cycle alternating frequency is selected according to water conductivity and quality; a reversal time range: 5 to 60 sec, depending on water LSI.

20. The apparatus according to claim 19, wherein the water LSI being determined by water calcium hardness, water temperature, conductivity, pH.

21. The apparatus according to claim 20, wherein the wave specification further comprising: emitters are single or multiple pairs; the emitter surface area is large enough to lower cathode current density; and the cathode potential vs Ag / AgCl is more positive than -1.2V.

22. The apparatus according to claim 21, wherein the wave specification further comprising: treated liquid ORP shift vs Ag / AgCl reference cell is more negative than -150 mV, preferably more negative than -250 mV.

23. The apparatus according to claim 22, wherein the material of the emitters, if used for drinking purposes, being platinum coated; a substrate being titanium, and magnetite electrode being used if black color appearance is acceptable.

24. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the DDPC treated liquid having an OH bond vibration at 3400 cm-1 ranging from 0.4019 to 1.1708.

25. The apparatus according to claim 17, wherein the DDCP wave generator comprising: a waveform generation algorithm module comprising a plurality of DDCP waveform generation algorithms, each of which complies with the wave specifications and corresponds to a different type of the liquid; a feedback module that provides the real-time online feedback measurement of various properties of the liquid; a microprocessor that generates a corresponding DDCP wave control instruction based on the selected wave parameters from the wave parameter selector in accordance with the algorithm retrieved from the waveform generation algorithm module and; a DDCP wave control module that generates a required DDCP wave in accordance with the DDCP wave control instruction and outputs it to the respective electrodes via the output terminals at the same time.

26. The apparatus according to claim 17 or claim 18, wherein the power supply being a linear AC / DC power supply, a DC Dry or Wet battery, or a switched mode AC / DC power supply.

27. The apparatus according to any one of claims 17-26, wherein the real-time online feedback measurement comprising the measurements of various properties of the liquid to be treated.

28. The apparatus according to any one of claims 17-27, wherein the properties of the liquid including water calcium hardness, water temperature, water quality, conductivity, pH or ORP.

29. The apparatus according to any one of claims 17-28, wherein different DDCP waves of different wave parameters programs being pre-stored in the wave parameter selector, and the wave parameter selector choosing a specific program either by manual selection or based on themeasured properties of the liquid to choose the best suited program for the DDCP wave generator to produce the correct required wave.

30. The apparatus according to any one of claims 17-29, wherein the wave parameter selector being integrated into the DDCP wave generator as a part thereof, rather than as a separate component.

31. The apparatus according to any one of claims 17-30, wherein the DDCP wave generator further comprising a protection circuit and a buffer circuit, which making the DDCP circuit work more stable, more reliable and longer service life.

32. The apparatus according to any one of claims 17-31, wherein the microprocessor determining the type of the liquid to be treated in accordance with the real-time online feedback measurement and retrieving the algorithm associated with the type of the liquid from the waveform generation algorithm module.

33. The apparatus according to any one of claims 17-32, wherein the emitter material, if used for drinking purposes, is platinum coated; a substrate can be titanium, and magnetite electrode is used if black color appearance is acceptable.

34. System for treating a liquid by using differential DC pulse (DDCP) wave, comprising: the apparatus for treating the liquid by using DDCP wave according to any one of claims17-33; a holder that is configured to keep the emitters in place to generate a stable pulsating electromagnetic field; and a treatment chamber that comprises the emitters arranged therein and a treatment chamber housing containing the liquid to be treated so that untreated liquid being treated under the electromagnetic field generated by the emitters in the treatment chamber so as to become the entropy treated liquid.

35. The system according to claim 34, wherein the entropy treated liquids being transmitted from an outlet of the treatment chamber to whole household or building via water supply lines.

36. The system according to claim 34, further comprising a cooling means for cooling down the liquid, and / or a stirrer for homogenization of the liquid, each of which can be mounted in the treatment chamber.

37. Use of the liquid treated by the method according to any one of claims 1- 16 in the preparation of a product for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome conditions and chronic kidney disease (CKD).

38. Use of the liquid treated by the method according to any one of claims 1- 16 in the preparation of a product for the improvement of blood capillary flow to achieve lowering blood pressure, improve blood vessel flexibility and improve kidney functions.

39. Use of the liquid treated by the method according to any one of claims 1-16 in the preparation of a product for improving health disorders or restoring other body metabolic functions.

40. The use of the liquid according to claim 39, wherein the other body disorders or diseases if contributed indirectly by metabolic dysfunctions comprising: Neurodegenerative Diseases;Chronic Inflammatory Diseases;Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS);Skin Disorders;Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD); and Liver Diseases.

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